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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Leaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflorescences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflorescences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Inflorescences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflorescences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floral_heads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floral_heads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Floral heads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floral_heads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floral_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floral_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Floral structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floral_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits_and_seeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits_and_seeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fruits and seeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits_and_seeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pollen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Metabolites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleontology_and_evolutionary_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology_and_evolutionary_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Paleontology and evolutionary processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology_and_evolutionary_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Etymology and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asteraceae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نجمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C9%99kk%C9%99b%C3%A7i%C3%A7%C9%99klil%C9%99r" title="Mürəkkəbçiçəklilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mürəkkəbçiçəklilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiok-kho" title="Kiok-kho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiok-kho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ҡатмарлы сәскәлеләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡатмарлы сәскәлеләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Астравыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астравыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Астравыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астравыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сложноцветни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сложноцветни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster%C3%A0cies" title="Asteràcies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asteràcies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Астра йышшисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Астра йышшисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdnicovit%C3%A9" title="Hvězdnicovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězdnicovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurvblomst-familien" title="Kurvblomst-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurvblomst-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbbl%C3%BCtler" title="Korbblütler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Korbblütler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%C5%A1owe_kw%C4%9Btarje" title="Kóšowe kwětarje – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kóšowe kwětarje" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korv%C3%B5ielised" title="Korvõielised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korvõielised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σύνθετα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνθετα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteracoj" title="Asteracoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asteracoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کاسنیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاسنیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%ED%99%94%EA%B3%BC" title="국화과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국화과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բարդածաղկավորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարդածաղկավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F" title="ऐस्टरेसिए – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐस्टरेसिए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestajenkowe_rostliny" title="Zestajenkowe rostliny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zestajenkowe rostliny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavo%C4%8Dike" title="Glavočike – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glavočike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Бæндыстæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæндыстæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rfubl%C3%B3ma%C3%A6tt" title="Körfublómaætt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Körfublómaætt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מורכבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מורכבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რთულყვავილოვანნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რთულყვავილოვანნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Астралылар тұқымдасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астралылар тұқымдасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Астра котыр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Астра котыр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AEleya_st%C3%AAregulan" title="Famîleya stêregulan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Famîleya stêregulan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Татаал гүлдүүлөр тукуму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Татаал гүлдүүлөр тукуму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Астра йишвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Астра йишвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurvjzie%C5%BEu_dzimta" title="Kurvjziežu dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurvjziežu dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astriniai" title="Astriniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astriniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90szir%C3%B3zsaf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Őszirózsafélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Őszirózsafélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Главоцветни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Главоцветни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="ആസ്റ്റ്രേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്റ്റ്രേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نجميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نجميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အက်စတာပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်စတာပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composietenfamilie" title="Composietenfamilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Composietenfamilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AF%E7%A7%91" title="キク科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キク科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurewbloosen" title="Kurewbloosen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kurewbloosen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurvplantefamilien" title="Kurvplantefamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurvplantefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korgplantefamilien" title="Korgplantefamilien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Korgplantefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%84" title="تارہ پھل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارہ پھل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A" title="د تریز بوټي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تریز بوټي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Астра котыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Астра котыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrowate" title="Astrowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27antasqa_tuktuyuq_rikch%27aq_ayllu" title="Ch'antasqa tuktuyuq rikch'aq ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'antasqa tuktuyuq rikch'aq ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Астровые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астровые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrovit%C3%A9" title="Astrovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astrovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebinovke" title="Nebinovke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nebinovke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Главочике – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Главочике" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavo%C4%8Dike" title="Glavočike – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glavočike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterikasvit" title="Asterikasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asterikasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korgblommiga_v%C3%A4xter" title="Korgblommiga växter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korgblommiga växter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butonsilyo" title="Butonsilyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Butonsilyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சூரியகாந்திக் குடும்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூரியகாந்திக் குடும்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatrawt" title="Tatrawt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tatrawt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%87%D3%99%D1%87%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Оешма чәчәклеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оешма чәчәклеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF" title="ఆస్టరేసి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆస్టరేసి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="วงศ์ทานตะวัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์ทานตะวัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Мураккабгулҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мураккабгулҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papatyagiller" title="Papatyagiller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papatyagiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Айстрові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айстрові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84" title="تارا پھول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تارا پھول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzu%C3%A4nikoi%C5%BEed" title="Puzuänikoižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Puzuänikoižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_C%C3%BAc" title="Họ Cúc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Cúc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoelac%C3%AAyes" title="Stoelacêyes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Stoelacêyes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterachtign" title="Asterachtign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Asterachtign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asteraceae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8A%E7%A7%91" title="菊科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="菊科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8A%E7%A7%91" title="菊科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Astraeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Astraeaceae">Astraeaceae</a>, a family of fungi.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large family of flowering plants</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Asteraceae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">76–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:194.27692307692px; width:25.723076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:194.27692307692px; width:25.723076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:195.27692307692px; width:23.723076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteracea_poster_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Asteracea_poster_3.jpg/290px-Asteracea_poster_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Asteracea_poster_3.jpg/435px-Asteracea_poster_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Asteracea_poster_3.jpg/580px-Asteracea_poster_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Twelve species of Asteraceae from the subfamilies Asteroideae, Carduoideae, and Cichorioideae </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Asteraceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteraceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berchtold" title="Friedrich von Berchtold">Bercht.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jan_Svatopluk_Presl" title="Jan Svatopluk Presl">J.Presl</a><sup id="cite_ref-tropicos_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tropicos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">Aster</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subfamilies<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroideae" title="Asteroideae">Asteroideae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindl.</a> (1829)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnadesioideae" title="Barnadesioideae">Barnadesioideae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Bremer" title="Kåre Bremer">Bremer</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Jansen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Jansen (page does not exist)">Jansen</a> (1992)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carduoideae" title="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sweet_(botanist)" title="Robert Sweet (botanist)">Sweet</a> (1826)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cichorioideae" title="Cichorioideae">Cichorioideae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fulgis_Chevallier" title="François Fulgis Chevallier">Chevall.</a> (1828)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corymbioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corymbioideae">Corymbioideae</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L._Panero" title="José L. Panero">Panero</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Ann_Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicki Ann Funk">V.A.Funk</a> (2002)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicomoideae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicomoideae (page does not exist)">Dicomoideae</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">S.Ortiz (2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famatinanthoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Famatinanthoideae">Famatinanthoideae</a> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susana_Edith_Freire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susana Edith Freire (page does not exist)">S.E.Freire</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Ariza_Espinar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Ariza Espinar (page does not exist)">Ariza</a> & Panero (2014)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochnatioideae" title="Gochnatioideae">Gochnatioideae</a> <small>Panero & <a href="/wiki/V.A.Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="V.A.Funk">V.A.Funk</a> (2002)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnarrhenoideae" title="Gymnarrhenoideae">Gymnarrhenoideae</a> <small>Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecastocleidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecastocleidoideae">Hecastocleidoideae</a> <small>Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutisioideae" title="Mutisioideae">Mutisioideae</a> <small>Lindl. (1829)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertyoideae" title="Pertyoideae">Pertyoideae</a> <small>Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stifftioideae" title="Stifftioideae">Stifftioideae</a> <small>Panero (2007)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarchonanthoideae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarchonanthoideae (page does not exist)">Tarchonanthoideae</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">S.Ortiz (2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernonioideae" title="Vernonioideae">Vernonioideae</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Lindl. (1829)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wunderlichioideae" title="Wunderlichioideae">Wunderlichioideae</a> <small>Panero & V.A.Funk (2007)</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a><sup id="cite_ref-PlantList_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantList-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asteraceae_genera" title="List of Asteraceae genera">1,911 genera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Compositae <small><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dietrich_Giseke" title="Paul Dietrich Giseke">Giseke</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Acarnaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link" title="Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link">Link</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Ambrosiaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Anthemidaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Aposeridaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Raf.</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Arctotidaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Artemisiaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Martinov" title="Ivan Martinov">Martinov</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Athanasiaceae <small>Martinov</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Calendulaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Carduaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Cassiniaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_%22Bipontinus%22_Schultz" title="Carl Heinrich "Bipontinus" Schultz">Sch.Bip.</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Cichoriaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Juss.</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Coreopsidaceae <small>Link</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Cynaraceae <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridolin_Carl_Leopold_Spenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fridolin Carl Leopold Spenner (page does not exist)">Spenn.</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Echinopaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Eupatoriaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Helichrysaceae <small>Link</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Inulaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Lactucaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Georg_Oscar_Drude" title="Carl Georg Oscar Drude">Drude</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Mutisiaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Thomas_Burnett" title="Gilbert Thomas Burnett">Burnett</a></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Partheniaceae <small>Link</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Perdiciaceae <small>Link</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Senecionaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Vernoniaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burmeister" title="Hermann Burmeister">Burmeist.</a></small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Asteraceae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a large <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowering plants">flowering plants</a> that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a>. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species in each family is unknown. The Asteraceae were first described in the year 1740 and given the original name <b>Compositae</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-BarkleyEtAl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarkleyEtAl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family is commonly known as the <b>aster</b>, <b>daisy</b>, <b>composite</b>, or <b>sunflower family</b>. </p><p>Most species of Asteraceae are <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous plants">herbaceous plants</a>, and may be <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a>, but there are also <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vines">vines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees">trees</a>. The family has a widespread distribution, from subpolar to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical regions">tropical regions</a>, in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert</a> and cold or hot <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-desert climates</a>, and they are found on every continent but <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Their common primary characteristic is compound <a href="/wiki/Flower_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Flower head">flower heads</a>, technically known as <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitulum (flower)">capitula</a>, consisting of sometimes hundreds of tiny individual <a href="/wiki/Florets" class="mw-redirect" title="Florets">florets</a> enclosed by a whorl of protective <a href="/wiki/Bract#Involucral_bracts" title="Bract">involucral bracts</a>. </p><p>The oldest known fossils are pollen grains from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>) of Antarctica, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 76–66</span> <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a> (mya). It is estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous, <a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a>) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous, <a href="/wiki/Coniacian" title="Coniacian">Coniacian</a>). </p><p>Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing food staples, garden plants, and herbal medicines. Species outside of their native ranges can become <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weedy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description<span class="anchor" id="Characteristics"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the Asteraceae are mostly herbaceous plants, but some shrubs, vines, and trees (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lachanodes_arborea" title="Lachanodes arborea">Lachanodes arborea</a></i>) do exist. Asteraceae species are generally easy to distinguish from other plants because of their unique <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> and other shared characteristics, such as the joined anthers of the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, determining genera and species of some groups such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hieracium#Species" title="Hieracium">Hieracium</a></i> is notoriously difficult (see "<a href="/wiki/Damned_yellow_composite" title="Damned yellow composite">damned yellow composite</a>" for example).<sup id="cite_ref-MandelEtAl2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandelEtAl2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots">Roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the family Asteraceae generally produce <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproots</a>, but sometimes they possess fibrous root systems. Some species have underground stems in the form of <a href="/wiki/Caudex" title="Caudex">caudices</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>. These can be fleshy or woody depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-BarkleyEtAl_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarkleyEtAl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stems">Stems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stems are herbaceous, aerial, branched, and cylindrical with glandular hairs, usually erect, but can be prostrate to ascending. The stems can contain secretory canals with <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BarkleyEtAl_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarkleyEtAl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, which is particularly common among the <a href="/wiki/Cichorioideae" title="Cichorioideae">Cichorioideae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KGL_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KGL-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaves">Leaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leaves can be <a href="/wiki/Alternate_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate leaf">alternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opposite_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite leaf">opposite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorled</a>. They may be <a href="/wiki/Simple_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple leaf">simple</a>, but are often deeply <a href="/wiki/Lobed_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobed leaf">lobed</a> or otherwise incised, often <a href="/wiki/Conduplicate_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduplicate leaf">conduplicate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revolute_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolute leaf">revolute</a>. The margins also can be <a href="/wiki/Entire_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire leaf">entire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dentate_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentate leaf">toothed</a>. Resin<sup id="cite_ref-BarkleyEtAl_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarkleyEtAl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or latex<sup id="cite_ref-KGL_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KGL-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be present in the leaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflorescences">Inflorescences<span class="anchor" id="Flowers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inflorescences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Asteraceae" title="Special:EditPage/Asteraceae">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense flower heads called <i>capitula</i>. They are surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Bract#Involucral_bracts" title="Bract">involucral bracts</a>, and when viewed from a distance, each capitulum may appear to be a single flower. Enlarged outer (peripheral) flowers in the capitulum may resemble petals, and the involucral bracts may look like a calyx.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floral_heads">Floral heads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Floral heads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bidens_flwr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bidens_flwr.jpg/300px-Bidens_flwr.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bidens_flwr.jpg/450px-Bidens_flwr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bidens_flwr.jpg/600px-Bidens_flwr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>A typical Asteraceae flower head showing the (five) individual ray florets and the (approximately 16) disk florets of a specimen of (<i><a href="/wiki/Bidens_torta" title="Bidens torta">Bidens torta</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In plants of the Asteraceae, what appears to be a single "daisy"-type flower is actually a composite of several much smaller flowers, known as the <i>capitulum</i> or <i>head</i>. By visually presenting as a single flower, the capitulum functions in attracting <a href="/wiki/Pollinators" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinators">pollinators</a>, in the same manner that other "showy" flowering plants in numerous other, older, plant families have evolved to attract pollinators. The previous name for the family, <i>Compositae</i>, reflects the fact that what appears to be a single floral entity is in fact a <i>composite</i> of much smaller flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "petals" or "sunrays" in an "asteraceous" head are in fact individual strap-shaped<sup id="cite_ref-MDW_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flowers called <i>ray flowers</i> or <i>ray florets</i>, and the "sun disk" is made up of smaller, <a href="/wiki/Radial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial symmetry">radially symmetric</a>, individual flowers called <i>disc flowers</i> or <i>disc florets</i>. The word <i>aster</i> means "star" in Greek, referring to the appearance of most family members as a "<a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">celestial body</a> with rays". The capitulum, which often appears to be a single flower, is often referred to as a <i>head</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellenberg2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellenberg2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species, the entire head is able to pivot its floral stem in the course of the day to track the sun (like a "smart" solar panel), thus maximizing the reflectivity of the entire floral unit and further attracting flying pollinators.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearest to the flower stem lie a series of small, usually green, scale-like <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a>. These are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllary" title="Phyllary">phyllaries</a></i>; collectively, they form the <a href="/wiki/Involucre" class="mw-redirect" title="Involucre">involucre</a>, which serves to protect the immature head of florets during its development.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">: 29 </span></sup> The individual florets are arranged atop a dome-like structure called the <i>receptacle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The individual florets in a head consist, developmentally, of five fused <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> (rarely four); instead of <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a>, they have threadlike, hairy, or bristly structures,<sup id="cite_ref-Spellenberg2001_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellenberg2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known collectively as a <i><a href="/wiki/Pappus_(flower_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappus (flower structure)">pappus</a></i>, (plural <i>pappi</i>). The pappus surrounds the ovary and can, when mature and attached to a seed, adhere to animal fur or be carried by air currents, aiding in <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a>. The whitish, fluffy head of a <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>, commonly blown on by children, consists of numerous seeds resting on the receptacle, each seed attached to its pappus. The pappi provide a parachute-like structure to help the seed travel from its point of origin to a more hospitable site.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Leucanthemum_diagram.svg/660px-Leucanthemum_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Leucanthemum_diagram.svg/990px-Leucanthemum_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Leucanthemum_diagram.svg/1320px-Leucanthemum_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Schemes and floral diagrams of the different floret types of the Asteraceae: <i><a href="/wiki/Leucanthemum_vulgare" title="Leucanthemum vulgare">Leucanthemum vulgare</a></i>: a = disc flower; b = ray flower.<br /> 1 – <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmas</a><br /> 2 – <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> <br />3 – corolla (<a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>); typically, in the ray flower, three petals are joined to form a strap (in other species, five petals can fuse to form a <i>ligule</i>)<br /> 4 – reduced <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a><br /> 4’ – <i>Carduus acanthoides</i> (left shaded circle): <a href="/wiki/Pappus_(flower_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappus (flower structure)">pappus</a>: in many Asteraceae species, the calyx develops as a fibrous or bristly pappus<br /> 5 – <a href="/wiki/Inferior_ovary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior ovary">inferior ovary</a>: fused ovary consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>, containing one <a href="/wiki/Abaxial_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaxial (botany)">abaxial</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basal_placentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal placentation">basal placentation</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>ray flower</i> is a two- or three-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower, found in the head of most members of the Asteraceae.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MDW_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">corolla</a> of the ray flower may have two tiny, <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a> teeth, opposite to the three-lobed strap, or tongue, indicating its evolution by fusion from an ancestral, five-part corolla. In some species, the 3:2 arrangement is reversed, with two lobes, and zero or three tiny teeth visible opposite the tongue. </p><p>A <i>ligulate flower</i> is a five-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower found in the heads of certain other asteraceous species.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>ligule</i> is the strap-shaped tongue of the corolla of either a ray flower or of a ligulate flower.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (April 2023)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-MDW_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>disk flower</i> (or <i>disc flower</i>) is a radially symmetric individual flower in the head, which is ringed by the ray flowers when both are present.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MDW_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species, ray flowers may be arranged around the disc in irregular symmetry, or with a weakly <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">bilaterally symmetric</a> arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>radiate head</i> has disc flowers surrounded by ray flowers. A <i>ligulate head</i> has all ligulate flowers and no disc flowers. When an Asteraceae flower head has only disc flowers that are either sterile, male, or <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Bisexual" title="Plant reproductive morphology">bisexual</a> (but not female and fertile), it is a <i>discoid head</i>. </p><p><i>Disciform heads</i> possess only disc flowers in their heads, but may produce two different sex types (male or female) within their disciform head. </p><p>Some other species produce two different head types: <i>staminate</i> (all-male), or <i>pistillate</i> (all-female). In a few unusual species, the "head" will consist of one single disc flower; alternatively, a few species will produce both single-flowered female heads, along with multi-flowered male heads, in their "pollination strategy".<sup id="cite_ref-CDF_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floral_structures">Floral structures<span class="anchor" id="Floral_structures"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Floral structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carduus_floral_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Carduus_floral_diagram.svg/220px-Carduus_floral_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Carduus_floral_diagram.svg/330px-Carduus_floral_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Carduus_floral_diagram.svg/440px-Carduus_floral_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Flower diagram of <i><a href="/wiki/Carduus" title="Carduus">Carduus</a></i> (Carduoideae) shows (outermost to innermost): subtending bract and stem axis; calyx forming a pappus; fused corolla; stamens fused to corolla; gynoecium with two carpels and one <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locule</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_mikanioides_(delairea_odorata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Senecio_mikanioides_%28delairea_odorata%29.jpg/220px-Senecio_mikanioides_%28delairea_odorata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Senecio_mikanioides_%28delairea_odorata%29.jpg/330px-Senecio_mikanioides_%28delairea_odorata%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Senecio_mikanioides_%28delairea_odorata%29.jpg/440px-Senecio_mikanioides_%28delairea_odorata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Discoid flowerheads of <i><a href="/wiki/Delairea_odorata" title="Delairea odorata">Delairea odorata</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The distinguishing characteristic of Asteraceae is their <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>, a type of specialised, composite flower head or <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">pseudanthium</a></i>, technically called a calathium or <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">capitulum</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Beentje_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beentje-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Usher_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usher-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that may look superficially like a single flower. The <i>capitulum</i> is a contracted <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">raceme</a> composed of numerous individual <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">sessile</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, called <i>florets</i>, all sharing the same <a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a>. </p><p>A set of <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> forms an <a href="/wiki/Involucral_bract" class="mw-redirect" title="Involucral bract">involucre</a> surrounding the base of the capitulum. These are called "phyllaries", or "involucral bracts". They may simulate the sepals of the pseudanthium. These are mostly herbaceous but can also be brightly coloured (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Helichrysum" title="Helichrysum">Helichrysum</a></i>) or have a scarious (dry and membranous) texture. The phyllaries can be free or fused, and arranged in one to many rows, overlapping like the tiles of a roof (<i>imbricate</i>) or not (this variation is important in identification of tribes and genera). </p><p>Each floret may be subtended by a bract, called a "palea" or "receptacular bract". These bracts are often called "<a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a>". The presence or absence of these bracts, their distribution on the receptacle, and their size and shape are all important diagnostic characteristics for genera and tribes. </p><p>The florets have five petals fused at the base to form a <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> tube and they may be either <a href="/wiki/Actinomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomorphic">actinomorphic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zygomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomorphic">zygomorphic</a>. <i>Disc florets</i> are usually actinomorphic, with five petal lips on the rim of the corolla tube. The petal lips may be either very short, or long, in which case they form deeply lobed petals. The latter is the only kind of floret in the <a href="/wiki/Carduoideae" title="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</a>, while the first kind is more widespread. <i>Ray florets</i> are always highly zygomorphic and are characterised by the presence of a <i>ligule</i>, a strap-shaped structure on the edge of the corolla tube consisting of fused petals. In the Asteroideae and other minor subfamilies these are usually borne only on florets at the circumference of the capitulum and have a 3+2 scheme – above the fused corolla tube, three very long fused petals form the ligule, with the other two petals being inconspicuously small. The Cichorioideae has only ray florets, with a 5+0 scheme – all five petals form the ligule. A 4+1 scheme is found in the Barnadesioideae. The tip of the ligule is often divided into teeth, each one representing a petal. Some marginal florets may have no petals at all (filiform floret). </p><p>The calyx of the florets may be absent, but when present is always modified into a <a href="/wiki/Pappus_(botany)" title="Pappus (botany)">pappus</a> of two or more teeth, scales or bristles and this is often involved in the dispersion of the seeds. As with the bracts, the nature of the pappus is an important diagnostic feature. </p><p>There are usually four or five <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellenberg2001_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellenberg2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filaments are fused to the corolla, while the anthers are generally <a href="/wiki/Connation" title="Connation">connate</a> (<i>syngenesious</i> anthers), thus forming a sort of tube around the style (<i>theca</i>). They commonly have basal and/or apical appendages. Pollen is released inside the tube and is collected around the growing style, and then, as the style elongates, is pushed out of the tube (<i>nüdelspritze</i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a> consists of two connate <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">style</a> has two lobes. Stigmatic tissue may be located in the interior surface or form two lateral lines. The <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a> is inferior and has only one <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a>, with basal <a href="/wiki/Placentation" title="Placentation">placentation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits_and_seeds">Fruits and seeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fruits and seeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In members of the Asteraceae the fruit is <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achene</a>-like, and is called a <i>cypsela</i> (plural <i>cypselae</i>). Although there are two fused carpels, there is only one locule, and only one <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> per fruit is formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellenberg2001_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellenberg2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may sometimes be winged or spiny because the pappus, which is derived from calyx tissue often remains on the fruit (for example in <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>). In some species, however, the pappus falls off (for example in <i><a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">Helianthus</a></i>). Cypsela <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> is often used to help determine plant relationships at the genus and species level.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenzieEtAl_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenzieEtAl-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mature <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> usually have little <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> or none.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollen">Pollen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pollen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pollen of composites is typically echinolophate, a <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> term meaning "with elaborate systems of ridges and spines dispersed around and between the apertures."<sup id="cite_ref-Tomb1974_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomb1974-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolites">Metabolites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metabolites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Asteraceae, the energy store is generally in the form of <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">inulin</a> rather than starch. They produce iso/<a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">chlorogenic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">sesquiterpene</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactones" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactones">lactones</a>, pentacyclic triterpene alcohols, various <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylenes</a> (cyclic, aromatic, with vinyl end groups), <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>. They have <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> that never contain <a href="/wiki/Iridoid" title="Iridoid">iridoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asteraceae produce <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary metabolites">secondary metabolites</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a>. Some of these molecules can inhibit protozoan <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma" title="Trypanosoma">Trypanosoma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leishmania" title="Leishmania">Leishmania</a></i> and parasitic intestinal worms, and thus have potential in medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-PandaLuyten2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PandaLuyten2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compositae, the original name for Asteraceae, were first described in 1740 by Dutch botanist <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Royen" title="Adriaan van Royen">Adriaan van Royen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanRoyen1740_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanRoyen1740-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup> Traditionally, two subfamilies were recognised: <a href="/wiki/Asteroideae" title="Asteroideae">Asteroideae</a> (or Tubuliflorae) and <a href="/wiki/Cichorioideae" title="Cichorioideae">Cichorioideae</a> (or Liguliflorae).<sup id="cite_ref-BayerStarr1998_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BayerStarr1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 242">: 242 </span></sup> The latter has been shown to be extensively <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>, and has now been divided into 12 subfamilies, but the former still stands.<sup id="cite_ref-PaneroFunk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaneroFunk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Possibly changed since 2002; see Mandel, et al (2019) (February 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The study of this family is known as <a href="/wiki/Synantherology" title="Synantherology">synantherology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asteraceae_genera" title="List of Asteraceae genera">List of Asteraceae genera</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> of subfamilies presented below is based on Panero & <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Ann_Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicki Ann Funk">Funk</a> (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-PaneroFunk_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaneroFunk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> updated in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-Deep_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deep-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now also includes the monotypic <a href="/wiki/Famatinanthoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Famatinanthoideae">Famatinanthoideae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deep_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deep-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FJNG_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJNG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FunkFragman-Sapir_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FunkFragman-Sapir-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Possibly changed since 2014 (February 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The diamond (♦) denotes a very poorly supported <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">node</a> (<50% bootstrap support), the dot (•) a poorly supported node (<80%).<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Barnadesioideae" title="Barnadesioideae">Barnadesioideae</a></b>: 9 genera, 93 species. <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Famatinanthoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Famatinanthoideae">Famatinanthoideae</a></b>: South America, 1 genus, 1 species <i><a href="/wiki/Famatinanthus_decussatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Famatinanthus decussatus">Famatinanthus decussatus</a></i>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mutisioideae" title="Mutisioideae">Mutisioideae</a></b>: 58 genera, 750 species. Absent from Europe, mostly in South America. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Stifftioideae" title="Stifftioideae">Stifftioideae</a></b>: 10 genera. South America. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">♦ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wunderlichioideae" title="Wunderlichioideae">Wunderlichioideae</a></b>: 8 genera, 24 species. Mostly in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gochnatioideae" title="Gochnatioideae">Gochnatioideae</a></b>: 4 or 5 genera, 90 species. Latin America and southern United States. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hecastocleidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecastocleidoideae">Hecastocleidoideae</a></b>: Only <i><a href="/wiki/Hecastocleis_shockleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecastocleis shockleyi">Hecastocleis shockleyi</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Carduoideae" title="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</a></b>: 83 genera, 2,500 species. Worldwide. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pertyoideae" title="Pertyoideae">Pertyoideae</a></b>: 5 or 6 genera, 70 species. Asia. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gymnarrhenoideae" title="Gymnarrhenoideae">Gymnarrhenoideae</a></b>: Two genera/species, <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnarrhena_micrantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnarrhena micrantha">Gymnarrhena micrantha</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Cavea_tanguensis" title="Cavea tanguensis">Cavea tanguensis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a>). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">• </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cichorioideae" title="Cichorioideae">Cichorioideae</a></b>: 224 genera, 3,200 species. Worldwide. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Corymbioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corymbioideae">Corymbioideae</a></b>: Only the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Corymbium" title="Corymbium">Corymbium</a></i>, with 9 species. Cape provinces, South Africa. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">• </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Asteroideae" title="Asteroideae">Asteroideae</a></b>: 1,130 genera and 16,200 species. Worldwide. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The family includes over 32,000 currently accepted species, in over 1,900 genera (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Asteraceae_genera" title="List of Asteraceae genera">list</a>) in 13 subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantList_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantList-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Possibly changed since 2016 (February 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The number of species in the family Asteraceae is rivaled only by Orchidaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PaneroCrozier_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaneroCrozier-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Which is the larger family is unclear, because of the uncertainty about how many <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species each family includes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The four subfamilies <a href="/wiki/Asteroideae" title="Asteroideae">Asteroideae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cichorioideae" title="Cichorioideae">Cichorioideae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carduoideae" title="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutisioideae" title="Mutisioideae">Mutisioideae</a> contain 99% of the species diversity of the whole family (approximately 70%, 14%, 11% and 3% respectively).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> complexity exhibited by this family, agreeing on generic circumscriptions has often been difficult for <a href="/wiki/Taxonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomist">taxonomists</a>. As a result, several of these genera have required multiple revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paleontology_and_evolutionary_processes">Paleontology and evolutionary processes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paleontology and evolutionary processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known fossils of members of Asteraceae are pollen grains from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, dated to ~76–66 mya (<a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>) and assigned to the extant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Dasyphyllum" title="Dasyphyllum">Dasyphyllum</a></i>. Barreda, <i>et al.</i> (2015) estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous, <a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a>) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous, <a href="/wiki/Coniacian" title="Coniacian">Coniacian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known whether the precise cause of their great success was the development of the highly specialised capitulum, their ability to store energy as <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">fructans</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">inulin</a>), which is an advantage in relatively dry zones, or some combination of these and possibly other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heterocarpy, or the ability to produce different fruit morphs, has evolved and is common in Asteraceae. It allows seeds to be dispersed over varying distances and each is adapted to different environments, increasing chances of survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardocki_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardocki-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original name Compositae is still valid under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-ICN185_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICN185-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to the "composite" nature of the capitula, which consist of a few or many individual flowers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The alternative (as it came later) name Asteraceae (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) comes to <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a> from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">Aster</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a>, + <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-aceae#Suffix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-aceae">-aceae</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MWU_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWU-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a standardized <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> for plant family names in modern taxonomy. This genus name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> word <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aster#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aster">aster</a></i>, "star", which came from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀστήρ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">astḗr</i></span>), "star".<sup id="cite_ref-MWU_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWU-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to the star-like form of the inflorescence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The vernacular name <i>daisy</i>, widely applied to members of this family, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> name of the daisy (<i><a href="/wiki/Bellis_perennis" title="Bellis perennis">Bellis perennis</a></i>): <i lang="ang"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%A6ges_eage#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:dæges eage">dæġes ēaġe</a></i>, meaning "day's eye". This is because the petals open at dawn and close at dusk.<sup id="cite_ref-daisy_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daisy-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteraceae species have a widespread distribution, from subpolar to tropical regions in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in hot desert and cold or hot semi-desert climates, and they are found on every continent but Antarctica. They are especially numerous in tropical and subtropical regions (notably <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">southwestern China</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-PaneroCrozier_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaneroCrozier-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest proportion of the species occur in the arid and semi-arid regions of subtropical and lower temperate latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-BarkleyEtAl_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarkleyEtAl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Asteraceae family comprises 10% of all flowering plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-MandelEtAl2019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandelEtAl2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Asteraceae" title="Special:EditPage/Asteraceae">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:433px;max-width:433px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kih-silberdistel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kih-silberdistel.jpg/225px-Kih-silberdistel.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kih-silberdistel.jpg/338px-Kih-silberdistel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kih-silberdistel.jpg/450px-Kih-silberdistel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Anemochory in <i><a href="/wiki/Carlina" title="Carlina">Carlina</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg/200px-Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg/300px-Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg/400px-Epizoochoria_NRM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Epizoochory in <i><a href="/wiki/Bidens_tripartita" title="Bidens tripartita">Bidens tripartita</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Asteraceae are especially common in open and dry environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many members of Asteraceae are <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinated</a> by insects, which explains their value in attracting <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial insects">beneficial insects</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">anemophily</a> is also present (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Ragweed" title="Ragweed">Ambrosia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">Artemisia</a></i>). There are many <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomictic</a> species in the family. </p><p>Seeds are ordinarily dispersed intact with the fruiting body, the cypsela. <i><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal#Wind" title="Seed dispersal">Anemochory</a></i> (wind dispersal) is common, assisted by a hairy pappus. <i><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal#By_animals" title="Seed dispersal">Epizoochory</a></i> is another common method, in which the dispersal unit, a single cypsela (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Bidens" title="Bidens">Bidens</a></i>) or entire capitulum (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Arctium" title="Arctium">Arctium</a></i>) has hooks, spines or some structure to attach to the fur or plumage (or even clothes, as in the photo) of an animal just to fall off later far from its mother plant. </p><p>Some members of Asteraceae are economically important as weeds. Notable in the United States are <i><a href="/wiki/Senecio_jacobaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Senecio jacobaea">Senecio jacobaea</a></i> (ragwort),<sup id="cite_ref-WSNWCB_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSNWCB-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Senecio_vulgaris" title="Senecio vulgaris">Senecio vulgaris</a></i> (groundsel),<sup id="cite_ref-WSNWCB2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSNWCB2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taraxacum" title="Taraxacum">Taraxacum</a></i> (dandelion).<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in particular regions, often having been introduced by human agency. Examples include various <a href="/wiki/Tumbleweed" title="Tumbleweed">tumbleweeds</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bidens" title="Bidens">Bidens</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosia (plant)">ragweeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale" title="Taraxacum officinale">dandelion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinFores2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinFores2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dandelion was introduced into <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> by European settlers who used the young leaves as a salad green.<sup id="cite_ref-dandelion_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dandelion-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of species are toxic to grazing animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellenberg2001_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellenberg2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_angulatus_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Senecio_angulatus_flowers.jpg/330px-Senecio_angulatus_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Senecio_angulatus_flowers.jpg/495px-Senecio_angulatus_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Senecio_angulatus_flowers.jpg/660px-Senecio_angulatus_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">twining</a> <a href="/wiki/Succulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent">succulent</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Senecio_angulatus" title="Senecio angulatus">Senecio angulatus</a></i>, is used for its <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-senecioang_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senecioang-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite being an invasive <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> in some places, such as <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senecioang2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senecioang2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing products such as <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a> like <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweetening_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetening agent">sweetening agents</a>, coffee substitutes and <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</a>. Several genera are of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> importance, including pot marigold (<i><a href="/wiki/Calendula_officinalis" title="Calendula officinalis">Calendula officinalis</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Echinacea" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></i> (coneflowers), various daisies, <a href="/wiki/Erigeron" title="Erigeron">fleabane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahlia" title="Dahlia">dahlias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinnia" title="Zinnia">zinnias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helenium" title="Helenium">heleniums</a>. Asteraceae are important in herbal medicine, including <i><a href="/wiki/Grindelia" title="Grindelia">Grindelia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Achillea_millefolium" title="Achillea millefolium">yarrow</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Michel2020_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercially important plants in Asteraceae include the food crops <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactuca sativa">Lactuca sativa</a></i> (lettuce), <i><a href="/wiki/Cichorium" title="Cichorium">Cichorium</a></i> (chicory), <i><a href="/wiki/Cynara_scolymus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynara scolymus">Cynara scolymus</a></i> (globe artichoke), <i><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Helianthus annuus</a></i> (sunflower), <i><a href="/wiki/Smallanthus_sonchifolius" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallanthus sonchifolius">Smallanthus sonchifolius</a></i> (yacón), <i><a href="/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthamus tinctorius">Carthamus tinctorius</a></i> (safflower) and <i><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_tuberosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus tuberosus">Helianthus tuberosus</a></i> (Jerusalem artichoke).<sup id="cite_ref-ezcurra_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezcurra-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants are used as herbs and in <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</a> and other beverages. Chamomile, for example, comes from two different species: the annual <i><a href="/wiki/Matricaria_chamomilla" title="Matricaria chamomilla">Matricaria chamomilla</a></i> (German chamomile) and the perennial <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaemelum_nobile" title="Chamaemelum nobile">Chamaemelum nobile</a></i> (Roman chamomile). <i><a href="/wiki/Calendula" title="Calendula">Calendula</a></i> (known as pot marigold) is grown commercially for herbal teas and <a href="/wiki/Potpourri" title="Potpourri">potpourri</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_purpurea" title="Echinacea purpurea">Echinacea</a></i> is used as a medicinal tea. The wormwood genus <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">Artemisia</a></i> includes <a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a> (<i>A. absinthium</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">tarragon</a> (<i>A. dracunculus</i>). Winter tarragon (<i><a href="/wiki/Tagetes_lucida" title="Tagetes lucida">Tagetes lucida</a></i>), is commonly grown and used as a tarragon substitute in climates where tarragon will not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-jekkas_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jekkas-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many members of the family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers, and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry. Some examples are <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">Chrysanthemum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gerbera" title="Gerbera">Gerbera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calendula" title="Calendula">Calendula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dendranthema" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendranthema">Dendranthema</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argyranthemum" title="Argyranthemum">Argyranthemum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dahlia" title="Dahlia">Dahlia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Tagetes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zinnia" title="Zinnia">Zinnia</a></i>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Aphididae_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aphididae-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_confusus_(433794241).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Senecio_confusus_%28433794241%29.jpg/260px-Senecio_confusus_%28433794241%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Senecio_confusus_%28433794241%29.jpg/390px-Senecio_confusus_%28433794241%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Senecio_confusus_%28433794241%29.jpg/520px-Senecio_confusus_%28433794241%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudogynoxys_chenopodioides" title="Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides">Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides</a></i> is used as an ornamental plant for its bright orange flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of this family possess medicinal properties and are used as traditional <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">antiparasitic</a> medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-PandaLuyten2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PandaLuyten2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the family are also commonly featured in medical and phytochemical journals because the <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">sesquiterpene</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactone" title="Lactone">lactone</a> compounds contained within them are an important cause of <a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">allergic contact dermatitis</a>. Allergy to these compounds is the leading cause of allergic contact dermatitis in florists in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-OdomJamesBerger2000_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OdomJamesBerger2000-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a> from ragweed <i><a href="/wiki/Ragweed" title="Ragweed">Ambrosia</a></i> is among the main causes of so-called <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AsthmaAllergy_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsthmaAllergy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asteraceae are also used for some industrial purposes. French Marigold (<i><a href="/wiki/Tagetes_patula" title="Tagetes patula">Tagetes patula</a></i>) is common in commercial poultry feeds and its oil is extracted for uses in cola and the cigarette industry. The genera <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">Chrysanthemum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pulicaria" title="Pulicaria">Pulicaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Tagetes</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tanacetum" title="Tanacetum">Tanacetum</a></i> contain species with useful insecticidal properties. <i><a href="/wiki/Parthenium_argentatum" title="Parthenium argentatum">Parthenium argentatum</a></i> (guayule) is a source of <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aphididae_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aphididae-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several members of the family are copious <a href="/wiki/Nectar_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectar (plant)">nectar</a> producers<sup id="cite_ref-Aphididae_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aphididae-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are useful for evaluating <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a> populations during their bloom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Centaurea" title="Centaurea">Centaurea</a></i> (knapweed), <i>Helianthus annuus</i> (domestic sunflower), and some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Solidago" title="Solidago">Solidago</a></i> (goldenrod) are major "<a href="/wiki/Honey_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Honey plant">honey plants</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Beekeeper" title="Beekeeper">beekeepers</a>. <i>Solidago</i> produces relatively high protein <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, which helps <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a> over winter.<sup id="cite_ref-SolidagoWinter_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SolidagoWinter-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PNAS2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PNAS2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNAS2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarredaPalazzesiTelleríaOlivero2015" class="citation journal cs1">Barreda, Viviana D.; Palazzesi, Luis; Tellería, Maria C.; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Raine, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+City+Council+weed+identification+tool+%28weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au%29&rft.atitle=Senecio+angulatus+%E2%80%93+climbing+groundsel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au%2Fweeds%2Fclimbing-groundsel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michel2020-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michel2020_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelAbd_RaniHusain2020" class="citation journal cs1">Michel, Jennifer; Abd Rani, Nur Zahirah; Husain, Khairana (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291392">"A review on the potential use of medicinal plants from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae plant family in cardiovascular diseases"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Pharmacology</i>. <b>11</b>: 852. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2020.00852">10.3389/fphar.2020.00852</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1663-9812">1663-9812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7291392">7291392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32581807">32581807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=A+review+on+the+potential+use+of+medicinal+plants+from+Asteraceae+and+Lamiaceae+plant+family+in+cardiovascular+diseases&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=852&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7291392%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1663-9812&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32581807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphar.2020.00852&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Abd+Rani%2C+Nur+Zahirah&rft.au=Husain%2C+Khairana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7291392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ezcurra-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ezcurra_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzcurra2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Exequiel_Ezcurra" title="Exequiel Ezcurra">Ezcurra, Exequiel</a> (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ezcurralab.ucr.edu/sites/g/files/rcwecm3506/files/2020-05/12_asteraceae.pdf">"12. Asteraceae: The sunflower family"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ezcurralab.ucr.edu/spring-wildflowers-riverside-county"><i>Spring Wildflowers: An Introduction to the Native Flora of Southern California (Lecture notes by Exequiel Ezcurra)</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115234319/https://ezcurralab.ucr.edu/sites/default/files/2020-05/12_asteraceae.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Asteraceae%3A+The+sunflower+family&rft.btitle=Spring+Wildflowers%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Native+Flora+of+Southern+California+%28Lecture+notes+by+Exequiel+Ezcurra%29&rft.date=2020-05&rft.aulast=Ezcurra&rft.aufirst=Exequiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fezcurralab.ucr.edu%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Frcwecm3506%2Ffiles%2F2020-05%2F12_asteraceae.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jekkas-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jekkas_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jekkas.com/products/winter-tarragon">"Winter Tarragon, Sweet Mace <i>Tagetes lucida</i>"</a>. <i>Jekka's</i>. Avon, Bristol, U.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212041936/https://www.jekkas.com/products/winter-tarragon">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jekka%27s&rft.atitle=Winter+Tarragon%2C+Sweet+Mace+Tagetes+lucida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jekkas.com%2Fproducts%2Fwinter-tarragon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aphididae-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aphididae_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aphididae_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aphididae_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghSinghTiwariPatel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Rajendra; Singh, Garima; Tiwari, Ajeet; Patel, Shveta; Agrawal, Ruhi; Sharma, Akhilesh; Singh, B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308200408">"Diversity of host plants of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting Asteraceae in India"</a>. <i>International Journal of Zoological Investigations</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 137–167. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2454-3055">2454-3055</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Zoological+Investigations&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+host+plants+of+aphids+%28Homoptera%3A+Aphididae%29+infesting+Asteraceae+in+India&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-167&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2454-3055&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft.au=Singh%2C+Garima&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+Ajeet&rft.au=Patel%2C+Shveta&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+Ruhi&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Akhilesh&rft.au=Singh%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F308200408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantpono.org/high-risk-plants/pseudogynoxys-chenopodioides/">Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine)</a> CGAPS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OdomJamesBerger2000-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OdomJamesBerger2000_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdomJamesBerger2000" class="citation book cs1">Odom, R.B.; James, W.D.; Berger, T.G. (2000). <i>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology</i>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/W.B._Saunders_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.B. Saunders Company">W.B. Saunders Company</a>. p. 1135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0721658322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0721658322"><bdi>978-0721658322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=1135&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0721658322&rft.aulast=Odom&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rft.au=James%2C+W.D.&rft.au=Berger%2C+T.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsthmaAllergy-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsthmaAllergy_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsthma_and_Allergy_Foundation_of_America" class="citation web cs1">Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007191742/http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=19&cont=267">"Ragweed Allergy"</a>. <i>www.aafa.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=19&cont=267">the original</a> on 7 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aafa.org&rft.atitle=Ragweed+Allergy&rft.au=Asthma+and+Allergy+Foundation+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafa.org%2Fdisplay.cfm%3Fid%3D9%26sub%3D19%26cont%3D267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SolidagoWinter-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SolidagoWinter_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storey.com/article/five-plants-to-help-pollinators/">"Five Plants to Help Pollinators"</a>. <i>www.storey.com</i>. The Xerces Society. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922162058/https://www.storey.com/article/five-plants-to-help-pollinators/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Goldenrods are among the most important late-season pollinator plants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.storey.com&rft.atitle=Five+Plants+to+Help+Pollinators&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storey.com%2Farticle%2Ffive-plants-to-help-pollinators%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkSusannaStuessyBayer2009" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Vicki A.; Susanna, A.; Stuessy, T.F.; Bayer, R.J., eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oj4lAQAAMAAJ"><i>Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae</i></a>. Vienna: <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9501754-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9501754-3-1"><bdi>978-3-9501754-3-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115175957/https://books.google.com/books?id=oj4lAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematics%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Biogeography+of+Compositae&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-9501754-3-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doj4lAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteraceae" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/systematicsevolu0000unse">here</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteraceae&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Asteraceae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_families" title="Template talk:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Families of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Asteraceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25400" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25400">Q25400</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54580">54580</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Asteraceae.htm">Asteraceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/622TP">622TP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4206">4206</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1COMF">1COMF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22924">22924</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074">10074</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10074">10074</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3065">3065</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=110">110</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47604">47604</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/319342-2">319342-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114753">114753</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=35420">35420</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000159456">NBNSYS0000159456</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4210">4210</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f31dd6e6-d1e0-4b1b-b166-89254733a5f9">f31dd6e6-d1e0-4b1b-b166-89254733a5f9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=46248">46248</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=183083">183083</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD3C627A-FF86-FFA7-FD66-FEABFB29FD30">FD3C627A-FF86-FFA7-FD66-FEABFB29FD30</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A319342-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319342-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50307371">50307371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/91">91</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/0f466426-4b2f-4437-98a3-6bd04965d642">0f466426-4b2f-4437-98a3-6bd04965d642</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000146">wfo-7000000146</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234045">234045</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Compositae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14847254" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14847254">Q14847254</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/214642">214642</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=20424">20424</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6070956">6070956</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=282">282</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/77126669-1">77126669-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=117809">117809</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=35421">35421</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e23ccd0a-d475-458f-8f33-55a82c1d1c88">e23ccd0a-d475-458f-8f33-55a82c1d1c88</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54741">54741</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77126669-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126669-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50255940">50255940</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/21904">21904</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/composit.htm">composit</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=867905">867905</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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