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I offer an argument for a relationship between the construction of Snorri’s" /> <title>(PDF) “Nets and Snares: The Loki of Snorri’s Edda and the Christian Tradition.” History of Religions 56.2 (2016): 198-231. | Jeffrey Turco - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/29249442/_Nets_and_Snares_The_Loki_of_Snorri_s_Edda_and_the_Christian_Tradition_History_of_Religions_56_2_2016_198_231" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732422472000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732422472000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article re-examines the much-debated question of the indebtedness of the medieval Icelandic scholar-poet-politician Snorri Sturluson to the Christian-Latin tradition. I offer an argument for a relationship between the construction of Snorri’s mythography in the Edda and two figurative traditions stemming from the Old Testament, most notably codified in the 9th chapter of the Book of Ecclesiastes, and their subsequent reception in the medieval commentary tradition in Latin and Icelandic, the Old Norse liturgy, vernacular saints’ lives, and lives of the Icelandic bishops. My central claim is that two pervasive figures, the bird and the fish—prototypically represented as captured in Ecclesiastes 9:12 and elsewhere in the Christian literary tradition—merit consideration not as “sources” of certain myths of Loki but of Snorri’s representation of them. Previous scholarship, I suggest, has overlooked a Christian background to the Norse gods’ final fishing expedition, which leads to the binding of Loki and his captivity until Ragnarǫk, when Loki is caught in a net of his own invention: a widespread biblical topos concerning the devil and other “evil-doers.” Snorri’s treatment of the “The Matter of Loki” is hence relevant more broadly to long-standing debates concerning the intellectual debt of Snorri’s conception of Norse myth as “mythic history” to the formative influence of Christian eschatology.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jeffrey Turco"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-10-18","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2016-01-01","headline":"“Nets and Snares: The Loki of Snorri’s Edda and the Christian Tradition.” History of Religions 56.2 (2016): 198-231.","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Comparative Religion","History of Religion","Old Norse Literature","Medieval Theology","Medieval 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{"work":{"id":29249442,"created_at":"2016-10-18T14:13:42.550-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-09-03T07:27:00.227-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1086/688214","issue":"2","volume":"56","abstract":"This article re-examines the much-debated question of the indebtedness of the medieval Icelandic scholar-poet-politician Snorri Sturluson to the Christian-Latin tradition. I offer an argument for a relationship between the construction of Snorri’s mythography in the Edda and two figurative traditions stemming from the Old Testament, most notably codified in the 9th chapter of the Book of Ecclesiastes, and their subsequent reception in the medieval commentary tradition in Latin and Icelandic, the Old Norse liturgy, vernacular saints’ lives, and lives of the Icelandic bishops. My central claim is that two pervasive figures, the bird and the fish—prototypically represented as captured in Ecclesiastes 9:12 and elsewhere in the Christian literary tradition—merit consideration not as “sources” of certain myths of Loki but of Snorri’s representation of them. Previous scholarship, I suggest, has overlooked a Christian background to the Norse gods’ final fishing expedition, which leads to the binding of Loki and his captivity until Ragnarǫk, when Loki is caught in a net of his own invention: a widespread biblical topos concerning the devil and other “evil-doers.” Snorri’s treatment of the “The Matter of Loki” is hence relevant more broadly to long-standing debates concerning the intellectual debt of Snorri’s conception of Norse myth as “mythic history” to the formative influence of Christian eschatology.","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","event_date":null,"journal_name":"History of Religions","page_numbers":"198-231","publication_date":"2016,,","publication_name":"History of Religions","conference_end_date":null,"conference_start_date":null},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"“Nets and Snares: The Loki of Snorri’s Edda and the Christian Tradition.” History of Religions 56.2 (2016): 198-231.","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [30960084]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":55952046,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of ““Nets and Snares: The Loki of Snorri’s Edda and the Christian Tradition.” History of Religions 56.2 (2016): 198-231.”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/55952046/mini_magick20220703-32651-vs0iy6.png?1656874154" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">“Nets and Snares: The Loki of Snorri’s Edda and the Christian Tradition.” History of Religions 56.2 (2016): 198-231.</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30960084" href="https://purdue.academia.edu/JeffreyTurco"><img alt="Profile image of Jeffrey Turco" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/30960084/9062293/17532798/s65_jeffrey.turco.jpg" />Jeffrey Turco</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2016, History of Religions</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article re-examines the much-debated question of the indebtedness of the medieval Icelandic scholar-poet-politician Snorri Sturluson to the Christian-Latin tradition. I offer an argument for a relationship between the construction of Snorri’s mythography in the Edda and two figurative traditions stemming from the Old Testament, most notably codified in the 9th chapter of the Book of Ecclesiastes, and their subsequent reception in the medieval commentary tradition in Latin and Icelandic, the Old Norse liturgy, vernacular saints’ lives, and lives of the Icelandic bishops. My central claim is that two pervasive figures, the bird and the fish—prototypically represented as captured in Ecclesiastes 9:12 and elsewhere in the Christian literary tradition—merit consideration not as “sources” of certain myths of Loki but of Snorri’s representation of them. Previous scholarship, I suggest, has overlooked a Christian background to the Norse gods’ final fishing expedition, which leads to the binding of Loki and his captivity until Ragnarǫk, when Loki is caught in a net of his own invention: a widespread biblical topos concerning the devil and other “evil-doers.” Snorri’s treatment of the “The Matter of Loki” is hence relevant more broadly to long-standing debates concerning the intellectual debt of Snorri’s conception of Norse myth as “mythic history” to the formative influence of Christian eschatology.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":55952046,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29249442/_Nets_and_Snares_The_Loki_of_Snorri_s_Edda_and_the_Christian_Tradition_History_of_Religions_56_2_2016_198_231"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":55952046,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29249442/_Nets_and_Snares_The_Loki_of_Snorri_s_Edda_and_the_Christian_Tradition_History_of_Religions_56_2_2016_198_231"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="55952046" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/29249442/_Nets_and_Snares_The_Loki_of_Snorri_s_Edda_and_the_Christian_Tradition._History_of_Religions_56.2_2016_198-231" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="12366116" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12366116/_Loki_Sneglu_Halla_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_and_the_Case_for_a_Skaldic_Prosaics_In_New_Norse_Studies_Essays_on_the_Literature_and_Culture_of_Medieval_Scandinavia_edited_by_Jeffrey_Turco_185_241_Islandica_58_Ithaca_Cornell_University_Press_2015">“Loki, Sneglu-Halla þáttr, and the Case for a Skaldic Prosaics.” In New Norse Studies: Essays on the Literature and Culture of Medieval Scandinavia, edited by Jeffrey Turco, 185-241. Islandica 58. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30960084" href="https://purdue.academia.edu/JeffreyTurco">Jeffrey Turco</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Norse Studies: Essays on the Literature and Culture of Medieval Scandinavia, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article proposes that the oft-dismissed Sneglu-Halla þáttr (Tale of Sarcastic Halli) is not simply a series of virtuoso vituperations peppered with sexual-cum-barnyard humor, nor “a series of episodes that could have been arranged otherwise as well,” but a text that repays close attention, both for original audiences as well as for scholars of Old Norse-Icelandic literature. I argue that its eponymous hero establishes his social position at the royal Norwegian court by ensconcing himself within a sustained series of allusions to myths of the Norse god Loki, while framing his peers, and even his superiors, as the sexual deviants, low-lifes, and numbskulls of a déclassé “folktale” world. Sneglu-Halla þáttr thus presupposes considerable literary connoisseurship, detailed knowledge of the Norse mythographic tradition, and a consciousness of high and low genre that reflects concerns of shifting social classes and political powers in thirteenth and fourteenth-century Iceland. Ultimately, I leverage this reading to articulate a reappraisal of medieval Icelandic narrative prose—most often lauded for its “realism," "straightforwardness," and "objectivity”: I offer that this deceptively “simple” tale adheres to the same aesthetic principles of complexity, ambiguity, and allusiveness that characterize the Skaldic poetry that is its ostensible subject.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Loki, Sneglu-Halla þáttr, and the Case for a Skaldic Prosaics.” In New Norse Studies: Essays on the Literature and Culture of Medieval Scandinavia, edited by Jeffrey Turco, 185-241. Islandica 58. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015.","attachmentId":54986190,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12366116/_Loki_Sneglu_Halla_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_and_the_Case_for_a_Skaldic_Prosaics_In_New_Norse_Studies_Essays_on_the_Literature_and_Culture_of_Medieval_Scandinavia_edited_by_Jeffrey_Turco_185_241_Islandica_58_Ithaca_Cornell_University_Press_2015","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12366116/_Loki_Sneglu_Halla_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_and_the_Case_for_a_Skaldic_Prosaics_In_New_Norse_Studies_Essays_on_the_Literature_and_Culture_of_Medieval_Scandinavia_edited_by_Jeffrey_Turco_185_241_Islandica_58_Ithaca_Cornell_University_Press_2015"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="3687188" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3687188/Snorri_Sturluson_qua_Fulcrum_Perspectives_on_the_Cultural_Activity_of_Myth_Mythological_Poetry_and_Narrative_in_Medieval_Iceland">Snorri Sturluson qua Fulcrum: Perspectives on the Cultural Activity of Myth, Mythological Poetry and Narrative in Medieval Iceland</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mirator 12: 1–29, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper constructs an overview of Snorri Sturluson’s impact, through Edda, on the cultural activity of mythology in vernacular poetries and narration. General evidence of impacts on eddic and skaldic poetries (§1) provides a frame for a series of illustrative examples, beginning with the relatively unequivocal cases of the rímur Lokrur (§2) and the late stanzas added to the eddic poem Baldrs draumar (§3). The kenning ‘mud of the eagle’ is examined in skaldic verse as an indication of Snorri’s reception in a contemporary context (§4), opening a three-part survey of cumulative evidence of influence on the eddic poem Lokasenna (§5–7). The possibility of influence as a model for the eddic poem Þrymskviða’s composition is suggested (§8), which would have analogues in saga prose (§9). Although details may be equivocated, Edda nevertheless emerges as a (sometimes contested) voice of authority in medieval Icelandic mythological discourses.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Snorri Sturluson qua Fulcrum: Perspectives on the Cultural Activity of Myth, Mythological Poetry and Narrative in Medieval Iceland","attachmentId":31409920,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3687188/Snorri_Sturluson_qua_Fulcrum_Perspectives_on_the_Cultural_Activity_of_Myth_Mythological_Poetry_and_Narrative_in_Medieval_Iceland","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3687188/Snorri_Sturluson_qua_Fulcrum_Perspectives_on_the_Cultural_Activity_of_Myth_Mythological_Poetry_and_Narrative_in_Medieval_Iceland"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="7300471" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7300471/The_Ragnar%C3%B8kr_of_Myth_The_Snorra_Edda_and_Broken_Truth">The Ragnarøkr of Myth: The Snorra Edda and Broken Truth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11552086" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/WPemberton">William Pemberton</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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Material","attachmentId":30432880,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2401107/_Loki_the_V%C3%A4tte_and_the_Ash_Lad_A_Study_Combining_Old_Scandinavian_and_Late_Material","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2401107/_Loki_the_V%C3%A4tte_and_the_Ash_Lad_A_Study_Combining_Old_Scandinavian_and_Late_Material"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="26790864" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26790864/A_COMPARISON_OF_THE_NORSE_GODS_ODIN_AND_LOKI_WITH_EMPHASIS_PLACED_ON_THEIR_ROLES_DURING_RAGNAR%C3%96K_THE_TWILIGHT_OF_THE_GODS_AND_CHRISTIAN_IMAGERY_WITHIN_THE_POETIC_EDDA_AND_THE_PROSE_EDDA">A COMPARISON OF THE NORSE GODS, ODIN AND LOKI, WITH EMPHASIS PLACED ON THEIR ROLES DURING RAGNARÖK {THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS} AND CHRISTIAN IMAGERY WITHIN THE POETIC EDDA AND THE PROSE EDDA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17802936" href="https://aber.academia.edu/NaomiSwain">Naomi Mercer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Undergraduate Dissertation- Grade 1:2 A comparison between Odin and Loki, focusing on the similarities in character and how these similarities seem to change in face of changing society, religion and belief. Focusing on a number of issues such as eschatology and cultural themes in religious literature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A COMPARISON OF THE NORSE GODS, ODIN AND LOKI, WITH EMPHASIS PLACED ON THEIR ROLES DURING RAGNARÖK {THE TWILIGHT OF THE GODS} AND CHRISTIAN IMAGERY WITHIN THE POETIC EDDA AND THE PROSE EDDA","attachmentId":47065409,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26790864/A_COMPARISON_OF_THE_NORSE_GODS_ODIN_AND_LOKI_WITH_EMPHASIS_PLACED_ON_THEIR_ROLES_DURING_RAGNAR%C3%96K_THE_TWILIGHT_OF_THE_GODS_AND_CHRISTIAN_IMAGERY_WITHIN_THE_POETIC_EDDA_AND_THE_PROSE_EDDA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26790864/A_COMPARISON_OF_THE_NORSE_GODS_ODIN_AND_LOKI_WITH_EMPHASIS_PLACED_ON_THEIR_ROLES_DURING_RAGNAR%C3%96K_THE_TWILIGHT_OF_THE_GODS_AND_CHRISTIAN_IMAGERY_WITHIN_THE_POETIC_EDDA_AND_THE_PROSE_EDDA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="39693015" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39693015/The_Materiality_of_Myth_Divine_Objects_in_Norse_Mythology">The Materiality of Myth: Divine Objects in Norse Mythology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24735015" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/SaraAnnKnutson">Sara Ann Knutson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Temenos, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The vivid presence of material objects in Scandinavian cosmology, as preserved in the Old Norse myths, carries underexplored traces of belief systems and the material experience of Iron Age Scandinavia (400–1000 CE). This paper proposes an archaeological reading of Norse mythology to help explain how ancient Scandinavians understood the presence and role of deities, magic, and the supernatural in everyday life. The Norse myths retain records of material objects that reinforced Scandinavian oral traditions and gave their stories power, memory, and influence. From Thor’s hammer and Freyja’s feathered cloak to Sigyn’s bowl and Ran’s net, such materials and the stories they colour are informed by everyday objects of Iron Age life – spun with the magic, belief, and narrative traditions that made them icons. The mythic objects promoted a belief system that expected and embraced the imperfections of objects, much like deities. These imperfections in the divine Norse objects and the ways in which the gods interact with their materials are part and parcel of the Scandinavian religious mentality and collective social reality. This work ultimately questions the relationship between materiality and myth, and seeks to nuance our current understandings of the ancient Scandinavian worldview based on the available textual evidence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Materiality of Myth: Divine Objects in Norse Mythology","attachmentId":59898709,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39693015/The_Materiality_of_Myth_Divine_Objects_in_Norse_Mythology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39693015/The_Materiality_of_Myth_Divine_Objects_in_Norse_Mythology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="83081724" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83081724/In_Prayer_and_Laughter_Essays_on_Medieval_Scandinavian_and_Germanic_Mythology_Literature_and_Culture">In Prayer and Laughter: Essays on Medieval Scandinavian and Germanic Mythology, Literature, and Culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="687924" href="https://umn.academia.edu/AnatolyLiberman">Anatoly Liberman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Folklore, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In Prayer and Laughter: Essays on Medieval Scandinavian and Germanic Mythology, Literature, and Culture","attachmentId":88556257,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83081724/In_Prayer_and_Laughter_Essays_on_Medieval_Scandinavian_and_Germanic_Mythology_Literature_and_Culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83081724/In_Prayer_and_Laughter_Essays_on_Medieval_Scandinavian_and_Germanic_Mythology_Literature_and_Culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="10089452" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10089452/_Snorris_Edda_The_Sky_Described_in_Mythological_Terms_Nordic_Mythologies_Interpretations_Intersections_and_Institutions_Ed_by_Timothy_R_Tangherlini_Berkeley_Los_Angeles_North_Pinehurst_Press_2014_pp_184_198">"Snorri's Edda: The Sky Described in Mythological Terms.“ Nordic Mythologies: Interpretations, Intersections, and Institutions. Ed. by Timothy R. Tangherlini. Berkeley, Los Angeles: North Pinehurst Press 2014, pp. 184-198.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5121128" href="https://arnastofnun.academia.edu/G%C3%ADsliSigur%C3%B0sson">Gísli Sigurðsson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It can be demonstrated, from celestial observations in 19th century Icelandic tradition, that certain ideas in Old Norse mythology referred directly to peculiar celestial phenomena, beyond the obvious idea of the bridge Bifröst being a mythological interpretation of the rainbow. In view of the actual proof from the 19th century it should be worth discussing the possibility of taking that idea a step further and read the entire Snorri's Edda as a mythological interpretation of the world as it appears to the naked eye: The earth below and the sky above where the stars and other heavenly bodies move around, as well as up and down, some in a clearly regular pattern and others less so, day and night. This approach changes radically all our discussion about systematic thought behind the individual myths as well as about their source value as reflections of pre-Christian ideas in the north.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Snorri's Edda: The Sky Described in Mythological Terms.“ Nordic Mythologies: Interpretations, Intersections, and Institutions. Ed. by Timothy R. Tangherlini. Berkeley, Los Angeles: North Pinehurst Press 2014, pp. 184-198.","attachmentId":36212012,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10089452/_Snorris_Edda_The_Sky_Described_in_Mythological_Terms_Nordic_Mythologies_Interpretations_Intersections_and_Institutions_Ed_by_Timothy_R_Tangherlini_Berkeley_Los_Angeles_North_Pinehurst_Press_2014_pp_184_198","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10089452/_Snorris_Edda_The_Sky_Described_in_Mythological_Terms_Nordic_Mythologies_Interpretations_Intersections_and_Institutions_Ed_by_Timothy_R_Tangherlini_Berkeley_Los_Angeles_North_Pinehurst_Press_2014_pp_184_198"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="124727183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124727183/Seeking_Salvation_Christianity_and_Conflict_in_Thirteenth_Century_Iceland">Seeking Salvation: Christianity and Conflict in Thirteenth-Century Iceland</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49653521" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/StevenDunn">Steven Dunn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper focuses on the literary functions of various figures, Thorvald the Far-Traveled, Njal Thorgeirsson, and Hoskuld Thrainsson the Godi of Hvitanes. Particular emphasis is placed on the behavior of these figures when in the presence of conflict, primarily in thirteenth-century texts such as Brennu-Njáls saga and Þorvalds þáttur víðförla. Despite representing only a small portion of a vast genre, these works will help to introduce the possibilities of thirteenth-century authorship in formulating new social and cultural ideals, particularly around Christianity. Further studies will need to be made in order to obtain a fuller understanding of such possibilities, but this paper should provide a step towards such a direction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Seeking Salvation: Christianity and Conflict in Thirteenth-Century Iceland","attachmentId":118898931,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124727183/Seeking_Salvation_Christianity_and_Conflict_in_Thirteenth_Century_Iceland","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124727183/Seeking_Salvation_Christianity_and_Conflict_in_Thirteenth_Century_Iceland"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="33791834" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33791834/The_Supernatural_Image_of_Northern_Fenno_Scandinavia_in_Pre_Modern_Literature_MA_Thesis_in_Old_Norse_Religion_by_Lyonel_D_Perabo_University_of_Iceland_2016_">The Supernatural Image of Northern Fenno-Scandinavia in Pre-Modern Literature (MA Thesis in Old Norse Religion by Lyonel D. Perabo, University of Iceland, 2016)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6617623" href="https://sorbonne-fr.academia.edu/LyonelPerabo">Lyonel Perabo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present thesis involves a study of the various ways in which the Northernmost regions of Fenno-Scandinavia and their inhabitants were depicted as being associated with the supernatural in pre-Modern literature. Its findings are based on an exhaustive study of the numerous texts engaging with this subject, ranging from the Roman era to the publication of the Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus of Olaus Magnus in 1555. The thesis presents and analyses the most common supernatural motifs associated with this Far- Northern area, which include animal transformation, sorcery and pagan worship, as well as speculating about their origins, and analyzes the ways in which such ideas and images evolved, both over time and depending on the nature of the written sources in which they appear. The author argues that Northern Fenno-Scandinavia was thought of as a wild, supernatural and pagan land because of the differences in languages, ways of living and magical practices of its inhabitants, an image partially mirrored in literary texts, some of which are of considerable antiquity. The thesis also notes the way in which the supernatural images associated with the Sámi and Finnic peoples seem to have also become attached to the other Germanic-related people living in the north of Norway, who are also often depicted as supernatural “others” equipped with supernatural or magical skills in the literature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Supernatural Image of Northern Fenno-Scandinavia in Pre-Modern Literature (MA Thesis in Old Norse Religion by Lyonel D. Perabo, University of Iceland, 2016)","attachmentId":53779075,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33791834/The_Supernatural_Image_of_Northern_Fenno_Scandinavia_in_Pre_Modern_Literature_MA_Thesis_in_Old_Norse_Religion_by_Lyonel_D_Perabo_University_of_Iceland_2016_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33791834/The_Supernatural_Image_of_Northern_Fenno_Scandinavia_in_Pre_Modern_Literature_MA_Thesis_in_Old_Norse_Religion_by_Lyonel_D_Perabo_University_of_Iceland_2016_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55952046,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55952046,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_55952046" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="70844391" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70844391/Frog_and_Joonas_Ahola_eds_Folklore_and_Old_Norse_Mythology">Frog & Joonas Ahola (eds.): Folklore and Old Norse Mythology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="186920892" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/FolkloreFellowsCommunications">Folklore Fellows Communications</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4021344" href="https://raa.academia.edu/LailaKitzler%C3%85hfeldt">Laila Kitzler Åhfeldt</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5906255" href="https://hi.academia.edu/A%C3%B0alhei%C3%B0urGu%C3%B0mundsd%C3%B3ttir">Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2228650" href="https://uga.academia.edu/JosephSHopkins">Joseph S . Hopkins</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41971944" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BengtafKlintberg">Bengt af Klintberg</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="81639395" href="https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/ValerieBroustin">Valerie Broustin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">FF Communications 323, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Frog \u0026 Joonas Ahola (eds.): Folklore and Old Norse Mythology","attachmentId":80463072,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70844391/Frog_and_Joonas_Ahola_eds_Folklore_and_Old_Norse_Mythology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70844391/Frog_and_Joonas_Ahola_eds_Folklore_and_Old_Norse_Mythology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="4106928" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4106928/Edda_and_Oral_Christianity_Apocryphal_Leaves_of_the_Early_Medieval_Storyworld_of_the_North_in_The_Performance_of_Christian_and_Pagan_Storyworlds_Non_canonical_Chapters_of_the_History_of_Nordic_Medieval_Literature_L_Boje_Mortensen_och_T_Lehtonen_Turnhout_Brepols_2013_pp_171_197">'Edda and "Oral Christianity": Apocryphal Leaves of the Early Medieval Storyworld of the North', in: The Performance of Christian and Pagan Storyworlds. Non-canonical Chapters of the History of Nordic Medieval Literature, L. Boje Mortensen och T. Lehtonen, (Turnhout: Brepols 2013), pp. 171-197.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="135989" href="https://gu-se.academia.edu/HenrikJanson">Henrik Janson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'Edda and \"Oral Christianity\": Apocryphal Leaves of the Early Medieval Storyworld of the North', in: The Performance of Christian and Pagan Storyworlds. Non-canonical Chapters of the History of Nordic Medieval Literature, L. Boje Mortensen och T. 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