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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Accession to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1461_to_1470" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1461_to_1470"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1461 to 1470</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1461_to_1470-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Exile and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1471_to_1483" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1471_to_1483"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1471 to 1483</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1471_to_1483-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriage and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogical_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genealogical table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward IV</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_IV_van_Engeland" title="Eduard IV van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eduard IV van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92adweard_IV_Engla_Cyning" title="Ēadweard IV Engla Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēadweard IV Engla Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="إدوارد الرابع (ملك إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد الرابع (ملك إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_IV_d%27Anglaterra" title="Eduardo IV d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eduardo IV d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Eduard" title="IV Eduard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IV Eduard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="دؤردونجو ادوارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردونجو ادوارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_4-s%C3%A8_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Edward 4-sè (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward 4-sè (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_IV" title="Эдуард IV – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард IV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_IV" title="Едуард IV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард IV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_IV,_kralj_Engleske" title="Edvard IV, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edvard IV, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouarzh_IV_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Edouarzh IV (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edouarzh IV (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_IV_d%27Anglaterra" title="Eduard IV d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard IV d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_IV." title="Eduard IV. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard IV." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV,_brenin_Lloegr" title="Edward IV, brenin Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edward IV, brenin Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_4._af_England" title="Edvard 4. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edvard 4. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_IV." title="Eduard IV. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard IV." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward IV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εδουάρδος Δ΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδουάρδος Δ΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_IV_de_Inglaterra" title="Eduardo IV de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduardo IV de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_la_4-a_(Anglio)" title="Eduardo la 4-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduardo la 4-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_IV.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Eduardo IV.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo IV.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="ادوارد چهارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد چهارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_IV" title="Édouard IV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édouard IV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89adbhard_IV_Shasana" title="Éadbhard IV Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éadbhard IV Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_4%EC%84%B8" title="에드워드 4세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 4세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_IV" title="Էդուարդ IV – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ IV" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="इंग्लैंड के एडवर्ड चतुर्थ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैंड के एडवर्ड चतुर्थ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_IV." title="Eduard IV. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard IV." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_la_4ma_di_Anglia" title="Edward la 4ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward la 4ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_dari_Inggris" title="Edward IV dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward IV dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_IV_de_Anglaterra" title="Eduardo IV de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eduardo IV de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ur_4." title="Játvarður 4. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Játvarður 4." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_IV_d%27Inghilterra" title="Edoardo IV d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edoardo IV d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אדוארד הרביעי, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד הרביעי, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_IV" title="ედუარდ IV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ IV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="IV Эдуард – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IV Эдуард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_IV_(rex_Angliae)" title="Eduardus IV (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus IV (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduards_IV_Jorks" title="Eduards IV Jorks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eduards IV Jorks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_IV" title="Eduardas IV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas IV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Edu%C3%A1rd_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="IV. Eduárd angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IV. Eduárd angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_IV" title="Едвард IV – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвард IV" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लंडचा चौथा एडवर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडचा चौथा एडवर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ادوارد الرابع ملك انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد الرابع ملك انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_dari_England" title="Edward IV dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edward IV dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiduarte_IV_de_Anglaterra" title="Eiduarte IV de Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiduarte IV de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_IV_van_Engeland" title="Eduard IV van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eduard IV van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%894%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="エドワード4世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード4世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_IV_av_England" title="Edvard IV av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edvard IV av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89" title="د انګلستان څلورم اډوارډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګلستان څلورم اډوارډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_York" title="Edward IV York – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward IV York" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_IV_de_Inglaterra" title="Eduardo IV de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduardo IV de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_al_IV-lea_al_Angliei" title="Eduard al IV-lea al Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard al IV-lea al Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_IV" title="Эдуард IV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдуард IV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AA" title="एडवर्ड ४ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एडवर्ड ४" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_o_Ingland" title="Edward VI o Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edward VI o Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" title="Edward IV of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward IV of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_IV._(Anglicko)" title="Eduard IV. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard IV. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_IV._Angle%C5%A1ki" title="Edvard IV. Angleški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edvard IV. Angleški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_IV_%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Едвард IV Јорк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард IV Јорк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_od_Engleske" title="Edward IV od Engleske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward IV od Engleske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_IV" title="Edvard IV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edvard IV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_IV_av_England" title="Edvard IV av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edvard IV av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 4 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 4 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_IV" title="Эдвард IV – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эдвард IV" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Edward" title="IV. Edward – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IV. Edward" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_IV" title="Едуард IV – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едуард IV" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایڈورڈ چہارم شاہ انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ چہارم شاہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Edward IV của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward IV của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华四世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德华四世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_K%E1%BA%B9rin_Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80g%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BA%B9%CC%81s%C3%AC" title="Edward Kẹrin Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edward Kẹrin Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="愛德華四世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛德華四世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华四世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华四世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160341#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of England (1461–70, 1471–83)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the play, see <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_(play)" title="Edward IV (play)"><i>Edward IV</i> (play)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Edward IV</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/King_Edward_IV.jpg/220px-King_Edward_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/King_Edward_IV.jpg/330px-King_Edward_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/King_Edward_IV.jpg/440px-King_Edward_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="3756" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Posthumous portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1540</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the English sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1st reign</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1461 – <span class="nowrap">3 October 1470</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd reign</th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1471 – <span class="nowrap">9 April 1483</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1461</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1442<br /><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 1483 (aged 40)<br /><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, Middlesex, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1483<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="1 May 1464">1464</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriage_and_children">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_York" title="Mary of York">Mary of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_of_York" title="Cecily of York">Cecily, Viscountess Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V, King of England">Edward V, King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York_(1472)" title="Margaret of York (1472)">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_York_(daughter_of_Edward_IV)" title="Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)">Anne, Lady Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Bedford">George, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Countess_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine, Countess of Devon">Catherine, Countess of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_York" title="Bridget of York">Bridget of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Viscount_Lisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur, Viscount Lisle">Arthur, Viscount Lisle</a> (<abbr title="illegitimate">ill.</abbr>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_IV_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward IV's signature"><img alt="Edward IV's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Edward_IV_signature.svg/125px-Edward_IV_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Edward_IV_signature.svg/188px-Edward_IV_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Edward_IV_signature.svg/250px-Edward_IV_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward IV</b> (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470,<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, a series of civil wars in England fought between the <a href="/wiki/Yorkist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkist">Yorkist</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> factions between 1455 and 1487. </p><p>Edward inherited the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Yorkist claim to the throne</a> at the age of eighteen when his father, <a href="/wiki/Richard,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a>, was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Battle of Wakefield</a> in December 1460. After defeating Lancastrian armies at <a href="/wiki/Mortimer%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a> in early 1461, he deposed <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI">King Henry VI</a> and took the throne. His marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a> in 1464 led to conflict with his chief advisor, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a>, known as the "Kingmaker". In 1470, a revolt led by Warwick and Edward's brother <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a>, briefly <a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">re-installed Henry VI</a>. Edward fled to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, where he gathered support and invaded England in March 1471; after victories at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a> (where both the Earl of Warwick and <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a>, were killed), he resumed the throne. Shortly afterwards, Henry VI was found dead in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, possibly killed on Edward's orders. </p><p>Despite facing an overseas threat from <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>, the last remaining Lancastrian claimant, Edward reigned in relative peace for the next twelve years. However, he nearly restarted the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, following his invasion of France in 1475, but was assuaged by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Picquigny" title="Treaty of Picquigny">Treaty of Picquigny</a>. This diplomatic agreement formally ended the Hundred Years' War, which had been in abeyance since <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">1453</a>. Following his sudden death in April 1483, Edward was briefly succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>. He had appointed his younger brother, Richard, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> of England for the duration of the new king's minority. However, <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Edward V and his younger brother disappeared</a> shortly after and their uncle seized the throne as <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_ancestry">Birth and ancestry</h2></div> <p>Edward was born on 28 April 1442 at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, eldest surviving son of <a href="/wiki/Richard,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, 3rd Duke of York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20198_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20198-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until his father's death, he was known as the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197414_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197414-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both his parents were direct descendants of <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward III">King Edward III</a>, giving Edward a potential claim to the throne. This was strengthened in 1447, when York became heir to the childless <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VI">King Henry VI</a> on the death of <a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19743–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19743–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allegations of illegitimacy were discounted at the time as politically inspired, and by later historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward and his siblings <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy">Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy</a>, were physically very similar, all three being tall and blonde, in contrast to their father, the Duke of York, who was short and dark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2008173–178_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2008173–178-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His youngest brother, who later became <a href="/wiki/King_Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Richard III">King Richard III</a>, closely resembled their father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg/220px-Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg/330px-Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg/440px-Richard_of_York_Talbot_Shrewsbury_Book.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York</a>, the father of Edward IV and <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1445</figcaption></figure> <p>During Edward's youth, there was economic decline in England and military defeat abroad, exacerbated by a weak and corrupt central government. Both Edward and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, were born in Rouen, where their father, the Duke of York, served as governor of English lands in France until 1445, when he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset</a>. Edward and Edmund were probably brought up at <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>, where the Duke of York was the dominant landowner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19745,_7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19745,_7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1447, the Duke of York was made <a href="/wiki/Chief_governor_of_Ireland" title="Chief governor of Ireland">chief governor of Ireland</a>, although he did not take up the post until 1449. Most of Normandy was recaptured by the French, leaving <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> as the last English possession in Northern France; Somerset, whom many held responsible for the losses, was appointed King Henry's chief minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20199_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20199-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English politics became dominated by the struggle between the Yorkists and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>, or Lancastrians, notably the Duke of Somerset, <a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk">William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a>, and King Henry VI's wife, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20199_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20199-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matters came to a head in August 1453 when King Henry VI collapsed into a catatonic stupor on hearing news of the loss of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Gascony</a>, an English possession for over 300 years. The Duke of York took over the government, his chief supporters being <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury</a>, and Salisbury's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1454, 12-year-old Edward accompanied his father to London to attend the <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Great Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197414_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197414-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The birth of King Henry VI's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a>, in October 1453 created a viable Lancastrian figurehead, and the 1450s was dominated by political conflict between the two factions. By the age of 17, the Earl of March was a political and military leader in his own right; after their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ludford Bridge">Battle of Ludford Bridge</a> in 1459, his father and brother Edmund fled to Ireland, while the Earls of March, Salisbury and Warwick made their way to Calais. Edward's name appears alongside those of his father, Warwick and Salisbury in widely circulated manifestoes declaring their quarrel was only with Henry's evil counsellors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001110_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1460, Edward crossed the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> with Warwick and Salisbury, and marched into London. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a> in July, he commanded one of three divisions in a Yorkist victory that led to the capture of Henry VI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197425–27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197425–27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> York returned from Ireland; on entering the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, he declared himself king, a claim greeted by the assembled lords in silence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001117_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001117-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a> agreed a compromise, whereby Henry remained king, but York and his descendants were designated his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197428–29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197428–29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The implications of removing the legally accepted heir to the throne created substantial opposition to the Yorkist administration; in late 1460, Edward was given his first independent command and sent to deal with a Lancastrian insurgency in Wales. Warwick remained in London, while York, Salisbury, and Edmund marched north to suppress another in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>; all three were killed following defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a> on 30 December, leaving Edward as the new head of the Yorkist party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197429–30_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197429–30-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_to_the_throne">Accession to the throne</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DacreCross.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone post, topped with a cross, stands next to a bush in a field. An inscription on its base reads, "Battle of Towton Palm Sunday 1461"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DacreCross.JPG/200px-DacreCross.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DacreCross.JPG/300px-DacreCross.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/DacreCross.JPG/400px-DacreCross.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Towton Cross, commemorating Edward's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At this stage of Edward's career, contemporaries like <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a> described him as handsome, affable, and energetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiman201383_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiman201383-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually tall for the period at 6 feet 4 inches (193 centimetres), he was an impressive sight in armour, and took care to wear splendid clothes. This was done deliberately to contrast him with King Henry VI, whose physical and mental frailties undermined his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward199797_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward199797-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 February 1461,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward won a hard-fought victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Battle of Mortimer's Cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>. The battle was preceded by a meteorological phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Parhelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parhelion">parhelion</a>, or three suns, which he took as his emblem, the "<a href="/wiki/Sun_in_splendour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun in splendour">Sun in splendour</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20194_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was offset by Warwick's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">Second Battle of St Albans</a> on 17 February, the Lancastrians regaining custody of Henry VI. The two met in London, where Edward was hastily appointed king, before marching north, where the two sides met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a>. Fought on 29 March in the middle of a snowstorm, it was the bloodiest battle ever to take place on English soil, and ended in a decisive Yorkist victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200385–89_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200385–89-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of the dead range from 9,000 to 20,000; figures are uncertain, as most of the mass graves were emptied or moved over the centuries, while corpses were generally stripped of clothing or armour before burial. Nevertheless, casualties among the Lancastrian nobility were enormous and explain the enduring bitterness among those who survived. Since 1996, excavations have uncovered over 50 skeletons from the battle; an analysis of their injuries shows the brutality of the contest, including extensive post-mortem mutilations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherlandSchmidt200315–25_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherlandSchmidt200315–25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret fled to Scotland with Edward of Westminster, while the new king returned to London for his 28 June 1461 <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_English_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of the English monarch">coronation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201954–55_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201954–55-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VI remained at large for over a year, but was caught and imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. There was little point in killing him while his son remained alive since this would have transferred the Lancastrian claim from a frail captive to one who was young and free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197462_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197462-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1461_to_1470">1461 to 1470</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Noble,_Edward_IV,_from_1464_-_Bode-Museum_-_DSC02744.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rose_Noble%2C_Edward_IV%2C_from_1464_-_Bode-Museum_-_DSC02744.JPG/180px-Rose_Noble%2C_Edward_IV%2C_from_1464_-_Bode-Museum_-_DSC02744.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rose_Noble%2C_Edward_IV%2C_from_1464_-_Bode-Museum_-_DSC02744.JPG/270px-Rose_Noble%2C_Edward_IV%2C_from_1464_-_Bode-Museum_-_DSC02744.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rose_Noble%2C_Edward_IV%2C_from_1464_-_Bode-Museum_-_DSC02744.JPG/360px-Rose_Noble%2C_Edward_IV%2C_from_1464_-_Bode-Museum_-_DSC02744.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption>Rose <a href="/wiki/Noble_(English_coin)" title="Noble (English coin)">Noble</a> coin of Edward IV, minted in 1464</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the nobility had either remained loyal to Henry or stayed neutral, forcing Edward to rely heavily on the Nevilles. Consolidating the regime initially took precedence, but <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville</a>'s victory at the 1464 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Battle of Hexham</a> seemed to end the Lancastrian threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197461_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197461-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exposed internal divisions, particularly over foreign policy, which in this period largely focused on the relationship between England, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a>, with two of the parties manoeuvring to form an alliance against the third.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201960_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201960-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Edward preferred Burgundy as a partner, he allowed Warwick to negotiate a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a>, which included a suggested marriage between Edward and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_France" title="Anne of France">Anne of France</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy" title="Bona of Savoy">Bona of Savoy</a>, respectively daughter and sister-in-law of the French king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197491_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197491-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1464, Warwick was enraged to discover that on 1 May, Edward had secretly married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, a widow with two sons, whose Lancastrian husband, <a href="/wiki/John_Grey_of_Groby" title="John Grey of Groby">John Grey of Groby</a>, died at the Second Battle of St Albans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197485–86_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197485–86-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If nothing else, it was a clear demonstration he was not in control of the king, despite suggestions to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019114_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019114-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's motives have been widely discussed by contemporaries and historians. Although Elizabeth's mother, <a href="/wiki/Jacquetta_of_Luxembourg" title="Jacquetta of Luxembourg">Jacquetta of Luxembourg</a>, came from the upper nobility, her father, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Woodville,_1st_Earl_Rivers" title="Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers">Richard Woodville, Lord Rivers</a>, was a middle-ranking provincial baron. The <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a> told Edward with unusual frankness that "she was no wife for a prince such as himself, for she was not the daughter of a duke or earl."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197485_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197485-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage was certainly unwise and unusual, although not unheard of; Henry VI's mother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a>, married her chamberlain, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a>. By all accounts, Elizabeth possessed considerable charm of person and intellect, while Edward was used to getting what he wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019112–113_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019112–113-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians generally accept the marriage was an impulsive decision, but differ on whether it was also a "calculated political move". One view is the low status of the Woodvilles was part of the attraction, since unlike the Nevilles, they were reliant on Edward and thus more likely to remain loyal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1964146_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1964146-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue if this was his purpose, there were far better options available; all agree it had significant political implications that impacted the rest of Edward's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997170_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1997170-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_Edward_IV_Elizabeth_Woodville_Wavrin_Anciennes_Chroniques_d%27Angleterre_Francais_85_f109.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Marriage_Edward_IV_Elizabeth_Woodville_Wavrin_Anciennes_Chroniques_d%27Angleterre_Francais_85_f109.jpeg/180px-Marriage_Edward_IV_Elizabeth_Woodville_Wavrin_Anciennes_Chroniques_d%27Angleterre_Francais_85_f109.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Marriage_Edward_IV_Elizabeth_Woodville_Wavrin_Anciennes_Chroniques_d%27Angleterre_Francais_85_f109.jpeg/270px-Marriage_Edward_IV_Elizabeth_Woodville_Wavrin_Anciennes_Chroniques_d%27Angleterre_Francais_85_f109.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Marriage_Edward_IV_Elizabeth_Woodville_Wavrin_Anciennes_Chroniques_d%27Angleterre_Francais_85_f109.jpeg/360px-Marriage_Edward_IV_Elizabeth_Woodville_Wavrin_Anciennes_Chroniques_d%27Angleterre_Francais_85_f109.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="6284" /></a><figcaption>The marriage of Edward IV to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, from the illuminated manuscript <i>Anciennes Chroniques d'Angleterre</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Wavrin" title="Jean de Wavrin">Jean de Wavrin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One reason for this was that twelve of the new queen's siblings survived into adulthood, creating a large pool of competitors for offices and estates, as well as in the matrimony market. Resentment built when her sisters made a series of advantageous unions, including that of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Woodville,_Duchess_of_Buckingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham">Catherine Woodville</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anne_Woodville" title="Anne Woodville">Anne Woodville</a> to William, heir to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bourchier,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex">Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex</a>; and Eleanor Woodville with Anthony, heir to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent">Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197493_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197493-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1467, Edward dismissed his <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, Warwick's brother <a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville, Archbishop of York</a>. Warwick responded by building an alliance with Edward's disaffected younger brother and heir, the Duke of Clarence, who held estates adjacent to the Neville heartland in the north. Concerned by this, Edward blocked a proposed marriage between Clarence and Warwick's eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Neville,_Duchess_of_Clarence" title="Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence">Isabel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019203–205_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019203–205-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early July, Clarence defied his brother by travelling to Calais, where he married Isabel in a ceremony conducted by George Neville and overseen by Warwick. The three men issued a 'remonstrance', listing alleged abuses by the Woodvilles and other advisors close to Edward and then returned to London, where they assembled an army to remove these 'evil councillors' and establish good government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019210–211_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019210–211-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Edward still in the north, the royal army was defeated by a Neville force at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgecote Moor</a> on 24 July 1469. After the battle, Edward was held in <a href="/wiki/Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham Castle</a>; on 12 August, his father-in-law Richard Woodville and Richard's younger son, <a href="/wiki/John_Woodville" title="John Woodville">John Woodville</a>, were executed at <a href="/wiki/Kenilworth" title="Kenilworth">Kenilworth</a>. It soon became clear there was little support for Warwick or Clarence; Edward was released in September and resumed the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001160_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001160-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outwardly, the situation remained unchanged, but tensions persisted and Edward did nothing to reduce the Nevilles' sense of vulnerability. The Percys, traditional rivals of the Neville family in the North, fought for Lancaster at Towton; their titles and estates were confiscated and given to Warwick's brother John Neville. In early 1470, Edward reinstated <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_4th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a>; John was compensated with the title <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Montagu">Marquess of Montagu</a>, but this was a significant demotion for a key supporter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974135–136_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974135–136-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_Gate,_Exeter_-_The_Reception_of_King_Edward_IV,_1470.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_South_Gate%2C_Exeter_-_The_Reception_of_King_Edward_IV%2C_1470.jpg/250px-The_South_Gate%2C_Exeter_-_The_Reception_of_King_Edward_IV%2C_1470.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_South_Gate%2C_Exeter_-_The_Reception_of_King_Edward_IV%2C_1470.jpg/330px-The_South_Gate%2C_Exeter_-_The_Reception_of_King_Edward_IV%2C_1470.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_South_Gate%2C_Exeter_-_The_Reception_of_King_Edward_IV%2C_1470.jpg/500px-The_South_Gate%2C_Exeter_-_The_Reception_of_King_Edward_IV%2C_1470.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2390" /></a><figcaption> Watercolour by <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Townsend_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Townsend (artist) (page does not exist)">George Townsend</a>, 1885, of King Edward IV's reception to Exeter in 1470</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1470, Warwick and Clarence exploited a private feud to start the <a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a>; when it was defeated, the two fled to France in May 1470.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1970228_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1970228-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing an opportunity, Louis XI persuaded Warwick to negotiate with his enemy, Margaret of Anjou; she eventually agreed, first making him kneel before her in silence for fifteen minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley2002170_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley2002170-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With French support, Warwick landed in England on 9 September 1470 and announced his intention to restore Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1970236_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1970236-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now, the Yorkist regime was deeply unpopular and the Lancastrians rapidly assembled an army of over 30,000; when John Neville switched sides, Edward narrowly escaped capture and was forced to seek refuge in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974152–153_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974152–153-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_and_restoration">Exile and restoration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg/330px-Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg/500px-Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg/960px-Beheading_duke_somerset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Edward IV (left) watching the execution of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_4th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a>, at Tewkesbury, 1471</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, part of the Duchy of Burgundy, accompanied by a few hundred men, including his younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Anthony Woodville and William Hastings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019243_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019243-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duchy was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>, husband of his sister Margaret; he provided minimal help, something Edward never forgot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019256–258_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019256–258-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">restored Lancastrian regime</a> faced the same issue that dominated Henry's previous reign. Mental and physical frailties made him incapable of ruling and resulted in an internal struggle for control, made worse because the coalition that put him back on the throne consisted of bitter enemies. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_4th_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a>, held Warwick responsible for <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">his father</a>'s death in 1455, while he had executed his elder brother in 1464; Warwick and Clarence quickly found themselves isolated by the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019260–261_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019260–261-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Backed by wealthy Flemish merchants, in March 1471 Edward landed near <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, close to his estates in Yorkshire. Supporters were reluctant to join him; the important northern city of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> opened its gates only when he claimed to be seeking the return of his dukedom, like <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> seventy years earlier. The first significant contingent to join was a group of 600 men under <a href="/wiki/William_Parr_(died_1483)" title="William Parr (died 1483)">William Parr</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(Yorkist_knight)" title="James Harrington (Yorkist knight)">James Harrington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox198941_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox198941-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parr fought against the Yorkists at Edgecote in 1469 and his defection confirmed Clarence's decision to switch sides; as they marched south, more recruits came in, including 3,000 at Leicester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019263_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019263-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward entered London unopposed and took Henry prisoner; Warwick was defeated and killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Battle of Barnet</a> on 14 April, while a second Lancastrian army was destroyed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a> on 4 May. Sixteen-year-old Edward of Westminster, the heir to the throne, died on the battlefield, with surviving leaders like Somerset executed shortly afterwards. This was followed by Henry's death a few days later; a contemporary chronicle claimed this was due to "melancholy" but it is generally assumed he was killed on Edward's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe1981347_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe1981347-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Lancastrian cause seemed at an end, the regime was destabilised by a quarrel between Clarence and his brother Gloucester. The two were married to Isabel Neville and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>, respectively, the daughters of the Earl and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Beauchamp,_16th_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick">Countess of Warwick</a> and heirs to their mother's considerable inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198126–27_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198126–27-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the estates held by the brothers had been granted by Edward, who could also remove them, making them dependent on his favour. This was not the case with property acquired through marriage and explains the importance of this dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019306–307_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019306–307-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1471_to_1483">1471 to 1483</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg/180px-Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg/270px-Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg/360px-Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>Edward IV <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span>, posthumous portrait from original <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1470</span>–1475; it shows signs of the corpulence that affected him in later life</figcaption></figure> <p>The last significant rebellion ended in February 1474 with the surrender of <a href="/wiki/John_de_Vere,_13th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford">John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford</a>, who survived to command the Lancastrian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth</a> in 1485. Clarence was widely suspected of involvement, a factor in his eventual execution in the Tower on 18 February 1478; claims he was "drowned in a butt of <a href="/wiki/Malmsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmsey">Malmsey</a> wine" appears to have been a joke by Edward, referring to his favourite drink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019406_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019406-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1475, Edward allied with Burgundy and declared war on France. With Duke Charles busy with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss" title="Siege of Neuss">Siege of Neuss</a>, Louis opened negotiations. Soon after Edward landed at Calais, the two signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Picquigny" title="Treaty of Picquigny">Treaty of Picquigny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019364–365_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019364–365-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward received an immediate payment of 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Crown_(English_coin)" title="Crown (English coin)">crowns</a>, plus a yearly pension of 50,000 crowns, thus allowing him to recoup the costs of his army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks201118_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks201118-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1482, Edward backed an attempt to usurp the Scottish throne by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_1st_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany">Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a>. Gloucester invaded Scotland and took the town of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, where James was being held prisoner by his nobles. Albany switched sides and without siege equipment, the English army was forced to withdraw, with little to show for an expensive campaign, apart from the capture of <a href="/wiki/Berwick_Castle" title="Berwick Castle">Berwick Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019434–435_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019434–435-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3></div> <p>Edward's health began to fail, and he became subject to an increasing number of ailments; his physicians attributed this in part to a habitual use of <a href="/wiki/Emetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetics">emetics</a>, which allowed him to gorge himself at meals, then return after vomiting to start again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019431_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019431-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fell fatally ill at Easter 1483, but survived long enough to add codicils to his will, the most important naming his brother as Protector after his death. He died on 9 April 1483 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>. His twelve-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a>, was never crowned, Gloucester becoming King <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> in July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019494_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019494-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of Edward's death is uncertain; allegations of poison were common in an era when lack of medical knowledge meant death often had no obvious explanation. Other suggestions include <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, although both were well-known and easy to describe. One contemporary attributed it to <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a> brought on by excess, which fits with what is known of his physical habits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974414–415_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974414–415-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that Edward died of syphilis.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the War of the Roses has been documented by numerous historians, Edward as an individual is less well known; 19th century historians like <a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">William Stubbs</a> generally dismissed him as a bloodthirsty nonentity. The most comprehensive modern biography was written by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Charles Ross</a> in 1974, who concluded the peace and stability of his later reign was squandered in short-term aggrandisement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further suggests that Edward "remains the only king in English history since 1066 in active possession of his throne who failed to secure the safe succession of his son. His lack of political foresight is largely to blame for the unhappy aftermath of his early death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974451_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974451-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political">Political</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine" title="Great Bullion Famine">Great Bullion Famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)" title="Great Slump (15th century)">Great Slump (15th century)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivers_%26_Caxton_Presenting_book_to_Edward_IV.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rivers_%26_Caxton_Presenting_book_to_Edward_IV.JPG/330px-Rivers_%26_Caxton_Presenting_book_to_Edward_IV.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rivers_%26_Caxton_Presenting_book_to_Edward_IV.JPG/500px-Rivers_%26_Caxton_Presenting_book_to_Edward_IV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Rivers_%26_Caxton_Presenting_book_to_Edward_IV.JPG 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Presentation miniature from <i><a href="/wiki/Dictes_and_Sayings_of_the_Philosophers" title="Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers">Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers</a></i>, printed in England by <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a> in 1477. Edward is shown receiving a manuscript copy from Woodville, accompanied by his wife Elizabeth, his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward</a>, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Commentators observe a marked difference between Edward's first period as king, and the second. The failure of attempts to reconcile former enemies like Somerset meant he was noticeably more ruthless after 1471, including the execution of his brother Clarence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittle201722–24_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittle201722–24-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his youth, Edward was a capable and charismatic military commander, who led from the front, but as he grew older, the energy noted by contemporaries became less apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019370_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019370-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One effect of this was that Parliament became increasingly reluctant to approve taxes for wars which Edward failed to prosecute, then used the funds instead to finance his household expenditures. Under his rule, ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a> was transferred to the Crown, where it remains today. In 1478, his staff prepared the so-called 'Black Book', a comprehensive review of government finances, still in use a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChibnall1960340–341_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChibnall1960340–341-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invested heavily in business ventures with the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, which he used as an additional source of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974351_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974351-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the economy recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)" title="Great Slump (15th century)">depression of 1450 to 1470</a>, Edward's spending habitually exceeded income; on his death in 1483, the Crown had less than £1,200 in cash. His close relationship with the London branch of the <a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a> ended in its bankruptcy; in 1517, the Medicis were still seeking repayment of Edward's debts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorke2006270_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorke2006270-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economics was closely linked to foreign policy; Edward's reign was dominated by the three-sided diplomatic contest between England, France, and Burgundy, with two of the three seeking to ally against the third.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Flemish merchants were the largest buyers of English wool, Edward was generally pro-Burgundian, although Duke Charles' reluctance to support him in 1471 cooled their relationship. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">death of Charles</a> in 1477 led to the 1482 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1482)" title="Treaty of Arras (1482)">Treaty of Arras</a>; Flanders, along with the lands known as the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and France acquired the rest. Edward and his successors lost much of their influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerling195451–57_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerling195451–57-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eltham_Palace,_April_2018_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eltham_Palace%2C_April_2018_%284%29.jpg/350px-Eltham_Palace%2C_April_2018_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eltham_Palace%2C_April_2018_%284%29.jpg/525px-Eltham_Palace%2C_April_2018_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eltham_Palace%2C_April_2018_%284%29.jpg/700px-Eltham_Palace%2C_April_2018_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5913" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Edward's Great Hall at <a href="/wiki/Eltham_Palace" title="Eltham Palace">Eltham Palace</a> in southeast London, 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward's court was described by a visitor from Europe as "the most splendid ... in all <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974270–277_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974270–277-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent large amounts on expensive status symbols to show off his power and wealth as king of England, while his collecting habits show an eye for style and an interest in scholarship, particularly history. He acquired fine clothes, jewels, and furnishings, as well as a collection of beautifully illuminated historical and literary manuscripts, many made specially for him by craftsmen in Bruges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackhouse198726,_28,_39_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse198726,_28,_39-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKendrick201142–65_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKendrick201142–65-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book purchases included books for entertainment and instruction, whose contents reveal his interests. They focus on the lives of great rulers, including <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historical chronicles,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instructional and religious works.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1476, <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a> established the first English printing press in the outbuildings of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>; on 18 November 1477, he produced <i><a href="/wiki/Dictes_and_Sayings_of_the_Philosophers" title="Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers">Sayengis of the Philosophres</a></i>, translated into English for Edward by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Woodville">Anthony Woodville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimbs18554_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimbs18554-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known where or how Edward's library was stored, but it is recorded that he transferred volumes from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wardrobe">Great Wardrobe</a> to Eltham Palace and that he had a yeoman "to kepe the king's bookes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurley1993141_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurley1993141-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1830125_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1830125-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than forty of his books survive intact from the 15th century, which suggests they were carefully stored, and are in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_manuscripts,_British_Library" title="Royal manuscripts, British Library">Royal Collection of manuscripts</a>, held by the British Library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201169_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201169-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward spent large sums on <a href="/wiki/Eltham_Palace" title="Eltham Palace">Eltham Palace</a>, including the extant Great Hall, the site of a feast for 2,000 people in December 1482, shortly before his death in April.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began great improvements to <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor">St George's Chapel, Windsor</a>, where he was buried in 1483; later completed by Henry VII, it was badly damaged during the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>, and little of the original work remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanton2011431–432_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanton2011431–432-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children"><span class="anchor" id="issue"></span>Marriage and children</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_(Princess).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg/250px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg/330px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg/360px-Arms_of_Elizabeth_of_York_%28Princess%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>As Duke of York, Edward bore the royal arms quartered with those of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgh" title="House of Burgh">de Burgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Mortimer">Mortimer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Edward had ten children by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, seven of whom survived him; they were declared illegitimate under the 1484 <i><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></i>, an act repealed by Henry VII, who married Edward's eldest daughter, Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a> (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503), <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a> of England; married <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>, mother of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_York" title="Mary of York">Mary of York</a> (11 August 1467 – 23 May 1482).<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_of_York" title="Cecily of York">Cecily of York</a> (20 March 1469 – 24 August 1507), <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscountess</a> Welles; married <a href="/wiki/John_Welles,_1st_Viscount_Welles" title="John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles">John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles</a>, then Thomas Kyme or Keme.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V of England</a> (2 November 1470 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span>);<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>; disappeared, assumed murdered prior to his coronation, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York_(1472)" title="Margaret of York (1472)">Margaret of York</a> (10 April 1472 – 11 December 1472).<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a> (17 August 1473 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span>); one of the Princes in the Tower; disappeared, assumed murdered <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_York_(daughter_of_Edward_IV)" title="Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)">Anne of York</a> (2 November 1475 – 23 November 1511), Lady Howard; married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard</a> (later 3rd Duke of Norfolk).<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Bedford">George, Duke of Bedford</a> (March 1477 – March 1479).<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_York" title="Catherine of York">Catherine of York</a> (14 August 1479 – 15 November 1527), Countess of Devon; married <a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_York" title="Bridget of York">Bridget of York</a> (10 November 1480 – 1507), nun at <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Priory" title="Dartford Priory">Dartford Priory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_(1461-1483)_Variant_Motto_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29_Variant_Motto_1.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29_Variant_Motto_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29_Variant_Motto_1.svg/270px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29_Variant_Motto_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29_Variant_Motto_1.svg/360px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29_Variant_Motto_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>As King he bore the royal arms undifferenced. Examples exist of several varying combinations of crest, supporters and motto.</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward had numerous mistresses, including <a href="/wiki/Lady_Eleanor_Talbot" title="Lady Eleanor Talbot">Lady Eleanor Talbot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lucy" title="Elizabeth Lucy">Elizabeth Lucy</a>, possibly daughter of Thomas Waite (or Wayte), of Southampton. The most famous was <a href="/wiki/Jane_Shore" title="Jane Shore">Jane Shore</a>, later compelled by Richard III to perform public penance at <a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul's Cross">Paul's Cross</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> claimed this backfired, since "albeit she were out of al array save her kyrtle only: yet went she so fair & lovely ... that her great shame wan her much praise."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward had several acknowledged illegitimate children; </p> <ul><li>Elizabeth Plantagenet (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1464</span>), possibly daughter of Elizabeth Lucy,<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who married Thomas, son of George Lumley, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Lumley" title="Baron Lumley">Baron Lumley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbet2015316_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbet2015316-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1836290_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1836290-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1825136_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1825136-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Plantagenet,_1st_Viscount_Lisle" title="Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle">Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle</a> (1460s/1470s – 3 March 1542),<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> author of the <a href="/wiki/Lisle_Papers" title="Lisle Papers">Lisle Papers</a>, an important historical source for the Tudor period. From his first marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Grey,_6th_Baroness_Lisle" title="Elizabeth Grey, 6th Baroness Lisle">Elizabeth Grey</a>, he had three daughters, Frances, Elizabeth and Bridget Plantagenet.</li> <li>Grace Plantagenet, recorded as attending the funeral of Elizabeth Woodville in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984158,_161–174_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984158,_161–174-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are claims for many others, including Mary, second wife of Henry Harman of Ellam, and Isabel Mylbery (born circa 1470), who married John Tuchet, son of <a href="/wiki/John_Tuchet,_6th_Baron_Audley" title="John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley">John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley</a>. However, the evidence for these is circumstantial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2016Chapter_28_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2016Chapter_28-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <p>Edward IV's eldest son, also named Edward, was made <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> when he was seven months old and given his own household at the age of three. Based in <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a>, he was supervised by his uncle, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, who also acted as his regent for the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales and the Marches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry185111_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry185111-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical consensus is he and his brother Richard were killed, probably between July and September 1483; debate on who gave the orders, and why, continues, although their uncle Richard III was the beneficiary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019497_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019497-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-August, Elizabeth Woodville was certain of the deaths of her sons; after her initial grief turned to fury, she opened secret talks with Margaret Beaufort. She promised her support in return for Henry's agreement to marry her eldest daughter Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1483, Henry swore an oath to do so, which he duly carried out after his coronation in October 1485.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to his succession, Richard III declared his nephews illegitimate, on the grounds his brother's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Titulus Regius</i> argued that the alleged pre-contract of marriage between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Talbot rendered his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville void.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Eleanor and Edward were dead, but according to <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a>, Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, claimed to have carried out the ceremony himself.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once secure on the throne, Henry VII annulled the <i>Titulus Regius</i> and arrested Stillington, who died in prison in 1491.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2008130_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2008130-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this apparent resolution, the Yorkist cause continued well into the 16th century. The most famous are the pretenders <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Simnel" title="Lambert Simnel">Lambert Simnel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>, but Yorkist challengers remained a concern for Henry VII and his son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogical_table">Genealogical table</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Edward IV</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York</a><sup id="cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardsoniv4000311-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardsoniv4000311-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_York" title="Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York">Isabella of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardsoniv4000311-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March">Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March</a><sup id="cite_ref-tout146_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tout146-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Mortimer">Anne Mortimer</a><sup id="cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardsoniv4000311-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Alianore_Holland,_Countess_of_March" title="Alianore Holland, Countess of March">Alianore Holland</a><sup id="cite_ref-tout146_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tout146-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Edward IV of England</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_3rd_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville">John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville</a><sup id="cite_ref-eb1911earlsofwestmorland_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911earlsofwestmorland-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_1st_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland">Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland</a><sup id="cite_ref-richardsoniii246_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardsoniii246-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. Maud Percy<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911earlsofwestmorland_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911earlsofwestmorland-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a><sup id="cite_ref-joanbeaufort_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joanbeaufort-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a><sup id="cite_ref-richardsoniii246_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardsoniii246-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a><sup id="cite_ref-joanbeaufort_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joanbeaufort-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Edward IV's position in relation to the houses of York and Lancaster (selective chart)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197434,_44_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197434,_44-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward, Prince of Wales</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lionel,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel, Duke of Clarence">Lionel, Duke of Clarence</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Duke of Lancaster">John, Duke of Lancaster</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund, Duke of York">Edmund, Duke of York</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philippa,_Countess_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippa, Countess of Ulster">Philippa, Countess of Ulster</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March">Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Mortimer">Anne Mortimer</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard,_Earl_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Earl of Cambridge">Richard, Earl of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Edward IV</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earls_in_the_reigns_of_Henry_VI_and_Edward_IV_of_England" title="List of earls in the reigns of Henry VI and Edward IV of England">List of earls in the reigns of Henry VI and Edward IV of England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry's grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a>, whose father <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> was <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>'s third surviving son. Henry IV had deposed <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> from the senior line. The Duke of York's claim derived from Edward III's fourth son, <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_1st_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund, 1st Duke of York">Edmund, 1st Duke of York</a>, but his mother <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Mortimer" title="Anne de Mortimer">Anne de Mortimer</a> was the senior descendant of Edward III's second son, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel of Antwerp">Lionel of Antwerp</a>. By modern standards, York was the senior heir, although this was less clear at the time. In practical terms, it meant both he and Edward had a legitimate claim to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19743–7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19743–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 2004 <a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Real_Monarch" title="Britain's Real Monarch">television documentary</a> that supported these claims was subsequently discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> declared his nephews illegitimate in 1483, he did so on the grounds Edward's marriage to their mother was invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now the generally accepted date, although others suggest it was fought on 3 February</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This resurfaced in the 17th century contest between England, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and France under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-weir-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeir2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2008). <i>Britain's Royal Family: the Complete Genealogy</i>. Vintage Books. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0995-3973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0995-3973-5"><bdi>978-0-0995-3973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Family%3A+the+Complete+Genealogy&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-0995-3973-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/edward4.php">"Edward IV"</a>. <i>Archontology.org</i>. 14 March 2010. <q>Set sail on 2 October 1470 from England and took refuge in Burgundy; deposed as King of England on 3 October 1470</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archontology.org&rft.atitle=Edward+IV&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fengland%2Fking_england%2Fedward4.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20198-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20198_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197414-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197414_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197414_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19743–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19743–7_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19743–7_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 3–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson">Wilson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2008173–178-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2008173–178_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2008">Crawford 2008</a>, pp. 173–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019504–505_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, pp. 504–505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19745,_7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss19745,_7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 5, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20199-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20199_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20199_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201911-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201911_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001110-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001110_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197425–27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197425–27_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 25–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001117-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001117_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197428–29-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197428–29_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197429–30-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197429–30_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiman201383-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiman201383_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleiman2013">Kleiman 2013</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward199797-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward199797_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeward1997">Seward 1997</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn20194-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn20194_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravett200385–89-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGravett200385–89_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravett2003">Gravett 2003</a>, pp. 85–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherlandSchmidt200315–25-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherlandSchmidt200315–25_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherlandSchmidt2003">Sutherland & Schmidt 2003</a>, pp. 15–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201954–55-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201954–55_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames2015" class="citation book cs1">James, Jeffrey (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euWGCgAAQBAJ"><i>Edward IV: Glorious Son of York</i></a>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197461_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn201960-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn201960_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197491-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197491_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197485–86-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197485–86_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019114-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019114_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="#CITEREFCarpenter1997">Carpenter 1997</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197493-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197493_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019203–205-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019203–205_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, pp. 203–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019210–211-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019210–211_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001160-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2001160_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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href="#CITEREFKendall1970">Kendall 1970</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1974152–153-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1974152–153_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019243-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019243_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019256–258-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019256–258_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, pp. 256–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019260–261-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019260–261_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, 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Springer. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61618-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61618-9"><bdi>978-0-230-61618-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Story+of+Failure%3A+The+Minority+of+Edward+V&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Minorities+of+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+England&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61618-9&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0NaCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Droyal%2Bminorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox2004_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2004">Horrox 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbet2015316-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbet2015316_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbet2015">Corbet 2015</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1836290-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1836290_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurke1836">Burke 1836</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1825136-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1825136_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1825">Mackenzie 1825</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984158,_161–174-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonCurteis1984158,_161–174_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiven-WilsonCurteis1984">Given-Wilson & Curteis 1984</a>, pp. 158, 161–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2016Chapter_28-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshdown-Hill2016Chapter_28_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshdown-Hill2016">Ashdown-Hill 2016</a>, Chapter 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry185111-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry185111_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1851">Parry 1851</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenn2019497-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenn2019497_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenn2019">Penn 2019</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2020" class="citation book cs1">Horrox, Rosemary (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1180238601"><i>Richard III: a failed king?</i></a>. Penguin monarchs. London: Allen Lane. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197893-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-197893-2"><bdi>978-0-14-197893-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1180238601">1180238601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+a+failed+king%3F&rft.place=London&rft.series=Penguin+monarchs&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1180238601&rft.isbn=978-0-14-197893-2&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1180238601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard1991" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, A.J. (1991). <i>Richard III and the Princes in the Tower</i> (2015 Endeavour Press Ltd ed.). Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00SBBRGIE">B00SBBRGIE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+and+the+Princes+in+the+Tower&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=2015+Endeavour+Press+Ltd&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00SBBRGIE%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorspool2017" class="citation book cs1">Horspool, David (2017). <i>Richard III: a ruler and his reputation</i>. London: Bloomsbury. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4619-5"><bdi>978-1-4729-4619-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+a+ruler+and+his+reputation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-4619-5&rft.aulast=Horspool&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2008130-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2008130_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2008">Crawford 2008</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardsoniv4000311-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richardsoniv4000311_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Richardson" title="Douglas Richardson">Richardson, Douglas</a> (2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). <i>Magna Carta Ancestry</i>. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. pp. 400, <span class="nowrap">403–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1460992708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1460992708"><bdi>978-1460992708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta+Ancestry&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=400%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1460992708&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardsoniii246-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richardsoniii246_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richardsoniii246_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2011" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Douglas (2011). 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Salt Lake City. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449966393" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449966393"><bdi>978-1449966393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magna+Carta+Ancestry%3A+A+Study+in+Colonial+and+Medieval+Families&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=246&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1449966393&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tout146-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tout146_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tout146_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTout1894" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frederick_Tout" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Frederick Tout">Tout, Thomas Frederick</a> (1894). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mortimer, Roger de (1374-1398)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mortimer,_Roger_de_(1374-1398)">"Mortimer, Roger (VI) de, fourth Earl of March" </a></span>. 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London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mortimer%2C+Roger+%28VI%29+de%2C+fourth+Earl+of+March&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Tout&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911earlsofwestmorland-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911earlsofwestmorland_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911earlsofwestmorland_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Westmorland, Earls of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Westmorland,_Earls_of">"Westmorland, Earls of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">552–</span>553.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Westmorland%2C+Earls+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E552-%3C%2Fspan%3E553&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joanbeaufort-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joanbeaufort_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joanbeaufort_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaynesmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Laynesmith, J. L. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474272261" title="Special:BookSources/9781474272261"><bdi>9781474272261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cecily+Duchess+of+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781474272261&rft.aulast=Laynesmith&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx0lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197434,_44-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197434,_44_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, pp. 34, 44.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshdown-Hill2016" class="citation book cs1">Ashdown-Hill, John (2016). <i>The Private Life of Edward IV</i>. Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5245-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5245-0"><bdi>978-1-4456-5245-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Edward+IV&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-5245-0&rft.aulast=Ashdown-Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshley2002" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (2002). <i>British Kings & Queens</i>. Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1104-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1104-3"><bdi>0-7867-1104-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8141172M">8141172M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Kings+%26+Queens&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8141172M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-7867-1104-3&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse1987" class="citation conference cs1">Backhouse, Janet (1987). 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Vol. II. Henry Colburn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Genealogical+and+Heraldic+History+of+the+Commoners+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland+Enjoying+Territorial+Possessions+Or+High+Official+Rank%3A+But+Uninvested+with+Heritable+Honours&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1997" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Christine (1997). <i>The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-1874-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-1874-7"><bdi>978-0-5213-1874-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+Politics+and+the+Constitution+in+England%2C+c.+1437%E2%80%931509&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-1874-7&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarson2009" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Annette (2009). <i>Richard III: The Maligned King</i>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5208-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-5208-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+The+Maligned+King&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5208-1&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChibnall1960" class="citation journal cs1">Chibnall, Marjorie (1960). "Review; The Household of Edward IV: The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478, by A. R. Myers". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>20</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Review%3B+The+Household+of+Edward+IV%3A+The+Black+Book+and+the+Ordinance+of+1478%2C+by+A.+R.+Myers&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Chibnall&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2015" class="citation book cs1">Corbet, Anthony, Dr (2015). <i>Edward IV, England's Forgotten Warrior King: His Life, His People, and His Legacy</i>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4917-4635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4917-4635-6"><bdi>978-1-4917-4635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV%2C+England%27s+Forgotten+Warrior+King%3A+His+Life%2C+His+People%2C+and+His+Legacy&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4917-4635-6&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Anthony%2C+Dr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2008" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Anne (2008). <i>The Yorkists: The History of a Dynasty</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8472-5197-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8472-5197-8"><bdi>978-1-8472-5197-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yorkists%3A+The+History+of+a+Dynasty&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-8472-5197-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2011" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Kathleen (2011). McKendrick, Scot; Lowden, John; Doyle, Kathleen (eds.). <i>The Old Royal Library</i>. Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination. British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5816-3"><bdi>978-0-7123-5816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Royal+Library&rft.series=Royal+Manuscripts%3A+The+Genius+of+Illumination&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-5816-3&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2001" class="citation book cs1">Gillingham, John (2001) [1982]. <i>The Wars of the Roses</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-2016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-2016-1"><bdi>978-0-2978-2016-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3532002M">3532002M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3532002M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-2978-2016-1&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiven-WilsonCurteis1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Given-Wilson" title="Chris Given-Wilson">Given-Wilson, Chris</a>; Curteis, Alice (1984). <i>The Royal Bastards of Medieval England</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0025-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0025-9"><bdi>978-0-7102-0025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Bastards+of+Medieval+England&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0025-9&rft.aulast=Given-Wilson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Curteis%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravett2003" class="citation book cs1">Gravett, Christopher (2003). <i>Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6513-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8417-6513-6"><bdi>978-1-8417-6513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towton+1461%3A+England%27s+Bloodiest+Battle&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-8417-6513-6&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1830" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Nicholas (1830). <i>Privy Purse expenses of Elizabeth of York: Wardrobe Accounts of Edward IV</i>. London: William Pickering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Privy+Purse+expenses+of+Elizabeth+of+York%3A+Wardrobe+Accounts+of+Edward+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Pickering&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2011" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Michael (2011). <i>Richard III</i>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7326-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7326-0"><bdi>978-0-7524-7326-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-7326-0&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorrox1989" class="citation book cs1">Horrox, Rosemary (1989). <i>Richard III: A Study of Service</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-0726-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-0726-7"><bdi>978-0-5214-0726-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+A+Study+of+Service&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-0726-7&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2004). "Shore [née Lambert], Elizabeth [Jane]". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford DNB. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25451">10.1093/ref:odnb/25451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shore+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Lambert%5D%2C+Elizabeth+%5BJane%5D&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+DNB&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25451&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKendall1970" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Paul Murray (1970). <i>Louis XI, the Universal Spider</i>. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XI%2C+the+Universal+Spider&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerling1954" class="citation book cs1">Kerling, Nelly Johanna (1954). <i>Commercial Relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the Late 13th century to the Close of the Middle Ages</i>. University of Leiden–Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Relations+of+Holland+and+Zeeland+with+England+from+the+Late+13th+century+to+the+Close+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=University+of+Leiden%E2%80%93Brill&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Kerling&rft.aufirst=Nelly+Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleiman2013" class="citation book cs1">Kleiman, Irit Ruth (2013). <i>Philippe de Commynes: Memory, Betrayal, Text</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6324-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6324-4"><bdi>978-1-4426-6324-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippe+de+Commynes%3A+Memory%2C+Betrayal%2C+Text&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6324-4&rft.aulast=Kleiman&rft.aufirst=Irit+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1825" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Eneas (1825). <i>An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County of Northumberland..</i>. Mackenzie and Dent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical%2C+Topographical%2C+and+Descriptive+View+of+the+County+of+Northumberland...&rft.pub=Mackenzie+and+Dent&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Eneas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKendrick2011" class="citation book cs1">McKendrick, Scot (2011). McKendrick, Scot; Lowden, John; Doyle, Kathleen (eds.). <i>A European Heritage, Books of Continental Origin</i>. Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination. British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5816-3"><bdi>978-0-7123-5816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+European+Heritage%2C+Books+of+Continental+Origin&rft.series=Royal+Manuscripts%3A+The+Genius+of+Illumination&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-5816-3&rft.aulast=McKendrick&rft.aufirst=Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanton2011" class="citation book cs1">Panton, James (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5779-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-5779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5779-7&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParry1851" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Edward (1851). <i>Royal visits and progresses to Wales, and the border counties</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+visits+and+progresses+to+Wales%2C+and+the+border+counties&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenn2019" class="citation book cs1">Penn, Thomas (2019). <i>The Brothers York</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8461-4690-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8461-4690-9"><bdi>978-1-8461-4690-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brothers+York&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-8461-4690-9&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRorke2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rorke, Martin (2006). "English and Scottish Overseas Trade, 1300–1600". <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>59</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2006.00346.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00346.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3805936">3805936</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153762480">153762480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=English+and+Scottish+Overseas+Trade%2C+1300%E2%80%931600&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153762480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3805936%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2006.00346.x&rft.aulast=Rorke&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Ross, Charles</a> (1974). <i>Edward IV</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-2781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-2781-7"><bdi>978-0-5200-2781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-2781-7&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1981" class="citation book cs1">—— (1981). <i>Richard III</i>. Eyre Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4132-9530-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4132-9530-9"><bdi>978-0-4132-9530-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-4132-9530-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeward1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Seward" title="Desmond Seward">Seward, Desmond</a> (1997). <i>Wars of the Roses</i>. Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0947-7300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0947-7300-4"><bdi>978-0-0947-7300-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-0947-7300-4&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeward2014" class="citation book cs1">—— (2014). <i>Richard III: England's Black Legend</i>. Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6059-8603-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6059-8603-6"><bdi>978-1-6059-8603-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+England%27s+Black+Legend&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-6059-8603-6&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSutherlandSchmidt2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, T. L.; Schmidt, A. (2003). "The Towton Battlefield Archaeological Survey Project: An Integrated Approach to Battlefield Archaeology". <i>Landscapes</i>. <b>4</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3805936">3805936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscapes&rft.atitle=The+Towton+Battlefield+Archaeological+Survey+Project%3A+An+Integrated+Approach+to+Battlefield+Archaeology&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3805936%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThurley1993" class="citation book cs1">Thurley, Simon (1993). <i>The Royal Palaces of Tudor England: A Social and Architectural History</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-5420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-5420-0"><bdi>978-0-3000-5420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Palaces+of+Tudor+England%3A+A+Social+and+Architectural+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-5420-0&rft.aulast=Thurley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimbs1855" class="citation book cs1">Timbs, John (1855). <i>Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis</i>. D. Bogue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+London%3A+Exhibiting+the+Most+Rare+and+Remarkable+Objects+of+Interest+in+the+Metropolis&rft.pub=D.+Bogue&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Timbs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhittle2017" class="citation book cs1">Whittle, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/64257/1/Andrew_Whittle,_Edward_IV_PhD,_Final_Print_Version,_22.06.2017.pdf"><i>The Historical Reputation of Edward IV 1461–1725</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of East Anglia, School of History PHD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217180733/https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/64257/1/Andrew_Whittle,_Edward_IV_PhD,_Final_Print_Version,_22.06.2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Reputation+of+Edward+IV+1461%E2%80%931725&rft.pub=University+of+East+Anglia%2C+School+of+History+PHD&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fueaeprints.uea.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F64257%2F1%2FAndrew_Whittle%2C_Edward_IV_PhD%2C_Final_Print_Version%2C_22.06.2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1964" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Bertie (1964). <i>Constitutional History of England in the Fifteenth Century (1399–1485): With Illustrative Documents</i>. Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+History+of+England+in+the+Fifteenth+Century+%281399%E2%80%931485%29%3A+With+Illustrative+Documents&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Bertie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1973" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Neville (1973). <i>The Life and Times of Henry VII</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-6517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-6517-2"><bdi>978-0-2977-6517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Henry+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-2977-6517-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Trish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/Medieval_EdwardIV_01.htm">"Was Edward IV Illegitimate?: The Case for the Defence"</a>. <i>History Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Files&rft.atitle=Was+Edward+IV+Illegitimate%3F%3A+The+Case+for+the+Defence&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Trish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FFeaturesBritain%2FMedieval_EdwardIV_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1981" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Bertram (1981). <i>Henry VI (The English Monarchs Series)</i>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4133-2080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4133-2080-3"><bdi>978-0-4133-2080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VI+%28The+English+Monarchs+Series%29&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-4133-2080-3&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCokayne2000" class="citation book cs1">Cokayne, G. E. (2000). <i>The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant</i>. Alan Sutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+Ireland%2C+Great+Britain+and+the+United+Kingdom%2C+Extant%2C+Extinct+or+Dormant&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Cokayne&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHankinson1949" class="citation book cs1">Hankinson, C. F. J., ed. (1949). <i>DeBretts Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 147th Year</i>. London: Odhams Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DeBretts+Peerage%2C+Baronetage%2C+Knightage+and+Companionage%2C+147th+Year&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Odhams+Press&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMount2014" class="citation book cs1">Mount, Toni (2014). <i>Everyday Life in Medieval London: From the Anglo-Saxons to the Tudors</i>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-1564-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-1564-6"><bdi>978-1-4456-1564-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+in+Medieval+London%3A+From+the+Anglo-Saxons+to+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-1564-6&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Toni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMosley2003" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). <i>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage</i>. Vol. III (107th ed.). Burke's Peerage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage%2C+Baronetage+%26+Knightage&rft.edition=107th&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1999). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i>. London: The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0995-3973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0995-3973-5"><bdi>978-0-0995-3973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-0995-3973-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/eltham-palace-and-gardens/history">"Eltham Palace and Gardens"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=Eltham+Palace+and+Gardens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fplaces%2Feltham-palace-and-gardens%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+IV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/edward-iv">Edward IV</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/edward_iv_king.shtml">Edward IV</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01427">Portraits of King Edward IV</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160341#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/searchSimple.asp">British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906192821/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/searchSimple.asp">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (SEARCH: Keyword <i>Edward IV</i>, Start year <i>1470</i>, End year <i>1480</i> for details and images of Edward IV's manuscripts).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Edward IV </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 28 April 1442</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 9 April 1483</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> </b><br />1461–1470 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> King of England<br />Lord of Ireland </b><br />1471–1483 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Earl of Cambridge">Earl of Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a> </b><br />1460–1461 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Merged in Crown </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ulster" title="Earl of Ulster">Earl of Ulster</a> </b><br />1460–1461 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Merged in Crown </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_York97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_York" title="Template:Dukes of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_York" title="Template talk:Dukes of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_York97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Dukes of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley</a> (1385–1402)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_2nd_Duke_of_York" title="Edward, 2nd Duke of York">Edward of Norwich</a> (1402–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet</a> (1415–1460)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward of York</a> (1460–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury</a> (1474–1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry</a> (1494–1509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> (1605–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James</a> (1633/1644–1685)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany">Ernest Augustus</a> (1716–1728)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Edward</a> (1760–1767)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick</a> (1784–1827)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> (1892–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Albert</a> (1920–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Andrew</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>italics denote <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Dukes of York and Albany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses1069" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/20px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/40px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/20px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/40px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/20px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/40px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/60px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/120px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">Fall of George, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Briefly joined the Lancastrians. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Briefly joined the Yorkists. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span> Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000392631637">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/286746619">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11900/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRYRkM9FFygrGmRQWxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118528939">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50035068">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12503954f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12503954f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Edward IV <re d'Inghilterra>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV239446">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an52673212">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2011629081&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5040890">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070868247">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz29xr52j7tk1c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576562905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/135482">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260628605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500317194">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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