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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae_%C9%99s%C9%99rinin_X_n%C9%99%C5%9Fri" title="Systema Naturae əsərinin X nəşri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Systema Naturae əsərinin X nəşri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_10%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सिस्टेमा नैचुराई के 10वाँ संस्करण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिस्टेमा नैचुराई के 10वाँ संस्करण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-a_eldono_de_Systema_Naturae" title="10-a eldono de Systema Naturae – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="10-a eldono de Systema Naturae" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ویرایش دهم سامانه طبیعت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرایش دهم سامانه طبیعت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.%C2%AA_edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Systema_Naturae" title="10.ª edição de Systema Naturae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="10.ª edição de Systema Naturae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="10th edition of Systema Naturae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_Systema_Naturae" title="10. издање Systema Naturae – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="10. издање Systema Naturae" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_10%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சிசுடமா நேச்சரேவின் 10வது பதிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிசுடமா நேச்சரேவின் 10வது பதிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae%27nin_10._bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Systema Naturae'nin 10. baskısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Systema Naturae'nin 10. baskısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_Systema_Naturae" title="10-е видання Systema Naturae – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="10-е видання Systema Naturae" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%89%88" title="自然系统第十版 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然系统第十版" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4547210#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book by Carl Linnaeus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an overview of the book in all editions, see <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg/220px-Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg/330px-Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg/440px-Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 10th edition of <i>Systema Naturae</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>10th edition of <i>Systema Naturae</i></b> (Latin; the English title is <i>A General System of Nature</i>) is a book written by Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of <a href="/wiki/Zoological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological nomenclature">zoological nomenclature</a>. In it, Linnaeus introduced <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> for <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Starting_point">Starting point</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Starting point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1758, most biological catalogues had used polynomial names for the taxa included, including earlier editions of <i>Systema Naturae</i>. The first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature across the animal kingdom was the 10th edition of <i>Systema Naturae</i>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> therefore chose 1 January 1758 as the "starting point" for zoological nomenclature and asserted that the 10th edition of <i>Systema Naturae</i> was to be treated as if published on that date.<sup id="cite_ref-Art3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names published before that date are unavailable, even if they would otherwise satisfy the rules. The only work which takes <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_Priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of Priority">priority</a> over the 10th edition is <a href="/wiki/Carl_Alexander_Clerck" title="Carl Alexander Clerck">Carl Alexander Clerck</a>'s <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Spindlar" title="Svenska Spindlar">Svenska Spindlar</a></i></span></i> or <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aranei Suecici</i></span></i>, which was published in 1757, but is also to be treated as if published on January 1, 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-Art3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revisions">Revisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/170px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/255px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/340px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption>Carl Linnaeus, oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roslin" title="Alexander Roslin">Alexander Roslin</a> in 1775.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Linnaeus' lifetime, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span> was under continuous revision. Progress was incorporated into new and ever-expanding editions; for example, in his 1st edition (1735), <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> were originally classified as species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (as was thought to be the case then). In the 10th edition, they were both moved into the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> class.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The animal kingdom (as described by Linnaeus): "Animals enjoy sensation by means of a living organization, animated by a medullary substance; perception by nerves; and motion by the exertion of the will. They have members for the different purposes of life; organs for their different senses; and faculties (or powers) for the application of their different perceptions. They all originate from an egg. Their external and internal structure; their comparative anatomy, habits, instincts, and various relations to each other, are detailed in authors who professedly treat on their subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-General1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list has been broken down into the original six classes Linnaeus described for animals; <b>Mammalia</b>, <b>Aves</b>, <b>Amphibia</b>, <b>Pisces</b>, <b>Insecta</b>, and <b>Vermes</b>. These classes were ultimately created by studying the internal anatomy, as seen in his key:<sup id="cite_ref-General1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Heart with two auricles, two ventricles. Warm, red blood <ul><li>Viviparous: <a href="/wiki/Mammalia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Oviparous: <a href="/wiki/Aves_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Heart with one auricle, one ventricle. Cold, red blood <ul><li>Lungs voluntary: <a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Amphibia</a></li> <li>External gills: <a href="/wiki/Pisces_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Pisces</a></li></ul></li> <li>Heart with one auricle, no ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood <ul><li>Have antennae: <a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a></li> <li>Have tentacles: <a href="/wiki/Vermes_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Vermes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>By current standards Pisces and Vermes are informal groupings, Insecta also contained <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, and one order of Amphibia comprised <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammalia">Mammalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mammalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mammalia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Mammalia in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span></a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbary_Macaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Barbary_Macaque.jpg/220px-Barbary_Macaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Barbary_Macaque.jpg/330px-Barbary_Macaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Barbary_Macaque.jpg/440px-Barbary_Macaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaque" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary macaque</a> was included in the 10th edition as <i>Simia sylvanus</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnaeus described <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> as: "Animals that suckle their young by means of lactiferous teats. In external and internal structure they resemble man: most of them are quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the surface of the Earth. The largest, though fewest in number, inhabit the ocean."<sup id="cite_ref-General1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linnaeus divided the mammals based upon the number, situation, and structure of their teeth, into the following orders and genera: </p> <ul><li><b>Primates</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>), <i>Simia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a>), <i>Lemur</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">colugos</a>) and <i>Vespertilio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>)</li> <li><b>Bruta</b>: <i>Elephas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>), <i>Trichechus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a>), <i>Bradypus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a>), <i>Myrmecophaga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteaters</a>) and <i>Manis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>)</li> <li><b>Ferae</b>: <i>Phoca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>), <i>Canis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>), <i>Felis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>), <i>Viverra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civet" title="Civet">civets</a>), <i>Mustela</i> (<a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a> and kin) and <i>Ursus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>)</li> <li><b>Bestiae</b>: <i>Sus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">pigs</a>), <i>Dasypus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>), <i>Erinaceus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a>), <i>Talpa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">moles</a>), <i>Sorex</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>) and <i>Didelphis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>)</li> <li><b>Glires</b>: <i>Rhinoceros</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>), <i>Hystrix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>), <i>Lepus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>), <i>Castor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>), <i>Mus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a> and kin) and <i>Sciurus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>)</li> <li><b>Pecora</b>: <i>Camelus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>), <i>Moschus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a>), <i>Cervus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>), <i>Capra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>), <i>Ovis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>) and <i>Bos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>)</li> <li><b>Belluae</b>: <i>Equus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>) and <i>Hippopotamus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>)</li> <li><b>Cete</b>: <i>Monodon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhals</a>), <i>Balaena</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">rorquals</a>), <i>Physeter</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>) and <i>Delphinus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aves">Aves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aves_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aves in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span></a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowy_Owl_Barrow_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Snowy_Owl_Barrow_Alaska.jpg/220px-Snowy_Owl_Barrow_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Snowy_Owl_Barrow_Alaska.jpg/330px-Snowy_Owl_Barrow_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Snowy_Owl_Barrow_Alaska.jpg/440px-Snowy_Owl_Barrow_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owl</a> was included in the 10th edition as <i>Strix scandiaca</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnaeus described <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> as: "A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are areal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm."<sup id="cite_ref-General1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linnaeus divided the birds based upon the characters of the bill and feet, into the following 6 orders and 63 genera: </p> <ul><li><b>Accipitres</b>: <i>Vultur</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">condors</a>), <i>Falco</i> (<a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, and kin), <i>Strix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>) and <i>Lanius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lanius" title="Lanius">shrikes</a>)</li> <li><b>Picae</b>: <i>Psittacus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>), <i>Ramphastos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Toucan" title="Toucan">toucans</a>), <i>Buceros</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbills</a>), <i>Crotophaga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ani_(bird)" title="Ani (bird)">anis</a>), <i>Corvus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>), <i>Coracias</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">rollers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriolus" title="Oriolus">orioles</a>), <i>Gracula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Myna" title="Myna">mynas</a>), <i>Paradisea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">birds-of-paradise</a>), <i>Cuculus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoos</a>), <i>Jynx</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wryneck" title="Wryneck">wrynecks</a>), <i>Picus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>), <i>Sitta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nuthatch" title="Nuthatch">nuthatches</a>), <i>Alcedo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>), <i>Merops</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bee-eaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee-eaters">bee-eaters</a>), <i>Upupa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoes</a>), <i>Certhia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Certhia" title="Certhia">treecreepers</a>) and <i>Trochilus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>)</li> <li><b>Anseres</b>: <i>Anas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a>), <i>Mergus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mergus" title="Mergus">mergansers</a>), <i>Alca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puffin" title="Puffin">puffins</a>), <i>Procellaria</i> (<a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>), <i>Diomedea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>), <i>Pelecanus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a> and kin), <i>Phaethon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">tropicbirds</a>), <i>Colymbus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">grebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a>), <i>Larus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>), <i>Sterna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>) and <i>Rhyncops</i> (<a href="/wiki/Skimmer_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmer (bird)">skimmers</a>)</li> <li><b>Grallae</b>: <i>Phoenicopterus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingoes</a>), <i>Platalea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spoonbill" title="Spoonbill">spoonbills</a>), <i>Mycteria</i> and <i>Tantulus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>), <i>Ardea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>, and kin), <i>Scolopax</i> (<a href="/wiki/Godwit" title="Godwit">godwits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibises</a>, and kin), <i>Tringa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Phalarope" title="Phalarope">phalaropes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandpiper" title="Sandpiper">sandpipers</a>), <i>Charadrius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Plover" title="Plover">plovers</a>), <i>Recurvirostra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Avocet" title="Avocet">avocets</a>), <i>Haematopus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oystercatcher" title="Oystercatcher">oystercatchers</a>), <i>Fulica</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coot" title="Coot">coots</a> and kin), <i>Rallus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rallidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rallidae">rails</a>), <i>Psophia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Psophia" title="Psophia">trumpeters</a>), <i>Otis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">bustards</a>) and <i>Struthio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>)</li> <li><b>Gallinae</b>: <i>Pavo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a>), <i>Meleagris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Meleagris" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagris">turkeys</a>), <i>Crax</i> (<a href="/wiki/Curassow" title="Curassow">curassows</a>), <i>Phasianus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>) and <i>Tetrao</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> and kin)</li> <li><b>Passeres</b>: <i>Columba</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">doves</a>), <i>Alauda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">larks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipit" title="Pipit">pipits</a>), <i>Sturnus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starlings</a>), <i>Turdus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrushes</a>), <i>Loxia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cardinalis" title="Cardinalis">cardinals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhula" title="Pyrrhula">bullfinches</a>, and kin), <i>Emberiza</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bunting_(bird)" title="Bunting (bird)">buntings</a>), <i>Fringilla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a>), <i>Motacilla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wagtail" title="Wagtail">wagtails</a>), <i>Parus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tit_(bird)" title="Tit (bird)">tits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tit_(bird)" title="Tit (bird)">chickadees</a>), <i>Hirundo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Swallows" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallows">swallows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a>) and <i>Caprimulgus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nightjars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightjars">nightjars</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibia">Amphibia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amphibia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Amphibia in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span></a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg/220px-European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg/330px-European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg/440px-European_Common_Frog_Rana_temporaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_frog" title="Common frog">common frog</a> was included in the 10th edition as <i>Rana temporaria</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnaeus described his "Amphibia" (comprising <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>) as: "Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenacious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter."<sup id="cite_ref-General1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed, into the following orders and genera:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Reptiles</b>: <i>Testudo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a>), <i>Draco</i> (<a href="/wiki/Draco_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draco (genus)">gliding lizards</a>), <i>Lacerta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">terrestrial lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a>) and <i>Rana</i> (<a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>)</li> <li><b>Serpentes</b>: <i>Crotalus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnakes</a>), <i>Boa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Boa_(genus)" title="Boa (genus)">boas</a>), <i>Coluber</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coluber" class="mw-redirect" title="Coluber">racers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobras" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobras">cobras</a>, and typical <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a>), <i>Anguis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anguis" title="Anguis">slowworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhlops" title="Typhlops">worm snakes</a>), <i>Amphisbaena</i> (<a href="/wiki/Amphisbaenia" title="Amphisbaenia">worm lizards</a>) and <i>Coecilia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caecilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecilians">caecilians</a>)</li> <li><b>Nantes</b>: <i>Petromyzon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>), <i>Raja</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ray_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray (fish)">rays</a>), <i>Squalus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>), <i>Chimaera</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ratfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratfish">ratfishes</a>), <i>Lophius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfishes</a>) and <i>Acipenser</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeons</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pisces">Pisces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pisces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pisces_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Pisces in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span></a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blennius_ocellaris_Messina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Blennius_ocellaris_Messina.jpg/220px-Blennius_ocellaris_Messina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Blennius_ocellaris_Messina.jpg/330px-Blennius_ocellaris_Messina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Blennius_ocellaris_Messina.jpg/440px-Blennius_ocellaris_Messina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_blenny" title="Butterfly blenny">butterfly blenny</a> was included in the 10th edition as <i>Blennius ocellatus</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnaeus described <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> as: "Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides the parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-General1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linnaeus divided the fishes based upon the position of the ventral and pectoral fins, into the following orders and genera:<sup id="cite_ref-General1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Apodes</b>: <i>Muraena</i> (<a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a>), <i>Gymnotus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gymnotus" title="Gymnotus">electric knifefishes</a>), <i>Trichiurus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cutlassfish" title="Cutlassfish">cutlassfishes</a>), <i>Anarhichas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wolffish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffish">wolffishes</a>), <i>Ammodytes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sand_lance" title="Sand lance">sand eels</a>), <i>Stromateus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stromateidae" title="Stromateidae">butterfishes</a>) and <i>Xiphias</i> (<a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfishes</a>)</li> <li><b>Jugulares</b>: <i>Callionymus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dragonet" title="Dragonet">dragonets</a>), <i>Uranoscopus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stargazer_(fish)" title="Stargazer (fish)">stargazers</a>), <i>Trachinus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Weever" title="Weever">weevers</a>), <i>Gadus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and kin) and <i>Ophidion</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ophidiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophidiidae">cusk-wels</a>)</li> <li><b>Thoracici</b>: <i>Cyclopterus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lumpsucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumpsucker">lumpfishes</a>), <i>Echeneis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Remora" title="Remora">remoras</a>), <i>Coryphaena</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coryphaenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coryphaenidae">dolphinfishes</a>), <i>Gobius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Goby" title="Goby">gobies</a>), <i>Cottus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cottidae" title="Cottidae">sculpins</a>), <i>Scorpaena</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scorpaenidae" title="Scorpaenidae">scorpionfishes</a>), <i>Zeus</i> (<a href="/wiki/John_Dory" title="John Dory">john dories</a>), <i>Pleuronectes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfishes</a>), <i>Chaetodon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Butterflyfish" title="Butterflyfish">butterflyfishes</a>), <i>Sparus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sparidae" title="Sparidae">breams and porgies</a>), <i>Labrus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wrasse" title="Wrasse">wrasses</a>), <i>Sciaena</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lutjanidae" title="Lutjanidae">snappers</a>), <i>Perca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a>), <i>Gasterosteus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stickleback" title="Stickleback">sticklebacks</a>), <i>Scomber</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>), <i>Mullus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mullus" title="Mullus">goatfishes</a>) and <i>Trigla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_robin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea robin">sea robins</a>)</li> <li><b>Abdominales</b>: <i>Cobitis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cobitis" title="Cobitis">loaches</a>), <i>Silurus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfishes</a>), <i>Loricaria</i> (<a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">suckermouth catfishes</a>), <i>Salmo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>), <i>Fistularia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cornetfish" title="Cornetfish">cornetfishes</a>), <i>Esox</i> (<a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">pike</a>), <i>Argentina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Herring_smelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Herring smelt">herring smelts</a>), <i>Atherina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_World_silverside" title="Old World silverside">silversides</a>), <i>Mugil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">mullet</a>), <i>Exocoetus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">flying fishes</a>), <i>Polynemus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Threadfin" title="Threadfin">threadfins</a>), <i>Clupea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>) and <i>Cyprinus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cyprinus" title="Cyprinus">carp</a>)</li> <li><b>Branchiostegi</b>: <i>Mormyrus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">elephantfishes</a>), <i>Balistes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Triggerfish" title="Triggerfish">triggerfishes</a>), <i>Ostracion</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ostraciidae" title="Ostraciidae">boxfishes</a>), <i>Tetrodon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tetraodontidae" title="Tetraodontidae">pufferfishes</a>), <i>Diodon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Diodon" title="Diodon">porcupinefishes</a>), <i>Centriscus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Snipefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Snipefish">snipefishes</a>), <i>Syngnathus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pipefish" title="Pipefish">pipefishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorses</a>) and <i>Pegasus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pegasidae" title="Pegasidae">seamoths</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insecta">Insecta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Insecta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span></a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daphnia_pulex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Daphnia_pulex.png/200px-Daphnia_pulex.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Daphnia_pulex.png/300px-Daphnia_pulex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Daphnia_pulex.png/400px-Daphnia_pulex.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Crustaceans such as the <a href="/wiki/Water_flea" class="mw-redirect" title="Water flea">water flea</a> <i>Monoculus pulex</i> (now <i><a href="/wiki/Daphnia_pulex" title="Daphnia pulex">Daphnia pulex</a></i>) were included in Linnaeus' Insecta.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magicicada_septendecim_female_(Brood_X)_-_journal.pone.0000892.g003A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magicicada_septendecim_female_%28Brood_X%29_-_journal.pone.0000892.g003A.png/130px-Magicicada_septendecim_female_%28Brood_X%29_-_journal.pone.0000892.g003A.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magicicada_septendecim_female_%28Brood_X%29_-_journal.pone.0000892.g003A.png/195px-Magicicada_septendecim_female_%28Brood_X%29_-_journal.pone.0000892.g003A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magicicada_septendecim_female_%28Brood_X%29_-_journal.pone.0000892.g003A.png/260px-Magicicada_septendecim_female_%28Brood_X%29_-_journal.pone.0000892.g003A.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Linnaeus gave the name <i><a href="/wiki/Magicicada_septendecim" title="Magicicada septendecim">Cicada septendecim</a></i> to an insect whose adult appears once in 17 years.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnaeus described his "Insecta" (comprising all <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a> and others) as: "A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae (or horns), which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation."<sup id="cite_ref-General2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linnaeus divided the insects based upon the form of the wings, into the following orders and genera:<sup id="cite_ref-Winsor_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winsor-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Coleoptera</b>: <i>Scarabaeus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">scarab beetles</a>), <i>Dermestes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dermestidae" title="Dermestidae">larder beetles</a>), <i>Hister</i> (<a href="/wiki/Histeridae" title="Histeridae">clown beetles</a>), <i>Attelabus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Attelabidae" title="Attelabidae">leaf-rolling weevils</a>), <i>Curculio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Curculionidae" title="Curculionidae">true weevils</a>), <i>Silpha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Silphidae" title="Silphidae">carrion beetles</a>), <i>Coccinella</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">ladybirds or ladybugs</a>), <i>Cassida</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tortoise_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoise beetle">tortoise beetles</a>), <i>Chrysomela</i> (<a href="/wiki/Leaf_beetle" title="Leaf beetle">leaf beetles</a>), <i>Meloe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Blister_beetle" title="Blister beetle">blister beetles</a>), <i>Tenebrio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Darkling_beetle" title="Darkling beetle">darkling beetles</a>), <i>Mordella</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mordellidae" title="Mordellidae">tumbling flower beetles</a>), <i>Staphylinus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rove_beetle" title="Rove beetle">rove beetles</a>), <i>Cerambyx</i> (<a href="/wiki/Longhorn_beetle" title="Longhorn beetle">longhorn beetles</a>), <i>Cantharis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Soldier_beetle" title="Soldier beetle">soldier beetles</a>), <i>Elater</i> (<a href="/wiki/Click_beetle" title="Click beetle">click beetles</a>), <i>Cicindela</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ground_beetle" title="Ground beetle">ground beetles</a>), <i>Buprestis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Buprestidae" title="Buprestidae">jewel beetles</a>), <i>Dytiscus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dytiscidae" title="Dytiscidae">Dytiscidae</a>), <i>Carabus</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Carabus" title="Carabus">Carabus</a></i> species), <i>Necydalis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Necydalinae" title="Necydalinae">necydaline beetles</a>), <i>Forficula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">earwigs</a>), <i>Blatta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a>) and <i>Gryllus</i> (other <a href="/wiki/Orthopteroid" title="Orthopteroid">orthopteroid</a> insects)</li> <li><b>Hemiptera</b>: <i>Cicada</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a>), <i>Notonecta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Notonectidae" title="Notonectidae">backswimmers</a>), <i>Nepa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nepidae" title="Nepidae">water scorpions</a>), <i>Cimex</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cimex" title="Cimex">bedbugs</a>), <i>Aphis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>), <i>Chermes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Adelgidae" title="Adelgidae">woolly aphids</a>), <i>Coccus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a>) and <i>Thrips</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>)</li> <li><b>Lepidoptera</b>: <i>Papilio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>), <i>Sphinx</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sphingidae" title="Sphingidae">hawk moths</a>), <i>Phalaena</i> (<a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>)</li> <li><b>Neuroptera</b>: <i>Libellula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damselfly" title="Damselfly">damselflies</a>), <i>Ephemera</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a>), <i>Phryganea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">caddisflies</a>), <i>Hemerobius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">lacewings</a>), <i>Panorpa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">scorpionflies</a>) and <i>Raphidia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Snakefly" title="Snakefly">snakeflies</a>)</li> <li><b>Hymenoptera</b>: <i>Cynips</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">Gall wasps</a>), <i>Tenthredo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sawfly" title="Sawfly">sawflies</a>), <i>Ichneumon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ichneumonoidea" title="Ichneumonoidea">ichneumon wasps</a>), <i>Sphex</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sphex" title="Sphex">digger wasps</a>), <i>Vespa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hornet" title="Hornet">hornets</a>), <i>Apis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>), <i>Formica</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>) and <i>Mutilla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mutillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutillidae">velvet ants</a>)</li> <li><b>Diptera</b>: <i>Oestrus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Botfly" title="Botfly">botflies</a>), <i>Tipula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Crane_fly" title="Crane fly">crane flies</a>), <i>Musca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">house flies</a>), <i>Tabanus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Horse-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-fly">horse flies</a>), <i>Culex</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>), <i>Empis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Empididae" title="Empididae">dance flies</a>), <i>Conops</i> (<a href="/wiki/Conopidae" title="Conopidae">thick-headed flies</a>), <i>Asilus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asilidae" title="Asilidae">robber flies</a>), <i>Bombylius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bombyliidae" title="Bombyliidae">bee flies</a>) and <i>Hippobosca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hippoboscidae" title="Hippoboscidae">louse flies</a>)</li> <li><b>Aptera</b>: <i>Lepisma</i> (<a href="/wiki/Silverfish" title="Silverfish">silverfish</a>), <i>Podura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a>), <i>Termes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>), <i>Pediculus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>), <i>Pulex</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>), <i>Acarus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a>), <i>Phalangium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">harvestmen</a>), <i>Aranea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>), <i>Scorpio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>), <i>Cancer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a> and kin), <i>Monoculus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Water_flea" class="mw-redirect" title="Water flea">water fleas</a> and kin), <i>Oniscus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a>), <i>Scolopendra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>) and <i>Julus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vermes">Vermes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vermes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vermes_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Vermes in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span></a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kalamar.jpg/150px-Kalamar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kalamar.jpg/225px-Kalamar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kalamar.jpg/300px-Kalamar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_cuttlefish" title="Common cuttlefish">common cuttlefish</a> was named <i>Sepia officinalis</i> in the 10th edition of <i>Systema Naturae</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linnaeus described his "Vermes" as: "Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenacious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles (or feelers). By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects."<sup id="cite_ref-GeneralSystem4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneralSystem4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linnaeus divided the "Vermes" based upon the structure of the body, into the following orders and genera:<sup id="cite_ref-GeneralSystem4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneralSystem4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Intestina</b>: <i>Gordius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">horsehair worms</a>), <i>Furia</i>, <i>Lumbricus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>), <i>Ascaris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ascaris" title="Ascaris">giant intestinal roundworms</a>), <i>Fasciola</i> (<a href="/wiki/Liver_fluke" title="Liver fluke">liver flukes</a>), <i>Hirudo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>), <i>Myxine</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfishes</a>), <i>Teredo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shipworm" title="Shipworm">shipworms</a>)</li> <li><b>Mollusca</b>: <i>Limax</i> (<a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">terrestrial slugs</a>), <i>Doris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Doris_(gastropod)" title="Doris (gastropod)">dorid nudibranchs</a>), <i>Tethys</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tethydidae" title="Tethydidae">tethydid sea slugs</a>), <i>Nereis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nereis" title="Nereis">polychaete worms</a>), <i>Aphrodita</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea mouse">sea mice</a>), <i>Lernaea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lernaea" title="Lernaea">anchor worms</a>), <i>Priapus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">priapulid worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>), <i>Scyllaea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scyllaeidae" title="Scyllaeidae">scyllaeid sea slugs</a>), <i>Holothuria</i> (<a href="/wiki/Salp" title="Salp">salps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Man_o%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Man o' War">Portuguese Man o' War</a>), <i>Triton</i> (<a href="/wiki/Triton_(gastropod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triton (gastropod)">triton shells</a>), <i>Sepia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefishes</a>), <i>Medusa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfishes</a>), <i>Asterias</i> (<a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfishes</a>), <i>Echinus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>)</li> <li><b>Testacea</b>: <i>Chiton</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a>), <i>Lepas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>), <i>Pholas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pholadidae" title="Pholadidae">piddocks and angelwings</a>), <i>Myes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Myidae" title="Myidae">soft-shell clams</a>), <i>Solen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Solenidae" title="Solenidae">saltwater clams</a>), <i>Tellina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tellinidae" title="Tellinidae">tellinid shellfishes</a>), <i>Cardium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockles</a>), <i>Donax</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donacidae" title="Donacidae">wedge shells</a>), <i>Venus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Veneridae" title="Veneridae">Venus clams</a>), <i>Spondylus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">thorny oysters</a>), <i>Chama</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chamidae" title="Chamidae">jewel box shells</a>), <i>Arca</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ark_clam" title="Ark clam">ark clams</a>), <i>Ostrea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ostreidae" title="Ostreidae">true oysters</a>), <i>Anomia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anomiidae" title="Anomiidae">saddle oysters</a>), <i>Mytilus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mytilidae" title="Mytilidae">saltwater mussels</a>), <i>Pinna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pinnidae" title="Pinnidae">pen shells</a>), <i>Argonauta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(animal)" title="Argonaut (animal)">paper nautiluses</a>), <i>Nautilus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautiluses</a>), <i>Conus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Conus" title="Conus">cone snails</a>), <i>Cypraea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cypraeidae" title="Cypraeidae">cowries</a>), <i>Bulla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bulla_(gastropod)" title="Bulla (gastropod)">bubble shells</a>), <i>Voluta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Volutidae" title="Volutidae">volutes</a>), <i>Buccinum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Buccinidae" title="Buccinidae">true whelks</a>), <i>Strombus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Strombidae" title="Strombidae">true conches</a>), <i>Murex</i> (<a href="/wiki/Muricidae" title="Muricidae">murex snails</a>), <i>Trochus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Trochidae" title="Trochidae">top snails</a>), <i>Turbo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Turbinidae" title="Turbinidae">turban snails</a>), <i>Helix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Helicidae" title="Helicidae">terrestrial snails</a>), <i>Neritha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neritidae" title="Neritidae">nerites</a>), <i>Haliotis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalones</a>), <i>Patella</i> (<a href="/wiki/Patellidae" title="Patellidae">true limpets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brachiopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopods">brachiopods</a>), <i>Dentalium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">tusk shells</a>), <i>Serpula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Serpulidae" title="Serpulidae">serpulid worms</a>)</li> <li><b>Lithophyta</b>: <i>Tubipora</i> (<a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe_coral" title="Organ pipe coral">organ pipe corals</a>), <i>Millepora</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fire_coral" title="Fire coral">fire corals</a>), <i>Madrepora</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">stone corals</a>)</li> <li><b>Zoophyta</b>: <i>Isis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alcyonacea" title="Alcyonacea">soft corals</a>), <i>Gorgonia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gorgonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonian">sea fans</a>), <i>Alcyonium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicates</a>), <i>Tubularia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tubularia" title="Tubularia">Tubularia</a>), <i>Eschara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a>), <i>Corallina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coralline_algae" title="Coralline algae">coralline algae</a>), <i>Sertularia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">Hydra</a></i>, <i>Pennatula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">sea pens</a>), <i>Taenia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tapeworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworms">tapeworms</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second volume, published in 1759, detailed the kingdom Plantae, in which Linnaeus included true <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. In addition to repeating the species he had previously listed in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i></span> (1753), and those published in the intervening period, Linnaeus described several hundred new plant species. The species from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span> were numbered sequentially, while the new species were labelled with letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were sent to Linnaeus by his correspondents overseas, including <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_de_Gorter" title="David de Gorter">David de Gorter</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Browne_(physician)" title="Patrick Browne (physician)">Patrick Browne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Miller" title="Philip Miller">Philip Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(naturalist)" title="John Ellis (naturalist)">John Ellis</a> in America, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9guier" title="Jean-François Séguier">Jean-François Séguier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Allioni" title="Carlo Allioni">Carlo Allioni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Christoph_Schmidel" title="Casimir Christoph Schmidel">Casimir Christoph Schmidel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, Gorter and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Hebenstreit" title="Johann Ernst Hebenstreit">Johann Ernst Hebenstreit</a> in the Orient, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissier_de_Sauvages_de_Lacroix" title="François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix">François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix</a>, Gerard and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnadet_Gabriel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnadet Gabriel (page does not exist)">Barnadet Gabriel</a> across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New plant species described in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span> include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allionia_incarnata_flower_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Allionia_incarnata_flower_1.jpg/170px-Allionia_incarnata_flower_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Allionia_incarnata_flower_1.jpg/255px-Allionia_incarnata_flower_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Allionia_incarnata_flower_1.jpg/340px-Allionia_incarnata_flower_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Allionia_incarnata" title="Allionia incarnata">Allionia incarnata</a></i> was one of the two new species in the new genus <i><a href="/wiki/Allionia" title="Allionia">Allionia</a></i> introduced in the 10th edition of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Systema Naturae</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adiantum_aethiopicum" title="Adiantum aethiopicum">Adiantum aethiopicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allionia_incarnata" title="Allionia incarnata">Allionia incarnata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alyssum_alyssoides" title="Alyssum alyssoides">Alyssum alyssoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_albus" title="Amaranthus albus">Amaranthus albus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">Amaranthus cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_gangeticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaranthus gangeticus">Amaranthus gangeticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amyris_elemifera" title="Amyris elemifera">Amyris elemifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anacamptis_papilionacea" title="Anacamptis papilionacea">Anacamptis papilionacea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anacamptis_sancta" title="Anacamptis sancta">Anacamptis sancta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum_androsaemifolium" title="Apocynum androsaemifolium">Apocynum androsaemifolium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbutus_andrachne" title="Arbutus andrachne">Arbutus andrachne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batis_maritima" title="Batis maritima">Batis maritima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassia_caudata" title="Brassia caudata">Brassia caudata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bucida_buceras" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucida buceras">Bucida buceras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calycanthus_floridus" title="Calycanthus floridus">Calycanthus floridus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campanula_barbata" title="Campanula barbata">Campanula barbata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carex_capitata" title="Carex capitata">Carex capitata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carex_distans" title="Carex distans">Carex distans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpobrotus_edulis" title="Carpobrotus edulis">Carpobrotus edulis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catharanthus_roseus" title="Catharanthus roseus">Catharanthus roseus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cecropia_peltata" title="Cecropia peltata">Cecropia peltata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrela_odorata" title="Cedrela odorata">Cedrela odorata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromolaena_odorata" title="Chromolaena odorata">Chromolaena odorata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chrysophyllum_oliviforme" title="Chrysophyllum oliviforme">Chrysophyllum oliviforme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cissus_sicyoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cissus sicyoides">Cissus sicyoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccoloba_pubescens" title="Coccoloba pubescens">Coccoloba pubescens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccoloba_uvifera" title="Coccoloba uvifera">Coccoloba uvifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cochlearia_anglica" title="Cochlearia anglica">Cochlearia anglica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordyline_fruticosa" title="Cordyline fruticosa">Cordyline fruticosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Croton_glandulosus" title="Croton glandulosus">Croton glandulosus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cunila_mariana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunila mariana">Cunila mariana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cunonia_capensis" title="Cunonia capensis">Cunonia capensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Desmostachya bipinnata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorstenia_drakena" title="Dorstenia drakena">Dorstenia drakena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_colona" title="Echinochloa colona">Echinochloa colona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epidendrum_ciliare" title="Epidendrum ciliare">Epidendrum ciliare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equisetum_giganteum" title="Equisetum giganteum">Equisetum giganteum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genipa_americana" title="Genipa americana">Genipa americana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geranium_pusillum" title="Geranium pusillum">Geranium pusillum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldenseal" title="Goldenseal">Hydrastis canadensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grias_cauliflora" title="Grias cauliflora">Grias cauliflora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halesia_carolina" title="Halesia carolina">Halesia carolina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heliotropium_arborescens" title="Heliotropium arborescens">Heliotropium arborescens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heliotropium_arborescens" title="Heliotropium arborescens">Heliotropium arborescens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_cannabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus cannabinus">Hibiscus cannabinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holcus_mollis" title="Holcus mollis">Holcus mollis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illicium_anisatum" title="Illicium anisatum">Illicium anisatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inula_spiraeifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inula spiraeifolia">Inula spiraeifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_hederifolia" title="Ipomoea hederifolia">Ipomoea hederifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krameria_ixine" title="Krameria ixine">Krameria ixine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_canadensis" title="Lactuca canadensis">Lactuca canadensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagerstroemia_indica" title="Lagerstroemia indica">Lagerstroemia indica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamium_orvala" title="Lamium orvala">Lamium orvala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lecythis_ollaria" title="Lecythis ollaria">Lecythis ollaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_acuminata" title="Magnolia acuminata">Magnolia acuminata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora" title="Magnolia grandiflora">Magnolia grandiflora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_tripetala" title="Magnolia tripetala">Magnolia tripetala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucuna_pruriens" title="Mucuna pruriens">Mucuna pruriens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oenothera_perennis" title="Oenothera perennis">Oenothera perennis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_tenuifolia" title="Paeonia tenuifolia">Paeonia tenuifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paspalum_distichum" title="Paspalum distichum">Paspalum distichum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora_quadrangularis" title="Passiflora quadrangularis">Passiflora quadrangularis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pectis_ciliaris" title="Pectis ciliaris">Pectis ciliaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pectis_linifolia" title="Pectis linifolia">Pectis linifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedalium" title="Pedalium">Pedalium murex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_perfoliata" title="Persicaria perfoliata">Persicaria perfoliata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phytolacca_icosandra" title="Phytolacca icosandra">Phytolacca icosandra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poa_palustris" title="Poa palustris">Poa palustris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polemonium_reptans" title="Polemonium reptans">Polemonium reptans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polycarpon_tetraphyllum" title="Polycarpon tetraphyllum">Polycarpon tetraphyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portlandia_grandiflora" title="Portlandia grandiflora">Portlandia grandiflora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranunculus_parviflorus" title="Ranunculus parviflorus">Ranunculus parviflorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reseda_odorata" title="Reseda odorata">Reseda odorata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_palmatum" title="Rheum palmatum">Rheum palmatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_pimpinellifolia" title="Rosa pimpinellifolia">Rosa pimpinellifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_lancifolia" title="Sagittaria lancifolia">Sagittaria lancifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_retusa" title="Salix retusa">Salix retusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_cuneifolia" title="Saxifraga cuneifolia">Saxifraga cuneifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scabiosa_prolifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Scabiosa prolifera">Scabiosa prolifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sesuvium_portulacastrum" title="Sesuvium portulacastrum">Sesuvium portulacastrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silphium_perfoliatum" title="Silphium perfoliatum">Silphium perfoliatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talinum_fruticosum" title="Talinum fruticosum">Talinum fruticosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triplaris_americana" title="Triplaris americana">Triplaris americana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripsacum_dactyloides" title="Tripsacum dactyloides">Tripsacum dactyloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbina_corymbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbina corymbosa">Turbina corymbosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ursinia_anthemoides" title="Ursinia anthemoides">Ursinia anthemoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veronica_austriaca" title="Veronica austriaca">Veronica austriaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zinnia_peruviana" title="Zinnia peruviana">Zinnia peruviana</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Art3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"Article 3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp?article=3&nfv=true"><i>International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</i></a> (4th ed.). 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85301-006-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85301-006-4"><bdi>0-85301-006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+3&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-85301-006-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted-sites%2Ficzn%2Fcode%2Findex.jsp%3Farticle%3D3%26nfv%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/animal/1_1.html">"<i>Systema Naturae</i> - an epoch-making book"</a>. <i>Linné on line</i>. <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala Universitet</a>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linn%C3%A9+on+line&rft.atitle=Systema+Naturae+-+an+epoch-making+book&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnaeus.uu.se%2Fonline%2Fanimal%2F1_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-General1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-General1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-General1_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_von_Linné,_translated_by_William_Turton1806" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl von Linné</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Turton" title="William Turton">William Turton</a> (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3QZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Volume 1</i></a>. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.series=A+general+system+of+nature%3A+through+the+three+grand+kingdoms+of+animals%2C+vegetables%2C+and+minerals%2C+systematically+divided+into+their+several+classes%2C+orders%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+and+varieties&rft.pub=Lackington%2C+Allen%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1806&rft.au=Carl+von+Linn%C3%A9%2C+translated+by+William+Turton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3QZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchellDundee1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kitchell, Kenneth Jr; Dundee, Harold A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/8238/1/SHIS_100.pdf">"A trilogy on the herpetology of Linnaeus's <i>Systema Naturae</i> X"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service</i>. <b>100</b>: 1–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Herpetological+Information+Service&rft.atitle=A+trilogy+on+the+herpetology+of+Linnaeus%27s+Systema+Naturae+X&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=1-61&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kitchell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Jr&rft.au=Dundee%2C+Harold+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsi-pddr.si.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10088%2F8238%2F1%2FSHIS_100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-General2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-General2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_von_Linné,_translated_by_William_Turton1806" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl von Linné</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Turton" title="William Turton">William Turton</a> (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQuAAAAYAAJ"><i>Volume 2: Insects</i></a>. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+2%3A+Insects&rft.place=London&rft.series=A+general+system+of+nature%3A+through+the+three+grand+kingdoms+of+animals%2C+vegetables%2C+and+minerals%2C+systematically+divided+into+their+several+classes%2C+orders%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+and+varieties&rft.pub=Lackington%2C+Allen%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1806&rft.au=Carl+von+Linn%C3%A9%2C+translated+by+William+Turton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgQuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winsor-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winsor_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_P._Winsor1976" class="citation journal cs1">Mary P. Winsor (1976). "The development of Linnaean insect classification". <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>25</b> (1): 57–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1220406">10.2307/1220406</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1220406">1220406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+development+of+Linnaean+insect+classification&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-67&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1220406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1220406%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mary+P.+Winsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeneralSystem4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeneralSystem4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeneralSystem4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Linné1806" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">von Linné, Carl</a> (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQcuAAAAYAAJ"><i>Volume 4: Worms</i></a>. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Turton" title="William Turton">Turton, William</a>. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+4%3A+Worms&rft.place=London&rft.series=A+general+system+of+nature%3A+through+the+three+grand+kingdoms+of+animals%2C+vegetables%2C+and+minerals%2C+systematically+divided+into+their+several+classes%2C+orders%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+and+varieties&rft.pub=Lackington%2C+Allen%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=von+Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQcuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baum_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum1968" class="citation journal cs1">Baum, Bernard R. (1968). "The problem of typifying certain names in Linnaeus's <i>Systema Naturae</i> ed. 10". <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>17</b> (5): 507–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1216048">10.2307/1216048</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1216048">1216048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+problem+of+typifying+certain+names+in+Linnaeus%27s+Systema+Naturae+ed.+10&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=507-513&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1216048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1216048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1759" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Linnaeus, Carl (1759). <i>Systema Naturae</i>. Vol. 2. Regnum Vegetabile (10th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.date=1759&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A10th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/3/mode/1up">The original 1758 <i>Systema Naturae</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> (BHL).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132150/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=638877">Linnaeus 1758 Classification of Animals on the <i>Taxonomicon</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carl_Linnaeus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template talk:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Linnaeus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Linnaeus bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1735)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a></i> (1738)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a></i> (1745)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a></i> (1746)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> (1751)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a></i> (1763)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantissa_Plantarum_Altera" title="Mantissa Plantarum Altera">Mantissa Plantarum Altera</a></i> (1771)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium" title="Systema Vegetabilium">Systema Vegetabilium</a></i> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-135px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a> (Linnaean classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Berlin" title="Andreas Berlin">Andreas Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Falk" title="Johan Peter Falk">Johan Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Pehr Osbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rolander" title="Daniel Rolander">Daniel Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman" title="Göran Rothman">Göran Rothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina von Linné</a> (daughter))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">Students of Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Recognitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Linn%C3%A9" title="Expedition Linné">Expedition Linné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> (<i>including the Linnaeus Museum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemya" title="Linnaemya">Linnaemya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemyini" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaemyini">Linnaemyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7412_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="7412 Linnaeus">7412 Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus Arboretum">Linnaeus Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">Linnaeus's Hammarby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9a" title="Linnéa">Linnéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Linnaeus_Society" title="Swedish Linnaeus Society">Swedish Linnaeus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Linnean Society of New South Wales">Linnean Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Maine" title="Linneus, Maine">Linneus, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" title="Linneus, Missouri">Linneus, Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Carl Linnaeus">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Linnaeus" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Carl Linnaeus"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systema_Naturae_by_Carl_Linnaeus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linnaeus1758" title="Template:Linnaeus1758"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linnaeus1758" title="Template talk:Linnaeus1758"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linnaeus1758" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linnaeus1758"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systema_Naturae_by_Carl_Linnaeus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">10th edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammalia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Mammalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aves_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Amphibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Pisces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Coleoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Coleoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Hemiptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Hemiptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Lepidoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Neuroptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Neuroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Hymenoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Hymenoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Diptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Diptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aptera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermes_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Vermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="12th edition of Systema Naturae">12th edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalia_Paradoxa" title="Animalia Paradoxa">Animalia Paradoxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_botany" title="Template:History of botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_botany" title="Template talk:History of botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields and<br /> disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">Cytology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_botany" title="Economic botany">Economic botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristics" title="Floristics">Floristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_taxonomy" title="Numerical taxonomy">Numerical taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">Palynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetics" title="Plant genetics">Plant genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridology">Pteridology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theophrastus"><img alt="Theophrastus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/60px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/90px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/120px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Pisa" title="Orto botanico di Pisa">Orto botanico di Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)"><i>Historia Plantarum</i></a> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causes of Plants (page does not exist)">Causes of Plants</a></i> of Theophrastus c. 300 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants"><i>De Plantis</i></a> of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i> of Dioscorides c. 60 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Naturalis Historia</i></a> 77–79 AD</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Vegetabilibus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Vegetabilibus (page does not exist)">De Vegetabilibus</a></i> of Albertus Magnus c. 1256</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbarum_Vivae_Icones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbarum Vivae Icones (page does not exist)">Herbarum Vivae Icones</a></i> 1530</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_De_Re_Herbaria_Novus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus (page does not exist)">Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus</a></i> 1538</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kre%C3%BCtterbuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreütterbuch">Kreütterbuch</a></i> of Hieronymus Bock 1539</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_plantis_libri_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="De plantis libri XVI">De plantis libri XVI</a></i> of Caesalpino 1583</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stirpium_Historiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stirpium Historiae (page does not exist)">Stirpium Historiae</a></i> 1583</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herball,_or_Generall_Historie_of_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes">Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</a></i> 1597</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prodromus_Theatrici_Botanici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prodromus Theatrici Botanici (page does not exist)">Prodromus Theatrici Botanici</a></i> 1620</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinax_theatri_botanici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinax theatri botanici (page does not exist)">Pinax theatri botanici</a></i> 1623</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatome_Plantarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatome Plantarum (page does not exist)">Anatome Plantarum</a></i> 1675</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy of Plants">Anatomy of Plants</a></i> 1682</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray)"><i>Historia Plantarum</i></a> of John Ray 1686–1704</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Sexu_Plantarum_Epistola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Sexu Plantarum Epistola (page does not exist)">De Sexu Plantarum Epistola</a></i> 1694</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_de_botanique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éléments de botanique (page does not exist)">Éléments de botanique</a></i> 1694</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Staticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Staticks">Vegetable Staticks</a></i> 1727</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> 1735</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> 1737</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> 1751</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> 1753</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Systema Naturae, 10th ed.</i></a> 1758–59</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Familles_des_Plantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Familles des Plantes (page does not exist)">Familles des Plantes</a></i> 1763–64</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experiments_Upon_Vegetables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experiments Upon Vegetables (page does not exist)">Experiments Upon Vegetables</a></i> 1779</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Metamorphose_der_Pflantzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen (page does not exist)">Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen</a></i> 1790</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trait%C3%A9_d%27Anatomie_et_de_Physiologie_V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale (page does not exist)">Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale</a></i> 1802</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recherches_Chimiques_sur_la_V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation (page does not exist)">Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation</a></i> 1804</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beytr%C3%A4ge_zur_Anatomie_der_Pflanzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen (page does not exist)">Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen</a></i> 1812</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prodromus_Systematis_Naturalis_Regni_Vegetabilis" title="Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis">Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</a></i> 1824–1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae_(1873_monograph)" title="Nepenthaceae (1873 monograph)">Nepenthaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Vegetabilische_Zelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Vegetabilische Zelle (page does not exist)">Die Vegetabilische Zelle</a></i> 1851</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergleichende_Untersuchungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergleichende Untersuchungen (page does not exist)">Vergleichende Untersuchungen</a></i> 1851</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> 1859</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experiments_on_Plant_Hybridization" title="Experiments on Plant Hybridization">Experiments on Plant Hybridization</a></i> 1865</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Vegetation_der_Erde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Vegetation der Erde (page does not exist)">Die Vegetation der Erde</a></i> 1872</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plantesamfund" title="Plantesamfund">Plantesamfund</a></i> 1895</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pflanzengeographie_auf_Physiologischer_Grundlage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage (page does not exist)">Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage</a></i> 1898</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variation_and_Evolution_in_Plants" title="Variation and Evolution in Plants">Variation and Evolution in Plants</a></i> 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontogeny_and_Phylogeny_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book)"><i>Ontogeny and Phylogeny</i></a> 1977</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Integrated_System_of_Classification_of_Flowering_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (page does not exist)">An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants</a></i> 1981</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories and<br /> concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of diversity">Center of diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrastructure" title="Ultrastructure">Ultrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential<br /> figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> c. 371–287 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> 23–79 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> c. 40–90 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a> 1464–1534</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a> 1498–1554</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a> 1515–1544</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> 1515–1568</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a> 1517–1585</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a> 1519–1603</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Acosta" title="Cristóbal Acosta">Cristóbal Acosta</a> 1525–1594</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> 1560–1624</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Jungius" title="Joachim Jungius">Joachim Jungius</a> 1587–1657</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> 1623–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a> 1628–1711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> 1628–1694</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> 1656–1708</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jakob_Camerarius" title="Rudolf Jakob Camerarius">Rudolf Jakob Camerarius</a> 1665–1721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a> 1677–1761</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Jussieu" title="Bernard de Jussieu">Bernard de Jussieu</a> 1699–1777</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> 1707–1778</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Adanson" title="Michel Adanson">Michel Adanson</a> 1727–1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz" title="Jan Ingenhousz">Jan Ingenhousz</a> 1730–1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celestino_Mutis" title="José Celestino Mutis">José Celestino Mutis</a> 1732–1808</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_Azara" title="Félix de Azara">Félix de Azara</a> 1742–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> 1743–1820</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> 1749–1832</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenow" title="Carl Ludwig Willdenow">Carl Ludwig Willdenow</a> 1765–1812</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Th%C3%A9odore_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure">Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure</a> 1767–1845</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> 1769–1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Aimé Bonpland</a> 1773–1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nuttall" title="Thomas Nuttall">Thomas Nuttall</a> 1786–1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joakim_Frederik_Schouw" title="Joakim Frederik Schouw">Joakim Frederik Schouw</a> 1789–1852</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Matthias Jakob Schleiden</a> 1804–1881</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Braun" title="Alexander Braun">Alexander Braun</a> 1805–1877</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Engelmann" title="George Engelmann">George Engelmann</a> 1809–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> 1810–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Grisebach" title="August Grisebach">August Grisebach</a> 1814–1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> 1817–1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> 1822–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Pringsheim" title="Nathanael Pringsheim">Nathanael Pringsheim</a> 1823–1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hofmeister" title="Wilhelm Hofmeister">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> 1824–1877</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Sachs" title="Julius von Sachs">Julius von Sachs</a> 1832–1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Eugenius Warming</a> 1841–1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilson_Farlow" title="William Gilson Farlow">William Gilson Farlow</a> 1844–1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Franz_Wilhelm_Schimper" title="Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper">Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper</a> 1856–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a> 1887–1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> 1902–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a> 1906–2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Odum" title="Eugene Odum">Eugene Odum</a> 1913–2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Arthur Cronquist</a> 1919–1992</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">Herbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Systems of plant taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">History of agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">History of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">History of ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">History of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">History of phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_botany" title="Category:History of botany">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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