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href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-扩展阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#扩展阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>扩展阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-扩展阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">凝胶</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。49种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="هلام – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xel" title="Xel – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Гел – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_(col%C2%B7loide)" title="Gel (col·loide) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gel (col·loide)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Γέλη – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γέλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Celo" title="Ĝelo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geel" title="Geel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%84" title="ژل – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeli" title="Geeli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_(mat%C3%A9riau)" title="Gel (matériau) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gel (matériau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xel" title="Xel – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%9C" title="ג'ל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9l" title="Gél – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Գել – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB" title="ゲル – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8l" title="Jèl – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jèl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гель – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%A4" title="젤 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelis" title="Gelis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gels" title="Gels – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_(kjemi)" title="Gel (kjemi) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gel (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBel" title="Żel – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гели – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5" title="เจล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyel" title="Dyel – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dyel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel" title="Jel – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гель – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellar" title="Gellar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gellar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel" title="Gel – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0" title="凝膠 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凝膠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gels" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185744" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hairgel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hairgel.JPG/220px-Hairgel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hairgel.JPG/330px-Hairgel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hairgel.JPG/440px-Hairgel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption>翻转过来的装有<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%AE%E8%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="髮膠">发胶</a>的小瓶子</figcaption></figure> <p><b>凝胶</b>（英語：<span lang="en">gel</span>，来自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a> <i><span lang="la">gelu</span></i>—寒冷、冰，或 <i><span lang="la">gelatus</span></i>—冻结、不可动）是一种固体的、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E8%86%A0" title="明膠">类似果冻的</a>材料。它可以很柔软，也可以很坚硬。凝胶是一种充分稀释的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="交联">交联</a>系统，在稳定状态下没有流动性。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 以重量计算，凝胶的主要成分是液体，但由于液体中的三维交联网络，凝胶在很多方面有着与固体相近的特性。 </p><p>此概念常与“<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%83%B6" title="溶胶">溶胶</a>”相对（参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%86%A0%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0" title="溶膠凝膠">溶胶凝胶</a>）。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"><div class="" style="background-color: inherit;color: inherit; text-align: center; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;">IUPAC definition</div><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;">IUPAC定义 <p>凝胶：非流动性的胶态网络或者是贯穿其整个体积由流体膨胀聚合物网络[4] </p><p>注1：一种凝胶具有有限的，通常相当小，屈服应力。 </p><p>注2：凝胶可以包含： </p><p>（ⅰ）共价聚合物网络，例如，通过交联聚合物链或由非线性聚合形成的网络; </p><p>（ii）通过聚合物链引起的氢键，结晶，螺旋的形成，络合等的物理聚集形成的聚合物网络，这导致局部有序充当网络结点的区域。所得溶胀网络可被称为“热可逆凝胶”如果本地订单的区域是热可逆的; </p><p>（ⅲ）一种聚合物网络通过玻璃状交接点，例如形成一基于嵌段共聚物。如果结点是热可逆玻璃状结构域，从而导致肿网络也可被称为热可逆性凝胶; </p><p>（ⅳ）层状结构，包括中间相{文献[5]定义的层状晶体和中间相}，例如，肥皂凝胶，磷脂，和粘土; </p><p>（ⅴ）微粒无序结构，例如，一个絮状沉淀通常由粒子具有大的几何各向异性，如V 2 O 5的凝胶和球状或纤维状蛋白质凝胶。 </p><p>注3：从参考修正，[6]其中定义是通过在注1（见上文）所确定的属性，而不是描述的凝胶的结构特征[7]。 </p><p>水凝胶：凝胶，其中溶胀剂是水。 </p><p>注1：水凝胶的网络组件通常是一个聚合物网络。 </p><p>注2：水凝胶，其中所述网络部件是胶状的网络可以被称为水凝胶。 </p> 注3：定义从参引[7] [8] [9]</div></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6" title="气凝胶">气凝胶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="胶体">胶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%B3" title="凝膠電泳">凝胶电泳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%90%91%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%B3" title="双向电泳">双向电泳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89%E8%81%9A%E4%B8%99%E7%83%AF%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%B3" title="十二烷基硫酸鈉聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳">十二烷基硫酸鈉聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E6%B4%97%E6%BE%A1" title="乾洗澡">乾洗澡</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：参考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferry, John D. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. New York: Wiley, 1980.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>10. I. Katime, O. Katime, D. Katime.Los materiales inteligentes de este milenio: Los hidrogeles macromoleculares. Síntesis, propiedades y applicaciones. Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU).Bilbao. Septiembre de 2004 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="扩展阅读"><span id=".E6.89.A9.E5.B1.95.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>扩展阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：扩展阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ajayaghosh, A., Praveen, V.K. & Vijayakumar, C. <i>Organogels as scaffolds for excitation energy transfer and light harvesting.</i> Chem Soc Rev 37, 109-22(2008).</li> <li>Ajayaghosh, A. & Praveen, V.K. <i>p-Organogels of Self-Assembled p-Phenylenevinylenes: Soft Materials with Distinct Size, Shape, and Functions.</i> Acc. Chem. Res. 40, 644-656(2007).</li> <li>Estroff, L.A. & Hamilton, A.D. <i>Water gelation by small organic molecules.</i> Chem Rev 104, 1201-18(2004).</li> <li>Fairclough, J.P.A. & Norman, A.I. <i>Structure and rheology of aqueous gels.</i> Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. C 99, 243-276(2003).</li> <li>Pich, A.Z. & Adler, H.P. <i>Composite aqueous microgels: an overview of recent advances in synthesis, characterization and application.</i> Polymer International 56, 291-307(2007).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004141551/http://bose-electroforce.com/pdf/appbrief_AgaroseGels.pdf">Viscoelastic Characterization of Agarose Gel Scaffolds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010151/http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/X06700.pdf">Xerogel (definition)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E5%89%82" title="冲剂">中藥冲劑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="修飾釋放劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Modified-release dosage"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E9%87%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修飾釋放劑（页面不存在）">修飾釋放劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified-release_dosage" class="extiw" title="en:Modified-release dosage"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Modified-release dosage</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="液體">液體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%8E%E7%86%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="煎熬">煎熬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液">溶液</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舐劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Electuary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%90%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舐劑（页面不存在）">舐劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electuary" class="extiw" title="en:Electuary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Electuary</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%B3%A1%E9%8C%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="發泡錠">發泡錠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%AC%E8%8C%B6" title="草本茶">草本茶</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子封裝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Molecular encapsulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%81%E8%A3%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子封裝（页面不存在）">分子封裝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular encapsulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Molecular encapsulation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E6%9C%AB" title="粉末">藥粉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軟膠囊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Softgel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%9F%E8%86%A0%E5%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軟膠囊（页面不存在）">軟膠囊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softgel" class="extiw" title="en:Softgel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Softgel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E6%B5%8A%E6%B6%B2" title="悬浊液">混懸劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%B5%8A%E6%B6%B2" title="乳浊液">乳劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E6%BC%BF" title="糖漿">糖漿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8F%E5%8A%91" title="酏劑">酏劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8A%E5%89%82" title="酊剂">酊剂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水凝膠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydrogel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水凝膠（页面不存在）">水凝膠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrogel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydrogel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="頰間隙給藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buccal administration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%B0%E9%96%93%E9%9A%99%E7%B5%A6%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頰間隙給藥（页面不存在）">頰間隙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccal_administration" class="extiw" title="en:Buccal administration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buccal administration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>／<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="唇下給藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sublabial administration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%B5%A6%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唇下給藥（页面不存在）">唇下</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublabial_administration" class="extiw" title="en:Sublabial administration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sublabial administration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E9%BB%8F%E8%86%9C%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6" title="口腔黏膜吸收">舌下</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="口腔崩散錠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orally disintegrating tablet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E5%B4%A9%E6%95%A3%E9%8C%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="口腔崩散錠（页面不存在）">口腔崩散錠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" class="extiw" title="en:Orally disintegrating tablet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orally disintegrating tablet</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薄膜藥劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thin-film drug delivery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%84%E8%86%9C%E8%97%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薄膜藥劑（页面不存在）">薄膜藥劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_drug_delivery" class="extiw" title="en:Thin-film drug delivery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thin-film drug delivery</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%92%E6%A3%92%E7%B3%96" title="棒棒糖">棒棒糖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BB%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="水滴">舌下滴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E7%89%87" title="喉片">喉片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E9%A6%99%E7%B3%96" title="口香糖">口香糖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="液體">液體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B1%E5%8F%A3%E6%B0%B4" title="漱口水">漱口藥水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E8%86%8F" title="牙膏">牙膏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="外用藥物">外用軟膏</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E5%99%B4%E9%9C%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="口腔噴霧（页面不存在）">口腔噴霧</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93" title="呼吸道">呼吸道</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乾粉吸入劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dry-powder inhaler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%BE%E7%B2%89%E5%90%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乾粉吸入劑（页面不存在）">乾粉吸入劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler" class="extiw" title="en:Dry-powder inhaler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dry-powder inhaler</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="液体">液体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="計量吸入劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metered-dose inhaler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%90%B8%E5%85%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計量吸入劑（页面不存在）">計量吸入劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" class="extiw" title="en:Metered-dose inhaler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metered-dose inhaler</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="噴霧器 (劑型)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nebulizer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B4%E9%9C%A7%E5%99%A8_(%E5%8A%91%E5%9E%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噴霧器 (劑型)（页面不存在）">噴霧器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulizer" class="extiw" title="en:Nebulizer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nebulizer</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汽化器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汽化器（页面不存在）">汽化器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" class="extiw" title="en:Vaporizer (inhalation device)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaporizer (inhalation device)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麻醉汽化劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anesthetic vaporizer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麻醉汽化劑（页面不存在）">麻醉汽化劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="extiw" title="en:Anesthetic vaporizer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anesthetic vaporizer</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氣體">氣體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94%E9%9D%A2%E7%BD%A9" title="氧气面罩">氧气面罩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鼻導管" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nasal cannula"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E5%B0%8E%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻導管（页面不存在）">鼻導管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cannula" class="extiw" title="en:Nasal cannula"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nasal cannula</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E6%B0%A7%E6%A9%9F" title="製氧機">製氧機</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麻醉機" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anaesthetic machine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麻醉機（页面不存在）">麻醉機</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" class="extiw" title="en:Anaesthetic machine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anaesthetic machine</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相對鎮痛機" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Relative analgesia machine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%8E%AE%E7%97%9B%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相對鎮痛機（页面不存在）">相對鎮痛機</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" class="extiw" title="en:Relative analgesia machine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Relative analgesia machine</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/58px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/87px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/116px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexaaquatitanium(III)-solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/58px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/87px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/116px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/58px-Inhaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/87px-Inhaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/116px-Inhaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/58px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/87px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/116px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/58px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="58" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/87px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/116px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syringe2.jpg"><img alt="Syringe2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/58px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/87px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/116px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nuvola_apps_filetypes_red.svg/52px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nuvola_apps_filetypes_red.svg/78px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nuvola_apps_filetypes_red.svg/104px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="89" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3" title="耳">耳</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻">鼻</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E8%85%94%E7%BB%99%E8%8D%AF" title="鼻腔给药">鼻噴劑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耳藥水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ear drop"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B3%E8%97%A5%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耳藥水（页面不存在）">耳藥水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_drop" class="extiw" title="en:Ear drop"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ear drop</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E8%97%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="眼藥水">眼藥水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="外用藥物">外用軟膏</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水凝膠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydrogel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水凝膠（页面不存在）">水凝膠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrogel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydrogel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吹入劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Insufflation (medicine)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B9%E5%85%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吹入劑（页面不存在）">吹入劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" class="extiw" title="en:Insufflation (medicine)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Insufflation (medicine)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物黏附劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bioadhesive"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%BB%8F%E9%99%84%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物黏附劑（页面不存在）">黏膜黏附微盘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioadhesive" class="extiw" title="en:Bioadhesive"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bioadhesive</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微球" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="microspheres"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%90%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微球（页面不存在）">微球藥劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/microspheres" class="extiw" title="en:microspheres"><span lang="en" dir="auto">microspheres</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="泌尿生殖系统">泌尿生殖系统</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="外用藥物">外用軟膏</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="陰道栓劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pessary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93%E6%A0%93%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陰道栓劑（页面不存在）">陰道栓劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessary" class="extiw" title="en:Pessary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pessary</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93%E7%92%B0" title="陰道環">陰道環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97_(%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8)" title="清洗 (醫學)">陰道沖洗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="子宮環">子宮環</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羊膜外給藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Extra-amniotic administration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%A4%96%E7%B5%A6%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羊膜外給藥（页面不存在）">羊膜外浸劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" class="extiw" title="en:Extra-amniotic administration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Extra-amniotic administration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1" title="膀胱">膀胱內灌注</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="直腸給藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rectal administration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E7%B5%A6%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直腸給藥（页面不存在）">直腸給藥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_administration" class="extiw" title="en:Rectal administration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rectal administration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><br />（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腸給藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Enteral administration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B8%E7%B5%A6%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腸給藥（页面不存在）">腸給藥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteral_administration" class="extiw" title="en:Enteral administration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Enteral administration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="外用藥物">外用藥膏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%93%E5%89%82" title="栓剂">栓剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E8%82%A0_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6)" title="灌肠 (医学)">灌腸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液">溶液</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">凝胶</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="墨菲滴注法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Murphy drip"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%A8%E8%8F%B2%E6%BB%B4%E6%B3%A8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墨菲滴注法（页面不存在）">墨菲滴劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_drip" class="extiw" title="en:Murphy drip"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Murphy drip</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="營養素灌腸法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nutrient enema"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%A0%E7%81%8C%E8%85%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="營養素灌腸法（页面不存在）">營養素灌腸法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_enema" class="extiw" title="en:Nutrient enema"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nutrient enema</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9A%AE" title="真皮">真皮</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="外用藥物">外用軟膏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="外用藥物">外用霜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%94%A8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="外用藥物">外用凝膠</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="擦劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liniment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%A6%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="擦劑（页面不存在）">擦劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniment" class="extiw" title="en:Liniment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liniment</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="膏 (医药)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paste (rheology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%8F_(%E5%8C%BB%E8%8D%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膏 (医药)（页面不存在）">藥膏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" class="extiw" title="en:Paste (rheology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paste (rheology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薄膜藥劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thin-film drug delivery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%84%E8%86%9C%E8%97%A5%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薄膜藥劑（页面不存在）">敷料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_drug_delivery" class="extiw" title="en:Thin-film drug delivery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thin-film drug delivery</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E%E7%A2%B8" title="二甲基亞碸">二甲基亞碸劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="電泳">電泳系統</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水凝膠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydrogel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水凝膠（页面不存在）">水凝膠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrogel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydrogel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%B4%A8%E4%BD%93" title="脂质体">脂质体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傳遞體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transfersome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傳遞體（页面不存在）">傳遞囊泡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfersome" class="extiw" title="en:Transfersome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transfersome</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%9C%9C" title="乳霜">乳霜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E5%89%82" title="洗剂">洗剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%A4%E5%94%87%E8%86%8F" title="潤唇膏">潤唇膏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E9%AB%AE%E7%B2%BE" title="洗髮精">藥用洗髮水</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皮膚貼片" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dermal patch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A%E8%B2%BC%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮膚貼片（页面不存在）">皮膚貼片</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_patch" class="extiw" title="en:Dermal patch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dermal patch</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穿皮貼片" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transdermal patch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BF%E7%9A%AE%E8%B2%BC%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穿皮貼片（页面不存在）">穿皮貼片</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_patch" class="extiw" title="en:Transdermal patch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transdermal patch</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穿皮噴霧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transdermal spray"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BF%E7%9A%AE%E5%99%B4%E9%9C%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穿皮噴霧（页面不存在）">穿皮噴霧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_spray" class="extiw" title="en:Transdermal spray"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transdermal spray</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無針注射器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jet injector"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E9%87%9D%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無針注射器（页面不存在）">無針注射器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_injector" class="extiw" title="en:Jet injector"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jet injector</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="注射">注射</a>／<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輸液泵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infusion pump"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E6%B6%B2%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸液泵（页面不存在）">輸液</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion_pump" class="extiw" title="en:Infusion pump"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infusion pump</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><br /> （進入組織、<br /> 血液）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="人類皮膚">皮膚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%A7%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="皮內注射">皮內注射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%B8%8B%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="皮下注射">皮下注射</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84%E7%AD%86" title="注射筆">注射筆</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="透皮植入" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transdermal implant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%8F%E7%9A%AE%E6%A4%8D%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="透皮植入（页面不存在）">透皮植入</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_implant" class="extiw" title="en:Transdermal implant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transdermal implant</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93" title="人体">器官</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海綿體內注射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intracavernous injection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E9%AB%94%E5%85%A7%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海綿體內注射（页面不存在）">海綿體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" class="extiw" title="en:Intracavernous injection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intracavernous injection</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="玻璃體內給藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intravitreal administration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E9%AB%94%E5%85%A7%E7%B5%A6%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玻璃體內給藥（页面不存在）">玻璃體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" class="extiw" title="en:Intravitreal administration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intravitreal administration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E7%AF%80%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="關節注射">關節</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%A8%9E%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="中樞神經系統">中樞神經系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="側腦室注射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intracerebroventricular injection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%B4%E8%85%A6%E5%AE%A4%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="側腦室注射（页面不存在）">顱內</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracerebroventricular_injection" class="extiw" title="en:Intracerebroventricular injection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intracerebroventricular injection</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%98%E5%86%85" title="鞘内">鞘内注射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%84%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%A4%96%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="硬脊膜外麻醉">硬脊膜外麻醉</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="循环系统">循环系统</a>／<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="肌肉骨骼系統">肌肉骨骼系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E8%84%88%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="靜脈注射">靜脈注射</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心內注射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intracardiac injection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E5%85%A7%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心內注射（页面不存在）">心內注射</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" class="extiw" title="en:Intracardiac injection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intracardiac injection</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="肌肉注射">肌肉注射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%85%A7%E7%B5%A6%E8%97%A5" title="骨內給藥">骨內給藥</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腹腔內注射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intraperitoneal injection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B9%E8%85%94%E5%85%A7%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腹腔內注射（页面不存在）">腹腔內注射</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" class="extiw" title="en:Intraperitoneal injection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intraperitoneal injection</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奈米細胞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nanocell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈米細胞（页面不存在）">奈米細胞注射</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocell" class="extiw" title="en:Nanocell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nanocell</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%82%A3%E8%87%AA%E6%8E%A7%E5%BC%8F%E6%AD%A2%E7%97%9B" title="病患自控式止痛">病患自控式止痛泵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%A4%96%E5%91%A8%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89%E7%A9%BF%E5%88%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89%E7%BD%AE%E7%AE%A1" title="经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管">经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">附加說明：</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:LemonChiffon;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">人体使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%86%9C" title="黏膜">黏膜</a>吸收所有给药途径的剂量，但“皮肤”和“注射／输注”除外。给药途径也可分为局部给药（局部效应）或全身给药（定义为肠内给药＝消化道／直肠给药，或肠外给药＝所有其他给药途径）。</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=凝胶&oldid=63713209">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=凝胶&oldid=63713209</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:物理化学">物理化学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%87%9D%E8%83%B6" title="Category:凝胶">凝胶</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%99%E8%8D%AF%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87" title="Category:给药设备">给药设备</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%89%82%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:剂型">剂型</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有拉丁語的條目">含有拉丁語的條目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2021年1月14日 (星期四) 06:29。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CC_BY-SA_4.0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Wikipedia:CC BY-SA 4.0协议文本">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" 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