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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haudricourt_(1956)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haudricourt_(1956)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Haudricourt (1956)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haudricourt_(1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Li_(1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Li_(1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Li (1977)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Li_(1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gedney_(1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gedney_(1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gedney (1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gedney_(1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luo_(1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luo_(1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Luo (1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luo_(1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pittayaporn_(2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pittayaporn_(2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pittayaporn (2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pittayaporn_(2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Sound changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edmondson_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edmondson_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Edmondson (2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edmondson_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tai languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="টাই ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টাই ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tai" title="Llingües tai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües tai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_taiek" title="Yezhoù taiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù taiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_tais" title="Llengües tais – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües tais" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-Sprachen" title="Tai-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tai-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_tai" title="Lenguas tai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas tai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taja_lingvaro" title="Taja lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taja lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های تای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های تای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_ta%C3%AF" title="Langues taï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues taï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tai" title="Linguas tai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas tai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="타이어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="ताई भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताई भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_jezici" title="Tai jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tai jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Tai" title="Sasao a Tai – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Tai" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Tai" title="Rumpun bahasa Tai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Tai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_tai" title="Lingue tai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue tai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტაი ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაი ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95" title="ກຸ່ມພາສາໄຕ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກຸ່ມພາສາໄຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Tai" title="Linguae Tai – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Tai" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Tajų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tajų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_nyelvek" title="Tai nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tai nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Tai" title="Bahasa-bahasa Tai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Tai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taitalen" title="Taitalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taitalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="タイ・チワン諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイ・チワン諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-spr%C3%A5k" title="Tai-språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tai-språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taispr%C3%A5k" title="Taispråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Taispråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_tai" title="Lengas tai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas tai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_tajskie" title="Języki tajskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki tajskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_tais" title="Línguas tais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas tais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тайские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tai languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taispr%C3%A5k" title="Taispråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taispråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97" title="กลุ่มภาษาไท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาไท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_dilleri" title="Tay dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tay dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="تائی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Th%C3%A1i" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="台语支 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="台语支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%AF%E5%82%A3%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="壯傣語支 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="壯傣語支" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%AF%E5%82%A3%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="壯傣語支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="壯傣語支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the Kra–Dai language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tai_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Tai language (New Guinea)">Tai language (New Guinea)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lavender;">Tai</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lavender;">Zhuang–Tai, Daic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (esp. <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>), <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, north-east <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages" title="Kam–Tai languages">Kam–Tai</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a>–Tai?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Tai</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern</a> (NT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a> (SWT)</li> <li>(see also <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang languages</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lavender;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tai" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tai">tai</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/daic1237">daic1237</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taikadai-en1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taikadai-en1.png/300px-Taikadai-en1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taikadai-en1.png/450px-Taikadai-en1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Taikadai-en1.png/600px-Taikadai-en1.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Tai languages:<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFEC19; color:black;"> </span> Northern Tai / Northern Zhuang</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4C00; color:black;"> </span> Central Tai / Southern Zhuang</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9D00; color:black;"> </span> Southwestern Tai / Thai</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tai</b>, <b>Zhuang–Tai</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Daic<sup id="cite_ref-glottoDaic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoDaic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> languages</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a>:𑜁𑜪𑜨 𑜄𑜩 or 𑜁𑜨𑜉𑜫 𑜄𑜩 <span title="Ahom-language romanization"><i lang="aho-Latn">kwáam tái</i></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a>: <span lang="shn">ၵႂၢမ်းတႆး</span>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ภาษาไท</span> or <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ภาษาไต</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">transliteration</a>: <span title="ISO 11940 Thai (Thai language) transliteration"><i lang="th-Latn">p̣hās̛̄āthay</i></span> or <span title="ISO 11940 Thai (Thai language) transliteration"><i lang="th-Latn">p̣hās̛̄ātay</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">phasa thai</i></span> or phasa tai; <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ພາສາໄຕ</span>, <span title="Lao-language text"><i lang="lo-Latn">Phasa Tai</i></span>) are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai language family</a>. The Tai languages include the most widely spoken of the Tai–Kadai languages, including Standard <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> or Siamese, the national language of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> or Laotian, the national language of <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>; <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan language</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, a major language in the Southwestern China's <a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Zhuang_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region">Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">壯</span></span>), the largest minority ethnic group in China,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a population of 15.55 million, living mainly in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, the rest scattered across <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> provinces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cognates with the name <i>Tai</i> (<i>Thai, Dai</i>, etc.) are used by speakers of many Tai languages. The term <i>Tai</i> is now well-established as the generic name in English. In his book<i> The Tai-Kadai Languages</i>, Anthony Diller claims that Lao scholars he has met are not pleased with Lao being regarded as a Tai language.<sup id="cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnthonyDiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, Thai should instead be considered a member of the Lao language family.<sup id="cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnthonyDiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One or more Ancient Chinese characters for 'Lao' may be cited in support of this alternative appellation.<sup id="cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnthonyDiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict" title="Paul K. Benedict">Benedict</a> (1975), have used <i>Thai</i> to refer to a wider (<i>Tai</i>) grouping and one sees designations like <i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">proto-Thai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Thai</a></i> in earlier works.<sup id="cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnthonyDiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the institutional context in Thailand, and occasionally elsewhere, sometimes <i>Tai</i> (and its corresponding Thai-script spelling, without a final -y symbol) is used to indicate varieties in the language family not spoken in Thailand or spoken there only as the result of recent immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnthonyDiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this usage, <i>Thai</i> would not then be considered a <i>Tai</i> language.<sup id="cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnthonyDiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Gedney" title="William J. Gedney">Gedney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li</a> and others have preferred to call the standard language of Thailand <i>Siamese</i> rather than <i>Thai</i>, perhaps to reduce potential <i>Thai/Tai</i> confusion, especially among English speakers not comfortable with making a <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant#Allophonic" title="Aspirated consonant">word-initial unaspirated voiceless sound</a> for <i>Tai</i>, which in any event might sound artificial or arcane to outsiders. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" title="Michel Ferlus">Michel Ferlus</a>, the ethnonyms Tai/Thai (or Tay/Thay) would have evolved from the etymon <b>*k(ə)ri:</b> 'human being' through the following chain: <b>kəri:</b> > <b>kəli:</b> > <b>kədi:/kədaj</b> (<b>-l-</b> > <b>-d-</b> shift in tense sesquisyllables and probable diphthongization of <b>-i:</b> > <b>-aj</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-Michel_Furles_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michel_Furles-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frédéric_Pain_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frédéric_Pain-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn changed to <b>di:/daj</b> (presyllabic truncation and probable diphthongization <b>-i:</b> > <b>-aj</b>). And then to <b>*daj<sup>A</sup></b> (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > <b>tʰaj<sup>A2</sup></b> (in Siamese and Lao) or > <b>taj<sup>A2</sup></b> (in the other Southwestern and Central Tai languages by Li Fangkuei). <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ferlus" title="Michel Ferlus">Michel Ferlus</a>' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere and studied for the most part by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">William H. Baxter</a> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-Frédéric_Pain_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frédéric_Pain-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Tai languages are called <i>Zhuang</i> in China and <b>Tay</b> and <i>Nung</i> in Vietnam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Migration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/350px-Tai_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/525px-Tai_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tai_Migration.svg/700px-Tai_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>Map showing linguistic family tree overlaid on a geographic distribution map of the Tai family. This map only shows the general pattern of the migration of Tai-speaking tribes, not specific routes, which would have snaked along the rivers and over the lower passes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Citing the fact that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> for the Vietnamese, <i>kɛɛu<sup>A1</sup></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> in Vietnam, and that the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Bai Yue</a> were given family names by their northern rulers during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a>, while the Thai didn't have family names into the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Jerold_A._Edmondson" title="Jerold A. Edmondson">Jerold A. Edmondson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington" title="University of Texas at Arlington">University of Texas at Arlington</a> posited that the split between Zhuang (a <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai language</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai languages</a> happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BCE but no later than the 5th–6th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on layers of Chinese loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai and other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) suggests that the dispersal of Southwestern Tai must have begun sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-PittayawatPittayaporn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_ancient_Yue_language(s)"><span id="Connection_to_ancient_Yue_language.28s.29"></span>Connection to ancient Yue language(s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Connection to ancient Yue language(s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue language</a></div> <p>The Tai languages descend from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai-Kadai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tai-Kadai">proto-Tai-Kadai</a>, which has been hypothesized to originate in the Lower Yangtze valleys. Ancient Chinese texts refer to non-Sinitic languages spoken across this substantial region and their speakers as <i>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Yue</a>"</i>. Although those languages are extinct, traces of their existence could be found in unearthed inscriptional materials, ancient Chinese historical texts and non-Han substrata in various Southern Chinese dialects. Thai, as the most-spoken language in the <a href="/wiki/Tai-Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Kadai languages">Tai-Kadai language family</a>, has been used extensively in historical-comparative linguistics to identify the origins of language(s) spoken in the ancient region of South China. One of the very few direct records of non-Sinitic speech in pre-Qin and Han times having been preserved so far is the <i>"<a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Yue_Boatman" title="Song of the Yue Boatman">Song of the Yue Boatman</a>"</i> (Yueren Ge 越人歌), which was transcribed phonetically in Chinese characters in 528 BC, and found in the 善说 Shanshuo chapter of the Shuoyuan 说苑 or 'Garden of Persuasions'. In the early 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> linguist Wei Qingwen using reconstructed Old Chinese for the characters discovered that the resulting vocabulary showed strong resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">modern Zhuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200716_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200716-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Zhengzhang Shangfang (1991) followed Wei's insight but used <a href="/wiki/Thai_script#Orthography" title="Thai script">Thai orthography</a> for comparison, since this orthography dates from the 13th century and preserves archaisms vis-à-vis the modern pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haudricourt_(1956)"><span id="Haudricourt_.281956.29"></span>Haudricourt (1956)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Haudricourt (1956)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Georges_Haudricourt" title="André-Georges Haudricourt">Haudricourt</a> emphasizes the specificity of Dioi (Zhuang) and proposes to make a two-way distinction between the following two sets.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original language names used in Haudricourt's (1956) are provided first; alternative names are given in parentheses. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tai</b> <ul><li>Dioi group: <a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yongbei_Zhuang" title="Yongbei Zhuang">Yongbei Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youjiang_Zhuang" title="Youjiang Zhuang">Youjiang Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a> (Buyi)</li> <li>Tai proper: <a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Siamese</a> (Thai), <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">White Tai</a> (Tai Dón), <a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Black Tai</a> (Tai Dam), <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages#Southern_Zhuang" title="Zhuang languages">Southern Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tho</a> (Tày), <a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Tai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung language (Tai)">Nung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Characteristics of the Dioi group pointed out by Haudricourt are </p> <ul><li>r- corresponding to the lateral l- in the other Tai languages,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>divergent vowel system characteristics, e.g. 'tail' has an /a/ vowel in Tai proper, as against /ə̄/ in Bo-ai, /iə/ in Tianzhou, and /ɯə/ in Tianzhou and Wuming, and</li> <li>the lack of aspirated stops and affricates, which are found everywhere in Tai proper.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Li_(1977)"><span id="Li_.281977.29"></span>Li (1977)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Li (1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li Fang-Kuei</a> divided Tai into three sister branches. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tai</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a> (Thai)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Li's Northern group corresponds to Haudricourt's Dioi group, while his Central and Southwestern groups correspond to Haudricourt's Tai proper. The three last languages in Haudricourt's list of 'Tai proper' languages are <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tho (Tày)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longzhou_Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Longzhou Zhuang language">Longzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Tai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung language (Tai)">Nung</a>, which Li classifies as 'Central Tai'. </p><p>This classification scheme has long been accepted as standard in comparative Tai linguistics. However, Central Tai does not appear to be a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gedney_(1989)"><span id="Gedney_.281989.29"></span>Gedney (1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gedney (1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gedney (1989) considers Central and Southwestern Tai to form a subgroup, of which Northern Tai is a sister. The top-level branching is in agreement with Haudricourt (1956). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tai</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luo_(1997)"><span id="Luo_.281997.29"></span>Luo (1997)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Luo (1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luo Yongxian (1997) classifies the Tai languages as follows, introducing a fourth branch called <i>Northwestern Tai</i> that includes <a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Dehong</a> Dai, and <a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a>. All branches are considered to be coordinate to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tai</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a></li> <li>Northwestern Tai</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pittayaporn_(2009)"><span id="Pittayaporn_.282009.29"></span>Pittayaporn (2009)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pittayaporn (2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_Tai_suroccidentales.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lenguas_Tai_suroccidentales.png/320px-Lenguas_Tai_suroccidentales.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Lenguas_Tai_suroccidentales.png 1.5x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Southwestern Tai languages</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages#Varieties" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang languages § Varieties</a></div> <p>Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2009) classifies the Tai languages based on clusters of shared innovations (which, individually, may be associated with more than one branch) (Pittayaporn 2009:298). In Pittayaporn's preliminary classification system of the Tai languages, <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a> is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> and is split up into multiple branches, with the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages#Varieties" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> (especially in the <a href="/wiki/Zuo_River" title="Zuo River">Zuo River</a> valley at the border to Vietnam) having the most internal diversity. The <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a> branches remain intact as in <a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li Fang-Kuei</a>'s 1977 classification system, and several of the Southern Zhuang languages allocated ISO codes are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>. The classification is as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tai</b> <ul><li>D: <b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a></b> <ul><li>I: <a href="/wiki/Qinzhou_Zhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinzhou Zhuang">Qinzhou Zhuang</a> (Yongnan Zhuang of <a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a>)</li> <li>J <ul><li>M: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Wuming Zhuang</a>, Yongnan Zhuang, <a href="/wiki/Long%27an_County" title="Long'an County">Long'an</a> Zhuang, <a href="/wiki/Fusui_County" title="Fusui County">Fusui</a></li> <li>N: Core <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yay language">Yay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youjiang_Zhuang" title="Youjiang Zhuang">Youjiang Zhuang</a> and others</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>C: <a href="/wiki/Chongzuo_Zhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chongzuo Zhuang">Chongzuo Zhuang</a> (Yongnan Zhuang of <a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shangsi_Zhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangsi Zhuang">Shangsi Zhuang</a> (Yongnan Zhuang of <a href="/wiki/Shangsi_County" title="Shangsi County">Shangsi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Caolan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caolan language">Caolan</a> (Vietnam)</li> <li>B: <a href="/wiki/Ningming_Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningming Zhuang language">Ningming Zhuang</a> (Zuojiang Zhuang of <a href="/wiki/Ningming_County" title="Ningming County">Ningming</a>)</li> <li>A <ul><li>F: <a href="/wiki/Longzhou_County" title="Longzhou County">Lungchow</a> Zhuang, <a href="/wiki/Daxin_County" title="Daxin County">Leiping</a> Zhuang</li> <li>E <ul><li>H: Lungming Zhuang, <a href="/wiki/Daxin_County" title="Daxin County">Daxin</a> Zhuang</li> <li>G <ul><li>L (Nung): <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang Zhuang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Debao_County" title="Debao County">Debao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang Zhuang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jingxi,_Guangxi" title="Jingxi, Guangxi">Jingxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Tai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung language (Tai)">(Western) Nung</a> of <a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Kh%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mường Khương District">Mường Khương District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong Zhuang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan City</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong Zhuang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yanshan_County,_Yunnan" title="Yanshan County, Yunnan">Yanshan</a></li> <li>K <ul><li>P (Tay): <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a> of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_Y%C3%AAn_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bảo Yên District">Bảo Yên</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Bằng Province">Cao Bằng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai Zhuang</a> of Wenma (文麻)</li> <li>O <ul><li>R: <a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Sapa</a> (Vietnam)</li> <li>Q: <b><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a></b> (Laos, Thailand, Burma)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a> is based on the dialect of Shuangqiao (双桥), <a href="/wiki/Wuming_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuming District">Wuming District</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhuang_survey_sites.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zhuang_survey_sites.svg/512px-Zhuang_survey_sites.svg.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zhuang_survey_sites.svg/768px-Zhuang_survey_sites.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Zhuang_survey_sites.svg/1024px-Zhuang_survey_sites.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009): <span style="background-color: #ff0000; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> N, <span style="background-color: #ff7f00; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> M, <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> I, <span style="background-color: #7fff00; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> C, <span style="background-color: #00c800; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> B, <span style="background-color: #00ff7f; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> F, <span style="background-color: #00ffff; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> H, <span style="background-color: #3232ff; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> L, <span style="background-color: #c800ff; color: inherit; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.45em; text-align: center;">  </span> P </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sound changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai language</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhuang-dialects-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zhuang-dialects-map.png/400px-Zhuang-dialects-map.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zhuang-dialects-map.png/600px-Zhuang-dialects-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zhuang-dialects-map.png/800px-Zhuang-dialects-map.png 2x" data-file-width="3511" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Central and Northern Tai languages (Zhuang, Tay-Nung and Bouyei included)</figcaption></figure> <p>The following phonological shifts occurred in the Q (Southwestern), N (Northern), B (Ningming), and C (Chongzuo) subgroups (Pittayaporn 2009:300–301). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Proto-Tai reflexes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a> </th> <th>Subgroup Q<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Subgroup N<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Subgroup B </th> <th>Subgroup C </th></tr> <tr> <th>*ɤj, *ɤw, *ɤɰ </th> <td>*aj, *aw, *aɰ </td> <td>*i:, *u:, *ɯ: </td> <td>*i:, *u:, *ɯ: </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɯj, *ɯw </th> <td>*iː, *uː<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>*aj, *aw<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>*iː, *uː </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>*we, *wo </th> <td>*eː, *oː </td> <td>*iː, *uː </td> <td>*eː, *oː<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>*eː, *oː<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɟm̩.r- </th> <td>*br- </td> <td>*ɟr- </td> <td>– </td> <td>*ɟr- </td></tr> <tr> <th>*k.t- </th> <td>– </td> <td>*tr- </td> <td>– </td> <td>*tr- </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɤn, *ɤt, *ɤc </th> <td>– </td> <td>*an, *at, *ac<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Furthermore, the following shifts occurred at various nodes leading up to node Q. </p> <ul><li>E: *p.t- > *p.r-; *ɯm > *ɤm</li> <li>G: *k.r- > *qr-</li> <li>K: *eː, *oː > *ɛː, *ɔː</li> <li>O: *ɤn > *on</li> <li>Q: *kr- > *ʰr-</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edmondson_(2013)"><span id="Edmondson_.282013.29"></span>Edmondson (2013)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Edmondson (2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jerold_A._Edmondson" title="Jerold A. Edmondson">Jerold A. Edmondson</a>'s (2013) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Tai languages is shown below. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Tai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung language (Tai)">Nung</a> are both shown to be coherent branches under <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a> are also shown to be coherent branches.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tai</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Buyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yay language">Yay</a>, Po-Ai, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Wuming Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Mashan Zhuang</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a> <ul><li>core <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai</a>: Nung Chau, <a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a> Zhuang, Leiping Zhuang, <a href="/wiki/Ningming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningming">Ningming</a> Zhuang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Tai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung language (Tai)">Nung</a>: Western Nung, Nung Yang, Nung An, Thu Lao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tay</a>: Tay Bao Lac, Tay Khanh Trung, <a href="/wiki/Caolan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caolan language">Cao Lan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Dehong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tai Theeng</a> (Nghe An), <a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Black Tai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">White Tai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Padi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a> has been reconstructed in 1977 by <a href="/wiki/Li_Fang-Kuei" title="Li Fang-Kuei">Li Fang-Kuei</a> and by Pittayawat Pittayaporn in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proto-Southwestern Tai has also been reconstructed in 1977 by Li Fang-Kuei and by Nanna L. Jonsson in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have taken up specific area reconstructions, such as David Strecker's 1984 work regarding "Proto-Tai Personal Pronouns." Strecker's proposed system of personal pronouns in Proto-Tai involves "three numbers, three persons, an inclusive/exclusive distinction and an animate/non-animate distinction in the third person non-singular."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Proto-Tai Pronouns<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai alphabet</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1st</td> <td>singular</td> <td>*ku</td> <td>กู </td></tr> <tr> <td>dual (exclusive)</td> <td>*pʰɯa</td> <td>เผือ </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural (exclusive)</td> <td>*tu</td> <td>ตู </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Incl.</td> <td>dual (inclusive)</td> <td>*ra</td> <td>รา </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural (inclusive)</td> <td>*rau</td> <td>เรา </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2nd</td> <td>singular</td> <td>*mɯŋ</td> <td>มึง </td></tr> <tr> <td>dual</td> <td>*kʰɯa</td> <td>เขือ </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural</td> <td>*su</td> <td>สู </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">3rd</td> <td>singular</td> <td>*man</td> <td>มัน </td></tr> <tr> <td>dual</td> <td>*kʰa</td> <td>ขา </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural</td> <td>*kʰau</td> <td>เขา </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Scripts_Sample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tai_Scripts_Sample.png/220px-Tai_Scripts_Sample.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="518" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tai_Scripts_Sample.png/330px-Tai_Scripts_Sample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Tai_Scripts_Sample.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Tai alphabets. The phrase is <i>kind elephant rider</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Below is comparative table of Tai languages. </p> <table class="wikitable IPA"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th> <th>Proto-Tai<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>wind</b></i> </td> <td>*dluom    </td> <td>/lōm/ </td> <td>/lóm/ </td> <td>/lōm/ </td> <td>/lóm/ </td> <td>/lôm/ </td> <td>/ɣum˧˩/ </td> <td>lum </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>town</b></i> </td> <td>*mɯəŋ<sup>A</sup> </td> <td>/mɯ̄aŋ/ </td> <td>/mɯ́aŋ/ </td> <td>/mɯ̄aŋ/ </td> <td>/mɤ́ŋ/ </td> <td>/mɤ̂ŋ/ </td> <td>/mɯŋ˧/ </td> <td>mvng </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>earth</b></i> </td> <td>*ɗin </td> <td>/dīn/ </td> <td>/dìn/ </td> <td>/dīn/ </td> <td>/lǐn/ </td> <td>/dín/ </td> <td>/dei˧/ </td> <td>nin </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>fire</b></i> </td> <td>*wɤj<sup>A</sup> </td> <td>/fāj/ </td> <td>/fáj/ </td> <td>/fāj/ </td> <td>/pʰáj/ or /fáj/ </td> <td>/fâj/ </td> <td>/fei˧˩/ </td> <td>phai </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>heart</b></i> </td> <td>*cɤɰ<sup>A</sup> </td> <td>/hǔa tɕāj/ </td> <td>/hǔa tɕàj/ </td> <td>/hǔa tɕǎj/ </td> <td>/hǒ tsǎɰ/ </td> <td>/hó tɕáj/ </td> <td>/sim/ </td> <td>chau </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>water</b></i> </td> <td>*C.nam<sup>C</sup> </td> <td>/náːm/ </td> <td>/nâm/ </td> <td>/nám/ </td> <td>/nâm/ </td> <td>/nà̄m/ </td> <td>/ɣaem˦˨/ </td> <td>nam </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai-script-evolution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tai-script-evolution.png/250px-Tai-script-evolution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tai-script-evolution.png/375px-Tai-script-evolution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tai-script-evolution.png/500px-Tai-script-evolution.png 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption>Graphical summary of the development of Tai scripts from a Shan perspective, as reported in Sai Kam Mong's <i>Shan Script</i> book.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai languages</a> are written using <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi-derived alphabets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang languages</a> are traditionally written with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> called <a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a>, and now officially written with a romanized alphabet, though the traditional writing system is still in use to this day. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/thai.htm">Thai language and alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm">Lao alphabet, pronunciation and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/zhuang.htm">Zhuang language and alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/shan.htm">Shan alphabet, pronunciation and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ahom.htm">Ahom language and alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/taidam.htm">Tai Dam language and alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tainua.htm">Tai Nuea language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue alphabet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tailue.htm">Tai Lue language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lanna.htm">Lanna alphabet (Tua Mueang)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples#Other_Tai_peoples_and_languages" title="Tai peoples">Miscellaneous Tai languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zomia (region)">Zomia (region)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A1 designates a tone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless indicated otherwise, all phonological shifts occurred at the primary level (node A).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless indicated otherwise, all phonological shifts occurred at the primary level (node D).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also, the *ɯːk > *uːk shift occurred at node A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innovation at node N</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For node B, the affected Proto-Tai syllable was *weː, *woː.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For node C, the affected Proto-Tai syllable was *weː, *woː.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innovation at node J</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diller, 2008. <i>The Tai–Kadai Languages</i>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoDaic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoDaic_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/daic123">"Glottolog 4.8 - Daic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824185556/glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/daic1237">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Daic&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fdaic123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceth//eng/ztbd/AboutChina/Ethnic/t17927.htm">"The Zhuang ethnic minority"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Zhuang+ethnic+minority&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.cn%2Fce%2Fceth%2F%2Feng%2Fztbd%2FAboutChina%2FEthnic%2Ft17927.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnthonyDiller-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyDiller_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lmQAgAAQBAJ&dq=kra%3DKadai&pg=PA6">Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). The Tai-Kadai Languages</a>. <i>Routledge (2004)</i>, pp. 5–6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135791163" title="Special:BookSources/1135791163">1135791163</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michel_Furles-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michel_Furles_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/halshs-01182596/document">Ferlus, Michel (2009). Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia</a>. <i>42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Nov 2009, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2009</i>, p.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frédéric_Pain-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frédéric_Pain_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frédéric_Pain_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608449?seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents">Pain, Frédéric (2008). An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 128, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 2008)</i>, p.646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2007" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). "The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam". In Harris, Jimmy G.; Burusphat, Somsonge; Harris, James E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085333/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf"><i>Studies in Southeast Asian Linguistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+%E2%80%94+Asie+Orientale&rft.atitle=Decipherment+of+Yue-Ren-Ge+%28Song+of+the+Yue+boatman%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-168&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fclao.1991.1345&rft.aulast=Zhengzhang&rft.aufirst=Shangfang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fclao_0153-3320_1991_num_20_2_1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1956. De la restitution des initiales dans les langues monosyllabiques : le problème du thai commun. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 52. 307–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luo, Yongxian. (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23887080">The subgroup structure of the Tai Languages: a historical-comparative study</a></i>. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, (12), p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. <i>The Phonology of Proto-Tai</i>. PhD dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson, Jerold A. 2013. <i>Tai subgrouping using phylogenetic estimation</i>. Presented at the 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46), Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 7–10 August 2013 (Session: Tai-Kadai Workshop).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonsson, Nanna L. (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=698">Proto Southwestern Tai</a>. PhD dissertation, available from UMI and SEAlang.net on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sealang.net/crcl/proto/">http://sealang.net/crcl/proto/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413020449/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=684">"ABVD: Proto-Southwestern Tai"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=684">the original</a> on 13 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABVD%3A+Proto-Southwestern+Tai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguage.psy.auckland.ac.nz%2Faustronesian%2Flanguage.php%3Fid%3D684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerWeymuth2017" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, André; Weymuth, Rachel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315918804">"How Society Shapes Language: Personal Pronouns in the Greater Burma Zone"</a>. <i>Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fasia-2016-0021">10.1515/asia-2016-0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:99034913">99034913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatische+Studien+-+%C3%89tudes+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=How+Society+Shapes+Language%3A+Personal+Pronouns+in+the+Greater+Burma+Zone&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=426&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fasia-2016-0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A99034913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Weymuth%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F315918804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/6af02aa7-c444-481c-8d1b-ac0c25346f20/content">"The phonology of Proto-Tai"</a>. <i>ecommons.cornell.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecommons.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+Proto-Tai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F6af02aa7-c444-481c-8d1b-ac0c25346f20%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittayaporn2009" class="citation web cs1">Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/6af02aa7-c444-481c-8d1b-ac0c25346f20/content">"THE PHONOLOGY OF PROTO-TAI"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+PHONOLOGY+OF+PROTO-TAI&rft.date=2009-08&rft.aulast=Pittayaporn&rft.aufirst=Pittayawat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F6af02aa7-c444-481c-8d1b-ac0c25346f20%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brown, J. Marvin. <i>From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects</i>. Bangkok: Social Science Association Press of Thailand, 1965.</li> <li>Chamberlain, James R. <i>A New Look at the Classification of the Tai Languages</i>. [s.l: s.n, 1972.</li> <li>Conference on Tai Phonetics and Phonology, Jimmy G. Harris, and Richard B. Noss. <i>Tai Phonetics and Phonology</i>. [Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 1972.</li> <li>Diffloth, Gérard. <i>An Appraisal of Benedict's Views on Austroasiatic and Austro-Thai Relations</i>. Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 1976.</li> <li>Đoàn, Thiện Thuật. <i>Tay-Nung Language in the North Vietnam</i>. [Tokyo?]: Instttute [sic] for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1996.</li> <li>Gedney, William J. <i>On the Thai Evidence for Austro-Thai</i>. [S.l: s.n, 1976.</li> <li>Gedney, William J., and Robert J. Bickner. <i>Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies</i>. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 29. Ann Arbor, Mich., USA: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89148-037-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89148-037-4">0-89148-037-4</a></li> <li>Gedney, William J., Carol J. Compton, and John F. Hartmann. <i>Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics, and Literatures: In Honor of William J. Gedney on His 77th Birthday</i>. Monograph series on Southeast Asia. [De Kalb]: Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877979-16-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-877979-16-3">1-877979-16-3</a></li> <li>Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. (1995). <i>William J. Gedney's central Tai dialects: glossaries, texts, and translations</i>. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 43. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89148-075-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89148-075-7">0-89148-075-7</a></li> <li>Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. <i>William J. Gedney's the Yay Language: Glossary, Texts, and Translations</i>. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 38. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89148-066-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89148-066-8">0-89148-066-8</a></li> <li>Gedney, William J., and Thomas J. Hudak. <i>William J. Gedney's Southwestern Tai Dialects: Glossaries, Texts and Translations</i>. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 42. [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89148-074-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89148-074-9">0-89148-074-9</a></li> <li>Hudak, Thomas John. <i>William J. Gedney's The Tai Dialect of Lungming: Glossary, Texts, and Translations</i>. Michigan papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 39. [Ann Arbor]: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89148-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89148-067-6">0-89148-067-6</a></li> <li>Li, Fang-kuei. 1977. <i>Handbook of Comparative Tai</i>. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʼi Press.</li> <li>Li, Fang-kuei. <i>The Tai Dialect of Lungchow; Texts, Translations, and Glossary</i>. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1940.</li> <li>Østmoe, Arne. <i>A Germanic–Tai Linguistic Puzzle</i>. Sino-Platonic papers, no. 64. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1995.</li> <li>Sathāban Sūn Phāsā Qangkrit. <i>Bibliography of Tai Language Studies</i>. [Bangkok]: Indigenous Languages of Thailand Research Project, Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities, 1977.</li> <li>Shorto, H. L. <i>Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics</i>. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.</li> <li>Tingsabadh, Kalaya and Arthur S. Abramson. <i>Essays in Tai Linguistics</i>. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-347-222-3" title="Special:BookSources/974-347-222-3">974-347-222-3</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/library/">SEAlang Library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tai–Kadai_languages">Comparative Tai–Kadai Swadesh vocabulary lists</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=698">ABVD: Proto-Tai word list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=684">ABVD: Proto-Southwestern Tai word list</a></li> <li>Kelley, Liam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3659357/Tai_Words_and_the_Place_of_the_Tai_in_the_Vietnamese_Past">Tai Words and the Place of the Tai in the Vietnamese Past</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Template talk:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kra–Dai languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kra–Dai_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachi_language" title="Lachi language">Lachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_language" title="En language">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gelao" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandu_language" title="Vandu language">Vandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ou_language" title="A'ou language">A'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulao_language_(Kra)" title="Mulao language (Kra)">Mulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagei_language" title="Hagei language">Hagei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telue_language" title="Telue language">Telue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qau_language" title="Qau language">Qau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Sui_languages" title="Kam–Sui languages">Kam–Sui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a> (Dong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Nuoxi</a> (Naxi Yao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouhin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouhin language">Bouhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Em_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Em language">Ha Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauhut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauhut language">Lauhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzha language">Tongzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zandui language">Zandui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoting_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baoting language">Baoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadou language">Nadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Changjiang language">Changjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyfaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyfaw language">Moyfaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisha language">Baisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuanmen language">Yuanmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizhao_language" title="Jizhao language">Jizhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tai</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, etc.)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsang_Zhuang_language" title="Longsang Zhuang language">Longsang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_language" title="Saek language">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_language" title="Yoy language">Yoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Pao_language" title="Tai Pao language">Tai Pao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyang_Zhuang_language" title="Pyang Zhuang language">Pyang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myang_Zhuang_language" title="Myang Zhuang language">Myang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Tsʻün-Lao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern</a><br />(Thai)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Long_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Long language">Tai Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hongjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hongjin language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phake_language" title="Phake language">Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Yo_language" title="Tai Yo language">Tai Yo</a> (Nyaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Nyo_language" title="Lao Nyo language">Lao Nyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloeng_language" title="Kaloeng language">Kaloeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> (Siamese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Meuay_language" title="Tai Meuay language">Tai Meuay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_language" title="Yong language">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(other)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Pa Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Muong_Vat_language" title="Tai Muong Vat language">Tai Muong Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Thanh_language" title="Tai Thanh language">Tai Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_Khang_language" title="Tay Khang language">Tai Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language_(Laos)" title="Kuan language (Laos)">Kuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<i><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed origins</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhang_Buyi_language" title="Hezhang Buyi language">Hezhang Buyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Lan_language" title="Cao Lan language">Cao Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>proposed groupings</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%E2%80%93Tai_languages" title="Kam–Tai languages">Kam–Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra%E2%80%93Dai_language" title="Proto-Kra–Dai language">Proto-Kra–Dai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra_language" title="Proto-Kra language">Proto-Kra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai_language" title="Proto-Tai language">Proto-Tai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kam%E2%80%93Sui_language" title="Proto-Kam–Sui language">Proto-Kam–Sui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language" title="Proto-Hlai language">Proto-Hlai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&oldid=1256607029">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tai_languages&oldid=1256607029</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tai_languages" title="Category:Tai languages">Tai languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Languages of Southeast Asia">Languages of Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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