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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathways_of_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Direct discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_runoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_runoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Land runoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_runoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ship pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Atmospheric pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_sea_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_sea_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Deep sea mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_sea_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of pollution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_pollution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of pollution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_debris_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_debris_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marine debris pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_debris_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Plastic pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ocean acidification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrient_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nutrient pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Toxicants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underwater_noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater_noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Underwater noise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater_noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mitigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Global goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laws_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Laws and policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine pollution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseaanbesoedeling" title="Oseaanbesoedeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oseaanbesoedeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تلوث البحار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلوث البحار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean_v%C9%99_d%C9%99nizl%C9%99rin_%C3%A7irkl%C9%99nm%C9%99si" title="Okean və dənizlərin çirklənməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Okean və dənizlərin çirklənməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="समुंद्री प्रदूषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समुंद्री प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon_sa_dagat" title="Polusyon sa dagat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polusyon sa dagat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3_marina" title="Contaminació marina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació marina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredd_yn_y_m%C3%B4r" title="Llygredd yn y môr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredd yn y môr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Marine pollution" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havforurening" title="Havforurening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havforurening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verschmutzung_der_Ozeane" title="Verschmutzung der Ozeane – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verschmutzung der Ozeane" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merereostus" title="Merereostus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Merereostus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ρύπανση της θάλασσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρύπανση της θάλασσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_marina" title="Contaminación marina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación marina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marpoluado" title="Marpoluado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marpoluado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsas_kutsadura" title="Itsas kutsadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsas kutsadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آلودگی دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_marine" title="Pollution marine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollution marine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="દરિયાઈ પ્રદૂષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દરિયાઈ પ્રદૂષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91_%EC%98%A4%EC%97%BC" title="해양 오염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해양 오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar_ruwa" title="Gurbacewar ruwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gurbacewar ruwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="समुद्री प्रदूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्री प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%E1%BB%8D_mmiri" title="Mmetọ mmiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetọ mmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_laut" title="Pencemaran laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencemaran laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸಾಗರ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಗರ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchafuzi_wa_bahari" title="Uchafuzi wa bahari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchafuzi wa bahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenyn%C5%B3_tar%C5%A1a" title="Vandenynų tarša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandenynų tarša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Загадување на океаните – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Загадување на океаните" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സമുദ്രമലിനീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമുദ്രമലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_laut" title="Pencemaran laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95" title="ꯏꯂꯦꯟꯄꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯠꯁꯤꯜꯍꯟꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯂꯦꯟꯄꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯠꯁꯤꯜꯍꯟꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" 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decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Obvious_water_pollution.jpeg/330px-Obvious_water_pollution.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Obvious_water_pollution.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>While marine pollution can be obvious, as with the <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> shown above, it is often the pollutants that cannot be seen that cause most harm.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Marine pollution</b> occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">residential</a> <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, excess <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive organism">invasive organisms</a> enter the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although <a href="/wiki/Marine_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Transportation">marine transportation</a> significantly contributes as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most inputs come from land, either via the <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or the atmosphere, it means that <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a> are more vulnerable to pollution. <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, silicon, sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> or dust particles into the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollution often comes from <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint sources</a> such as agricultural <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a>, and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">ship pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilge_pollution" title="Bilge pollution">bilge pollution</a>, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">deep sea mining</a>. </p><p>The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic soup">plastic pollution</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastics</a>, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>. </p><p>Another concern is the runoff of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> (nitrogen and phosphorus) from <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive agriculture</a>, and the disposal of untreated or partially treated <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> to rivers and subsequently oceans. These <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> nutrients (which are also contained in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>) stimulate <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macroalgal" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroalgal">macroalgal</a> growth, which can lead to harmful <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>) which can be harmful to humans as well as marine creatures. Excessive algal growth can also smother sensitive <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and lead to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a> and coral health. A second major concern is that the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> can lead to consumption of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in coastal waters, a situation that may worsen with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> as warming reduces vertical mixing of the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic animals</a>, most of which are either <a href="/wiki/Deposit_feeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposit feeder">deposit feeders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>. In this way, the toxins are <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">concentrated upward</a> within ocean <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a>. When pesticides are incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a>, they quickly become absorbed into marine <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web. <a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">Toxic metals</a> can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many <a href="/wiki/Compound_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound feed">animal feeds</a> have a high <a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">fish meal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">fish hydrolysate</a> content. In this way, <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">marine toxins</a> can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathways_of_pollution">Pathways of pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pathways of pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></div><p>There are many ways to categorize and examine the inputs of pollution into marine ecosystems. There are three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean: direct discharge of waste into the oceans, runoff into the waters due to rain, and pollutants released from the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One common path of entry by <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminants</a> to the sea are rivers. The evaporation of water from oceans exceeds precipitation. The balance is restored by rain over the continents entering rivers and then being returned to the sea. The <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Raritan_River" title="Raritan River">Raritan River</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, which empty at the northern and southern ends of <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, are a source of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> contamination of <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>) in the open ocean. The highest concentration in the filter-feeding <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> is not at the mouths of these rivers but 70 miles (110 km) south, nearer <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a>, because water flows close to the coast. It takes a few days before toxins are taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlach_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlach-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollution is often classed as <a href="/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source">point source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint source pollution</a>. Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, localized source of the pollution. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean. Pollution such as this occurs particularly in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nonpoint source pollution occurs when the pollution is from ill-defined and diffuse sources. These can be difficult to regulate. Agricultural <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> and wind blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> are prime examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_discharge">Direct discharge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Direct discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/220px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/330px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/440px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a> in the Rio Tinto River</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact of mining">Environmental impact of mining</a></div> <p>Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewerage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste</a> discharges, sometimes in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">toxic wastes</a>, or in the form of plastics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a study published by <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, Jambeck <i>et al.</i> (2015) estimated that the 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Science2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inland <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> for copper, gold, etc., is another source of marine pollution. Most of the pollution is simply soil, which ends up in rivers flowing to the sea. However, some minerals discharged in the course of the mining can cause problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, a common industrial pollutant, which can interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life history</a> and development of coral polyps.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining has a poor environmental track record. For example, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, mining has contaminated portions of the headwaters of over 40% of watersheds in the western continental US.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this pollution finishes up in the sea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_runoff">Land runoff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Land runoff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a> from farming, as well as <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> and runoff from the construction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and harbours, can carry soil and <a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">particles</a> laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals. This nutrient-rich water can cause fleshy algae and <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> to thrive in coastal areas; known as <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a>, which have the potential to create <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxic</a> conditions by using all available oxygen. In the coast of southwest Florida, harmful <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> have existed for over 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These algal blooms have been a cause of species of fish, turtles, dolphins, and shrimp to die and cause harmful effects on humans who swim in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polluted runoff from roads and highways can be a significant source of water pollution in coastal areas. About 75% of the toxic chemicals that flow into <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> are carried by <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> that runs off paved roads and driveways, rooftops, yards and other developed land.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, there are many rainstorms that runoff into the ocean. These rainstorms occur from October to March, and these runoff waters contain petroleum, heavy metals, pollutants from emissions, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, there is a large coastal population that pollutes the ocean through land runoff. This includes sewage discharge and pollution from <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and land use. In 2001, more than 66,795 mi<sup>2</sup> of the Chinese coastal ocean waters were rated less than Class I of the Sea Water Quality Standard of China.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this pollution came from Ag, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, DDT, PCBs, etc., which occurred from contamination through land runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_pollution">Ship pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ship pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water discharge and the environment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A cargo ship pumps ballast water over the side</figcaption></figure> <p>Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways including through their ballast, bilge, and fuel tanks. <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spills</a> can have devastating effects. In addition to being toxic to marine life, <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs), found in <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> and marine environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Panetta_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panetta-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Bilge_pollution" title="Bilge pollution">bilge pollution</a> can be toxic to the surrounding environment when <a href="/wiki/Bilge_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilge water">bilge water</a> is released from a ship's <a href="/wiki/Bilge" title="Bilge">bilge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil spills are one of the most emotive of marine pollution events. However, while a tanker wreck may result in extensive newspaper headlines, much of the oil in the world's seas comes from other smaller sources, such as tankers discharging ballast water from oil tanks used on return ships, leaking pipelines or engine oil disposed of down sewers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discharge of cargo residues from <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carriers</a> can pollute ports, waterways, and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation prohibiting such actions. An absence of national standards provides an incentive for some <a href="/wiki/Cruise_liner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise liner">cruise liners</a> to dump waste in places where the penalties are inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> lose over 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containers</a> at sea each year (usually during storms).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ships also create <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> that disturbs natural wildlife, and water from <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing ballast">ballast</a> tanks can spread harmful <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinesz_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinesz-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ballast_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast water">Ballast water</a> taken up at sea and released in port is a major source of unwanted exotic marine life. The <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> freshwater zebra mussels, native to the Black, Caspian, and Azov seas, were probably transported to the Great Lakes via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meinesz believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mnemiopsis_leidyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnemiopsis leidyi">Mnemiopsis leidyi</a></i>, a species of comb jellyfish that spread so it now inhabits estuaries in many parts of the world, was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been transported to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in a ship's ballast water. The population of the jellyfish grew exponentially and, by 1988, it was wreaking havoc upon the local <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a>. "The <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a> catch fell from 204,000 tons in 1984 to 200 tons in 1993; <a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprat</a> from 24,600 tons in 1984 to 12,000 tons in 1993; horse <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> from 4,000 tons in 1984 to zero in 1993."<sup id="cite_ref-Meinesz_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinesz-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now that the jellyfish have exhausted the <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, including fish larvae, their numbers have fallen dramatically, yet they continue to maintain a stranglehold on the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce new <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> material, alter underwater seascapes, and jeopardize the ability of <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">native species</a> to obtain food. Invasive species are responsible for about $138 billion annually in lost revenue and management costs in the US alone.<sup id="cite_ref-pimental_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pimental-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_pollution">Atmospheric pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Atmospheric pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbadosdustgraph.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barbadosdustgraph.gif/390px-Barbadosdustgraph.gif" decoding="async" width="390" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Barbadosdustgraph.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>A graph linking atmospheric dust to various coral deaths across the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another pathway of pollution occurs through the atmosphere. The ocean has long been affected by the passage of chemicals from the atmosphere (e.g. nutrient source; pH influence).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind-blown dust and debris, including <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">plastic bags</a>, are blown seaward from <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> and other areas. Dust from the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> moving around the southern periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">subtropical ridge</a> moves into the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> during the warm season as the ridge builds and moves northward through the subtropical Atlantic. Dust can also be attributed to a global transport from the <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a> deserts across <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and the Northern <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the flux is greater during positive phases of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Oscillation">North Atlantic Oscillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USGS links dust events to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_oceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on oceans">Climate change is raising ocean temperatures</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raising levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide in the atmosphere</a>. These rising levels of carbon dioxide are <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidifying the oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in turn, is altering <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> and modifying fish distributions,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with impacts on the <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_of_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability of fisheries">sustainability of fisheries</a> and the livelihoods of the communities that depend on them. Healthy ocean ecosystems are also important for the mitigation of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_sea_mining">Deep sea mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deep sea mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining#Environmental_impacts" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining § Environmental impacts</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_sea_mining&action=edit#Environmental_impacts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Deep sea mining (like all <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>) must consider potential its environmental impacts. Deep sea mining has yet to receive a comprehensive evaluation of such impacts.</div></div><p>Some of the potential toxic metals include copper, zinc, cadmium, lead as well as rare earth elements such as <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the release of toxins there is an increase of noise, light, sediment le dan plumes and elements that have the potential to impact the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deep sea minerals (DSM) can be extremely beneficial, it can cause wealth, raising living standards as well as economic opportunities for both current and future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, if the wealth is poorly managed it can have the potential to cause great economic and social damage . The instability of price and production levels of minerals can cause an external economic shock leading to a significant backlash on the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic economy">domestic economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_pollution">Types of pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_Jetsam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large can floating in the ocean near other garbage on shore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Caribbean_Jetsam.jpg/238px-Caribbean_Jetsam.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Caribbean_Jetsam.jpg/357px-Caribbean_Jetsam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Caribbean_Jetsam.jpg/476px-Caribbean_Jetsam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Can floating in the ocean</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_debris_pollution">Marine debris pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marine debris pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_debris&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a>, also known as marine litter, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">seas</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyres</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastlines</a>, frequently washing aground, when it is known as <i>beach litter</i> or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called <i>ocean dumping</i>. Naturally occurring debris, such as <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drift_seed" title="Drift seed">drift seeds</a>, are also present. With the increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegrade</a> quickly, as would natural or organic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">lost nets</a> from the fishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_debris_:8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_debris_:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, as well as to boats and coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_debris_Facts22_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_debris_Facts22-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> and wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> waste all contribute to this problem. This increased <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive <a href="/wiki/Marine_garbage_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine garbage patch">marine garbage patches</a>, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>.</div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polluted_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beach with small pieces of plastic scattered all over" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Polluted_Beach.jpg/248px-Polluted_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Polluted_Beach.jpg/372px-Polluted_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Polluted_Beach.jpg/496px-Polluted_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Beach littered with garbage</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_pollution">Plastic pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plastic pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments,_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments%2C_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png/220px-The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments%2C_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments%2C_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png/330px-The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments%2C_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments%2C_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png/440px-The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments%2C_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>One type of marine pollution: the breakdown of a plastic bottle in the ocean into smaller fragments, eventually ending up as <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">micro- and nano-plastics</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution" title="Marine plastic pollution">Marine plastic pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_plastic_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution" title="Marine plastic pollution">Marine plastic pollution</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">marine pollution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastics</a>, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> formed from the <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(cell_biology)" title="Fragmentation (cell biology)">fragmentation</a> of plastic material. <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a> is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marine debris is <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris#Nurdles_and_plastic_bags" title="Marine debris">plastic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_Weisman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_Weisman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_:10_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_:10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microplastics and <a href="/wiki/Nanoplastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoplastics">nanoplastics</a> result from the breakdown or <a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">photodegradation</a> of plastic waste in surface waters, rivers or oceans. Recently, scientists have uncovered nanoplastics in heavy snow, more specifically about 3,000 tons that cover Switzerland yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is approximated that there is a stock of 86 million tons of plastic marine debris in the worldwide ocean as of the end of 2013, assuming that 1.4% of global plastics produced from 1950 to 2013 has entered the ocean and has accumulated there.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global consumption of plastics is estimated to be 300 million tonnes per year as of 2022, with around 8 million tonnes ending up in the oceans as macroplastics.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_Bank_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_Bank-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 1.5 million tonnes of primary <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> end up in the seas. Around 98% of this volume is created by land-based activities, with the remaining 2% being generated by sea-based activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_Bank_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_Bank-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 19–23 million tonnes of plastic leaks into aquatic ecosystems annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_:11_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_:11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Nations_Ocean_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 United Nations Ocean Conference">2017 United Nations Ocean Conference</a> estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> might contain more weight in <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> than <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> by the year 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oceans are polluted by plastic particles ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to microplastics formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. This material is only very slowly degraded or removed from the ocean so plastic particles are now widespread throughout the surface ocean and are known to be having <a href="/wiki/Deleterious" title="Deleterious">deleterious effects</a> on <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discarded plastic bags, six-pack rings, cigarette butts and other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic life">Aquatic life</a> can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_UNEP_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_UNEP-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing nets</a>, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fishermen</a>. Known as <a href="/wiki/Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">ghost nets</a>, these entangle fish, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, and other creatures, restricting movement, causing <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">laceration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, and, in those that need to return to the surface to breathe, <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">suffocation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various types of ocean plastics causing problems to <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>. Bottle caps have been found in the stomachs of turtles and seabirds, which have died because of the obstruction of their <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive tracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_:62_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_:62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">Ghost nets</a> are also a problematic type of ocean plastic as they can continuously trap marine life in a process known as "ghost fishing".<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_plastic_pollution_:42_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_plastic_pollution_:42-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtKrauthWagner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Christian; Krauth, Tobias; Wagner, Stephan (11 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf">"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a></i>. <b>51</b> (21): 12246–12253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnST...5112246S">2017EnST...5112246S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.7b02368">10.1021/acs.est.7b02368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29019247">29019247</a>. <q>The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Export+of+Plastic+Debris+by+Rivers+into+the+Sea&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=12246-12253&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.7b02368&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29019247&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017EnST...5112246S&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Krauth%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Stephan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanrep.geomar.de%2F43169%2F4%2Fes7b02368_si_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf">"Supporting Information: Export of plastic debris by rivers into the sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supporting+Information%3A+Export+of+plastic+debris+by+rivers+into+the+sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanrep.geomar.de%2F43169%2F4%2Fes7b02368_si_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+pollution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></ref><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asia was the leading source of mismanaged plastic waste, with China alone accounting for 2.4 million metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a> has reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic in the sea than all other countries combined.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div><p>A study highlighted by <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">the World Economic Forum</a> warns that ocean plastic pollution could quadruple by 2050, with microplastics potentially increasing fiftyfold by 2100. The study highlighted the urgency of addressing plastic pollution, which threatens marine biodiversity and could push some species to the brink of extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_acidification">Ocean acidification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ocean acidification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_acidification&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> is the ongoing decrease in the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_role_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_role-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</a> from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) levels</a> exceeding 422 ppm (as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) which <a href="/wiki/Dissociate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociate">dissociates</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicarbonate ion">bicarbonate ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>) and a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>). The presence of free hydrogen ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a> (this does not mean that <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is acidic yet; it is still <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a>, with a pH higher than 8). <a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">Marine calcifying organisms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_raven05_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_raven05-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> zones, proximity to large continental rivers, <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> coverage, and atmospheric exchange with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> burning and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_Jian2019_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_Jian2019-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> A lower ocean pH has a range of potentially harmful effects for <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine organisms</a>. Scientists have observed for example reduced calcification, lowered <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune responses</a>, and reduced energy for basic functions such as reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_bleaching_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_bleaching-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ocean acidification can impact <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a> that provide food and livelihoods for many people. About one billion people are wholly or partially dependent on the fishing, tourism, and coastal management services provided by <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. Ongoing acidification of the oceans may therefore threaten <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a> linked with the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_auto_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_auto-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:18_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:18-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg/220px-Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg/330px-Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg/440px-Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An island with a <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing reef</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> are dying around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrient_pollution">Nutrient pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nutrient pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aguas_del_lago_de_Maracaibo_contaminadas_por_Lemna_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aguas_del_lago_de_Maracaibo_contaminadas_por_Lemna_03.JPG/220px-Aguas_del_lago_de_Maracaibo_contaminadas_por_Lemna_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aguas_del_lago_de_Maracaibo_contaminadas_por_Lemna_03.JPG/330px-Aguas_del_lago_de_Maracaibo_contaminadas_por_Lemna_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aguas_del_lago_de_Maracaibo_contaminadas_por_Lemna_03.JPG/440px-Aguas_del_lago_de_Maracaibo_contaminadas_por_Lemna_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A polluted lagoon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg/220px-Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg/330px-Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg/440px-Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>The effect of eutrophication on marine <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic life</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a> is an increase in chemical <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, typically compounds containing <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, in an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. It can result in an increase in the ecosystem's <a href="/wiki/Primary_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary productivity">primary productivity</a> (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>, stimulate algae growth. Such blooms are naturally occurring but may be increasing as a result of anthropogenic inputs or alternatively may be something that is now more closely monitored and so more frequently reported.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the ocean, and with it the many chemicals used as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> in agriculture as well as waste from <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. An excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals in the water can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlach_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlach-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a> tend to be naturally eutrophic because land-derived nutrients are concentrated where <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> enters the marine environment in a confined channel. The <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a> has identified 375 hypoxic coastal zones around the world, concentrated in coastal areas in Western Europe, the Eastern and Southern coasts of the US, and East Asia, particularly in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ocean, there are frequent <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tide</a> algae blooms<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore. </p><p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Land_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Land runoff">land runoff</a>, atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixed nitrogen</a> can enter the open ocean. A study in 2008 found that this could account for around one third of the ocean's external (non-recycled) nitrogen supply and up to three per cent of the annual new marine biological production.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that accumulating reactive nitrogen in the environment may have consequences as serious as putting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One proposed solution to eutrophication in estuaries is to restore shellfish populations, such as oysters. <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a> reefs remove nitrogen from the water column and filter out suspended solids, subsequently reducing the likelihood or extent of <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a> or anoxic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filter feeding activity is considered beneficial to water quality<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by controlling phytoplankton density and sequestering nutrients, which can be removed from the system through shellfish harvest, buried in the sediments, or lost through <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foundational work toward the idea of improving marine water quality through shellfish cultivation to was conducted by Odd Lindahl et al., using <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicants">Toxicants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Toxicants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></div> <p>Apart from plastics, there are particular problems with other toxic pollutants that either do not break down or only very slowly in the marine environment. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent toxicants</a> are <a href="/wiki/PCBs" class="mw-redirect" title="PCBs">PCBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin" title="Tributyltin">TBT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">PFAS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">Heavy metals</a> are metallic chemical elements that have a relatively high density and are toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxicants</a> can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>. They are also known to accumulate in <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic environments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay muds</a>: a geological record of human activities of the last century. </p><p>DDT is a very toxic chemical that was used as a pesticide in mass quantities<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout the United States and is known to be neurotoxic, a reproductive toxin, an endocrine disruptor, and a carcinogen.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DDT is a major focus of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i> published by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> in 1962. This is often attributed to launching the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">modern environmental movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and setting the stage for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DDT was banned in the U.S. two years later in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, large quantities had already entered the ocean through runoff and had been dumped directly into the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This toxin impacts marine ecosystems by accumulating from <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">lower trophic levels</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up the food chain into higher trophic levels such as from arctic cod into seals,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from fish then eaten by dolphins,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from cod and eels into seals.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Rachel Carson's publication of <i>Silent Spring,</i> PCBs were identified as another persistent, toxic chemical that has been released in extensive quantities to the environment. PCBs are a very well-studied class of chemicals that are manufactured from oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chemicals are banned in the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substance Control Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are still found in the soil, air, sediments, and biota.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PCBs are known to accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals. In particular, PCBs build up and are stored in the <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> of marine mammals including dolphins and killer whales.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chemicals cause reproductive issues for many species.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mud crabs, PCBs have been discovered to be immunotoxic by reducing resistance to bacterial disease, reducing antioxidant enzyme activity, and damaging DNA responsible for immune system functions.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PFAS are an important emerging class of man-made persistent toxicants that contain extremely strong <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93fluorine_bond" title="Carbon–fluorine bond">carbon-fluorine bonds</a> which make these chemicals extremely difficult to break down. They have <a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">unique properties</a> that make them useful for manufacturing a wide variety of products such as <a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">firefighting foams</a>, clothing, carpets, and fast food wrappers.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These useful properties in manufacturing unfortunately translate to problematic properties in the environment and organisms from plants to people. Because PFAS are not broken down in the environment, they have been circulated through the air and water to essentially all regions of the atmosphere, land, and ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chemicals have many negative effects on marine life, such as significantly inhibited growth of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> over time<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accumulation in seals, polar bears,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dolphins.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current research is underway investigating the full extent of the harm to marine ecosystems caused by PFAS. </p> <dl><dt>Specific examples</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Chinese and Russian industrial pollution such as <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a> and heavy metals in the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> have devastated fish stocks and damaged its <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> soil.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Acute and chronic <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> events have been shown to impact southern California <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a>, though the intensity of the impact seems to depend on both the nature of the contaminants and duration of exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Due to their high position in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">accumulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> from their diet, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> levels can be high in larger species such as bluefin and <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a>. As a result, in March 2004 the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> issued guidelines recommending that pregnant women, nursing mothers and children limit their intake of tuna and other types of predatory fish.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some shellfish and crabs can survive polluted environments, accumulating heavy metals or toxins in their tissues. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mitten_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitten crab">mitten crabs</a> have a remarkable ability to survive in highly modified <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic habitat">aquatic habitats</a>, including polluted waters.<sup id="cite_ref-issg.org_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issg.org-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The farming and harvesting of such species needs careful management if they are to be used as a food.<sup id="cite_ref-mbcmc_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbcmc-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uctip_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uctip-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surface runoff of pesticides can alter the gender of fish species genetically, transforming male into female fish.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heavy metals enter the environment through <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> – such as the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill" title="Prestige oil spill">Prestige oil spill</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galician</a> coast and Gulf of Mexico which unleashed an estimated 3.19 million barrels of oil<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – or from other natural or <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">anthropogenic sources</a>.</li> <li>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> mafia syndicate, was accused of <a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste_dumping_by_the_%27Ndrangheta" title="Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta">sinking at least 30 ships loaded with toxic waste, much of it radioactive</a>. This has led to widespread investigations into <a href="/wiki/Ocean_disposal_of_radioactive_waste" title="Ocean disposal of radioactive waste">radioactive waste disposal</a> rackets.<sup id="cite_ref-esp050805_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esp050805-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Since the end of World War II, various nations, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany, have disposed of chemical weapons in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, raising concerns of environmental contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a> in 2011 caused radioactive toxins from the damaged power plant to leak into the air and ocean. There are still many isotopes in the ocean, which directly affects the benthic food web and also affects the whole food chain. The concentration of 137Cs in the bottom sediment that was contaminated by water with high concentrations in April–May 2011 remains quite high and is showing signs of very slow decrease with time.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the 20th century, large amounts of DDT, petroleum products, radioactive materials, sulphuric acid, and other toxins <a href="/wiki/Chemical_dumps_in_ocean_off_Southern_California" title="Chemical dumps in ocean off Southern California">were dumped in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwater_noise">Underwater noise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Underwater noise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Effects_of_Noise_on_Aquatic_Life" title="The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life">The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></div> <p>Marine life can be susceptible to noise or the sound pollution from sources such as passing ships, oil exploration seismic surveys, and naval low-frequency active <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>. Sound travels more rapidly and over larger distances in the sea than in the atmosphere. Marine animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a>, often have weak eyesight, and live in a world largely defined by acoustic information. This applies also to many deeper sea fish, who live in a world of darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1950 and 1975, ambient noise at one location in the Pacific Ocean increased by about ten <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> (that is a tenfold increase in intensity).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noise also makes species communicate louder, which is called the Lombard vocal response.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whale_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale song">Whale songs</a> are longer when submarine-detectors are on.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If creatures don't "speak" loud enough, their voice can be masked by <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">anthropogenic</a> sounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species begins speaking louder, it will mask other species voices, causing the whole ecosystem to eventually speak louder.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the oceanographer <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a>, "Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts. Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping, seismic surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noise from ships and human activity can damage Cnidarians and Ctenophora, which are very important organisms in the marine ecosystem. They promote high diversity and they are used as models for ecology and biology because of their simple structures. When there is underwater noise, the vibrations in the water damage the cilia hairs in the Coelenterates. In a study, the organisms were exposed to sound waves for different numbers of times and the results showed that damaged hair cells were extruded or missing or presented bent, flaccid or missed kinocilia and stereocilia.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ships can be certified to meet certain noise criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. An example is <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> in aquatic plants.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">anthropogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> ends up in the ocean. The 2011 edition of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> Year Book identifies as the main emerging environmental issues the loss to the oceans of massive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, "a valuable fertilizer needed to feed a growing global population", and the impact billions of pieces of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a> are having globally on the health of marine environments.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bjorn Jennssen (2003) notes in his article, "Anthropogenic pollution may reduce biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems, resulting in reduction and depletion of human marine food resources".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two ways the overall level of this pollution can be mitigated: either the human population is reduced, or a way is found to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> left behind by the average human. If the second way is not adopted, then the first way may be imposed as the world <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> falter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The second way is for humans, individually, to pollute less. That requires social and political will, together with a shift in awareness so more people respect the environment and are less disposed to abuse it.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an operational level, regulations, and international government participation is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often very difficult to regulate marine pollution because pollution spreads over international barriers, thus making regulations hard to create as well as enforce.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without appropriate awareness of marine pollution, the necessary global will to effectively address the issues may prove inadequate. Balanced information on the sources and harmful effects of marine pollution need to become part of general public awareness, and ongoing research is required to fully establish, and keep current, the scope of the issues. As expressed in Daoji and Dag's research,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the reasons why environmental concern is lacking among the Chinese is because the public awareness is low and therefore should be targeted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg/220px-Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg/330px-Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg/440px-Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Marine debris removal in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NOAA removed approximately 57 tons of derelict fishing nets and plastic litter from the <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a>'s tiny islands and atolls, sensitive coral reefs and shallow waters).</figcaption></figure> <p>The amount of awareness on marine pollution is vital to the support of keeping the prevention of trash from entering waterways and ending up in our oceans. The EPA reports that in 2014 Americans generated about 258 million tons of waste, and only a third was recycled or composted. In 2015, there was over 8 million tons of plastic that made it into the ocean. The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a> reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic in the sea than all other countries combined.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through more sustainable packing this could lead to; eliminating toxic constituents, using fewer materials, making more readily available recyclable plastic. However, awareness can only take these initiatives so far. The most abundant plastic is PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) and is the most resistant to biodegradables. Researchers have been making great strides in combating this problem. In one way has been by adding a special polymer called a tetrablock copolymer. The tetrablock copolymer acts as a laminate between the PE and iPP which enables for an easier breakdown but still be tough. Through more awareness, individuals will become more cognizant of their carbon footprints. Also, from research and technology, more strides can be made to aid in the plastic pollution problem.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a> have been considered a potential mitigating organism for pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_goals">Global goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Global goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, the United Nations adopted a resolution establishing <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, including reduced marine pollution as a measured goal under <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Goal 14</a>. The international community has agreed that reducing pollution in the oceans is a priority, which is tracked as part of Sustainable Development Goal 14 which actively seeks to undo these human impacts on the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of Target 14.1 is: "By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MARPOL_73-78_signatories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MARPOL_73-78_signatories.png/390px-MARPOL_73-78_signatories.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MARPOL_73-78_signatories.png/585px-MARPOL_73-78_signatories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MARPOL_73-78_signatories.png/780px-MARPOL_73-78_signatories.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Parties to the <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a> convention on marine pollution (as of April 2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although marine pollution has a long history, significant international laws to counter it were not enacted until the twentieth century. Marine pollution was a concern during several <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea</a> beginning in the 1950s. Most scientists believed that the oceans were so vast that they had unlimited ability to dilute, and thus render pollution harmless.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were several controversies about dumping radioactive waste off the coasts of the United States by companies licensed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>, into the Irish Sea from the British reprocessing facility at <a href="/wiki/Windscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscale">Windscale</a>, and into the Mediterranean Sea by the French <a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27Energie_Atomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique">Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique</a>. After the Mediterranean Sea controversy, for example, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> became a worldwide figure in the campaign to stop marine pollution. Marine pollution made further international headlines after the 1967 crash of the oil tanker <a href="/wiki/Torrey_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrey Canyon">Torrey Canyon</a>, and after the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_oil_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara oil spill">Santa Barbara oil spill</a> off the coast of California.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Marine pollution was a major area of discussion during the 1972 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment</a>, held in Stockholm. That year also saw the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter</a>, sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a>. The London Convention did not ban marine pollution, but it established black and gray lists for substances to be banned (black) or regulated by national authorities (gray). Cyanide and high-level radioactive waste, for example, were put on the black list. The London Convention applied only to waste dumped from ships, and thus did nothing to regulate waste discharged as liquids from pipelines.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_trash_(30870156434).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Beach_trash_%2830870156434%29.jpg/220px-Beach_trash_%2830870156434%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Beach_trash_%2830870156434%29.jpg/330px-Beach_trash_%2830870156434%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Beach_trash_%2830870156434%29.jpg/440px-Beach_trash_%2830870156434%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a> causes vast quantities of trash to wash ashore at the south end of Hawaii.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_and_policies">Laws and policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Laws and policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different ways for the ocean to get polluted, therefore there have been multiple laws, policies, and treaties put into place throughout history. In order to protect the ocean from marine pollution, policies have been developed internationally. </p> <ul><li>In 1948, Harry Truman signed a law formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Federal Water Pollution Control Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that allowed the federal government to control marine pollution in United States of America.</li> <li>In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972</a> (MPRSA) was passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, and regulates ocean dumping of waste in US waters.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lang_1990_729–752_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_1990_729–752-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1954 Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil and the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution by Ships were weakly enforced due to a lack of respect for the laws from flag states.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1973 and 1978, <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a> was a treaty written to control vessel pollution, especially regarding oil. In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_of_the_Sea_by_Oil" title="International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil">International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships</a> enforced the MARPOL 73/78 treaty internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">UNCLOS</a>) was established to protect the marine environment by governing states to control their pollution to the ocean. It put restrictions on the amount of toxins and pollutants that come from all ships internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2006, the Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Ac.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to help identify, determine the source of, reduce and prevent <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>.</li> <li>In December 2017, the UN Environmental Agency (UNEA) established the Ad Hoc Open-Ended Expert Group on Marine Litter and Microplastics with the purpose of examining marine <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollutions</a> and to evaluate ways to handle the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pollution_toxicity_to_marine_fish" title="Oil pollution toxicity to marine fish">Oil pollution toxicity to marine fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticosis" title="Plasticosis">Plasticosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_snot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea snot">Sea snot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Oceans_Day" title="World Oceans Day">World Oceans Day</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/700946101">700946101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boating+and+marine+debris%3A+boater%27s+guide+to+marine+debris+and+conservation.&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F700946101&rft.aulast=%28U.S.%29&rft.aufirst=Marine+Debris+Program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaljean-DuboisMayer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Maljean-Dubois, Sandrine; Mayer, Benoît (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faju.2020.40">"Liability and Compensation for Marine Plastic Pollution: Conceptual Issues and Possible Ways Forward"</a>. <i>AJIL Unbound</i>. <b>114</b>: 206–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faju.2020.40">10.1017/aju.2020.40</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-7723">2398-7723</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225630731">225630731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJIL+Unbound&rft.atitle=Liability+and+Compensation+for+Marine+Plastic+Pollution%3A+Conceptual+Issues+and+Possible+Ways+Forward&rft.volume=114&rft.pages=206-211&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225630731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2398-7723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faju.2020.40&rft.aulast=Maljean-Dubois&rft.aufirst=Sandrine&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Faju.2020.40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (16 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4132">"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23132%3A+The+Sargasso+Sea+and+the+Pacific+Garbage+Patch&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darksky.org/news/from-the-beach-to-the-seafloor-light-pollution-interferes-with-marine-life/">"From the beach to the seafloor, light pollution interferes with marine life"</a> by Natasha Chortos, <a href="/wiki/DarkSky_International" title="DarkSky International">DarkSky International</a> (June 8, 2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceandecade.org/">UN Ocean Decade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/">US NOAA Marine Debris Program</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_Floatees" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly Floatees">Friendly Floatees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="South Pacific garbage patch">South Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlantic_Sargassum_Belt" title="Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt">GASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbead" title="Microbead">Microbead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_lightweight_plastic_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags">Plastic bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pellet_pollution" title="Plastic pellet pollution">Plastic pellet pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">Shutdown of thermohaline circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_silver_nanoparticles" title="Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles">Silver nanoparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM<sub>2.5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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