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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/250px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/375px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/500px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-style:italic"><i>Talmud Readers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Behrman" title="Adolf Behrman">Adolf Behrman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> Talmudic literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">Minor Tractates</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Halakhic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Exodus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Leviticus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra (Torat Kohanim)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Numbers and Deuteronomy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifre" title="Sifre">Sifre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifri_Zutta" title="Sifri Zutta">Sifrei Zutta on Numbers</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_le-Sefer_Devarim" title="Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim">Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Tannaitic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva">Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Thirty-two_Rules" title="Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules">Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Erection_of_the_Tabernacle" title="Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle">Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 400–600 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Iyyob" title="Midrash Iyyob">Midrash Iyyob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Zutta" title="Seder Olam Zutta">Seder Olam Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 650–900 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avot_de-Rabbi_Natan" title="Avot de-Rabbi Natan">Avot de-Rabbi Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanna_Devei_Eliyahu" title="Tanna Devei Eliyahu">Tanna Devei Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah" title="Deuteronomy Rabbah">Deuteronomy Rabbah</a></li> <li>Devarim Zutta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Shmuel_(aggadah)" title="Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)">Midrash Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Proverbs" title="Midrash Proverbs">Midrash Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rabbah" title="Ruth Rabbah">Ruth Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_Samuel" title="Baraita of Samuel">Baraita of Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 900–1000 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ruth Zuta</li> <li>Eichah Zuta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Hashkem" title="Midrash Hashkem">Midrash Hashkem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon">Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 1000–1200 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tadshe" title="Midrash Tadshe">Midrash Tadshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_haMachiri" title="Yalkut haMachiri">Yalkut haMachiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Jonah" title="Midrash Jonah">Midrash Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Yaakov" title="Ein Yaakov">Ein Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_HaGadol" title="Midrash HaGadol">Midrash HaGadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaller_midrashim" title="Smaller midrashim">Smaller midrashim</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></li> <li>Fragment Targum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Jonathan" title="Targum Jonathan">Targum Jonathan</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Targum Tehillim</li> <li>Targum Mishlei</li> <li>Targum Iyyov</li> <li>Targum to the Five Megillot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to Esther</li> <li>Targum to Chronicles</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template talk:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: <b>ברייתא מ"ט מדות</b>) is a work of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical literature">rabbinical literature</a> which is no longer in existence except in references by later authorities. It is mentioned or cited by <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yal%E1%B8%B3ut" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalḳut">Yalḳut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a>. Rashi on <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 26:5,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 61, calls it "Midrash"; Rashi on Exodus 27:6 calls it "Mishnah". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_and_character">Authorship and character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship and character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Ezra mentions <a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian" title="Nathan the Babylonian">R. Nathan</a> as the author of the Baraita.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Zunz" title="Leopold Zunz">Zunz</a> showed, by referring to a number of passages in the Talmud, that the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tanna</a> R. Nathan, in both <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a>, was accustomed to group things arithmetically, and to arrange his sayings accordingly. On this basis, Zunz conjectured that "this lost work of R. Nathan contained a large portion of his <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, and was arranged in rubrics from one to forty-nine; so that each rubric, under the introductory formula "Middah," mentioned halakhic, aggadic, and, in general, scientific subjects which belonged in that particular place in regard to number".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the few fragments of this Baraita preserved by the above-mentioned authors, only one fact pertaining to its character can be ascertained, viz., that it contained <a href="/wiki/Aggadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggadic">aggadic</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Halakhic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic">halakhic</a> matter, especially halakhic topic which involve exact measurement; for instance, the measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> and its furnishings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If from these short fragments an opinion could be formed concerning the composition of the Baraita, Zunz's assumption would be justified that it contained aggadah and halakhah numerically arranged. Another assumption of his, however, that it represents the "Mishnat R. Nathan" mentioned elsewhere, is highly improbable; <a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian" title="Nathan the Babylonian">R. Nathan</a>'s Mishnah was in all likelihood only a version of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Akiva</a>'s Mishnah differing from the authoritative Mishnah. Against Zunz's opinion, compare <a href="/wiki/Eliakim_ha-Milzahgi" title="Eliakim ha-Milzahgi">Eliakim Milsahagi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mishnat_ha-Middot">The <i>Mishnat ha-Middot</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Mishnat ha-Middot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; font-size:115%;">Rabbinical eras</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Template:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Template talk:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eras_of_the_Halakha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eras of the Halakha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Steinschneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinschneider">Steinschneider</a> believed that he had put an end to all conjecture concerning the Baraita through a happy find. In the introduction to an edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Mishnat_ha-Middot" title="Mishnat ha-Middot">Mishnat ha-Middot</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he maintains that this mathematical work, edited by him, is identical with the Baraita under consideration. Were this the case, the Baraita would be a product of the 9th or, at earliest the 8th century, and its birthplace would have to be <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>. For, although the scientific terminology of this, the oldest, mathematical work of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> shows its origin to have been in a time previous to <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> influences on Jewish scholarship, yet expressions like חץ = Arabic סהם ("arrow") for <a href="/wiki/Versine" title="Versine">sinus versus</a>, or משיחה = Arabic מסאחה for measure, area, show that the work could not have been written before the contact of the Jews with the Arabs. </p><p>But Steinschneider's assumption can hardly be supported. <i>Mishnat ha-Middot</i> has nothing in common with the Baraita cited by the old scholars under that name: for the citations leave no doubt that the Baraita, even in its mathematical parts, was founded on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>; whereas the <i>Mishnat ha-Middot</i> is a purely secular work, and, possibly, it drew upon the same source as did <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_b._Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed b. Musa">Mohammed b. Musa</a>, the oldest Arabic mathematician. The argument that the <i>Mishnat ha-Middot</i> has not been preserved in its entirety, and that in its original form there were references to the Bible for special points, is of no weight, since it is absolutely incomprehensible that <a href="/wiki/Aggadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggadic">aggadic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Halakhic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic">halakhic</a> matter should fit into the frame of the work as it now is. </p><p>The same reason demolishes the hypothesis of the German translator of the <i>Mishnat ha-Middot</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who assumes that there was a <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a> on it, and that citations of the old scholars refer to the Gemara, whereas the printed text represents the Mishnah (compare the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian" title="Nathan the Babylonian">R. Nathan</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Erection_of_the_Tabernacle" title="Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle">Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(ed. Berliner)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yesod Moreh,</i> ed. Königsberg, 6a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>G. V.</i> 2d ed., pp. 95–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a> l.c. on the seventy nations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, l.c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>RABIH,</i> pp. 4b, 7b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mishnat ha-Middot, die Erste Geometrische Schrift in Hebräischer Sprache</i> (Berlin, 1864)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abhandlung zur Geschichte d. Mathematik,</i> in Supplement to <i>Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik,</i> 1880; H. Schapira, <i>Mishnat ha-Midoth . . . ins Deutsche Uebersetzt</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=B&search=forty-nine">"Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baraita+of+the+Forty-nine+Rules&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D254%26letter%3DB%26search%3Dforty-nine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaraita+of+the+Forty-nine+Rules" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Encyclopedia_bibliography">Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abraham b. Solomon of Wilna, in the introduction to his edition of Aggadat Bereshit;</li> <li>idem, Rab Pe'olim, pp. 86 et seq.;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Buber" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Buber">S. Buber</a>, Yeri'ot Shelomoh, pp. 22, 23, Warsaw, 1896;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnhut" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünhut">Grünhut</a>, in Israelitische Monatsschrift (scientific supplement to Jüdische Presse), vii. 30–31, 1898;</li> <li>idem, Sefer ha-Liḳḳutim, ii. 3 et seq. (Grünhut believes that he found more citations from the present Baraita in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yal%E1%B8%B3u%E1%B8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yalḳuḳ (page does not exist)">Yalḳuḳ</a>; the proofs for his assumption are not convincing, at least not for all the passages in Yalḳuṭ, the source of which he considers to be the Baraita);</li> <li>Zunz, Schapira, and Steinschneider, as cited above;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Geiger" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Geiger">A. Geiger</a>, in Wissenschaftliche, Zeitschrift für Jüdische Theologie, vi. 25–30;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Epstein">A. Epstein</a>, in Ha-Ḥoker, i. 35.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules&oldid=988684376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules&oldid=988684376</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baraitot" title="Category:Baraitot">Baraitot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lost_Jewish_texts" title="Category:Lost Jewish texts">Lost Jewish texts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia_without_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2020, at 17:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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