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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Growth pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaves_and_stems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaves_and_stems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Leaves and stems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaves_and_stems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflorescence_and_fruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflorescence_and_fruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inflorescence and fruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflorescence_and_fruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Fruits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pachycaul_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pachycaul_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pachycaul species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pachycaul_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apocynaceae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دفلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دفلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99ndirkimil%C9%99r" title="Kəndirkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəndirkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کندیر کیمی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کندیر کیمی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кутравыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кутравыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Олеандрови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Олеандрови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocin%C3%A0cies" title="Apocinàcies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apocinàcies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toje%C5%A1%C5%A5ovit%C3%A9" title="Toješťovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toješťovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singr%C3%B8n-familien" title="Singrøn-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Singrøn-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundsgiftgew%C3%A4chse" title="Hundsgiftgewächse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hundsgiftgewächse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerakoolulised" title="Koerakoolulised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koerakoolulised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocinacoj" title="Apocinacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apocinacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خرزهره‌ایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرزهره‌ایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EC%A3%BD%EB%8F%84%EA%B3%BC" title="협죽도과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협죽도과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="एपोसाइनेसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एपोसाइनेसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimzelenovke" title="Zimzelenovke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zimzelenovke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%ADu%C3%A6tt" title="Neríuætt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neríuætt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הרדופיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרדופיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქენდირისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქენდირისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кендір тұқымдасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кендір тұқымдасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Кутра котыр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кутра котыр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AEleya_kinfan" title="Famîleya kinfan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Famîleya kinfan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandru_dzimta" title="Oleandru dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oleandru dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepukiniai" title="Stepukiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stepukiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%A9ngf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Meténgfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Meténgfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="അപ്പോസൈനേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പോസൈനേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सप्तपर्णी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सप्तपर्णी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="دفليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دفليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maagdenpalmfamilie" title="Maagdenpalmfamilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maagdenpalmfamilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%81%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E7%A7%91" title="キョウチクトウ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キョウチクトウ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravmyrtfamilien" title="Gravmyrtfamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravmyrtfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendirdoshlar" title="Kendirdoshlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kendirdoshlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="کنیر ٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنیر ٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Кутра котыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кутра котыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinowate" title="Toinowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toinowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allqumiyu_yura_rikch%27aq_ayllu" title="Allqumiyu yura rikch'aq ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allqumiyu yura rikch'aq ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Кутровые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кутровые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimzelenovke" title="Zimzelenovke – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zimzelenovke" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimzelenovke" title="Zimzelenovke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zimzelenovke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanterikasvit" title="Oleanterikasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oleanterikasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanderv%C3%A4xter" title="Oleanderväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oleanderväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87" title="அபோசினேசியே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அபோசினேசியே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF" title="అపోసైనేసి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అపోసైనేసి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94" title="วงศ์ตีนเป็ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์ตีนเป็ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Барвінкові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барвінкові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_La_b%E1%BB%91_ma" title="Họ La bố ma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ La bố ma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintchac%C3%AAyes" title="Vintchacêyes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vintchacêyes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Apocynaceae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B9%E7%AB%B9%E6%A1%83%E7%A7%91" title="夹竹桃科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夹竹桃科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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searchaux" style="display:none">Dogbane and oleander family of flowering plants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_subfamilies_and_genera_of_Apocynaceae" title="List of subfamilies and genera of Apocynaceae">List of subfamilies and genera of Apocynaceae</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Apocynaceae </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apocynum_cannabinum_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Apocynum_cannabinum_5.jpg/220px-Apocynum_cannabinum_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Apocynum_cannabinum_5.jpg/330px-Apocynum_cannabinum_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Apocynum_cannabinum_5.jpg/440px-Apocynum_cannabinum_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum_cannabinum" title="Apocynum cannabinum">Apocynum cannabinum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Apocynaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apocynaceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Juss.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum" title="Apocynum">Apocynum</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Asclepiadaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen" title="Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen">Borkh.</a></small> (nom. cons.)</li> <li>Periplocaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schlechter" title="Rudolf Schlechter">Schltr.</a></small> (nom. cons.)</li> <li>Plumeriaceae <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Fedorowitsch_Horaninow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (page does not exist)">Horan.</a></small></li> <li>Stapeliaceae <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Fedorowitsch_Horaninow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (page does not exist)">Horan.</a></small></li> <li>Vincaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Chrysanth_von_Vest" title="Lorenz Chrysanth von Vest">Vest</a></small></li> <li>Willughbeiaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Georg_Agardh" title="Jacob Georg Agardh">J. Agardh</a></small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Apocynaceae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum" title="Apocynum">Apocynum</a></i>, Greek for "dog-away") is a family of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the <b>dogbane family</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because some taxa were used as dog poison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the family are native to the European, Asian, African, Australian, and American tropics or subtropics, with some temperate members.<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former family Asclepiadaceae (now known as <a href="/wiki/Asclepiadoideae" title="Asclepiadoideae">Asclepiadoideae</a>) is considered a subfamily of Apocynaceae and contains 348 genera. A list of Apocynaceae genera may be found <a href="/wiki/List_of_subfamilies_and_genera_of_Apocynaceae" title="List of subfamilies and genera of Apocynaceae">here</a>. </p><p>Many species are tall trees found in tropical forests, but some grow in tropical dry (<a href="/wiki/Xeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeric">xeric</a>) environments. Also <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> herbs from <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zones</a> occur. Many of these plants have milky latex, and many species are poisonous if ingested, the family being rich in genera containing <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glycosides">cardiac glycosides</a>, those containing the latter often finding use as arrow poisons. Some genera of Apocynaceae, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Adenium" title="Adenium">Adenium</a></i>, bleed clear sap without latex when damaged, and others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pachypodium" title="Pachypodium">Pachypodium</a></i>, have milky latex apart from their sap. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG/170px-Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG/255px-Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG/340px-Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a></i>, arrangement of leaves</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_pattern">Growth pattern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dogbane/milkweed<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> family includes annual plants, perennial herbs, stem succulents, woody shrubs, trees, or vines.<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jepson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jepson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most exude a milky latex when cut.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaves_and_stems">Leaves and stems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leaves and stems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leaves are <a href="/wiki/Simple_(leaf)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple (leaf)">simple</a>. They may appear one at a time (singly) with each occurrence on <a href="/wiki/Alternate_(leaf)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate (leaf)">alternating</a> sides of the stem,<sup id="cite_ref-Jepson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jepson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but usually occur in pairs (and rarely in <a href="/wiki/Whorls_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whorls (botany)">whorls</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When paired, they occur on opposite sides of the stem (opposite), with each pair occurring at an angle rotated 90° to the pair below it (<a href="/wiki/Decussate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussate">decussate</a>). </p><p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipule</a> (a small leaf-like structure at the base of the leaf stem), or stipules are small and sometimes finger-like.<sup id="cite_ref-Jepson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jepson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflorescence_and_fruit">Inflorescence and fruit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inflorescence and fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhigospira_quadrangularis_On_the_Apocynaceae_of_South_America,_with_some_preliminary_remarks_on_the_whole_family_(1878)_(20720691296)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rhigospira_quadrangularis_On_the_Apocynaceae_of_South_America%2C_with_some_preliminary_remarks_on_the_whole_family_%281878%29_%2820720691296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-Rhigospira_quadrangularis_On_the_Apocynaceae_of_South_America%2C_with_some_preliminary_remarks_on_the_whole_family_%281878%29_%2820720691296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rhigospira_quadrangularis_On_the_Apocynaceae_of_South_America%2C_with_some_preliminary_remarks_on_the_whole_family_%281878%29_%2820720691296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/435px-Rhigospira_quadrangularis_On_the_Apocynaceae_of_South_America%2C_with_some_preliminary_remarks_on_the_whole_family_%281878%29_%2820720691296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rhigospira_quadrangularis_On_the_Apocynaceae_of_South_America%2C_with_some_preliminary_remarks_on_the_whole_family_%281878%29_%2820720691296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/580px-Rhigospira_quadrangularis_On_the_Apocynaceae_of_South_America%2C_with_some_preliminary_remarks_on_the_whole_family_%281878%29_%2820720691296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption><i>Rhigospira quadrangularis</i>, portion of a plant. 1) the inflorescence and 2) a flower, <i>to scale</i>; 3) corolla in bud, showing the pyramidal form of the erect segments in aestivation and 4) the same cut open when expanded, showing their simple sinistrorse convolution and the nearly basal position of the stamens, <i>both magnified</i>; 5) the calyx, disk, very short style, clavuncle, and stigmata, <i>to scale</i>; 6) the same, <i>magnified</i>; 7) a stamen, <i>much magnified</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-miers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Flowers have radial symmetry (<a href="/wiki/Actinomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomorphic">actinomorphic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are borne in heads that are <a href="/wiki/Cymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymes">cymes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">racemes</a>, or are solitary in axils.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Perfect_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect flower">perfect</a> (bisexual), with a <a href="/wiki/Synsepal" title="Synsepal">synsepalous</a>, five-lobed <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">calyx</a> united into a tube at the base.<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inflorescences are terminal or <a href="/wiki/Axillary_bud" title="Axillary bud">axillary</a>. Five petals are united into a tube with four or five <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">epipetalous stamens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> head is swollen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollen is transported in foam.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a> is usually <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)#Superior_ovary" title="Ovary (botany)">superior</a>, <i>bicarpellary,</i> and <i>apocarpous,</i><sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a common fused style and stigma. (Fig. 5. and Fig.6. in the illustration of <i><a href="/wiki/Rhigospira_quadrangularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhigospira quadrangularis">Rhigospira quadrangularis</a></i> show a typical tripartite style which divides into three zones (specialised for pollen deposition, viscin secretion, and the reception of pollen).<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fruit is a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a>, or a (frequently paired) <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">follicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BotanicalReview2000_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BotanicalReview2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeds are often winged or have appendages of long silky hairs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_subfamilies_and_genera_of_Apocynaceae" title="List of subfamilies and genera of Apocynaceae">List of subfamilies and genera of Apocynaceae</a></div> <p>As of 2012, the family was described as comprising some 5,100 species, in five subfamilies:<sup id="cite_ref-NazarChase13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NazarChase13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocynoideae" title="Apocynoideae">Apocynoideae</a> Burnett, 1835</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiadoideae" title="Asclepiadoideae">Asclepiadoideae</a> Burnett, 1835 (incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Asclepiadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepiadaceae">Asclepiadaceae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplocoideae" title="Periplocoideae">Periplocoideae</a> Endl., 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauvolfioideae" title="Rauvolfioideae">Rauvolfioideae</a> Kostel., 1834</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secamonoideae" title="Secamonoideae">Secamonoideae</a> Endl., 1838</li></ul> <p>The former family Asclepiadaceae is included in Apocynaceae according to the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperm</a> Phylogeny Group III (<a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III</a>) modern, largely molecular-based system of flowering plant taxonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-APGIII_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APGIII-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An updated classification, including 366 genera, 25 tribes, and 49 subtribes, was published in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Endress2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endress2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>376 genera are currently accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Apocynaceae" title="Special:EditPage/Apocynaceae">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions: </p> <ul><li>In the tropical forests and swamps of <a href="/wiki/Indomalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomalaya">Indomalaya</a>: small to very tall evergreen trees up to 80 m (260 ft) tall, often with buttress roots, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alstonia" title="Alstonia">Alstonia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dyera" title="Dyera">Dyera</a>.</i></li> <li>In Australia: occurs in all habitats; about 46 genera and about 200 species, including about 20 naturalised; herbs, vines, shrubs and trees.<sup id="cite_ref-AVH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RFK_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFK-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In deciduous forests of Africa, India, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-China" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-China">Indo-China</a>: smaller trees such as <i><a href="/wiki/Carissa" title="Carissa">Carissa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wrightia" title="Wrightia">Wrightia</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Holarrhena" title="Holarrhena">Holarrhena</a></i></li> <li>In tropical America, India, Myanmar, and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rauvolfia" title="Rauvolfia">Rauvolfia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tabernaemontana" title="Tabernaemontana">Tabernaemontana</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acokanthera" title="Acokanthera">Acokanthera</a>.</i></li> <li>In Central America: <i><a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">Plumeria</a></i>, or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.</li> <li>In South America, Africa, and Madagascar: many <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Landolphia" title="Landolphia">Landolphia</a></i></li> <li>In the Mediterranean region: <i><a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="Nerium">Nerium</a></i>, with the well-known oleander or be-still tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Nerium_oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerium oleander">Nerium oleander</a></i>), and Apple of Sodom (<i><a href="/wiki/Calotropis_procera" title="Calotropis procera">Calotropis procera</a></i>), with other (<i><a href="/wiki/Calotropis" title="Calotropis">Calotropis</a></i>) species extending into South Asia.</li> <li>The only genera found in temperate Europe away from the Mediterranean are <i><a href="/wiki/Vinca" title="Vinca">Vinca</a></i> (Rauvolfioideae) and <i><a href="/wiki/Vincetoxicum" title="Vincetoxicum">Vincetoxicum</a></i> (Asclepiadoideae). Also <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">Asclepias syriaca</a></i> is an invasive weed (e. g., in many areas of Ukraine).</li> <li>In North America: <i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum" title="Apocynum">Apocynum</a></i>, dogbane or Indian hemp, including <i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum_cannabinum" title="Apocynum cannabinum">Apocynum cannabinum</a></i>, a traditional source of fiber. Also the bluestars, <i><a href="/wiki/Amsonia" title="Amsonia">Amsonia</a></i>, herbaceous perennials of upright habit, grown as ornamental plants for their attractive flowers.</li> <li>In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe) and Madagascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of the eastern side of Madagascar, and never above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) for the entire island: <i><a href="/wiki/Pachypodium" title="Pachypodium">Pachypodium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fockea" title="Fockea">Fockea</a>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several genera are preferred larval host plants for the <a href="/wiki/Queen_(butterfly)" title="Queen (butterfly)">Queen Butterfly</a> (<i>Danaus gilippus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many species of plants from the family Apocynaceae have some toxicity, with some being extremely poisonous if parts are ingested, or if they are not handled properly. Genera containing <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">cardiac glycosides</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Cerbera" title="Cerbera">Cerbera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="Nerium">Nerium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">Asclepias</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cascabela" title="Cascabela">Cascabela</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Strophanthus" title="Strophanthus">Strophanthus</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Acokanthera" title="Acokanthera">Acokanthera</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum" title="Apocynum">Apocynum</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Thevetia" title="Thevetia">Thevetia</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.—have therapeutic ranges, but are often associated with accidental poisonings, in many cases lethal (see below). <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">Alkaloid</a>-producing species like <i><a href="/wiki/Rauvolfia_serpentina" title="Rauvolfia serpentina">Rauvolfia serpentina</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Catharanthus_roseus" title="Catharanthus roseus">Catharanthus roseus</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></i> are likewise the source of compounds with therapeutic ranges, but which have significant associated toxicities if not taken in appropriate doses and in controlled fashion. (See below) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several members of the family Apocynaceae have had economic uses in the past. Several are sources of important <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural products</a>—pharmacologic tool compounds and drug research candidates, and in some cases actual prescription drugs. <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a>, which affect heart function, are a ready example. Genera studied and known to contain such glycosides include <i><a href="/wiki/Acokanthera" title="Acokanthera">Acokanthera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum" title="Apocynum">Apocynum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cerbera" title="Cerbera">Cerbera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="Nerium">Nerium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thevetia" title="Thevetia">Thevetia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Strophanthus" title="Strophanthus">Strophanthus</a>.</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Rauvolfia_serpentina" title="Rauvolfia serpentina">Rauvolfia serpentina</a></i> (Indian snakeroot) contains the alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a>, which has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic drug but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Catharanthus_roseus" title="Catharanthus roseus">Catharanthus roseus</a></i> yields alkaloids used in the treatment of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voacanga_africana" title="Voacanga africana">Voacanga africana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabernaemontana_undulata" title="Tabernaemontana undulata">Tabernaemontana undulata</a></i> contain the alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">ibogaine</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drug</a> which may help with drug addiction, but which has significant adverse effects,<sup id="cite_ref-Koe2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koe2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with ibogaine being both cardiotoxic and neurotoxic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ajmalicine" title="Ajmalicine">Ajmalicine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> found in <i><a href="/wiki/Rauvolfia" title="Rauvolfia">Rauvolfia</a></i> spp., <i><a href="/wiki/Catharanthus_roseus" title="Catharanthus roseus">Catharanthus roseus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-306-45465-3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-306-45465-3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17401876_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17401876-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19731590_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19731590-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an antihypertensive drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-306-45465-3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-306-45465-3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many genera are grown as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Amsonia" title="Amsonia">Amsonia</a></i> (bluestar),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="Nerium">Nerium</a></i> (oleander),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vinca" title="Vinca">Vinca</a></i> (periwinkle),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Carissa" title="Carissa">Carissa</a></i> (Natal plum),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Allamanda" title="Allamanda">Allamanda</a></i> (golden trumpet),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">Plumeria</a></i> (frangipani),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Thevetia" title="Thevetia">Thevetia</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mandevilla" title="Mandevilla">Mandevilla</a></i> (Savannah flower),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Adenium" title="Adenium">Adenium</a></i> (desert-rose).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Landolphia" title="Landolphia">Landolphia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carpodinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpodinus">Carpodinus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Mascarenhasia" title="Mascarenhasia">Mascarenhasia</a></i> have been used as commercial sources of inferior rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Congo_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo rubber">Congo rubber</a>) </p><p>There are limited dietary uses of plants from this family. The flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Echites_panduratus" title="Echites panduratus">Echites panduratus</a></i> (common name: <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">loroco</i></span></i>) is edible.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Carissa" title="Carissa">Carissa</a></i> (Natal plum) produces an edible fruit, but all other parts of the plant are poisonous.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Apocynum" title="Apocynum">Apocynum</a></i> was reportedly used as a source of fiber by Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-coville_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coville-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aromatic fruit juice from <i><a href="/wiki/Saba_comorensis" title="Saba comorensis">Saba comorensis</a></i> (syn. <i>Landolphia comorensis</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Bungo_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungo (fruit)">Bungo or Mbungo fruit</a>) is used as a drink.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, ethnopharmacologic and ethnotoxicologic uses are also known. The roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></i> and certain <i><a href="/wiki/Voacanga" title="Voacanga">Voacanga</a></i> species have traditionally been used ceremonially as hallucinogens in Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">ibogaine</a>-type alkaloids responsible for the psychoactivity of these plants have been studied with regard to the treatment of drug addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Koe2015_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koe2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The juice of <i><a href="/wiki/Acokanthera" title="Acokanthera">Acokanthera</a></i> species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Acokanthera_venenata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acokanthera venenata">A. venenata</a></i> and the milky juice of the <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pachypodium" title="Pachypodium">Pachypodium</a></i> have been used as poison for arrow tips.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species are ornamental in gardens or as houseplants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowers">Flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acokanthera_oblongifolia_2445.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Acokanthera oblongifolia"><img alt="Acokanthera oblongifolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Acokanthera_oblongifolia_2445.JPG/120px-Acokanthera_oblongifolia_2445.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Acokanthera_oblongifolia_2445.JPG/180px-Acokanthera_oblongifolia_2445.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Acokanthera_oblongifolia_2445.JPG/240px-Acokanthera_oblongifolia_2445.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Acokanthera_oblongifolia" title="Acokanthera oblongifolia">Acokanthera oblongifolia</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adenium_obesum3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adenium obesum"><img alt="Adenium obesum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Adenium_obesum3.jpg/120px-Adenium_obesum3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Adenium_obesum3.jpg/180px-Adenium_obesum3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Adenium_obesum3.jpg/240px-Adenium_obesum3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Adenium_obesum" title="Adenium obesum">Adenium obesum</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allamanda_cathartica_flowers_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Allamanda cathartica"><img alt="Allamanda cathartica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Allamanda_cathartica_flowers_2.JPG/120px-Allamanda_cathartica_flowers_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Allamanda_cathartica_flowers_2.JPG/180px-Allamanda_cathartica_flowers_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Allamanda_cathartica_flowers_2.JPG/240px-Allamanda_cathartica_flowers_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Allamanda_cathartica" title="Allamanda cathartica">Allamanda cathartica</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9(%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9)_Alstonia_scholaris_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_Hong_Kong_Central_Library-_(9237370435).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alstonia scholaris"><img alt="Alstonia scholaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9%28%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9%29_Alstonia_scholaris_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_Hong_Kong_Central_Library-_%289237370435%29.jpg/120px-%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9%28%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9%29_Alstonia_scholaris_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_Hong_Kong_Central_Library-_%289237370435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9%28%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9%29_Alstonia_scholaris_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_Hong_Kong_Central_Library-_%289237370435%29.jpg/180px-%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9%28%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9%29_Alstonia_scholaris_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_Hong_Kong_Central_Library-_%289237370435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9%28%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9%29_Alstonia_scholaris_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_Hong_Kong_Central_Library-_%289237370435%29.jpg/240px-%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9%28%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9%29_Alstonia_scholaris_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_Hong_Kong_Central_Library-_%289237370435%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alyxia oliviformis"><img alt="Alyxia oliviformis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg/120px-Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg/180px-Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg/240px-Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Alyxia_oliviformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyxia oliviformis">Alyxia oliviformis</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsonia_tabernaemontana_kz01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amsonia tabernaemontana"><img alt="Amsonia tabernaemontana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amsonia_tabernaemontana_kz01.jpg/80px-Amsonia_tabernaemontana_kz01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amsonia_tabernaemontana_kz01.jpg/120px-Amsonia_tabernaemontana_kz01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amsonia_tabernaemontana_kz01.jpg/160px-Amsonia_tabernaemontana_kz01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="3777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amsonia_tabernaemontana" title="Amsonia tabernaemontana">Amsonia tabernaemontana</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="2626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amsonia_tabernaemontana" title="Amsonia tabernaemontana">Amsonia tabernaemontana</a></i> containerised specimen in fruit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsonia_tabernaemontana_single_paired_follicle_detached_from_plant_(pale_side).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amsonia tabernaemontana single paired follicle detached from plant (paler, unsunned side)"><img alt="Amsonia tabernaemontana single paired follicle detached from plant (paler, unsunned side)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amsonia_tabernaemontana_single_paired_follicle_detached_from_plant_%28pale_side%29.jpg/120px-Amsonia_tabernaemontana_single_paired_follicle_detached_from_plant_%28pale_side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amsonia_tabernaemontana_single_paired_follicle_detached_from_plant_%28pale_side%29.jpg/180px-Amsonia_tabernaemontana_single_paired_follicle_detached_from_plant_%28pale_side%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amsonia_tabernaemontana_single_paired_follicle_detached_from_plant_%28pale_side%29.jpg/240px-Amsonia_tabernaemontana_single_paired_follicle_detached_from_plant_%28pale_side%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Amsonia tabernaemontana</i> single paired follicle detached from plant (paler, unsunned side)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancylobothrys_capensis,_vrugte,_Faerie_Glen_NR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancylobothrys capensis"><img alt="Ancylobothrys capensis" 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title="Asclepias syriaca dehiscent follicles (before unfurling of pappi)"><img alt="Asclepias syriaca dehiscent follicles (before unfurling of pappi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Milkweed-in-seed.jpg/80px-Milkweed-in-seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Milkweed-in-seed.jpg/120px-Milkweed-in-seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Milkweed-in-seed.jpg/160px-Milkweed-in-seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">Asclepias syriaca</a></i> dehiscent follicles (before unfurling of <a href="/wiki/Pappus_(botany)" title="Pappus (botany)">pappi</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ochrosia borbonica"><img alt="Ochrosia borbonica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG/120px-Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG/180px-Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG/240px-Ochrosia_borbonica_fruit_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ochrosia_borbonica" title="Ochrosia borbonica">Ochrosia borbonica</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Periploca_graeca_Silk_Vine_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98.JPG/240px-Periploca_graeca_Silk_Vine_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Periploca_graeca" title="Periploca graeca">Periploca graeca</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumeria_alba_(seed_pods).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plumeria alba"><img alt="Plumeria alba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Plumeria_alba_%28seed_pods%29.jpg/120px-Plumeria_alba_%28seed_pods%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_13.JPG/240px-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Rauvolfia_serpentina" title="Rauvolfia serpentina">Rauvolfia serpentina</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saba_senegalensis_MS_1367.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Saba senegalensis unripe fruit"><img alt="Saba senegalensis unripe fruit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saba_senegalensis_MS_1367.JPG/120px-Saba_senegalensis_MS_1367.JPG" decoding="async" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Secamone_parvifolia_1DS-II_3-3506.jpg/120px-Secamone_parvifolia_1DS-II_3-3506.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Secamone_parvifolia_1DS-II_3-3506.jpg/180px-Secamone_parvifolia_1DS-II_3-3506.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Secamone_parvifolia_1DS-II_3-3506.jpg/240px-Secamone_parvifolia_1DS-II_3-3506.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secamone_parvifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secamone parvifolia (page does not exist)">Secamone parvifolia</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stapelia_gigantea_1DS-II_8834.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stapelia gigantea"><img alt="Stapelia gigantea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stapelia_gigantea_1DS-II_8834.jpg/80px-Stapelia_gigantea_1DS-II_8834.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stapelia_gigantea_1DS-II_8834.jpg/120px-Stapelia_gigantea_1DS-II_8834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stapelia_gigantea_1DS-II_8834.jpg/160px-Stapelia_gigantea_1DS-II_8834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="4992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Stapelia_gigantea" title="Stapelia gigantea">Stapelia gigantea</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strophanthus_speciosus,_vrugkapsule_en_sade,_Manie_van_der_Schijff_BT,_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strophanthus speciosus (dehiscence)"><img alt="Strophanthus 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</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabernaemontana_catharinensis_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tabernaemontana catharinensis (dehiscence)"><img alt="Tabernaemontana catharinensis (dehiscence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tabernaemontana_catharinensis_%281%29.JPG/120px-Tabernaemontana_catharinensis_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tabernaemontana_catharinensis_%281%29.JPG/180px-Tabernaemontana_catharinensis_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tabernaemontana_catharinensis_%281%29.JPG/240px-Tabernaemontana_catharinensis_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="2189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tabernaemontana_catharinensis" title="Tabernaemontana catharinensis">Tabernaemontana catharinensis</a></i> (dehiscence)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iboga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tabernanthe iboga"><img alt="Tabernanthe iboga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Iboga.jpg/77px-Iboga.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Iboga.jpg/116px-Iboga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Iboga.jpg/154px-Iboga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachelospermum_jasminoides_fruits%2Bseeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trachelospermum jasminoides (dehiscence)"><img alt="Trachelospermum jasminoides (dehiscence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Trachelospermum_jasminoides_fruits%2Bseeds.jpg/120px-Trachelospermum_jasminoides_fruits%2Bseeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Trachelospermum_jasminoides_fruits%2Bseeds.jpg/180px-Trachelospermum_jasminoides_fruits%2Bseeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Trachelospermum_jasminoides_fruits%2Bseeds.jpg/240px-Trachelospermum_jasminoides_fruits%2Bseeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Trachelospermum_jasminoides" title="Trachelospermum jasminoides">Trachelospermum jasminoides</a></i> (dehiscence)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachelospermum_jasminoides_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trachelospermum jasminoides: individual seeds, showing pappus"><img alt="Trachelospermum jasminoides: individual seeds, showing pappus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trachelospermum_jasminoides_seeds.jpg/120px-Trachelospermum_jasminoides_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trachelospermum_jasminoides_seeds.jpg/180px-Trachelospermum_jasminoides_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trachelospermum_jasminoides_seeds.jpg/240px-Trachelospermum_jasminoides_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Trachelospermum jasminoides</i>: individual seeds, showing <a href="/wiki/Pappus_(botany)" title="Pappus (botany)">pappus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinca_major_vima_002_php.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vinca major (seeds)"><img alt="Vinca major (seeds)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vinca_major_vima_002_php.jpg/120px-Vinca_major_vima_002_php.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vinca_major_vima_002_php.jpg/180px-Vinca_major_vima_002_php.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vinca_major_vima_002_php.jpg/240px-Vinca_major_vima_002_php.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vinca_major" title="Vinca major">Vinca major</a></i> (seeds)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Vinca_minor0_clean.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vinca minor: botanical plate showing paired fruits (no. 5)"><img alt="Vinca minor: botanical plate showing paired fruits (no. 5)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Illustration_Vinca_minor0_clean.png/71px-Illustration_Vinca_minor0_clean.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Illustration_Vinca_minor0_clean.png/107px-Illustration_Vinca_minor0_clean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Illustration_Vinca_minor0_clean.png/142px-Illustration_Vinca_minor0_clean.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vinca_minor" title="Vinca minor">Vinca minor</a></i>: botanical plate showing paired fruits (no. 5)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrightia_tinctoria_32.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrightia tinctoria"><img alt="Wrightia tinctoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Wrightia_tinctoria_32.JPG/95px-Wrightia_tinctoria_32.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Wrightia_tinctoria_32.JPG/142px-Wrightia_tinctoria_32.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Wrightia_tinctoria_32.JPG/189px-Wrightia_tinctoria_32.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="3396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Wrightia_tinctoria" title="Wrightia tinctoria">Wrightia tinctoria</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pachycaul_species">Pachycaul species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pachycaul species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_rose_Adenium_obesum_in_Tanzania_2259_Nevit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adenium obesum growth habit of wild specimens, Tanzania"><img alt="Adenium obesum growth habit of wild specimens, Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Desert_rose_Adenium_obesum_in_Tanzania_2259_Nevit.jpg/120px-Desert_rose_Adenium_obesum_in_Tanzania_2259_Nevit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Desert_rose_Adenium_obesum_in_Tanzania_2259_Nevit.jpg/180px-Desert_rose_Adenium_obesum_in_Tanzania_2259_Nevit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Desert_rose_Adenium_obesum_in_Tanzania_2259_Nevit.jpg/240px-Desert_rose_Adenium_obesum_in_Tanzania_2259_Nevit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Adenium_obesum" title="Adenium obesum">Adenium obesum</a></i> growth habit of wild specimens, Tanzania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Rose_(Adenium_obesum),_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adenium obesum close-up of colossal specimen, Ghana"><img alt="Adenium obesum close-up of colossal specimen, Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Desert_Rose_%28Adenium_obesum%29%2C_Ghana.jpg/120px-Desert_Rose_%28Adenium_obesum%29%2C_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Desert_Rose_%28Adenium_obesum%29%2C_Ghana.jpg/180px-Desert_Rose_%28Adenium_obesum%29%2C_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Desert_Rose_%28Adenium_obesum%29%2C_Ghana.jpg/240px-Desert_Rose_%28Adenium_obesum%29%2C_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Adenium obesum</i> close-up of colossal specimen, Ghana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Rose,_Socotra_Is_(17131661372).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adenium obesum trunk of extreme pachycaul specimen, Socotra"><img alt="Adenium obesum trunk of extreme pachycaul specimen, Socotra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Desert_Rose%2C_Socotra_Is_%2817131661372%29.jpg/84px-Desert_Rose%2C_Socotra_Is_%2817131661372%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Desert_Rose%2C_Socotra_Is_%2817131661372%29.jpg/126px-Desert_Rose%2C_Socotra_Is_%2817131661372%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Desert_Rose%2C_Socotra_Is_%2817131661372%29.jpg/169px-Desert_Rose%2C_Socotra_Is_%2817131661372%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="5712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Adenium obesum</i> trunk of extreme pachycaul specimen, Socotra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachypodium_lamerei_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pachypodium lamerei wild specimen of maximum height (approx 6 m (20 ft)) attained by species"><img alt="Pachypodium lamerei wild specimen of maximum height (approx 6 m (20 ft)) attained by species" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pachypodium_lamerei_01.jpg/90px-Pachypodium_lamerei_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pachypodium_lamerei_01.jpg/135px-Pachypodium_lamerei_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pachypodium_lamerei_01.jpg/180px-Pachypodium_lamerei_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pachypodium_lamerei" title="Pachypodium lamerei">Pachypodium lamerei</a></i> wild specimen of maximum height (approx 6 m (20 ft)) attained by species</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachypodium_lamieri1MTFL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pachypodium lamerei in flower"><img alt="Pachypodium lamerei in flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pachypodium_lamieri1MTFL.jpg/90px-Pachypodium_lamieri1MTFL.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pachypodium_lamieri1MTFL.jpg/135px-Pachypodium_lamieri1MTFL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pachypodium_lamieri1MTFL.jpg/180px-Pachypodium_lamieri1MTFL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pachypodium_lamerei" title="Pachypodium lamerei">Pachypodium lamerei</a></i> in flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PachypodiumLamerei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pachypodium lamerei mature, multi-trunked specimen cultivated in glasshouse"><img alt="Pachypodium lamerei mature, multi-trunked specimen cultivated in glasshouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PachypodiumLamerei.jpg/90px-PachypodiumLamerei.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PachypodiumLamerei.jpg/135px-PachypodiumLamerei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PachypodiumLamerei.jpg/180px-PachypodiumLamerei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pachypodium lamerei</i> mature, multi-trunked specimen cultivated in glasshouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachypodium_namaquanum00.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pachypodium namaquanum"><img alt="Pachypodium namaquanum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pachypodium_namaquanum00.jpg/91px-Pachypodium_namaquanum00.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pachypodium_namaquanum00.jpg/136px-Pachypodium_namaquanum00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pachypodium_namaquanum00.jpg/182px-Pachypodium_namaquanum00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pachypodium_namaquanum" title="Pachypodium namaquanum">Pachypodium namaquanum</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEndress_ME,_Bruyns_PV2000" class="citation journal cs1">Endress ME, Bruyns PV (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/321598/files/12229_2008_Article_BF02857781.pdf">"A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Botanical Review</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 1–56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BotRv..66....1E">2000BotRv..66....1E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02857781">10.1007/BF02857781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31739212">31739212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Botanical+Review&rft.atitle=A+revised+classification+of+the+Apocynaceae+s.l.&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-56&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31739212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02857781&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000BotRv..66....1E&rft.au=Endress+ME%2C+Bruyns+PV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F321598%2Ffiles%2F12229_2008_Article_BF02857781.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocynaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123743800" title="Special:BookSources/9780123743800"><bdi>9780123743800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780123743800&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Michael+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocynaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jepson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jepson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jepson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jepson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?key=50">Apocynaceae, Thomas Rosatti, Jepson Herbarium</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Apocynaceae usually have copious latex and the leaves are often opposite and with colleters...", retrieved 3/10/18 from <i>ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY WEBSITE, version 13</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/">http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miers-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miers_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiers,_J.1878" class="citation book cs1">Miers, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au&rft.atitle=PlantNET+-+FloraOnline%3A+Apocynaceae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2FNSWfl.pl%3Fpage%3Dnswfl%26lvl%3Dfm%26name%3DApocynaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocynaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/">"Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]"</a>. <i>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website&rft.atitle=Stevens%2C+P.+F.+%282001+onwards%29.+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website.+Version+14%2C+July+2017+%5Band+more+or+less+continuously+updated+since%5D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2FMOBOT%2Fresearch%2FAPweb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocynaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-campbell_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd,_W.S.Campbell,_C.S.Kellogg,_E.A.Stevens,_P.F.2015" class="citation book cs1">Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (January 2015). <i>Plant systematics A phylogenetic approach</i> (4 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pza.sanbi.org&rft.atitle=Pachypodium+%7C+PlantZAfrica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpza.sanbi.org%2Fpachypodium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocynaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/APOC-1.html">Apocynaceae</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html">BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apocynaceae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocynaceae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A review on antimicrobial botanicals, phytochemicals and natural resistance modifying agents from Apocynaceae family: Possible therapeutic approaches against multidrug resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drup.2020.100695">10.1016/j.drup.2020.100695</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Families of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Apocynaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173756" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q173756">Q173756</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54669">54669</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Apocynaceae.htm">Apocynaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6L2">6L2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4280">4280</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1APOF">1APOF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22895">22895</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10053">10053</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10053">10053</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6701">6701</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=78">78</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47362">47362</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30000008-2">30000008-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114813">114813</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30124">30124</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000159399">NBNSYS0000159399</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4056">4056</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/d530352e-9b20-4abb-8a53-2dfcbb9aa918">d530352e-9b20-4abb-8a53-2dfcbb9aa918</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=524059">524059</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54731">54731</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/29061D4E-F476-556B-9FA6-E9DD6C1E4A75">29061D4E-F476-556B-9FA6-E9DD6C1E4A75</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000008-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000008-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000278">42000278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/84">84</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c2206ff6-1e61-45e1-ac17-a28a74f49cd8">c2206ff6-1e61-45e1-ac17-a28a74f49cd8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/apocynac.htm">apocynac</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000038">wfo-7000000038</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=414762">414762</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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