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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenants_and_Declarations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Covenants and Declarations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenants_and_Declarations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_Rules_and_Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_Rules_and_Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Management Rules and Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_Rules_and_Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aid_Programs_and_Diplomatic_Efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aid_Programs_and_Diplomatic_Efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Aid Programs and Diplomatic Efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aid_Programs_and_Diplomatic_Efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_Exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_Exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Economic Exchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_Exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_water_resource_policy_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_water_resource_policy_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Business water resource policy initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_water_resource_policy_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Flood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Drought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans_and_salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans_and_salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Oceans and salinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans_and_salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Freshwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_and_groundwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_and_groundwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4.1</span> <span>Surface and groundwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_and_groundwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4.2</span> <span>Constituencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_water_(runoff)_and_wastewater_discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_water_(runoff)_and_wastewater_discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Surface water (runoff) and wastewater discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_water_(runoff)_and_wastewater_discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wastewater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wastewater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Wastewater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wastewater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Human right to water and sanitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_constraints_on_policy_makers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_constraints_on_policy_makers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Structural constraints on policy makers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_constraints_on_policy_makers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisdictional_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdictional_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Jurisdictional issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdictional_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_information_access_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_information_access_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Typical information access issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_information_access_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-jurisdictional_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-jurisdictional_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Multi-jurisdictional issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-jurisdictional_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ref_expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more complete <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">add missing citation information</a> so that sources are clearly identifiable.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Water resource policy,</b> sometimes called <b>water resource management</b> or <b>water management</b>, encompasses the policy-making processes and legislation that affect the collection, preparation, use, disposal, and protection of water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-term viability of water supply systems poses a significant challenge as a result of water resource depletion, climate change, and population expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water is a necessity for all forms of life as well as industries on which humans are reliant, like technology development and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This global need for clean water access necessitates water resource policy to determine the means of supplying and protecting water resources. Water resource policy varies by region and is dependent on water availability or <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">scarcity</a>, the condition of aquatic systems, and regional needs for water.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since water basins do not align with national borders, water resource policy is also determined by international agreements, also known as <a href="/wiki/Water_politics" title="Water politics">hydropolitics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water quality protection also falls under the umbrella of water resource policy; laws protecting the chemistry, biology, and ecology of aquatic systems by reducing and eliminating <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollution</a>, regulating its usage, and improving the quality are considered water resource policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When developing water resource policies, many different stakeholders, environmental variables, and considerations have to be taken to ensure the health of people and ecosystems are maintained or improved. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_zoning" title="Ocean zoning">ocean zoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">environmental resource</a> management are also encompassed by water resource management, like in the instance of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore wind</a> land leasing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As water scarcity increases with climate change, the need for robust water resource policies will become more prevalent. An estimated 57% of the world's population will experience water scarcity at least one month out of the year by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitigation and updated water resource policies will require interdisciplinary and international collaboration, including government officials, environmental scientists, sociologists, economists, climate modelers, and activists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WorldWaterAvailability.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WorldWaterAvailability.png/500px-WorldWaterAvailability.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WorldWaterAvailability.png/750px-WorldWaterAvailability.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WorldWaterAvailability.png/1000px-WorldWaterAvailability.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>World water availability</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_as_a_resource">Water as a resource</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Water as a resource"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When considering its utility as a resource and developing water resource policy, water can be classified into 4 different categories: green, blue, gray, and virtual water. Blue water is surface and groundwater, like water in rivers, lakes, and aquifers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green water is rainwater that was precipitated on soil that can be used naturally for plants and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray water is water that has been contaminated by human use or proximity. The gray water classification can range from freshwater fertilizer runoff pollution<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to water contaminated from dishwashers and showers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtual water is the water consumed to make an agricultural or industrial product.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calculating virtual water of a commodity is used to determine the water footprint of a country and see how much water they are importing and exporting through their goods.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broad_Types_of_Water_Resource_Policy">Broad Types of Water Resource Policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Broad Types of Water Resource Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreements_Between_Nations">Agreements Between Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agreements Between Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Water_treaties" title="Category:Water treaties">Category:Water_treaties</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Water basins</a> do not align with national borders and an estimated 60% of worldwide freshwater flows across political boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries navigate managing shared water resources by making agreements in the form of <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>. Treaties between nations may enumerate policies, rights and responsibilities. The <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a> adjudicates disputes between nations, including water rights litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 3600 water treaties have existed, including the introduction of more than 150 new ones since 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transboundary water agreements, like treaties, are oftentimes focused on water infrastructure and quality.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> Water resource treaties encompass many types of water like surface water, groundwater, watercourses, and dams.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a water resource can be shared equally, like a river acting as a border between nations, there tends to be less conflict than upstream/downstream water resource sharing agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes treaties establish joint committees between the two or more nations to oversee all water sharing and to ensure that treaty agreements are being met. Two examples of this are the 1996 Ganges Treaty between India and Bangladesh and the 1955 Great Lakes Basin Compact between the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With increasing water scarcity and competition for water resources due to climate change and diminished water quality, there has been an increase in international water-based conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of a water resource interstate agreement is through multi-country agreements to get funding for water resource projects such as building hydropower dams. In Sub-Saharan African countries, China has financed many hydropower projects.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenants_and_Declarations">Covenants and Declarations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Covenants and Declarations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Water Resource Policy, covenants and declarations are nonbinding goals for reaching universal human access to water for drinking and sanitation purposes. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has adopted three covenants and declarations: the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the 1966 <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, and the 1966 <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1996 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights declaration, all 191 UN member states have also signed the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>, which is a further commitment to combat health inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to safe and clean water for drinking and sanitation were fully declared human rights on July 28, 2010 through the UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/64/292.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_Rules_and_Regulations">Management Rules and Regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Management Rules and Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">List of environmental ministries</a></div> <p>Water management rules and regulations dictate different national standards for water quality, like drinking water and environmental water quality standards. For example, in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> authorizes the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> to set the national standards for safe drinking water and set regulations for contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Water_Framework_Directive" title="Water Framework Directive">Water Framework Directive</a> in 2000 to regulate water resource planning, management, and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change" title="Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change">Ministry of Environment and Forests</a> sets the water management policies that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pollution_Control_Board" title="Central Pollution Control Board">Central Pollution Control Board</a> and the State Pollution Control Boards then enforce.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry for Environmental Protection directions national efforts for water management and regulation in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, like the Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aid_Programs_and_Diplomatic_Efforts">Aid Programs and Diplomatic Efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aid Programs and Diplomatic Efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several global organizations have created aid programs and diplomatic efforts to see that progress is being made towards achieving global covenants and declarations regarding water resource access. Because health is closely tied to drinking water and sanitation access, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> focused exclusively on monitoring and reporting progress on water, sanitation and hygiene goals as dictated by the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> convened for a Conference on Water in Mar del Plata to develop recommendations for national water policy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the United Nations declared the 1980s as the International Drinking-water Supply and Sanitation Decade.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the UN sanctioned a task force led by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, World Water Assessment Programme, to report on worldwide freshwater use and sustainability in the World Water Development Report.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/UN-Water" title="UN-Water">UN-Water</a> was formed as an interagency coordination tool to help countries achieve their water resource goals as set by the Millennium Development Goals and make global water governance frameworks.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the United Nations declared 2013 as the International Year of Water Cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as the United Nations' interest in water resource policy for the benefit of human health, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environmental Programme</a> has also done work to improve international water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-profits and non-governmental organizations also play a role in water resource policy. For example, the <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Council" title="World Water Council">World Water Council</a> is an international think tank established in 1996 to help countries and stakeholders with water resource management strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the US Agency for International Development (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a>) developed a Water and Development Strategy in 2013 to help people improve water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (<a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a>) programs and help with water resource management.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Exchanges">Economic Exchanges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic Exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_water" title="Virtual water">Virtual water</a></div> <p>Water Resource Policy also encompasses the economic exchange of water, known as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_water" title="Virtual water">virtual water</a>. The term virtual water is used to understand and quantify the volume of water required for a product or service.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when determining the virtual water trade for agricultural goods, the trade flow rate (ton/yr) would be multiplied by the virtual water content (m<sup>3</sup>/ton) of each type of produce or livestock to determine how much water was exchanged in addition to the good.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to these calculations for virtual water, India, the United States, and China are the top national consumers for virtual water.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critiques for this method have questioned virtual water's relevance in creating water resource policy, but understanding the trade of water may be useful for countries facing <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> to prioritize importation of virtual water instead of exportation of water-intensive goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_water_resource_policy_initiatives">Business water resource policy initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Business water resource policy initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Business_Council_for_Sustainable_Development" title="World Business Council for Sustainable Development">World Business Council for Sustainable Development</a> engages stakeholders in H2OScenarios<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that consider various alternative policies and their effects. </p><p>In June 2011 in Geneva, the Future of Water Virtual Conference addressed water resource sustainability. Issues raised included: water infrastructure monitoring,<sup id="cite_ref-Takadu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takadu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> global <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>, potential resource wars, interaction between water, energy, food and economic activity, the "true value" of "distribution portions of available water" and a putative "investment gap" in water infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Halcrow_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halcrow-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was asserted that climate change will affect scarcity of water but the water security presentation emphasized that a combined effect with population growth "could be devastating".<sup id="cite_ref-Halcrow_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halcrow-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identified corporate water related risks include physical supply, regulatory and product reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Halcrow_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halcrow-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>This forum indicated policy concerns with: trade barriers, price supports, treatment of water as a <a href="/wiki/Free_good" title="Free good">free good</a> creates underpricing of 98% of water,<sup id="cite_ref-Halcrow_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halcrow-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> need to intensify debate, and need to harmonize public/private sectors<sup id="cite_ref-Halcrow_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halcrow-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freshwater resources on earth are under increasing stress and depletion because of pollution, climate change, and consumptive use.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flood">Flood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_and_University,_Charlottesville,_during_flash_flood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Main_and_University%2C_Charlottesville%2C_during_flash_flood.jpg/220px-Main_and_University%2C_Charlottesville%2C_during_flash_flood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Main_and_University%2C_Charlottesville%2C_during_flash_flood.jpg/330px-Main_and_University%2C_Charlottesville%2C_during_flash_flood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Main_and_University%2C_Charlottesville%2C_during_flash_flood.jpg/440px-Main_and_University%2C_Charlottesville%2C_during_flash_flood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Flash flood in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Water can produce a natural disaster in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">rogue waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a>. Land-based floods can originate from infrastructural issues like bursting dams or levee failure during surges, as well as environmental phenomena like rivers overflowing their banks during increased rainfall events, urban stormwater flooding, or snowmelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_438–447_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_438–447-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased magnitude and frequency of floods are a result of urbanization and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urbanization increases <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">stormwater runoff</a> during large rain events. Surface runoff is water that flows when heavy rains do not infiltrate soil; excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flowing over the land. This is a major component of the water cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channel</a> is also called a <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint source</a>. When runoff flows along the ground, it can pick up <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contaminants</a> including, but not limited to petroleum, pesticides, or fertilizers that become <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> or nonpoint source pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisMasten20132_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisMasten20132-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water resource policy encompasses <a href="/wiki/Flood_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood risk management">flood risk management</a> and development of infrastructure to mitigate damages from floods.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_438–447_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_438–447-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water resource policy solutions to flooding include land drainage for agriculture, urban planning focused on flood prevention, rainwater harvesting, and permeable surfacing of developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drought">Drought</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yufeng_Reservoir_during_2015_drought_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yufeng_Reservoir_during_2015_drought_-_01.jpg/220px-Yufeng_Reservoir_during_2015_drought_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yufeng_Reservoir_during_2015_drought_-_01.jpg/330px-Yufeng_Reservoir_during_2015_drought_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yufeng_Reservoir_during_2015_drought_-_01.jpg/440px-Yufeng_Reservoir_during_2015_drought_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Partially emptied Yufeng Reservoir during a drought in 2015. Photo taken in Hainan, China.</figcaption></figure> <p>A drought is defined as a period of dry conditions with either less precipitation or more depleted water reserves than normal.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because droughts are defined relative to the area's normal weather patterns and water availability, the definition varies from place to place. Overall, defining a drought takes into consideration 1.) the duration, intensity, and area of lessened precipitation or water availability and 2.) the estimated environmental, social and economic impact of the limited water.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Colorado, paleohydrologic data, or tree rings from areas affected by drought, have been used to define drought extent and understand the impact of past droughts to improve future water resource planning and decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With climate change, the frequency and intensity of droughts have been increasing but water resource policy is typically reactive instead of proactive.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Droughts have negative economic impacts on many sectors including agriculture, environment, energy production and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local and national governments normally respond to droughts once they happen and are in crisis mode, whereas a robust policy would include early drought monitoring systems, preparedness plans, energy response programs, and impact assessment and management procedures to help mitigate the effects of drought on the economy and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different nations have different policies regarding national droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the High-level Meeting on National Drought Policy (HMNDP) was organized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>, the Secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD) and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations (FAO) to help nations develop drought preparedness policies and plans for international emergency relief efforts in the event of droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 414 participants from 87 countries that unanimously adopted the HMNDP declaration at the end of the meeting rallying national governments to implement drought management policies.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceans_and_salinity">Oceans and salinity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oceans and salinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fishery.jpg/170px-Fishery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Fishery.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>A White Hake fishery from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NOAA): http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/history/</figcaption></figure> <p>The oceans provide many important resources for the planet and humans including: transportation, marine life, food, minerals, oil, natural gas, and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water resource policy involving the ocean includes jurisdiction and regulation issues, pollution regulation and reduction, over exploitation prevention, and desalination to make drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National jurisdictions of the oceans are dictated by coastal proximity. Oceans along coastlines of nations are considered territories of that nation. For the first 12 nautical miles away from the nation's coastal border, the country has rights to the ocean for its resources, including fish and minerals, and it considered a continuation of that nation's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countries' <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">economic zone</a>, consisting of both the water column and the seafloor, continues out for 200 nautical miles where they are still entitled to the areas' resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Oceans</a> are shared by 45 state parties under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, so the status and ownership of Antarctic and Southern Ocean resources is unclear legally.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some areas are conserved as <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine Protected Areas</a> (MPAs) and resource exploitation is prohibited. For example, by 1997 off the coast of California, there were 103 MPAs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oceans are becoming polluted and exploited for resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels, the oceans are experiencing <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decreasing the pH of the ocean makes it more difficult for marine organisms, like <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, to make their calcium carbonate shells.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, pollution is threatening oceanic resources, especially near coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil rigs and undersea mineral extraction can create problems that affect shorelines, marine life, fisheries and human safety. Decommissioning of such operations has another set of issues. <a href="/wiki/Rigs-to-reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigs-to-reefs">Rigs-to-reefs</a> is a proposal for using obsolete oil rigs as substrate for <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> that has failed to reach consensus. There have been oil tanker accidents and oil pipeline spills like the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ballast_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast water">Ballast water</a>, fuel/oil leaks and trash originating from ships foul harbors, reefs and estuaries pollute the oceans. Ballast water may contain toxins, invasive plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>, or industrially processed materials that have been dumped in the oceans, threatens the wellbeing and biodiversity of marine organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along coasts, oceans are threatened by land runoff that includes fertilizers, insecticides, chemicals, and organic pollutants that can cause <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> also have an effect on oceans and can fall under water resource policy rules. According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">UN Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), 87% of the fisheries worldwide are either fully exploited or overexploited.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Regional_fisheries_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fisheries management organisation">Regional fisheries management organizations</a> (RFMOs) control and oversee high sea fisheries under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">UN Convention of the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS) and the UN FishStocks Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor management by RFMOs, government subsidies for fish, and illegal fish catches have contributed to overfishing and over exploitation of ocean resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM) is an attempt to correct some RFMO mismanagement by limiting biomass that is allowed to be removed by fisheries, and by making sure fishing is more targeted for the desired species.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One problem EBFM tries to eliminate is <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a>, or unintentional catching of the wrong fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/White_marlin" title="White marlin">white marlin</a>, an endangered billfish, is mostly accidentally caught and killed by swordfish and tuna longline fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a> of seawater is becoming a resource for coastal nations needing freshwater for industry and drinking, particularly areas with over exploited groundwater aquifers and surface water, pollution of freshwater, or unreliable water supply due to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desalination is particularly popular in arid, water-stressed regions like Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Cyprus, Israel, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Australia, and California, US.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freshwater">Freshwater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Freshwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Surface_and_groundwater">Surface and groundwater</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Surface and groundwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface water and groundwater can be studied and managed as separate resources as a single resource in multiple forms.<sup id="cite_ref-circ1139_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circ1139-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurisdictions typically distinguish three recognized groundwater classifications: subterranean streams, underflow of surface waters, and percolating groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Constituencies">Constituencies</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Constituencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drinking water and water for utilitarian uses such as washing, crop cultivation and manufacture is competed for by various constituencies: </p> <ul><li>Residential</li> <li>Agriculture. "Many rural people practice subsistence rain fed agriculture as a basic livelihood strategy, and as such are vulnerable to the effects of drought or flood that can diminish or destroy a harvest. "<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction</li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Municipal or institutional activities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_water_(runoff)_and_wastewater_discharge"><span id="Surface_water_.28runoff.29_and_wastewater_discharge"></span>Surface water (runoff) and wastewater discharge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Surface water (runoff) and wastewater discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regulatory bodies address piped waste water discharges to surface water that include riparian and ocean ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These review bodies are charged with protecting wilderness ecology, wildlife habitat, drinking water, agricultural irrigation and fisheries. Stormwater discharge can carry fertilizer residue and bacterial contamination from domestic and wild animals.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have the authority to make orders which are binding upon private actors such as international corporations<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not hesitate to exercise the police powers of the state. Water agencies have statutory mandate which in many jurisdictions is resilient to pressure from constituents and lawmakers in which they on occasion stand their ground despite heated opposition from agricultural interests<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Boards<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> enjoy strong support from environmental concerns such as Greenpeace,Heal the Ocean and Channelkeepers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Water quality issues or sanitation concerns reuse or water recycling and pollution control which in turn breaks out into stormwater and wastewater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wastewater">Wastewater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wastewater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></div> <p>Wastewater is water that has been discharged from human use. The primary discharges flow from the following sources: residences, commercial properties, industry, and agriculture. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> is technically wastewater contaminated with fecal and similar animal waste byproducts, but is frequently used as a synonym for wastewater. Origination includes <a href="/wiki/Cesspool" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesspool">cesspool</a> and sewage outfall pipes. </p><p>Water treatment is subject to the same overlapping jurisdictional constraints which affect other aspects of water policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Poulantzas1978_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulantzas1978-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, levels of <a href="/wiki/Chloramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloramine">chloramines</a> with their resulting toxic <a href="/wiki/Trihalomethane" title="Trihalomethane">trihalomethane</a> by-product are subject to Federal guidelines even though water management implementing those policy constraints are carried out by local water boards.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Human right to water and sanitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" 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.thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boy_drinks_from_a_tap_at_a_NEWAH_WASH_water_project_in_Puware_Shikhar,_Udayapur_District,_Nepal._(10677936093).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drinking water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boy_drinks_from_a_tap_at_a_NEWAH_WASH_water_project_in_Puware_Shikhar%2C_Udayapur_District%2C_Nepal._%2810677936093%29.jpg/192px-Boy_drinks_from_a_tap_at_a_NEWAH_WASH_water_project_in_Puware_Shikhar%2C_Udayapur_District%2C_Nepal._%2810677936093%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boy_drinks_from_a_tap_at_a_NEWAH_WASH_water_project_in_Puware_Shikhar%2C_Udayapur_District%2C_Nepal._%2810677936093%29.jpg/288px-Boy_drinks_from_a_tap_at_a_NEWAH_WASH_water_project_in_Puware_Shikhar%2C_Udayapur_District%2C_Nepal._%2810677936093%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boy_drinks_from_a_tap_at_a_NEWAH_WASH_water_project_in_Puware_Shikhar%2C_Udayapur_District%2C_Nepal._%2810677936093%29.jpg/384px-Boy_drinks_from_a_tap_at_a_NEWAH_WASH_water_project_in_Puware_Shikhar%2C_Udayapur_District%2C_Nepal._%2810677936093%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:white">Boy drinks from a tap at a NEWAH WASH water project in Nepal</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist ----"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/75px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/113px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/150px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditors%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or 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liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rights" title="Template:Rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rights" title="Template talk:Rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanitation_work_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sanitation_work_3.jpg/220px-Sanitation_work_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sanitation_work_3.jpg/330px-Sanitation_work_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sanitation_work_3.jpg/440px-Sanitation_work_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>people sanitizing the environment in Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">human right to water and sanitation</a> (HRWS) is a principle stating that clean <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> are a universal <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a> because of their high importance in sustaining every person's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:8_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was recognized as a human right by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on 28 July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_HRWS_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_HRWS-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HRWS has been recognized in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> through <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">human rights treaties</a>, declarations and other standards. Some commentators have based an argument for the existence of a universal human right to water on grounds independent of the 2010 General Assembly resolution, such as Article 11.1 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR); among those commentators, those who accept the existence of international <i><a href="/wiki/Ius_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius cogens">ius cogens</a></i> and consider it to include the Covenant's provisions hold that such a right is a universally binding principle of international law. Other treaties that explicitly recognize the HRWS include the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (CEDAW) and the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> (CRC). </p><p>The clearest definition of the human right to water was issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> in General Comment 15 drafted in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a non-binding interpretation that access to water was a condition for the enjoyment of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">right to an adequate standard of living</a>, inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and therefore a human right. It stated: "The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses."<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first resolutions about the HRWS were passed by the UN General Assembly and the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stated that there was aman right to sanitation connected to the human right to water, since the lack of sanitation reduces the quality of water downstream, so subsequent discussions have continued emphasizing both rights together. In July 2010, United Nations (UN) General Assembly Resolution 64/292 reasserted the human right to receive safe, affordable, and clean accessible water and sanitation services.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that General Assembly, it stated that for the comprehension of enjoyment in life and all human rights, safe and clean drinking water as well as sanitation is acknowledged as a human right.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Assembly Resolution 64/292's assertion of a free human right of access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation raises issues regarding governmental rights to control and responsibilities for securing that water and sanitation. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> has stated that broad recognition of the significance of accessing dependable and clean water and sanitation services will promote wide expansion of the achievement of a healthy and fulfilling life.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A revised UN resolution in 2015 highlighted that the two rights were separate but equal.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HRWS obliges governments to ensure that people can enjoy quality, available, acceptable, accessible, and affordable water and sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affordability of water considers the extent to which the cost of water becomes inhibitive such that it requires one to sacrifice access to other essential goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, a rule of thumb for the affordability of water is that it should not surpass 3–5% of households' income.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessibility of water considers the time taken, convenience in reaching the source and risks involved while getting to the source of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water must be accessible to every citizen, meaning that water should not be further than 1,000 meters or 3,280 feet and must be within 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Availability of water considers whether the supply of water is available in adequate amounts, reliable and sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quality of water considers whether water is safe for consumption, including for drinking or other activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For acceptability of water, it must not have any odor and should not consist of any color.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:8_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The ICESCR requires signatory countries to progressively achieve and respect all human rights, including those of water and sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They should work quickly and efficiently to increase access and improve service.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:1_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_constraints_on_policy_makers">Structural constraints on policy makers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Structural constraints on policy makers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Policies are implemented by organizational entities created by government exercise of state power. However, all such entities are subject to constraints upon their autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Poulantzas1978_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulantzas1978-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisdictional_issues">Jurisdictional issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jurisdictional issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subject matter and geographic jurisdiction are distinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-Black1999_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black1999-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurisdiction of any water agency is limited by political boundaries and by enabling legislation. In some cases, limits target specific types of uses (wilderness, agricultural, urban-residential, urban-commercial, etc.) A second part of jurisdictional limitation governs the subject matter that the agency controls, such as flood control, water supply and sanitation, etc. In many locations, agencies may face unclear or overlapping authority, increasing conflicts and delaying conflict resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typical_information_access_issue">Typical information access issue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Typical information access issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As reported by the non-partisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Society_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Society Institute (page does not exist)">Civil Society Institute</a>, a 2005 US Congressional study on water supply was suppressed and became the target of a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multi-jurisdictional_issues">Multi-jurisdictional issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Multi-jurisdictional issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One jurisdiction's projects may cause problems in other jurisdictions. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey County, California</a> controls a body of water that acts as a reservoir for <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Obispo County">San Luis Obispo County</a>. The specific responsibilities for managing the resource must therefore be negotiated </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Infrastructure">Wet Infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:05-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripp, James T. 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Equality in Water and Sanitation Services. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. pp. 26–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315471532-2">10.4324/9781315471532-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-47153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-47153-2"><bdi>978-1-315-47153-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204491938">204491938</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Rights+to+Water+and+Sanitation&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%3B+New+York&rft.series=Equality+in+Water+and+Sanitation+Services&rft.pages=26-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204491938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315471532-2&rft.isbn=978-1-315-47153-2&rft.aulast=Roaf&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft.au=Albuquerque%2C+Catarina+de&rft.au=Heller%2C+L%C3%A9o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315471532-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"III.S.8 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64/292 (On the Right to Water and Sanitation) (28 July 2010)". <i>International Law & World Order</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2012. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Filwo-iiis8">10.1163/ilwo-iiis8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20870-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20870-4"><bdi>978-90-04-20870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.S.8+United+Nations+General+Assembly+Resolution+64%2F292+%28On+the+Right+to+Water+and+Sanitation%29+%2828+July+2010%29&rft.btitle=International+Law+%26+World+Order&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Filwo-iiis8&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20870-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml">"International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation"</a>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Decade+for+Action+%27Water+for+Life%27+2005-2015.+Focus+Areas%3A+The+human+right+to+water+and+sanitation&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwaterforlifedecade%2Fhuman_right_to_water.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black1999-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black1999_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1999" class="citation book cs1">Black, Henry Campbell (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKcCngEACAAJ"><i>Black's Law Dictionary</i></a>. West Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-22864-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-22864-2"><bdi>978-0-314-22864-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&rft.pub=West+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-314-22864-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Henry+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKcCngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017101127/http://www.civilsocietyinstitute.org/media/062311release.cfm">"Foia Lawsuit Targets U.S. Department Of Energy For Withholding 'Water Energy Roadmap' Ordered By Congress"</a>. Civilsocietyinstitute.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilsocietyinstitute.org/media/062311release.cfm">the original</a> on 2014-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foia+Lawsuit+Targets+U.S.+Department+Of+Energy+For+Withholding+%27Water+Energy+Roadmap%27+Ordered+By+Congress&rft.pub=Civilsocietyinstitute.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilsocietyinstitute.org%2Fmedia%2F062311release.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resource_policy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615051911/http://www.blm.gov/nstc/WaterLaws/california.html">California Water Rights Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_quality.html">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Healthy Water - Water Quality</a> - Information on water quality, water testing, and understanding consumer confidence reports on water contaminants</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acwi.gov/monitoring/">U.S. National Water Quality Monitoring Council (NWQMC)</a> - Partnership of federal and state agencies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa">U.S. Geological Survey</a> - National Water Quality Assessment Program</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726074309/http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Water Quality Monitoring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201154918/http://www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/">U.S. National Agricultural Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324205603/http://awra.org/">American Water Resources Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemstat.org">Global Water Quality online database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820080452/http://www.beaches911.org/">Beaches 911 - U.S. Beach Water Quality Monitoring </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaioneMajone-LehtoR._Monti2000" class="citation book cs1">Maione, U.; Majone-Lehto, B.; R. Monti (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsf1ScQZGHQC"><i>New Trends in Water and Environmental Engineering for Safety and Life</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 104–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5809-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5809-138-3"><bdi>978-90-5809-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Trends+in+Water+and+Environmental+Engineering+for+Safety+and+Life&rft.pages=104-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-5809-138-3&rft.aulast=Maione&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.au=Majone-Lehto%2C+B.&rft.au=R.+Monti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drsf1ScQZGHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrans1997" class="citation book cs1">Brans, Edward H. P. (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHaJYSGVbJ0C"><i>The Scarcity of Water: Emerging Legal and Policy Responses</i></a>. Kluwer Law International. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0657-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0657-5"><bdi>978-90-411-0657-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scarcity+of+Water%3A+Emerging+Legal+and+Policy+Responses&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-411-0657-5&rft.aulast=Brans&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHaJYSGVbJ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBressersLulofs2010" class="citation book cs1">Bressers, Hans; Lulofs, Kris (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jScUexgfiekC"><i>Governance and Complexity in Water Management: Creating Cooperation Through Boundary Spanning Strategies</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 100–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-324-3"><bdi>978-1-84980-324-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+and+Complexity+in+Water+Management%3A+Creating+Cooperation+Through+Boundary+Spanning+Strategies&rft.pages=100-&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84980-324-3&rft.aulast=Bressers&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Lulofs%2C+Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjScUexgfiekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resource+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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id="Water" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM<sub>2.5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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