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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Karakteristik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karakteristik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penemuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Penemuan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_perkembangan_dan_kegunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_perkembangan_dan_kegunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sejarah perkembangan dan kegunaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_perkembangan_dan_kegunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Keterjadian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Keterjadian </button> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kromium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kromium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kromium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kromium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molibdenum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molibdenum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Molibdenum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molibdenum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolfram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolfram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Wolfram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolfram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Produksi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Produksi </button> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kromium_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kromium_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Kromium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kromium_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molibdenum_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molibdenum_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Molibdenum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molibdenum_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolfram_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolfram_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Wolfram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolfram_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tindakan_pencegahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tindakan_pencegahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Tindakan pencegahan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tindakan_pencegahan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Tindakan pencegahan </button> <ul id="toc-Tindakan_pencegahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kromium_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kromium_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Kromium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kromium_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molibdenum_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molibdenum_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Molibdenum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molibdenum_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolfram_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolfram_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Wolfram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolfram_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aplikasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian_dan_peran_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian_dan_peran_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Keterjadian dan peran biologis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keterjadian_dan_peran_biologis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Keterjadian dan peran biologis </button> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian_dan_peran_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kromium_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kromium_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Kromium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kromium_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molibdenum_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molibdenum_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Molibdenum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molibdenum_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolfram_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolfram_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Wolfram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolfram_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_Juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_Juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Lihat Juga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_Juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Lihat juga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Unsur golongan 6</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 53 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_6_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo 6 d'a tabla periodica – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo 6 d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="عناصر المجموعة السادسة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر المجموعة السادسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_6" title="Elementos del grupu 6 – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 6" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_6-c%C4%B1_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 6-cı qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 6-cı qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_golongan_6" title="Datu golongan 6 – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu golongan 6" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_6_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 6 на периодичната система – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 6 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="ষষ্ঠ শ্রেণীর মৌল – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ষষ্ঠ শ্রেণীর মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/6._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="6. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="6. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_6_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup 6 de la taula periòdica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup 6 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/6._skupina" title="6. skupina – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="6. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_6" title="Elfen Grŵp 6 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 6" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromgruppe" title="Chromgruppe – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chromgruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Group 6 element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_6" title="Elemento de grupo 6 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 6" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupo_6" title="Elementos del grupo 6 – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del grupo 6" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/6._taldeko_elementu" title="6. taldeko elementu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="6. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%B6_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه ۶ جدول تناوبی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه ۶ جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4n_6_alkuaine" title="Ryhmän 6 alkuaine – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmän 6 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_6_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 6 du tableau périodique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 6 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroomsk%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Kroomskööl – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kroomskööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_Ghr%C3%BApa_6" title="Dúil Ghrúpa 6 – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil Ghrúpa 6" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_6" title="Elementos do grupo 6 – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elementos do grupo 6" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A5%AC_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="समूह ६ तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह ६ तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_6" title="Elementi del gruppo 6 – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 6" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6族元素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第6族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/6%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="6족 원소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="6족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_6_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp 6 de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp 6 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_6_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Група 6 на периодниот систем – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група 6 на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_6" title="Unsur kumpulan 6 – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kumpulan 6" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Хромонь алокурось – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хромонь алокурось" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroomgroep" title="Chroomgroep – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chroomgroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_6" title="Gruppe 6 – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppe 6" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_6_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 6 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 6 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromowce" title="Chromowce – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chromowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_6" title="Elementos do Grupo 6 – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos do Grupo 6" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Cromului" title="Grupa Cromului – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa Cromului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Подгруппа хрома – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа хрома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/6._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="6. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="6. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 6 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/6._skupina" title="6. skupina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="6. skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromova_skupina" title="Kromova skupina – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kromova skupina" 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title="ธาตุหมู่ 6 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหมู่ 6" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_6_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Група 6 періодичної системи елементів – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група 6 періодичної системи елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 6 – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm nguyên tố 6" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)">Clor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)">Selen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">golongan 5</a> ←    → <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">golongan 7</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan IUPAC</a></th> <th>6 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nama berdasarkan unsur</td> <td>Golongan kromium </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#Penomoran_CAS_dan_IUPAC_sebelumnya" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor golongan CAS</a> (AS, pola A-B-A)</div></td> <td>VIB </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik#Penomoran_CAS_dan_IUPAC_sebelumnya" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Nomor IUPAC lama</a> (Eropa, pola A-B)</div></td> <td>VIA </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </th> <td title="Kromium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batangan kristal kromium"><img alt="Image: Batangan kristal kromium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5279" data-file-height="3153" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Kromium</a> (Cr) 24 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </th> <td title="Molibdenum: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batangan kristal molibdenum"><img alt="Image: Batangan kristal molibdenum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5148" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Molibdenum </a> (Mo) 42 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </th> <td title="Wolfram: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #8811ff; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batangan kristal wolfram"><img alt="Image: Batangan kristal wolfram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram </a> (W) 74 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </th> <td title="Seaborgium: logam transisi; synthetic; fase tak diketahui" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #4499ff; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> (Sg) 106 <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> Legenda<center> <table style="text-align:center; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #8811ff; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur primordial">unsur primordial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dotted #4499ff; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">unsur sintetis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Warna nomor atom: </td></tr> <tr> <td>hitam=padat </td></tr></tbody></table></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_6)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (golongan 6)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (golongan 6) (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(golongan_6)&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Golongan 6 atau VIB adalah golongan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>. Golongan ini juga dikenal sebagai golongan <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a>. Golongan ini terdiri dari unsur <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a> (Cr), <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a> (Mo), <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a> (W), dan unsur sintetis yang radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a> (Sg). Ini semua adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, dan kromium, molibdenum serta wolfram adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_refraktori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam refraktori (halaman belum tersedia)">logam refraktori</a>. Periode 8 dari golongan 6 adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unpentheksium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unpentheksium (halaman belum tersedia)">unpentheksium</a> (Uph) atau <a href="/wiki/Unpentoktium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentoktium">unpentoktium</a> (Upo). Ini bisa jadi tidak mungkin; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetes_ketidakstabilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetes ketidakstabilan (halaman belum tersedia)">tetes ketidakstabilan</a> mungkin menyiratkan bahwa tabel periodik berakhir pada <a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbihexium">unbihexium</a>. Baik unpentheheksium maupun unpentoktium belum <a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">disintesis</a>, dan tampaknya tidak akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristik">Karakteristik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Karakteristik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karakteristik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tidak seperti golongan lainnya, anggota golongan ini tidak memperlihatkan pola dalam hal jumlah elektron per kelopak dan konfigurasi elektron, karena dua anggota yang lebih ringan merupakan perkecualian dari <a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau" title="Prinsip Aufbau">prinsip Aufbau</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Jumlah elektron/kelopak</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>kromium</td> <td>2, 8, 13, 1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d5 4s1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>molibdenum</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 13, 1</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 4d5 5s1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>wolfram</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d4 6s2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>106</td> <td>seaborgium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d4 7s2 </td></tr></tbody></table> Hanya untuk tiga anggota pertama golongan ini yang sebagian kimianya telah diamati. Kimia seaborgium belum begitu mapan dan oleh karena itu sisa pembahasan bagian ini hanya berkaitan dengan tiga anggota pertama dari golongan ini. Unsur-unsur dalam golongan ini, seperti unsur-unsur golongan 7-11, memiliki titik lebur tinggi, dan membentuk senyawa volatil pada <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_oksidasi" title="Keadaan oksidasi">keadaan oksidasi</a> yang lebih tinggi. Seluruh unsur golongan ini relatif adalah logam tidak reaktif dengan titik lebur tinggi (1907 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>, 2477 °C, 3422 °C); dengan <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a> sebagai yang tertinggi di antara semua logam. Logam-logam tersebut membentuk senyawa dengan tingkat oksiasi yang berbeda-beda: kromium membentuk senyawa pada seluruh tingkat oksidasi mulai -2 sampai +6: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentanitrosianokromat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentanitrosianokromat (halaman belum tersedia)">pentanitrosianokromat</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chromium(II)_chloride" class="extiw" title="en:chromium(II) chloride">kromium(II) klorida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromium(III)_oksida" title="Kromium(III) oksida">kromium(III) oksida</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chromium(IV)_chloride" class="extiw" title="en:chromium(IV) chloride">kromium(IV) klorida</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/potassium_tetraperoxochromate(V)" class="extiw" title="en:potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)">kalium tetraperoksokromat(V)</a>, dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chromium(VI)_dichloride_oxide" class="extiw" title="en:chromium(VI) dichloride oxide">kromium(VI) diklorida oksida</a>; hal yang berlaku pula untuk <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a> dan wolfram, tetapi kestabilan tingkat oksidasi +6 meningkat sepanjang golongan dari atas ke bawah.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-1">[1]</a> Senyawa-senyawa tersebut bersifat basa, amfoter, atau asam, tergantung pada tingkat oksidasinya; keasaman meningkat sebanding dengan tingkat oksidasinya. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cut_Ruby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cut_Ruby.jpg/170px-Cut_Ruby.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cut_Ruby.jpg/255px-Cut_Ruby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cut_Ruby.jpg/340px-Cut_Ruby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Warna merah rubi berasal dari sekelumit kromium(III).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penemuan">Penemuan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Penemuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penemuan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kromium pertama kali dilaporkan pada 26 Juli 1761, ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottlob_Lehmann_(ilmuwan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottlob Lehmann (ilmuwan) (halaman belum tersedia)">Johann Gottlob Lehmann</a> menemukan mineral jingga-merah dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deposit_Beryozovskoye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deposit Beryozovskoye (halaman belum tersedia)">tambang Beryozovskoye</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Ural" title="Pegunungan Ural">Pegunungan Ural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, yang ia namakan "timbal merah Siberia", yang ditemukan kurang dari 10 tahun sebelumnya sebagai pigmen <a href="/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning">kuning</a> terang.<a href="#cite_note-ChromiumVI-2">[2]</a> Meskipun salah identifikasi sebagai senyawa <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> dengan komponen <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, mineral tersebut adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krokoit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krokoit (halaman belum tersedia)">krokoit</a> dengan rumus <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_kromat" title="Timbal(II) kromat">PbCrO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChromiumVI-2">[2]</a> Mempelajari mineral itu pada tahun 1797, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (halaman belum tersedia)">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a> membuat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium(VI)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium(VI) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">kromium trioksida</a> dengan mencampur krokoit dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a>, dan mengekstraksi logam kromium dengan memanaskan oksida tersebut dalam oven batu bara satu tahun kemudian.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Ia juga dapat mendeteksi jejak kromium renik dalam <a href="/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata">batu permata</a> berharga, seperti <a href="/wiki/Rubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubi">rubi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Zamrud" title="Zamrud">zamrud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChromiumVI-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molibdenit" title="Molibdenit">Molibdenit</a>—bijih utama asal molibdenum diekstraksi—sebelumnya dikenal sebagai molibdena, yang dirancukan dengan dan sering dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>. Seperti grafit, molibdenit dapat digunakan untuk menghitamkan permukaan atau sebagai pelumas padat.<a href="#cite_note-Lansdown1999-5">[5]</a> Meskipun molibdena dapat dibedakan dari grafit, ia tetap rancu dengan <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> (bijih timbal), yang namanya diambil dari bahasa <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a> Μόλυβδος molybdos, yang berarti timbal.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-6">[6]</a> Baru pada tahun 1778 kimiawan <a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> menyadari bahwa molibdena bukanlah grafit maupun timbal.<a href="#cite_note-elemental-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Dia dan kimiawan lainnya kemudian meluruskan bahwa itu adalah bijih yang baru yang berbeda, dinamakan molibdenum untuk mineral yang ditemukan di dalamnya. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jacob_Hjelm" title="Peter Jacob Hjelm">Peter Jacob Hjelm</a> berhasil mengisolasi molibdenum menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minhyak_biji_rami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minhyak biji rami (halaman belum tersedia)">minhyak biji rami</a> pada tahun 1781.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Sehubungan dengan wolfram, pada tahun 1781 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> mengungkapkan bahwa sebuah <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> baru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_wolframat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam wolframat (halaman belum tersedia)">asam wolframat</a>, dapat dibuat dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scheelite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scheelite (halaman belum tersedia)">scheelite</a> (nama wolfram saat itu). Scheele dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torbern_Bergman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torbern Bergman (halaman belum tersedia)">Torbern Bergman</a> menyarankan bahwa dimungkinkan untuk memperoleh logam baru dengan mereduksi asam ini.<a href="#cite_note-SaundersN-10">[10]</a> Pada tahun 1783, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Elhuyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Elhuyar (halaman belum tersedia)">José</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fausto_Elhuyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fausto Elhuyar (halaman belum tersedia)">Fausto Elhuyar</a> menemukan suatu asam yang dibuat dari wolframit yang identik dengan asam wolframat. Belakangan, pada tahun yang sama, di <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, kakak beradik tersebut berhasil mengisolasi wolfram dengan mereduksi asam ini menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">arang</a>, dan mereka diakui sebagai penemu unsur ini.<a href="#cite_note-ITIAnews_0605-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITIAnews_1205-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_perkembangan_dan_kegunaan">Sejarah perkembangan dan kegunaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah perkembangan dan kegunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah perkembangan dan kegunaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Selama tahun 1800an, kegunaan utama kromium adalah sebagai komponen cat dan dalam garam <a href="/wiki/Penyamakan" title="Penyamakan">penyamak</a> kulit. Pada mulanya, krokoit dari <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> adalah sumber utama, tetapi pada tahun 1827, deposit kromit yang lebih besar ditemukan di dekat <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>. Ini membuat Amerika Serikat sebagai produsen terbesar produk-produk kromium hingga tahun 1848 ketika deposit besar kromit ditemukan di dekat <a href="/wiki/Bursa,_Turki" title="Bursa, Turki">Bursa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NRC-13">[13]</a> Kromium digunakan untuk penyepuhan elektrik pada aal 1848, tetapi kegunaan ini memudar seiring dengan perkembangan proses yang telah diperbaiki pada tahun 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Crplating-14">[14]</a> Selama sekitar satu abad setelah pengisolasiannya, molibdenum tidak memiliki penggunaan industri, karena sumbernya yang relatif langka, kesulitannya untuk mengekstraksi logam murni, dan ketidakmatangan sub-bidang metalurgi.<a href="#cite_note-Hoyt1921-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krupp1888-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta1992-17">[17]</a> Paduan baja molibdenum generasi awal menunjukkan prospek cerah dalam hal peningkatan kekerasannya, namun upaya tersebut terhambat oleh ketidakkonsistenan hasilnya dan kecenderungannya untuk menjadi lebih rapuh dan rekristalisasi. Pada tahun 1906, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_D._Coolidge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William D. Coolidge (halaman belum tersedia)">William D. Coolidge</a> mengajukan paten untuk rendering molibdenum <a href="/wiki/Duktilitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Duktilitas">elastis</a>, yang mendorong penggunaannya sebagai elemen pemanas untuk tungku suhu tinggi dan sebagai penyangga bola lampu filamen wolfram; pembentukan oksida dan degradasi mensyaratkan agar molibdenum ditutupi secara fisik atau dimasukkan dalam lingkungan gas inert. Pada tahun 1913, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Elmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Elmore (halaman belum tersedia)">Frank E. Elmore</a> mengembangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flotasi_buih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flotasi buih (halaman belum tersedia)">proses flotasi</a> untuk memulihkan <a href="/wiki/Molibdenit" title="Molibdenit">molibdenit</a> dari bijihnya; flotasi tetap menjadi proses isolasi utama. Selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>, kebutuhan molibdenum meningkat; ia digunakan baik untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendaraan_tempur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendaraan tempur (halaman belum tersedia)">pelapis perisasi</a> maupun sebagai pengganti wolfram dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baja_kecepatan_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baja kecepatan tinggi (halaman belum tersedia)">baja kecepatan tinggi</a>. Beberapa tank Inggris dilindungi oleh 75 milimeter (3,0 in) lapisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangalloy (halaman belum tersedia)">baja mangan</a>, tetapi ini terbukti tidak efektif. Pelat baja mangan kemudian diganti dengan 25 milimeter (0,98 in) pelat molibdenum-baja yang memungkinkan kelajuan yang lebih tinggi, manuver yang lebih lincah, dan perlindungan yang lebih baik.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-6">[6]</a> Setelah perang, kebutuhan anjlok sampai kemajuan metalurgi memungkinkan pengembangan ekstensif aplikasi di masa damai. Pada <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, molibdenum kembali melihat kepentingan strategis sebagai pengganti wolfram dalam paduan baja.<a href="#cite_note-Millholland1941-18">[18]</a> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, wolfram memainkan peran penting di balik lobi-lobi politik. <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, sebagai sumber utama Eropa untuk unsur ini, ditekan dari kedua belah pihak, karena deposit bijih <a href="/wiki/Wolframit" title="Wolframit">wolframitnya</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panasqueira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panasqueira (halaman belum tersedia)">Panasqueira</a>. Daya tahan wolfram terhadap suhu tinggi dan kemampuannya memperkuat logam paduan membuatnya menjadi bahan baku penting untuk industri senjata.<a href="#cite_note-portugal-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg/170px-Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg/255px-Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg/340px-Crocoite_from_Tasmania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/crocoite" class="extiw" title="en:crocoite">Krokoit</a> (PbCrO4)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chromit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chromit_1.jpg/170px-Chromit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chromit_1.jpg/255px-Chromit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chromit_1.jpg/340px-Chromit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Bijih <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chromite" class="extiw" title="en:chromite">Kromit</a> (FeCr2O4)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kromium">Kromium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Kromium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kromium">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kromium adalah unsur <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_dalam_kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur dalam kerak bumi">paling melimpah</a> ke-22 di kerak bumi dengan konsentrasi rata-rata 100 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-20">[20]</a> Senyawa kromium ditemukan di lingkungan dari <a href="/wiki/Erosi" title="Erosi">erosi</a> batuan yang mengandung kromium, dan dapat disebarluaskan oleh letusan gunung berapi. Latar belakang khas konsentrasi kromium di media lingkungan adalah: atmosfer <10 ngˑm−3; tanah <500 mgˑkg−1; vegetasi <0,5 mgˑkg−1; air tawar <10 ugˑL−1; air laut <1 ugˑL−1; sedimen <80 mgˑkg−1.<a href="#cite_note-Rieuwerts-21">[21]</a> Kromium ditambang sebagai bijih <a href="/wiki/Kromit" title="Kromit">kromit</a> (FeCr2O4).<a href="#cite_note-NRC-13">[13]</a> Sekitar dua per lima bijih dan konsentrat kromit di dunia diproduksi di Afrika Selatan, sementara Kazakhstan, India, Rusia, dan Turki juga merupakan produsen substansial. Deposit kromit yang belum dimanfaatkan berlimpah, namun secara geografis terkonsentrasi di Kazakhstan dan Afrika bagian selatan.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2002CR-22">[22]</a> Deposit kromium <a href="/wiki/Logam_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam alami">asli</a> ada, meskipun jarang.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pipa_Udachnaya" title="Pipa Udachnaya">Pipa Udachnaya</a> di Rusia menghasilkan sampel logam alami. Tambang ini adalah pipa <a href="/wiki/Kimberlit" title="Kimberlit">kimberlit</a>, kaya akan <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">lingkungan reduktor</a> membantu menghasilkan baik unsur kromium maupun <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Hubungan antara Cr(III) dan Cr(VI) sangat bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> dan sifat <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">oksidatif</a> lokasinya. Di banyak tempat, Cr(III) adalah spesies dominan,<a href="#cite_note-Crspeci-26">[26]</a> tetapi di beberapa daerah, air tanah dapat mengandung sampai dengan 39 µg/Liter dari total kromium, dengan 30 µg/Liter adalah Cr(VI).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molibdenum">Molibdenum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Molibdenum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Molibdenum">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lustrous, silvery, flat, hexagonal crystals in roughly parallel layers sit flowerlike on a rough, translucent crystalline piece of quartz." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/220px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/330px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/440px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Kwarsa ion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/molybdenite" class="extiw" title="en:molybdenite">molibdenit</a> (MoS2)</figcaption></figure> Molibdenum adalah unsur ke-54 yang <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_dalam_kerak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur dalam kerak bumi">paling melimpah dalam kerak bumi</a> dan ke-25 yang paling melimpah di lautan, dengan rata-rata 10 bagian per miliar; ia adalah unsur ke-42 paling melimpah di jagat raya.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-28">[28]</a> Kelangkaan molibdenum dalam kerak bumi terbayarkan dengan konsentrasi di sejumlah bijih yang tidak larut dalam air, sering kali bergabung dengan belerang dengan cara yang sama seperti tembaga. Meskipun molibdenum ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> semacam itu seperti <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wulfenite" class="extiw" title="en:wulfenite">wulfenit</a> (PbMoO4) dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/powellite" class="extiw" title="en:powellite">powelit</a> (CaMoO4). Sumber komersial utama molibdenum adalah <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/molybdenite" class="extiw" title="en:molybdenite">molibdenit</a> (MoS2). Molibdenum ditambang sebagai bijih utama dan juga ditemukan sebagai produk sampingan penambangan tembaga dan wolfram.<a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolfram">Wolfram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Wolfram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Wolfram">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/220px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/330px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg/440px-Wolframite_from_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wolframite" class="extiw" title="en:wolframite">Wolframit</a>, skala dalam <a href="/wiki/Cm" class="mw-disambig" title="Cm">cm</a></figcaption></figure> Wolfram ditemukan dalam <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wolframite" class="extiw" title="en:wolframite">wolframit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wolframate" class="extiw" title="en:wolframate">wolframat</a> (((Fe,Mn)WO4) menjadi larutan padat mineral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ferberite" class="extiw" title="en:ferberite">ferberit</a> (FeWO4) dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/h%C3%BCbnerite" class="extiw" title="en:hübnerite">hübnerit</a> (MnWO4)) dan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scheelite" class="extiw" title="en:scheelite">scheelit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> wolframat (CaWO4)). Mineral wolframat lainnya yang agak hingga sangat langka tidak memiliki nilai ekonomis. Mereka termasuk wolfram alami yang baru-baru ini diakui.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kromium_2">Kromium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Kromium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kromium">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chrom_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chrom_1.jpg/220px-Chrom_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chrom_1.jpg/330px-Chrom_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Chrom_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Kepingan kromium yang diproduksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_aluminotermik" title="Reaksi aluminotermik">reaksi aluminotermik</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg/300px-Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg/450px-Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg/600px-Chromium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Tren produksi kromium dunia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Chromium_zone_refined_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>Kromium, dilelehkan ulang di pemurni zona busur horizontal, menunjukkan butiran kristal besar yang terlihat</figcaption></figure> Sekitar 28,8 juta metrik ton (MT) bijih kromit yang dipasarkan diproduksi pada tahun 2013, dan yang diubah menjadi ferokromium sebanyak 7,5 MT.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2015Yb-31">[31]</a> Menurut John F. Papp, yang menulis untuk USGS: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Ferokromium adalah ujung akhir penggunaan bijih kromit, [dan] baja nirkarat adalah ujung akhir penggunaan ferokromium.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2015Yb-31">[31]</a></blockquote> Produser terbesar bijih kromium pada tahun 201 adalah Afrika Selatan (48%), Kazakhstan (13%), Turki (11%), India (10%) dengan beberapa negara lainnya yang memproduksi sekitar 18% dari produksi dunia.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2015Yb-31">[31]</a> Dua produk utama pengolahan bijih kromium adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferokromium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferokromium (halaman belum tersedia)">ferokromium</a> dan logam kromium. Untuk produk-produk tersebut, proses peleburan bijih tersebut sangat berbeda. Untuk produksi ferokromium, bijih kromit (FeCr) direduksi dalam skala besar dalam <a href="/wiki/Tungku_busur_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungku busur listrik">tungku busur listrik</a> atau peleburan yang lebih kecil dengan baik <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> dalam suatu <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_aluminotermik" title="Reaksi aluminotermik">reaksi aluminotermik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-32">[32]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg/300px-World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg/450px-World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg/600px-World_Chromium_Production_2002.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Produksi bijih kromium tahun 2002<a href="#cite_note-USGS2002Yb-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> Untuk produksi kromium murni, besi harus dipisahkan dari kromium dalam dua tahap proses pemanggangan dan pelindian (leaching). Bijih kromit dipanaskan dengan campuran <a href="/wiki/Kalsium_karbonat" title="Kalsium karbonat">kalsium karbonat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_karbonat" title="Natrium karbonat">natrium karbonat</a> dengan adanya udara. Kromium dioksidasi menjadi bentuk heksavalennya, sementara besi membentuk Fe yang stabil. Pelindian selanjutnya pada suhu yang lebih tinggi melarutkan <a href="/wiki/Kromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromat">kromat</a> dan meninggalkan oksida besi yang tidak larut. Kromat diubah menjadi dikromat menggunakan asam sulfat.<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-32">[32]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 -> 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>FeCr</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CrO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 -> 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/678cb626fefa9e80a0d19d250e86339c23c0208c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:66.593ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 -> 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2}}}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 -> Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CrO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Cr</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 -> Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6452937a05ffc07431799d0a9685b0a7daa724cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:54.717ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 -> Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}}"></dd></dl> Dikromat dikonversi menjadi kromium(III) oksida melalui reduksi dengan karbon dan kemudian direduksi dalam suatu reaksi aluminotermik menjadi kromium.<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-32">[32]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Cr2O7 + 2C -> Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Cr</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cr</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Cr2O7 + 2C -> Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29b69f0a9013b2bf6909ff6fdf5a089a3214521a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.804ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Cr2O7 + 2C -> Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO}}}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr2O3 + 2Al -> Al2O3 + 2Cr}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Cr</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Cr</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr2O3 + 2Al -> Al2O3 + 2Cr}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b9cae0bc8ddcbb67056399e9bb72d77530cb26d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.668ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr2O3 + 2Al -> Al2O3 + 2Cr}}}"></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molibdenum_2">Molibdenum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Molibdenum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Molibdenum">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Produksi molibdenum dunia adalah 250.000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> pada tahun 2011. Produsen terbesar adalah <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a> (94.000 T), <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> (64.000 T), <a href="/wiki/Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile">Chile</a> (38.000 T), <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (18.000 T), dan <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a> (12.000 T). Total cadangan diperkirakan pada level 10 juta ton, dan sebagian besar terkonsentrasi di China (4,3 MT), AS (2,7 MT) dan Chile (1,2 MT). Berdasarkan pembagian benua, 93% produksi molibdenum dunia berimbang antara Amerika Utara, Amerika Selatan (terutama Chile), dan China. Eropa dan Asia selain China (terutama Armenia, Rusia, Iran dan Mongolia) memproduksi sisanya.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Molybdenum_world_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/220px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/330px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/440px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Trend produksi molibdenum dunia</figcaption></figure> Dalam pengolahan molibdenit, bijih pertama dipanggang di udara pada suhu 700 °C (1.292 °F). Proses ini menghasilkan gas belerang dioksida dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdenum(IV)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdenum(IV) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">molibdenum(IV) oksida</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Holl-35">[35]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2MoS2 + 7O2 -> 2MoO3 + 4SO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MoS</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2MoS2 + 7O2 -> 2MoO3 + 4SO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/feba993095b4e24dcf9d494215d3295970bab5e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.788ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2MoS2 + 7O2 -> 2MoO3 + 4SO2}}}"></dd></dl> Bijih yang teroksidasi kemudian biasanya diekstraksi dengan amonia cair menghasilkan amonium molibdat: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O -> (NH4)2MoO4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O -> (NH4)2MoO4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7a3cdb1295b02e03d3ded424c858e76bf083ec6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:41.188ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O -> (NH4)2MoO4}}}"></dd></dl> Tembaga, ketakmurnian dalam molibdenit, kurang larut dalam amonia. Untuk menghilangkannya secara total dari larutan tersebut, tembaga diendapkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida">hidrogen sulfida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-35">[35]</a> Amonium molibdat berubah menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amonium_dimolibdat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amonium dimolibdat (halaman belum tersedia)">amonium dimolibdat</a>, yang diisolasi sebagai padatan. Pemanasan padatan ini menghasilkan molibdenum trioksida:<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-36">[36]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2Mo2O7 -> 2MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Mo</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2Mo2O7 -> 2MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24cb267bd5958f4125cb16522c7b46725e1dfd80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.792ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2Mo2O7 -> 2MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O}}}"></dd></dl> Trioksida mentahnya dapat dimurnikan lebih lanjut dengan cara sublimasi pada suhu 1.100 °C (2.010 °F). Logam molibdenum diproduksi melalui reduksi oksidanya dengan hidrogen: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 3H2 -> Mo + 3H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Mo</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 3H2 -> Mo + 3H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13397a2af8494ab63b1dbcfa510505d6956a419f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.728ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 3H2 -> Mo + 3H2O}}}"></dd></dl> Molibdenum untuk produksi baja direduksi dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_aluminotermik" title="Reaksi aluminotermik">reaksi aluminotermik</a> dengan penambahan besi untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Feromolibdenum" title="Feromolibdenum">feromolibdenum</a>. Bentuk umum feromolibdenum mengandung 60% molibdenum.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Molibdenum mempunyai nilai sekitar $30.000 per <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> pada Agustus 2009. Harganya relatif tetap atau sekitar $10.000 per ton sejak 1997 hingga 2003, dan mencapai puncaknya $103.000 per ton pada Juni 2005.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Pada tahun 2008, <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a> mengumumkan bahwa molibdenum akan diperdagangkan sebagai komoditas pada bursa.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolfram_2">Wolfram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Wolfram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Wolfram">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png/400px-Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png/600px-Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png/800px-Tungsten_mined_in_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Wolfram yang ditambang pada tahun 2013</figcaption></figure> Sekitar 61.300 ton konsentrat wolfram diproduksi pada tahun 2009,<a href="#cite_note-production-40">[40]</a> dan pada tahun 2010, produksi wolfram dunia sekitar 68.000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IndexMundi_2014-41">[41]</a> Lima besar produsen utama wolfram adalah sebagai berikut (data dalam ton):<a href="#cite_note-USGS-34">[34]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Produsen wolfram utama<a href="#cite_note-IndexMundi_2014-41">[41]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Negara </th> <th colspan="4">Produksi (ton) </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-type="number">2009</th> <th data-sort-type="number">2010</th> <th data-sort-type="number">2011</th> <th data-sort-type="number">2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">China</a></td> <td>51.000</td> <td>59.000</td> <td>61.800</td> <td>64.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Russia</a></td> <td>2.665</td> <td>2.785</td> <td>3.314</td> <td>3.537 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Canada</a></td> <td>1.964</td> <td>420</td> <td>1.966</td> <td>2.194 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>1.023</td> <td>1.,204</td> <td>1.124</td> <td>1.247 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>725</td> <td>1.150</td> <td>1.635</td> <td>1.050 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Lainnya</td> <td>4.562</td> <td>3.863</td> <td>4.061</td> <td>4.350 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>61.939</th> <th>68.422</th> <th>73.900</th> <th>76.378 </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_(27072015764).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/220px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/330px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg/440px-A_full_trolly_coming_from_one_of_the_galleries_%2827072015764%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Penambangan wolfram di Rwanda merupakan bagian penting ekonomi negara.</figcaption></figure> Terdapat produksi tambahan di A.S., tetapi nilainya merupakan rahasia perusahaan. Cadangan di A.S. adalah 140.000 ton.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-34">[34]</a> Penggunaan industrial wolfram di AS adalah 20.000 ton; 15.000 ton diimpor dan sisa 5.000 ton berasal dari daur ulang domestik.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Wolfram dianggap sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_konflik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral konflik (halaman belum tersedia)">mineral konflik</a> karena praktek penambangan yang tidak beretika teramati di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Demokratik Congo">Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Terdapat deposit bijih wolfram dalam jumlah besar di pinggiran <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britania_raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Britania raya">Inggris</a>, yang dieksploitasi selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">II</a> sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambang_Hemerdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambang Hemerdon (halaman belum tersedia)">tambang Hemerdon</a>. Dengan kenaikan harga wolfram baru-baru ini, per 2014 tambang ini telah diaktifkan kembali.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Wolfram diekstraksi dari bijihnya melalui beberapa tahapan. Bijih akan dikonversi menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram(VI)_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram(VI) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">wolfram(VI) oksida</a> (WO3), yang dipanaskan dengan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> untuk menghasilkan serbuk wolfram.<a href="#cite_note-SaundersN-10">[10]</a> Secara komersial tidak layak untuk mencetak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingot (halaman belum tersedia)">ingot</a> wolfram, karena titik leburnya yang tinggi. Sebagai gantinya, serbuk wolfram dicampur dengan sedikit serbuk nikel atau logam lainnya, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintering (halaman belum tersedia)">disinter</a>. Selama proses sintering, nikel berdifusi ke dalam wolfram, menghasilkan logam paduan. Wolfram juga dapat diekstraksi dengan cara reduksi hidrogen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_heksafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram heksafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)">WF6</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 + 3H2 -> W + 6HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>WF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>W</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 + 3H2 -> W + 6HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/beaac228a8f51164051377ebda5915da8e95a7d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.284ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 + 3H2 -> W + 6HF}}}"></dd></dl> atau <a href="/wiki/Pirolisis" title="Pirolisis">dekomposisi pirolitik</a>:<a href="#cite_note-manny-46">[46]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 -> W + 3F2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>WF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>W</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 -> W + 3F2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ef3316808f043e80eb386b3c8f2821d3b65b995" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.408ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {WF6 -> W + 3F2}}}"></dd></dl> Wolfram tidak diperdagangkan sebagai kontrak berjangka dan tidak dapat ditelusuri pada bursa semacam <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a>. Harga biasanya dikutip untuk konsentrat wolfram atau WO3. Jika dikonversi menjadi kesetaraan logam, mereka bernilai sekitar US$19 per kilogram pada tahun 2009.<a href="#cite_note-production-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tindakan_pencegahan">Tindakan pencegahan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Tindakan pencegahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tindakan pencegahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kromium_3">Kromium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Kromium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kromium">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Senyawa kromium(III) dan logam kromium yang tidak larut dianggap tidak membahayakan kesehatan, sementara toksisitas dan sifat karsinogenik kromium(VI) telah lama diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-Barceloux-47">[47]</a> Kromium(III) memasuki sel hanya dalam jumlah terbatas, kerana mekanisme transport spesifik. Beberapa studi in vitro menandakan bahwa tingginya konsentrasi kromium(III) dalam sel dapat menyebabkan kerusakan DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-48">[48]</a> Toksisitas oral akut berkisar antara 1,5 dan 3,3 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Katz-49">[49]</a> Tinjauan tahun 2008 menyarankan bahwa asupan moderat kromium(III) melalui suplemen makanan tidak memicu risiko keracunan genetik.<a href="#cite_note-Eastmond-48">[48]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrasi_Keselamatan_dan_Kesehatan_Kerja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (halaman belum tersedia)">Administrasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja</a> (OSHA) di AS telah menetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batas_paparan_yang_diizinkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batas paparan yang diizinkan (halaman belum tersedia)">batas paparan yang diizinkan</a> (permissible eposure limit, PEL) di tempat kerja sebagai rata-rata tertimbang waktu (time-weighted average, TWA) sebesar 1 mg/m3. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) telah menetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batas_paparan_yang_direkomendasikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batas paparan yang direkomendasikan (halaman belum tersedia)">batas paparan yang direkomendasikan</a> (recommended exposure limit, REL) sebesar 0,5 mg/m3, rata-rata tertimbang waktu. Nilai <a href="/w/index.php?title=IDLH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IDLH (halaman belum tersedia)">IDLH</a> (immediately dangerous to life and health) adalah 250 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molibdenum_3">Molibdenum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Molibdenum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Molibdenum">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Debu dan uap molibdenum, dihasilkan dari penambangan atau karya logam, bersifat toksik, terutama jika terhirup (termasuk debu yang terjebak dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinus_pranasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinus pranasal (halaman belum tersedia)">sinus pranasal</a> dan kemudian tertelan).<a href="#cite_note-ORNL-51">[51]</a> Paparan jangka panjang dengan tingkat rendah dapat menyebabkan iritasi pada mata dan kulit. Harus dihindari untuk menelan atau menghirup langsung molibdenum dan oksidanya.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Peraturan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrasi_Keselamatan_dan_Kesehatan_Kerja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (halaman belum tersedia)">OSHA</a> menetapkan paparan molibdenum maksimum yang diizinkan dalam 8-jam per hari sebagai 5 mg/m3. Paparan kronis mulai 60 hingga 600 mg/m3 dapat menyebabkan gejalan termsuk kelelahan, sakit kepala dan ngilu sendi.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Pada level 5000 mg/m3, molibdenum membahayakan segera terhadap kesehatan dan kehidupan (IDLH).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolfram_3">Wolfram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Wolfram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Wolfram">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Efek wolfram pada lingkungan adalah terbatas, karena kelangkaannya dan senyawanya umumnya inert.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal">Median dosis letal</a> LD50 sangat bergantung pada hewan dan metode administrasi serta bervariasi antara 59 mg/kg (intravena, kelinci)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> dan 5000 mg/kg (serbuk logam wolfram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Injeksi_intraperitonea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Injeksi intraperitonea (halaman belum tersedia)">intraperitoneal</a>, tikus).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Orang dapat terpapar wolfram di tempat kerja melalui pernapasan, pencernaan, kontak dengan kulit dan mata. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) telah menetapkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batas_paparan_yang_direkomendasikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batas paparan yang direkomendasikan (halaman belum tersedia)">batas paparan yang direkomendasikan</a> (REL) sebagai 5 mg/m3 selama 8 jam kerja dan batas jangka pendek 10 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Lebih dari 50% produksi kromium digunakan dalam produk metalik. Ia merupakan bahan dalam beberapa katalis penting. Penggunaan utama kromium adalah untuk paduan dengan besi, nikel, atau kobalt. Penambahan kromium memberi kekerasan, kekuatan, dan ketahanan terhadap korosi pada logam paduan. Dalam baja nirkarat, kandungan kromium dalam komposisi akhir mencapai 10 persen atau lebih. Mengingat kekerasannya, paduan kromium, kobalt, dan wolfram digunakan untuk alat pemotong logam berkecepatan tinggi. Ketika diendapkan secara elektrolitik, kromium menyajikan bahan akhir yang keras, tahan korosi, dan berkilau. Berdasarkan alasan ini, kromium banyak digunakan untuk perapi bodi (body trim) pada mobil dan kendaraan lain. Penggunaan ekstensif kromit sebagai refraktori didasarkan pada tingginya titik lebur, ekspansi termal yang sedang, dan kestabilan struktur kristalnya. <a href="/wiki/Timbal(II)_kromat" title="Timbal(II) kromat">Timbal kromat</a> (PbCrO4), padatan yang tidak larut banyak digunakan sebagai pigmen yang disebut kuning krom.<a href="#cite_note-meduniv-62">[62]</a> Kegunaan logam molibdenum adalah untuk paduan baja. Baja tersebut tahan suhu dan tekanan tinggi, serta sangat kuat, membuatnya berguna untuk pekerjaan struktural, bagian pesawat terbang, dan suku cadang mobil. Kawat molibdenum digunakan dalam tabung elektron, dan juga, logamnya bertindak sebagai elektrode dalam tungku kaca. Molibdenum sulfida digunakan sebagai pelumas dalam lingkungan yang mensyaratkan suhu tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-meduniv-62">[62]</a> Kegunaan utama wolfram adalah sebagai filamen dalam lampu pijar, sebagai kabel dalam tungku listrik, dan dalam produksi baja paduan yang keras dan liat. Ia juga digunakan dalam pabrikasi busi, stop kontak listrik, dan alat pemotong, serta sebagai target dalam tabung sinar-X.<a href="#cite_note-meduniv-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian_dan_peran_biologis">Keterjadian dan peran biologis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian dan peran biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian dan peran biologis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kromium_4">Kromium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Kromium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kromium">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Dalam bentuk kromium trivalen, Cr(III), atau Cr3+, kromium diidentifikasi sebagai nutrisi esensial pada akhir tahun 1950an dan kemudian diterima sebagai unsur renik untuk perannya dalam aksi insulin, hormon penting untuk metabolisme dan penyimpanan karbohidrat, lemak dan protein.<a href="#cite_note-ods-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Namun, mekanisme tepatnya dalam tubuh belum sepenuhnya didefinisikan, meninggalkan pertanyaan apakah kromium penting untuk kesehatan manusia.<a href="#cite_note-ods-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-efsa-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Kromium trivalen terdapat dalam jumlah renik pada makanan, minuman anggur dan air.<a href="#cite_note-ods-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Sebaliknya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium_heksavalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium heksavalen (halaman belum tersedia)">kromium heksavalen</a> (Cr(VI) atau Cr6+ sangat beracun dan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutagen">mutagen</a> jika terhirup.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Menghirup kromium(VI) dalam air telah dikaitkan dengan tumor lambung, dan juga dapat menyebabkan alergi <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_kontak" title="Dermatitis kontak">dermatitis kontak</a> (allergic contact dermatitis, ACD).<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defisiensi_kromium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defisiensi kromium (halaman belum tersedia)">Defisiensi kromium</a>, yang melibatkan kekurangan Cr(III) di dalam tubuh, atau mungkin beberapa kompleknya, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_toleransi_glukosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor toleransi glukosa (halaman belum tersedia)">faktor toleransi glukosa</a> masih kontroversial.<a href="#cite_note-ods-63">[63]</a> Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kromium(III) bentuk aktif biologis dalam oligopeptida disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zat_pengikat_kromium_berat_molekul_rendah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zat pengikat kromium berat molekul rendah (halaman belum tersedia)">zat pengikat kromium berat molekul rendah</a> (low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance, LMWCr), yang mungkin berperan dalam jalur pensinyalan insulin.<a href="#cite_note-pharmacological1-71">[71]</a> Meskipun mekanisme kromium dalam peran biologis tidak jelas, suplemen diet kromium meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium(III)_pikolinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium(III) pikolinat (halaman belum tersedia)">kromium(III) pikolinat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium_polinikotinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium polinikotinat (halaman belum tersedia)">kromium(III) polinikotinat</a>, dan zat terkait.<a href="#cite_note-ods-63">[63]</a> Manfaat suplemen-suplemen tersebut belum terbukti.<a href="#cite_note-ods-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Kandungan kromium dalam makanan umumnya rendah (1-13 mikrogram per porsi).<a href="#cite_note-ods-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-database-73">[73]</a> Kandungan kromium makanan sangat bervariasi karena perbedaan kandungan mineral tanah, musim tanam, <a href="/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar">kultivar</a> tanaman, dan kontaminasi selama pemrosesan.<a href="#cite_note-database-73">[73]</a> Sebagai tambahan, sejumlah besar kromium (dan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>) larut ke dalam makanan yang dimasak dengan stainless steel.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molibdenum_4">Molibdenum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Molibdenum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Molibdenum">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Molibdenum adalah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur diet">unsur diet</a> yang diperlukan untuk keberlangsungan hidup manusia dan beberapa mamalia yang telah diteliti.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Diketahui empat enzim dalam mamalia yang bergantung pada Mo, kesemuanya mengandung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofaktor_molibdenum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofaktor molibdenum (halaman belum tersedia)">kofaktor molibdenum</a> (Moco) berbasis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterin (halaman belum tersedia)">pterin</a> dalam situs aktifnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfit_oksidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfit oksidase (halaman belum tersedia)">sulfit oksidase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantin_oksidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xantin oksidase (halaman belum tersedia)">xantin oksidoreduktase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldehida_oksidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldehida oksidase (halaman belum tersedia)">aldehida oksidase</a>, dan amidoksim mitokondria reduktase.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Orang dengan defisiensi molibdenum parah mengalami gangguan fungsi sulfit oksidase rentan terhadap reaksi toksik sulfit dalam makanan.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Tubuh manusia mengandung sekitar 0,07  molibdenum per kilogram berat badan,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> dengan konsentrasi lebih tinggi dalam liver dan ginjal, dan lebih rendah dalam tulang belakang.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-28">[28]</a> Molibdenum juga hadir dalam <a href="/wiki/Enamel_gigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Enamel gigi">enamel gigi</a> dan dapat membantu mencegah pembusukannya.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Asupan harian rata-rata molibdenum bervariasi antara 0,12 dan 0,24 mg, bergantung pada kandungan molibdenum pada makanan.<a href="#cite_note-Coug-82">[82]</a> Daging babi, domba, dan liver sapi masing-masing memiliki kira-kira 1,5 bagian per juta molibdenum. Sumber gizi penting lainnya termasuk buncis, telur, biji bunga matahari, tepung terigu, Lens culinaris, ketimun, dan serealia.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-6">[6]</a> Toksisitas akut belum dijumpai pada manusia, dan toksisitas sangat bergantung pada keadaan kimianya. Penelitian pada tikus menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Median_dosis_letal" title="Median dosis letal">median dosis letal</a> (LD50) cukup rendah, yaitu 180 mg/kg untuk beberapa senyawa Mo.<a href="#cite_note-ORNL-51">[51]</a> Meskipun data toksisitas pada manusia belum tersedia, penelitian pada hewan telah menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi kronis molibdenum lebih dari 10& mg/hari dapat menyebabkan diare, retardasi pertumbuhan, <a href="/wiki/Infertilitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Infertilitas">infertilitas</a>, berat lahir rendah, dan <a href="/wiki/Encok" class="mw-redirect" title="Encok">encok</a>; ia dapat juga mempengaruhi paru-paru, ginjal, dan liver.<a href="#cite_note-Coug-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_wolframat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium wolframat (halaman belum tersedia)">Natrium wolframat</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibisi_kompetitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibisi kompetitif (halaman belum tersedia)">penghambat kompetitif</a> molibdenum. Wolfram diet mengurangi konsentrasi molibdenum dalam jaringan.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-28">[28]</a> Konsentrasi molibdenum yang rendah pada tanah dalam pita geografis dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">China bagian utara</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> membuat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defisiensi_molibdenum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defisiensi molibdenum (halaman belum tersedia)">defisiensi molibdenum</a>, dan berhubungan dengan peningkatan laju <a href="/wiki/Kanker_esofagus" title="Kanker esofagus">kanker esofagus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Dibandingkan Amerika Serikat, yang memiliki pasokan molibdenum dalam tanah yang lebih besar, orang yang hidup di area tersebut memiliki risiko 16 kali lebih besar terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_sel_skuamus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma sel skuamus (halaman belum tersedia)">karsinoma sel skuamus</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanker_esofagus" title="Kanker esofagus">esofagus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolfram_4">Wolfram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Wolfram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Wolfram">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Wolfram, dengan nomor atom 74, adalah unsur terberat yang diketahui memiliki fungsi biologis, dengan unsur terberat berikutnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Iodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodium">iodium</a> (Z = 53). Ia digunakan oleh beberapa bakteri, tetapi tidak dalam <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase" title="Oksidoreduktase">oksidoreduktase</a> menggunakan wolfram dengan cara yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdenum</a>, dengan menggunakannya dalam kompleks wolfram-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterin (halaman belum tersedia)">pterin</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molibdopterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molibdopterin (halaman belum tersedia)">molibdopterin</a> (molibdopterin, terlepas dari namanya, tidak mengandung molibdenum, tetapi mungkin membentuk kompleks dengan molibdenum atau wolfram yang digunakan oleh organisme hidup). Enzim yang menggunakan wolfram biasanya mereduksi asam karboksilat menjadi aldehida.<a href="#cite_note-tungsten_orgs-87">[87]</a> Wolfram <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase" title="Oksidoreduktase">oksidoreduktase</a> mungkin juga mengkatalisis oksidasi. Enzim pertama yang membutuhkan wolfram diketahui juga memerlukan selenium, dan dalam kasus ini pasangan wolfram-selenium mungkin berfungsi analog dengan pasangan molibdenum-belerang dari beberapa enzim yang memerlukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofaktor_molibdenum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofaktor molibdenum (halaman belum tersedia)">kofaktor molibdenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Salah satu enzim dalam keluarga oksidoreduktase yang kadang-kadang menggunakan wolfram (bakteri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format_dehidrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format dehidrogenase (halaman belum tersedia)">format dehidrogenase</a> H) diketahui menggunakan molibdopterin versi molibdenum-selenium.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asetilen_hidratase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asetilen hidratase (halaman belum tersedia)">Asetilen hidratase</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloenzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaloenzim (halaman belum tersedia)">metaloenzim</a> yang tidak biasa yang mengkatalisis reaksi hidrasi. Dua mekanisme reaksi telah diajukan, yang salah satunya terdapat interaksi langsung antara atom wolfram dan ikatan rangkap tiga C≡C.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Meskipun xantin dehidrogenase yang mengandung wolfram dari bakter telah ditemukan mengandung wolfram-molibdopterin, dan juga selenium berikatan non-protein, kompleks molibdopterin wolfram-selenium belum dijelaskan secara lengkap.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Dalam tanah, logam wolfram teroksidasi menjadi anion <a href="/wiki/Wolframat" title="Wolframat">wolframat</a>. Ia dapat secara selektif maupun tidak diimpor oleh beberapa <a href="/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota">organisme porkariotik</a> dan mungkin mengganti <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">molibdat</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> tertentu. Pengaruhnya pada aksi enzim ini dalam beberapa kasus menghambat, dan beberapa lainnya positif.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Kimia tanah menetukan cara wolfram berpolimerisasi; tanah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkalis (halaman belum tersedia)">alkalis</a> menyebabkan wolframat monomer; tanah <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> menyebabkan wolframat polimer.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natrium_wolframat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natrium wolframat (halaman belum tersedia)">Natrium wolframat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a> telah diteliti pengaruhnya terhadap <a href="/wiki/Cacing_tanah" title="Cacing tanah">cacing tanah</a>. Timbal ditemukan mematikan pada dosis rendah sementara natrium wolframat kurang beracun, tetapi wolframat menghambat total <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">kemampuan reproduksi</a> mereka.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_Juga">Lihat Juga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat Juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat Juga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Golongan 1 (IA)</a> (Logam alkali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Golongan 2 (IIA)</a> (Logam alkali tanah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">Golongan 3 (IIIB)</a> (Logam tanah jarang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">Golongan 4 (IVB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">Golongan 5 (VB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">Golongan 7 (VIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">Golongan 8 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">Golongan 9 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">Golongan 10 (VIIIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">Golongan 11 (IB)</a> (Logam koin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">Golongan 12 (IIB)</a> (Logam volatil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">Golongan 13 (IIIA)</a> (Ikosagen/Triel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">Golongan 14 (IVA)</a> (Kristalogen/Tetrel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">Golongan 15 (VA)</a> (Pniktogen/Pentel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">Golongan 16 (VIA)</a> (Kalkogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Golongan 17 (VIIA)</a> (Halogen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Golongan 18 (VIIIA)</a> (Aerogen/Gas mulia)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schmidt, Max (1968). 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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1125: 215–229. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NYASA1125..215A">2008NYASA1125..215A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1419.003">10.1196/annals.1419.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096847">18096847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tungsten%2C+the+Surprisingly+Positively+Acting+Heavy+Metal+Element+for+Prokaryotes&rft.volume=1125&rft.pages=215-229&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18096847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1419.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NYASA1125..215A&rft.aulast=Andreesen&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Makdessi%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+6" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Petkewich, Rachel A. 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Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. 25 (3): 763. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1897%2F04-578R.1">10.1897/04-578R.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Toxicology+%26+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Tungsten+effects+on+survival%2C+growth%2C+and+reproduction+in+the+earthworm%2C+eisenia+fetida&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=763&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1897%2F04-578R.1&rft.au=Inouye%2C+L.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+golongan+6" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga_2">Lihat juga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">(besar)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tabel_periodik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik" title="Templat:Navbox tabel periodik"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Navbox tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Navbox_tabel_periodik&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tabel_periodik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bentuk tabel periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik#Ikhtisar" title="Tabel periodik">18-kolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_18-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">18-kolom, sel besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)#Tata_letak_32-kolom" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">32-kolom, sel besar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatif</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Alternatif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_antariksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia antariksa (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia antariksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_alternatif#Tabel_periodik_kidal_(Janet,_1928)" title="Tabel periodik alternatif">Tabel kidal Janet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perluasan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Perluasan setelah periode ke-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Fricke (halaman belum tersedia)">Model Fricke</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_perluasan_(versi_besar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik perluasan (versi besar) (halaman belum tersedia)">sel besar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Model Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nama_untuk_kelompok_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama untuk kelompok unsur kimia">Kelompok unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan struktur tabel periodik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1 (Logam alkali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2 (Logam alkali tanah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15 (Pniktogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16 (Kalkogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18 (Gas mulia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Aufbau,_50_columns,_period_8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Aufbau, 50 columns, period 8) (halaman belum tersedia)">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Fricke,_52_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 52 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extended_periodic_table_(by_Pyykk%C3%B6,_50_columns,_periods_8%E2%80%939)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Extended periodic table (by Pyykkö, 50 columns, periods 8–9) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blok_tabel_periodik" title="Blok tabel periodik">Blok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">Blok-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">Blok-p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">Blok-d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">Blok-f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-g">Blok-g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Aufbau" title="Prinsip Aufbau">Prinsip Aufbau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Sifat-sifat_logam,_metaloid_dan_nonlogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifat-sifat logam, metaloid dan nonlogam">kelogaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Superaktinida" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_perluasan#Unsur_di_atas_172" title="Tabel periodik perluasan">Eka-superaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca_transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca transisi">Logam pasca transisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metaloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar metaloid berdasarkan sumbernya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batas_antara_logam_dan_nonlogam" title="Batas antara logam dan nonlogam">Garis batas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kelompok lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_(unsur_nutrisi)" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (unsur nutrisi)">Unsur nutrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_platina" title="Golongan platina">Logam golongan platina</a> (Platinum Group Metals, PGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_tanah_jarang" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur tanah jarang">Unsur tanah jarang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_refraktori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam refraktori (halaman belum tersedia)">Logam refraktori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga">Logam berharga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_koin" title="Logam koin">Logam koin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">Logam mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">Logam berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logam_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam alami">Logam alami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transuranium" title="Unsur transuranium">Unsur transuranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transaktinida" title="Unsur transaktinida">Unsur transaktinida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida mayor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinida_minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinida minor (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktinida minor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Daftar unsur kimia">Senarai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Berdasarkan: <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia">Kelimpahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Komposisi_tubuh_manusia" title="Komposisi tubuh manusia">dalam tubuh manusia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_sifat_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan sifat atom (halaman belum tersedia)">Sifat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_stabilitas_isotop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan stabilitas isotop (halaman belum tersedia)">Stabilitas inti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_produksi_unsur_kimia_dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar produksi unsur kimia dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Produksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbol_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbol (kimia)">Simbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia#Sifat" title="Unsur kimia">Sifat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(berat_atom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (berat atom) (halaman belum tersedia)">Berat atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_(struktur_kristal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik (struktur kristal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Struktur kristal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(afinitas_elektron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (afinitas elektron) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(konfigurasi_elektron)" title="Tabel periodik (konfigurasi elektron)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Allen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Allen) (halaman belum tersedia)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(elektronegativitas_berdasarkan_skala_Pauling)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (elektronegativitas berdasarkan skala Pauling) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pauling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Goldschmidt" title="Klasifikasi Goldschmidt">Klasifikasi Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_(valensi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Tabel periodik (valensi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Valensi maksimum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halaman data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelimpahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jari-jari_atom_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jari-jari atom unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jari-jari atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_didih_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik didih unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik didih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_kritis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik kritis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik kritis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_jenis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massa jenis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Massa jenis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sifat_elastis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sifat elastis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elastisitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistivitas_listrik_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistivitas listrik unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Resistivitas listrik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afinitas_elektron_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afinitas elektron (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Afinitas elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfigurasi elektron unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronegativitas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronegativitas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Elektronegativitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekerasan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekerasan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekerasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapasitas_panas_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapasitas panas unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kapasitas panas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_fusi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas fusi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas fusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panas_penguapan_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panas penguapan unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Panas penguapan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_ionisasi_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi ionisasi unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Energi ionisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_lebur_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik lebur unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Titik lebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tingkat_oksidasi_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar tingkat oksidasi unsur kimia">Tingkat oksidasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laju_suara_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laju suara unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Laju suara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konduktivitas_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konduktivitas termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Konduktivitas termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koefisien_ekspansi_termal_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koefisien ekspansi termal unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Koefisien ekspansi termal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_uap_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan uap unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tekanan uap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_tabel_periodik" title="Sejarah tabel periodik">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsur-unsur_prediksi_Mendeleev" title="Unsur-unsur prediksi Mendeleev">Prediksi Mendeleev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penamaan_unsur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penamaan unsur (halaman belum tersedia)">Penamaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_etimologi_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar etimologi nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Etimologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kontroversi_penamaan_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kontroversi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_tempat_yang_digunakan_dalam_nama_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar tempat yang digunakan dalam nama unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">tempat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_ilmuwan_yang_namanya_digunakan_dalam_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar ilmuwan yang namanya digunakan dalam unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">ilmuwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_dalam_bahasa_di_Asia_Timur" title="Unsur kimia dalam bahasa di Asia Timur">di Asia Timur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat juga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tata_nama_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tata nama kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">nomenklatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_unsur_sistematik" title="Nama unsur sistematik">Nama unsur sistematik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_trivial" title="Nama trivial">Nama trivial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buku:Tabel_periodik" title="Buku:Tabel periodik">Buku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Tabel periodik">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal kimia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsur_golongan_6" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Unsur_golongan_6" title="Templat:Unsur golongan 6"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Unsur golongan 6 (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Unsur_golongan_6&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsur_golongan_6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unsur golongan 6</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Kromium</a> Cr Nomor atom: 24 Berat atom: 51,9961 Titik lebur: 2130,15 K Titik didih: 2944 K Massa jenis: 7,15 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: 1,66 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Molibdenum</a> Mo Nomor atom: 42 Berat atom: 95,96 Titik lebur: 2890,15 K Titik didih: 4912 K Massa jenis: 10,22 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: 2,16 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> W Nomor atom: 74 Berat atom: 183,84 Titik lebur: 3680,15 K Titik didih: 5828 K Massa jenis: 19,25 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: 2,36 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:25%;;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> Sg Nomor atom: 106 Berat atom: [269] Titik lebur: ? K Titik didih: ? K Massa jenis: ? 35 g/cm3 Elektronegativitas: ? </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&oldid=24511429">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_golongan_6&oldid=24511429</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_pranala_luar" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: pranala luar">Galat CS1: pranala luar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Yunani_Kuno" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Yunani Kuno">Artikel mengandung aksara Yunani Kuno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_non-Indonesia" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia">Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 12 Oktober 2023, pukul 08.08.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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