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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gels" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gels" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gels" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gels" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbūve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbūve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Uzbūve</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uzbūve-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Uzbūve apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uzbūve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daudzjonu_polimēri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daudzjonu_polimēri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Daudzjonu polimēri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daudzjonu_polimēri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Īpašības" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Īpašības"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Īpašības</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Īpašības-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Īpašības apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Īpašības-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elastība" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elastība"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elastība</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elastība-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbriešana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbriešana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Uzbriešana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbriešana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiksotropija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiksotropija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tiksotropija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiksotropija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pielietojumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pielietojumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pielietojumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pielietojumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Veidi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veidi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Veidi apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Veidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ūdensgeli_jeb_hidrogeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ūdensgeli_jeb_hidrogeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ūdensgeli jeb hidrogeli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ūdensgeli_jeb_hidrogeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organogeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organogeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Organogeli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organogeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kserogeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kserogeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kserogeli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kserogeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanokompozītu_hidrogeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanokompozītu_hidrogeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nanokompozītu hidrogeli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanokompozītu_hidrogeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dzīvnieku_radītie_geli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dzīvnieku_radītie_geli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dzīvnieku radītie geli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dzīvnieku_radītie_geli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Satura rādītājs" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gels</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 49 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="هلام – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xel" title="Xel – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Гел – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_(col%C2%B7loide)" title="Gel (col·loide) – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gel (col·loide)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Γέλη – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γέλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Celo" title="Ĝelo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geel" title="Geel – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%84" title="ژل – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeli" title="Geeli – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_(mat%C3%A9riau)" title="Gel (matériau) – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gel (matériau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xel" title="Xel – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%9C" title="ג'ל – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9l" title="Gél – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Գել – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB" title="ゲル – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8l" title="Jèl – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jèl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гель – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%A4" title="젤 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelis" title="Gelis – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_(kjemi)" title="Gel (kjemi) – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gel (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBel" title="Żel – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гели – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5" title="เจล – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyel" title="Dyel – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dyel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel" title="Jel – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гель – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellar" title="Gellar – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gellar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6" title="凝胶 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凝胶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0" title="凝膠 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凝膠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Labot starpvalodu saites" class="wbc-editpage">Labot saites</a></span></div> </div> 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title="Drukājama lapas versija [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukājama versija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Citos projektos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gels" hreflang="en"><span>Vikikrātuve</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185744" title="Saistītais Vikidatu ieraksts [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ieraksts Vikidatos</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lapas rīki"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izskats</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Silica_gel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Silica_gel.jpg/220px-Silica_gel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Silica_gel.jpg/330px-Silica_gel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Silica_gel.jpg/440px-Silica_gel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Silīcija kserogels</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gels</b> ir želejveidīgs koloīdu receklis (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABkst%C4%81_vide" title="Mīkstā vide">mīksts materiāls</a>), kas var būt gan mīkstāks, gan trauslāks, cietāks un izturīgāks<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Geli ir definēti kā mazas koncentrācijas izšķīdusi <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0%C4%B7%C4%93rssai%C5%A1u_sist%C4%93ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šķērssaišu sistēma (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">šķērssaišu sistēma</a>, kurai miera stāvoklī nav plūsmas<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gelu sastāvā pārsvarā ir <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7idrums" title="Šķidrums">šķidrumi</a>, tomēr tie darbojas kā cietvielas, jo šķidrumā atrodas komplekss šķērssaistīto saišu tīkls. Šķidrumā veidojošās šķērssaites ir tās, kas nodrošina gela struktūru (<a href="/wiki/Ciet%C4%ABba" title="Cietība">cietību</a>) un veicina savstarpējo mijiedarbību (saķeri), bet jāatceras, ka šo šķērssaišu vielā nav daudz — tikai pāris procenti. Tādējādi gels ir šķidruma molekulu <a href="/wiki/Dispers%C4%81_sist%C4%93ma" title="Dispersā sistēma">dispersija</a> cietā vielā (dispersā fāze ir šķidrums, bet dispersijas vide — cietviela). Vārdu gels pirmoreiz lietoja skotu ķīmiķis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomas_Grahams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomas Grahams (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Tomas Grahams</a>, atvasinot to no <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDelat%C4%ABns" title="Želatīns">želatīna</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzbūve"><span id="Uzb.C5.ABve"></span>Uzbūve</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Uzbūve" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Uzbūve"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gels sastāv no cieta trīsdimensiju tīkla, kas caurvij šķidrās vides tilpumu un nostiprina to ar <a href="/wiki/Virsmas_spraigums" title="Virsmas spraigums">virsmas spraiguma</a> palīdzību. Šī iekšējā tīkla struktūra var rasties no fiziskām saitēm (fiziskiem geliem) vai <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_saite" title="Ķīmiskā saite">ķīmiskajām saitēm</a> (ķīmiskajiem geliem), kā arī kristalītiem vai citiem savienojumiem, kas šķidrumā paliek veseli. Gandrīz jebkurš šķidrums var būt gela vide, ieskaitot ūdeni (ūdens geli jeb hidrogeli), eļļu un gaisu (aerogeli). Gan pēc svara, gan tilpuma geli galvenokārt sastāv no šķidruma un tādējādi to <a href="/wiki/Bl%C4%ABvums" title="Blīvums">blīvums</a> ir tuvs to sastāvā esošajiem šķidrumiem. Ēdamās želejas ir ikdienišķs piemērs parastam hidrogelam, un tam ir aptuveni ūdens blīvums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daudzjonu_polimēri"><span id="Daudzjonu_polim.C4.93ri"></span>Daudzjonu polimēri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Daudzjonu polimēri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Daudzjonu polimēri"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daudzjonu polimēri ir polimēri ar jonu funkcionālo grupu. Jonu lādiņi novērš cieši sasaistītu polimēru ķēžu veidošanos. Tādējādi tie ir viskozāki, jo izstieptais polimērs aizņem vairāk vietas. Tas ir arī iemesls, kāpēc gels sacietē. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Hairgel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trauks ar matu želeju, kas nesen apgriezts augšpēdus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hairgel.JPG/220px-Hairgel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hairgel.JPG/330px-Hairgel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hairgel.JPG/440px-Hairgel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption>Matu želeja apgriezta otrādi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Īpašības"><span id=".C4.AApa.C5.A1.C4.ABbas"></span>Īpašības</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Īpašības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Īpašības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elastība"><span id="Elast.C4.ABba"></span>Elastība</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Elastība" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Elastība"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trīsdimensiju cietā tīkla dēļ geliem ir izteikta forma, tie deformējas, kad pielikts ārējs spēks, bet atgūst vai daļēji atgūst savu formu pēc spēka iedarbības. Tādēļ tos var saukt par elastīgiem materiāliem, molekulārās uzbūves (<a href="/wiki/Polim%C4%93ri" title="Polimēri">polimēru ķēžu</a>) dēļ gelus var deformēt pat līdz desmitiem vai simtiem procentu, nesalaužot tos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbriešana"><span id="Uzbrie.C5.A1ana"></span>Uzbriešana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Uzbriešana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Uzbriešana"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kā minēts, gels sastāv no trīsdimensiju struktūras un šķīdinātāja, tātad gels var mainīt savu tilpumu, uzsūcot vai atbrīvojoties no šķīdinātāja. Piemērs ir ievietojot sausu gelu šķīdinātājā, tas absorbēs to no apkārtnes. Šo procesu sauc par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbrie%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbriešana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">uzbriešanu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiksotropija">Tiksotropija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Tiksotropija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Tiksotropija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daudziem geliem piemīt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiksotropija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiksotropija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">tiksotropija</a> — tie plūst, kad pielikts spēks, bet paliek nekustīgi miera stāvoklī (<a href="/wiki/Ke%C4%8Dups" class="mw-redirect" title="Kečups">kečups</a>). Kopumā geli ir cieti, želejai līdzīgi materiāli. Gels ir <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%86%C5%ABtona_%C5%A1%C4%B7idrumi" title="Neņūtona šķidrumi">neņūtona šķidruma</a> veids. Aizvietojot šķidrumu ar gāzi, ir iespējams iegūt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerogels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerogels (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">aerogelus</a>, materiālus ar izcilām īpašībām, ieskaitot ļoti mazu blīvumu, lielus virsmas laukumus un lieliskas siltumizolācijas īpašības. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pielietojumi">Pielietojumi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Pielietojumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Pielietojumi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daudzas vielas var veidot gelus, ja tām pievieno piemērotu biezinātāju. Šī pieeja ir izplatīta, ražojot plašu produktu klāstu, sākot no pārtikas produktiem līdz krāsām un līmēm. Šķiedru optikas sakaros mīkstais gels, kas līdzinās "matu želejai" viskozitātē, tiek izmantots, lai aizpildītu plastmasas caurules, kas satur šķiedras. Gela galvenais mērķis ir novērst ūdens ielaušanos, ja bufera caurule tiek ielauzta vai saliekta ap stūri uzstādīšanas laikā. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veidi">Veidi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļu: Veidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Veidi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ūdensgeli_jeb_hidrogeli"><span id=".C5.AAdensgeli_jeb_hidrogeli"></span>Ūdensgeli jeb hidrogeli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļu: Ūdensgeli jeb hidrogeli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ūdensgeli jeb hidrogeli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Superabsorber_Hydrogel_KSG_2917_pK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Superabsorber_Hydrogel_KSG_2917_pK.jpg/220px-Superabsorber_Hydrogel_KSG_2917_pK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Superabsorber_Hydrogel_KSG_2917_pK.jpg/330px-Superabsorber_Hydrogel_KSG_2917_pK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Superabsorber_Hydrogel_KSG_2917_pK.jpg/440px-Superabsorber_Hydrogel_KSG_2917_pK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption>Superabsorbējošs hidrogels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Short-peptide-based_hydrogel,_electron_microscope_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Short-peptide-based_hydrogel%2C_electron_microscope_image.jpg/220px-Short-peptide-based_hydrogel%2C_electron_microscope_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Short-peptide-based_hydrogel%2C_electron_microscope_image.jpg/330px-Short-peptide-based_hydrogel%2C_electron_microscope_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Short-peptide-based_hydrogel%2C_electron_microscope_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Īsa uz peptīdiem bāzēta hidrogela matrica. Ūdens daudzums var sasniegt 100 reižu no pašmasas. Attēls ir uzņemts ar tuvā lauka skenēšo mikroskopu (NESEM)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hidrogels ir polimēru ķēžu tīkls, kas ir hidrofils, dažkārt atrodams kā koloidāls gels, kurā ūdens ir dispersijas vide. Trīsdimensiju cieta viela rodas no hidrofilajām polimēru ķēdēm, kuras kopā satur šķērssaistītas saites. Tieši šo saišu dēļ hidrogeli nešķīst pat lielā ūdens koncentrācijā. Gan dabīgie, gan sintētiskie polimēru tīkli ir ļoti absorbējoši (var saturēt vairāk nekā 90% ūdens). Lielā ūdens satura dēļ hidrogeliem ir ievērojams elastīgums, kas ir ļoti līdzīgs dabiskajiem audiem. Kā reaģējoši viedie materiāli hidrogeli var iekapsulēt dažādus savienojumus, kurus, stimulējot ar ārējiem faktoriem, piemēram, pH, atbrīvo apkārtējā vidē. Ķīmiski mehāniskie polimēri galvenokārt ir arī hidrogeli, kas pēc stimulācijas maina to tilpumu un var kalpot kā izpildmehānismi vai sensori. </p><p>Hidrogelus parasti izmanto: </p> <ul><li>Pamatnes audu inženierijā. Hidrogeli var saturēt cilvēka šūnas, lai labotu audus, atdarinot šūnu 3D mikroklimatu<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Videi draudzīgi hidrogeli (pazīstami arī kā „gudrie geli” vai „inteliģentie geli”). Šiem hidrogeliem ir iespēja uztvert izmaiņas pH, temperatūrā vai metabolīta koncentrācijā un reaģēt šādu pārmaiņu rezultātā<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Crosslinked_ultrashort_peptide_hydrogel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Crosslinked_ultrashort_peptide_hydrogel.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Caurspīdīgs hidrogels ar īsām peptīda šķērssaitēm. Tas ir satverts ar pinceti, kas demonstrē pietiekošu cietību, tajā pašā laikā nodrošinot caurspīdīgumu</figcaption></figure>Ilgstošās darbības zāļu piegādes sistēmas</li> <li>Hidrogelus, kas reaģē uz specifiskām molekulām<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, piemēram, glikozi vai antigēnus, var izmantot kā biosensorus.</li> <li>Vienreizlietojami autiņi, sanitārās salvetes<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kontaktlēcas (<a href="/wiki/Silikoni" title="Silikoni">silikona</a> hidrogeli, poliakrilamīdi, polimērs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektroencefalogr%C4%81fija" title="Elektroencefalogrāfija">EEG</a> un <a href="/wiki/Elektrokardiogr%C4%81fija" title="Elektrokardiogrāfija">EKG</a> medicīniskie elektrodi, izmantojot hidrogelus, kas sastāv no savstarpēji saistītiem polimēriem (polietilēna oksīds, poliamīds un <a href="/wiki/Polivinilpirolidons" title="Polivinilpirolidons">polivinilpirolidons</a>)</li> <li>Ūdens želejas sprāgstvielas</li> <li>Taisnās zarnas zāļu ievadīšana un diagnostika</li> <li>Kvantu punktu iekapsulēšana</li> <li>Krūšu implanti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABme" title="Līme">Līme</a></li> <li>Granulas augsnes mitruma uzglabāšanai sausās vietās</li> <li>Apsēji apdegumu vai citu grūti dzīstošu brūču ārstēšanai. Brūču geli ir lieliski piemēroti mitras vides radīšanai vai uzturēšanai.</li> <li>Materiāli, kas atdarina dzīvnieku gļotādas audus, ko izmanto, lai pārbaudītu zāļu ievadīšanas sistēmu mukoadhezīvās īpašības<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p>Tiek pētīti dabīgie hidrogelu materiāli <a href="/wiki/G%C4%93nu_in%C5%BEenierija" title="Gēnu inženierija">audu inženierijas</a> jomā, piemēram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaroze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaroze (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">agaroze</a>. Hidrogeliem ir potenciāls lauksaimniecībā, jo tie var atbrīvot agroķimikālijas, tostarp <a href="/wiki/Pestic%C4%ABdi" title="Pesticīdi">pesticīdus</a> un <a href="/wiki/Fosf%C4%81ti" title="Fosfāti">fosfātu</a> mēslojumu, lēnām, palielinot efektivitāti un samazinot noteci, un vienlaikus uzlabojot sausāku augsni, piemēram, smilšainas mālaines<sup id="cite_ref-Puoci_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puoci-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organogeli">Organogeli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļu: Organogeli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Organogeli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organogels ir nekristālisks, termoplastisks ciets materiāls, kas sastāv no šķidras organiskā fāzes, kas ietverts trīsdimensiju savstarpēji saistītā tīklā. Šķidrums var būt, piemēram, organiskais šķīdinātājs, minerāleļļa vai augu eļļa. Struktūras šķīdība un daļiņu izmēri ir svarīgas organogela elastības un stingrības īpašības. Bieži vien šīs sistēmas ir balstītas uz strukturējošo molekulu pašsakārtotību<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nevēlamu termoplastisku tīklu veidošanās piemērs ir vasku kristalizācijas rašanās naftas produktos<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Organogēniem ir potenciāls vairākiem pielietojumiem, piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Farm%C4%81cija" title="Farmācija">farmācijā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosm%C4%93tika" title="Kosmētika">kosmētikā</a>, mākslas saglabāšanā un <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81rtikas_%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Pārtikas ķīmija">pārtikā</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kserogeli">Kserogeli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļu: Kserogeli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Kserogeli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kserogels ir cieta viela, kas veidojas no gela, tam žūstot, ja nekas netraucē tā saraušanos. Kserogels parasti saglabā augstu porainību (15—50 %) un milzīgu virsmas laukumu (150—900 m<sup>2</sup>/ g), kā arī ļoti mazu poru izmēru (1—10 nm). Ja šķīdinātāju žūšana notiek pārkritisko apstākļu dēļ, tīkls nesamazinās un tiek ražots ļoti porains, zema blīvuma materiāls, kas pazīstams kā aerogels. Termiski apstrādājot kserogelu paaugstinātā temperatūrā, rodas viskoza saķepināšana (kserogela saraušanās neliela viskoza plūsmas daudzuma dēļ) un poraina gela pārvēršana par blīvu <a href="/wiki/Stikls" title="Stikls">stiklu</a>. </p><p>Populārs kserogelu piemērs ir silīcija kserogels — amorfa un poraina silīcija dioksīda forma, kura poru izmērs ir ap 2,4 nm. Tas ļoti labi saistās ar ūdeni, tāpēc to izmanto kā žāvētāju. Silīcija kserogelam ir liels <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%AApatn%C4%93jais_virsmas_laukums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Īpatnējais virsmas laukums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">īpatnējais virsmas laukums</a> (ap 800 m<sup>2</sup>/g) tādējādi ļaujot materiālam ātri absorbēt ūdeni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanokompozītu_hidrogeli"><span id="Nanokompoz.C4.ABtu_hidrogeli"></span>Nanokompozītu hidrogeli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļu: Nanokompozītu hidrogeli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Nanokompozītu hidrogeli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nanokompozītu hidrogeli<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vai hibrīdie hidrogeli ir ļoti hidratēti polimēru tīkli, kas fiziski vai kovalenti savstarpēji saistīti ar sevi un/ vai ar nanodaļiņām vai nanostruktūrām. Nanokompozītu hidrogeli var atdarināt vietējās audu īpašības, struktūru un mikro vidi sakarā ar to hidratēto un savstarpēji saistīto poraino struktūru. Hidrogela struktūrā var iekļaut plašu nanodaļiņu klāstu, piemēram, oglekļa bāzes, polimēru, keramikas un metāliskos nanomateriālus, lai iegūtu nanokompozītus ar pielāgotu funkcionalitāti. Nanokompozītu hidrogelus var konstruēt tā, lai tiem būtu vērtīgākas fizikālās, ķīmiskās, elektriskās un bioloģiskās īpašības<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dzīvnieku_radītie_geli"><span id="Dz.C4.ABvnieku_rad.C4.ABtie_geli"></span>Dzīvnieku radītie geli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Labot sadaļu: Dzīvnieku radītie geli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=13" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Dzīvnieku radītie geli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dažas sugas izdala sekrētus, kas ir efektīvi parazītu kontrolē. Piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Va%C4%BCi" title="Vaļi">vaļi</a> izdala enzīmu gelu, kas pārklāj tā ķermeni un palīdz novērst citu organismu koloniju veidošanos uz tā<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hidrogeli, kas dabiski atrodas organismā, ir <a href="/wiki/G%C4%BCotas" title="Gļotas">gļotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skrimslis" title="Skrimslis">skrimšļi</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABpsla" title="Cīpsla">cīpslas</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asins_recek%C4%BCi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asins recekļi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">asins recekļi</a>. To <a href="/wiki/Viskoelast%C4%ABba" title="Viskoelastība">viskoelastiskā</a> daba rada ķermeņa mīksto audu komponenti, kas atšķiras no skeleta sistēmas minerālu saturošiem cietajiem audiem. Pētnieki aktīvi attīsta sintētiski iegūtas audu aizvietošanas tehnoloģijas, kas iegūtas no hidrogeliem, gan pagaidu implantiem (noārdāmiem), gan pastāvīgiem implantiem (nesadalāmiem)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gels&action=edit&section=14" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Khademhosseini und U. Demirci <i>Gels Handbook: Fundamentals, Properties and Applications</i> |<b>2016</b> World Scientific Pub Co Inc; <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814656108" title="Special:BookSources/9789814656108">ISBN 9789814656108</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Supramolecular Polymer Networks and Gels.</i> S. Seiffert (Editor), Springer, <b>2015</b> ASIN: B00VR5CMW6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferry, John D. (1980) <i>Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers</i>. New York: Wiley, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471048941" title="Special:BookSources/0471048941">ISBN 0471048941</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Harper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Harper (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Douglas Harper</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=gel">«Online Etymology Dictionary: gel»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2019-04-07</span></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mellati, Amir; Dai, Sheng; Bi, Jingxiu; Jin, Bo; Zhang, Hu (2014). "A biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogel with tuneable properties for mimicking three-dimensional microenvironments of stem cells". <i>RSC Adv.</i> 4 (109): 63951–63961. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FC4RA12215A">10.1039/C4RA12215A</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-2069">2046-2069</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brudno, Yevgeny (2015-12-10). "On-demand drug delivery from local depots". <i>Journal of Controlled Release</i> 219: 8–17. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jconrel.2015.09.011">10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374941">26374941</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chemoresponsive Materials, Editor: Hans-Jörg Schneider, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78262-242-0">https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78262-242-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406221141/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78262-242-0">Arhivēts</a> 2019. gada 6. aprīlī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Caló, Enrica; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2015). "Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Polymer_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Polymer Journal (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">European Polymer Journal</a></i> 65: 252–267. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eurpolymj.2014.11.024">10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.024</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cook, Michael T.; Smith, Sarah L.; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2015). "Novel glycopolymer hydrogels as mucosa-mimetic materials to reduce animal testing". <i>Chem. Commun.</i> 51 (77): 14447–14450. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2FC5CC02428E">10.1039/C5CC02428E</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26221632">26221632</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cook, Michael T.; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2015). "Mucoadhesion and mucosa-mimetic materials—A mini-review". <i>International Journal of Pharmaceutics</i> 495 (2): 991–8. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpharm.2015.09.064">10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26440734">26440734</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puoci-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Puoci_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Puoci, Francesco (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/sciencepublications/ajabssp/2008/299-314.pdf">"Polymer in Agriculture: A Review"</a>. <i>American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences</i> 3 (1): 299–314. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3844%2Fajabssp.2008.299.314">10.3844/ajabssp.2008.299.314</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terech P. (1997) "Low-molecular weight organogelators", pp. 208—268 in: Robb I.D. (ed.) <i>Specialist surfactants</i>. Glasgow: Blackie Academic and Professional, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0751403407" title="Special:BookSources/0751403407">ISBN 0751403407</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">van Esch J., Schoonbeek F., De Loos M., Veen E.M., Kellog R.M., Feringa B.L. (1999) "Low molecular weight gelators for organic solvents", pp. 233—259 in: Ungaro R., Dalcanale E. (eds.) <i>Supramolecular science: where it is and where it is going</i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/079235656X" title="Special:BookSources/079235656X">ISBN 079235656X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Rheological behavior and structural interpretation of waxy crude oil gels". <i>Langmuir</i> 21 (14): 6240–9. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fla050705k">10.1021/la050705k</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15982026">15982026</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gaharwar, Akhilesh K.; Peppas, Nicholas A.; Khademhosseini, Ali (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924876/">"Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications"</a>. <i>Biotechnology and Bioengineering</i> 111 (3): 441–453. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbit.25160">10.1002/bit.25160</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924876">3924876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264728">24264728</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Carrow, James K.; Gaharwar, Akhilesh K. (November 2014). "Bioinspired Polymeric Nanocomposites for Regenerative Medicine". <i>Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics</i> 216 (3): 248–264. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmacp.201400427">10.1002/macp.201400427</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Haraguchi, K.; Takehisa, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228015753/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1521-4095(20020816)14:16%3C1120::AID-ADMA1120%3E3.0.CO;2-9/abstract">"Wiley Online Library"</a>. <i>Advanced Materials</i> 14 (16): 1120. <a href="/wiki/Digit%C4%81lais_objektu_identifikators" title="Digitālais objektu identifikators">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-4095%2820020816%2914%3A16%3C1120%3A%3Aaid-adma1120%3E3.0.co%3B2-9">10.1002/1521-4095(20020816)14:16<1120::aid-adma1120>3.0.co;2-9</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1521-4095(20020816)14:16%253C1120::AID-ADMA1120%253E3.0.CO;2-9/abstract">oriģināla</a> 2018. gada 28. februārī.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dee, Eileen May; McGinley, Mark and Hogan, C. Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Long-finned_pilot_whale?topic=49540">"Long-finned pilot whale"</a> in Saundry, Peter and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutler_J._Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cutler J. Cleveland (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Cleveland, Cutler</a> (eds.) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Earth (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Encyclopedia of Earth</a>.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_Science_and_the_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for Science and the Environment (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">National Council for Science and the Environment</a>. Washington DC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121217235511/https://www.orthoworld.com/site/index.php/publications/view_article/221558">«Injectable Hydrogel-based Medical Devices: "There's always room for Jell-O"1»</a>. Orthoworld.com. 2010. gada 15. septembris. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthoworld.com/site/index.php/publications/view_article/221558">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2012-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2019-04-07</span></span>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gels&oldid=4220825">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gels&oldid=4220825</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Kategorijas</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kondens%C4%93tas_vides_fizika" title="Kategorija:Kondensētas vides fizika">Kondensētas vides fizika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kolo%C4%ABd%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Kategorija:Koloīdķīmija">Koloīdķīmija</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2025. gada 5. februāris plkst. 18.43.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci</a>; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 valodas</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Jauna sadaļa</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-qqf7s","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.142","walltime":"0.196","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6945,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":42439,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15523,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":16233,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 135.971 1 Veidne:Atsauces","100.00% 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