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As such it is a type of [[unitary authority]] that has the governmental powers of both a [[municipal corporation]] and a county.<ref name="nlc">{{cite web|url=https://www.nlc.org/resource/cities-101-consolidations|title=Cities 101 -- Consolidations|date=December 14, 2016|publisher=[[National League of Cities]]}}</ref> A consolidated city-county is different from an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]], although the latter may result from consolidation of a city and a county and may also have the same powers as a consolidated city-county. An independent city is a city not deemed by its state to be located within the boundary of any county and considered a primary administrative division of its state.<ref>[https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch4GARM.pdf States, Counties, and Statistically Equivalent Entities], from the [[United States Census Bureau]]</ref> A consolidated city-county differs from an independent city in that the city and county both nominally exist, although they have a consolidated government, whereas in an independent city, the county does not even nominally exist.<ref name="nlc"/> Furthermore, a consolidated city-county may still contain independent municipalities maintaining some governmental powers that did not merge with the rest of the county.<ref name=PopEstimates /> Not considering [[Hawaii]], which has no independent municipalities, the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Upland South|Upper South]] have the highest concentration of large consolidated city-county governments in the United States, including [[Indianapolis|Indianapolis, Indiana]]; [[Nashville, Tennessee]]; [[Louisville, Kentucky]]; [[Kansas City, Kansas]]; and [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. The largest consolidated city-county in the United States by population is [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], while the largest by land area is [[Sitka, Alaska]]. ==Overview== Consolidated city-counties are typically formed to address particular government challenges. Among the benefits of having a unified jurisdiction include potential cost savings, more efficiency, increased legal powers and revenue sources, and a more streamlined planning system.<ref name="nlc"/> Most consolidated city-counties have a single chief executive who acts as both the city mayor and as the head of the county government, and a multi-district elected body that serves as both the city council and as the county legislative body.<ref name="nlc"/> In many states, consolidated city-counties must be approved by voters.<ref name="nlc"/> According to information compiled by former [[Albuquerque]] mayor [[David Rusk]], 105 [[referendum]]s were held in the United States between 1902 and 2010 to consider proposals to consolidate cities and counties. Only 27 of these proposals were approved by voters.<ref>Kate Linebaugh, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304066504576341332888910372 Threats to Town Halls Stir Voter Backlash], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', June 8, 2011</ref> [[Wyandotte County, Kansas]], uses the term "unified government" to refer to its consolidation with [[Kansas City, Kansas]], and most of the towns within the county boundaries remain separate jurisdictions within the county. Individual sections of a metropolitan or regional municipality may retain some autonomous jurisdiction apart from the citywide government. Often, in place of another level of government, local governments form [[council of governments|councils of governments]] – essentially governmental organizations which are not empowered with any law-making or law enforcement powers. This is the case in the [[Atlanta metropolitan area]], where the [[Atlanta Regional Commission]] (ARC) studies and makes recommendations on the impact of all major construction and development projects on the region, but generally cannot stop them. The [[Georgia Regional Transportation Authority]] (GRTA) is a true government agency of the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|state of Georgia]], and does control some state transportation funding to the cities and counties, but otherwise has very little authority beyond this small [[power of the purse]]. The case of [[New York City]] is unique, in that the city consists of five [[borough (New York City)|boroughs]], each of which is co-extensive with a county. Each has its own district attorney; however, county-level government is essentially non-existent as all executive and legislative power is exercised by the city government throughout the five boroughs. The city, as currently constituted, was created in 1898 when the city of New York (then comprising what would become the boroughs of [[Manhattan]] and [[The Bronx]]) annexed Kings County, Queens County, and Richmond County as the boroughs of [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], and [[Staten Island]], respectively. === International equivalents === {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}} Similar [[unitary authority]] arrangements also exist in other countries. [[England]] has six "[[metropolitan county|metropolitan counties]]" created in 1974: [[Greater Manchester]], [[Merseyside]], [[South Yorkshire]], [[Tyne and Wear]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], and [[West Yorkshire]]. From 1986, these metropolitan counties do not have county councils but rather joint boards for certain functions. Modern [[unitary authority|unitary authorities]] are similar, and are known as ''[[county borough]]s'' in [[Wales]]. In Scotland, [[Aberdeen]], [[Dundee]], [[Edinburgh]] and [[Glasgow]] are functionally "independent cities", though the term is not used. [[London]] is unique however, being a [[Ceremonial counties of england|ceremonial county]] (officially known as [[Greater London]]) containing the 32 London boroughs. Enclaved within Greater London, the ancient [[City of London]] forms a distinct county, which today forms only a tiny part of what most consider to be ''London'' as a capital city, which takes up 607 square miles. The [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] contains several [[unitary authority|single-tier municipalities]], which serve the same sort of functions as American consolidated city-counties. One example is the City of [[Toronto]], created in 1998 from the amalgamation of the central government and the six constituent municipalities of [[Metropolitan Toronto|the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto]] (a type of [[regional municipality]]), itself originally created in 1954. In Germany, [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]] are both cities and states (the [[Bremen (state)|state of Bremen]] consists of the cities of [[Bremen]] and [[Bremerhaven]]). Nearly every larger city in Germany is an independent city, like Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich or Dresden; [[Austria]], where the capital of [[Vienna]] is both a city and state; [[France]], where the capital city of [[Paris]] has been coterminous with the ''[[Departments of France|département]]'' of Paris since [[Seine (department)|1968]]; and [[South Korea]], where [[Seoul]] is a ''[[Special cities of South Korea|special city]]'', while six other cities ([[Busan]], [[Daegu]], [[Daejeon]], [[Gwangju]], [[Incheon]], and [[Ulsan]]) are ''metropolitan cities''. Additionally, the [[Australian Capital Territory]] government in [[Australia]] performs all municipal functions of the city of [[Canberra]], and thus functions as an integrated city-territory. Similarly, the [[Tokyo City|City of Tokyo]] merged with the prefecture to form [[Tokyo]] metropolis in 1943. In Russia, there are [[Municipalities of Russia|urban districts]] - territories consisting of a city and nearby settlements united by one mayor's office. As a rule, urban districts are the capitals of the constituent [[Federal subjects of Russia|entities of the Russia]] and other major cities in the region. In 2020, there were 635 urban districts. ==Balances== {{see also category|Census balances in the United States}} In nine consolidated city-county governments in the United States, the formerly independent incorporated places maintain some governmental powers. In these cities, which the [[United States Census Bureau]] calls "consolidated cities", statistics are recorded both for the entire consolidated government and for the component municipalities. A part of the consolidated government is called the "balance", which the Census Bureau defines as "the consolidated city minus the semi-independent incorporated places located within the consolidated city".<ref name=PopEstimates>[https://www.census.gov/popest/geographic/ Population Estimates Geography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223035326/http://www.census.gov/popest/geographic/ |date=2010-02-23 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]], 2006-06-19. Retrieved 2007-09-07.</ref> In Georgia, consolidations often required multiple attempts, changes in procedures, and different local laws in the state legislature. They often did not include some smaller jurisdictions. They also retained characteristics of both types of government, e.g, a sheriff as required by the Georgia Constitution.<ref>Arnold Fleischmann and Jennifer Custer, "Columbus/Muscogee County, Georgia," in Suzanne M. Leland and Kurt Thurmaier, CASE STUDIES IN CITY-CONSOLIDATION (Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 46-59; Arnold Fleischmann, "Regionalism and City-County-County Consolidation in Small Metro Areas," STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVIEW 32:3 (Fall 2000): 213-226.</ref> These consolidated cities are:<ref name=PopEstimates /> * [[Athens, Georgia|Athens–Clarke County, Georgia]] * [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta–Richmond County, Georgia]] * [[Butte, Montana|Butte–Silver Bow County, Montana]] * [[Indianapolis|Indianapolis–Marion County, Indiana]] * [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville–Duval County, Florida]] * [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas–Wyandotte County, Kansas]] * [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville–Jefferson County, Kentucky]] * [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville–Davidson County, Tennessee]] ==List of consolidated city-counties== ===Consolidated since their creation=== * [[Anchorage, Alaska|Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muni.org/|title=Anchorage, Alaska: The Official Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska website|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> (City and Borough are consolidated forming a unified government) * [[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield, Colorado]]<ref name=COmuniIncorp>{{cite web | date = December 1, 2004 | url = http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html | title = Colorado Municipal Incorporations | publisher = State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives | access-date = November 24, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.broomfield.co.us/|title=City and County of Broomfield - Official Website - Official Website|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> ([[Broomfield, Colorado#History|Town of Broomfield]] incorporated June 1, 1961. Consolidated [[Broomfield, Colorado#History|City and County of Broomfield]] created November 15, 2001, from the incorporated [[Broomfield, Colorado#History|City of Broomfield]] in portions of [[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder]], [[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]], [[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson]], and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld Counties]].) * [[Denver|City and County of Denver, Colorado]]<ref name=COmuniIncorp /> ([[History of Denver#19th Century|Denver City]], [[Colorado Territory]], incorporated November 7, 1861. [[History of Denver#Progressive era: 1900-1945|Denver]] served as the [[Arapahoe County, Colorado Territory|Arapahoe County]] [[county seat|seat]] until November 15, 1902, when [[Arapahoe County, Colorado Territory|Arapahoe County]] was split into the new [[Adams County, Colorado#History|Adams County]] and the renamed [[Arapahoe County, Colorado Territory|South Arapahoe County]]. Denver was split from the two new counties on December 1, 1902.<ref name="DenvervAdams">"[T]he city and county of Denver ... did not come into being until the day of the issuing of the Governor's proclamation, on December 1, 1902". {{cite court | litigants=City Council of the City and County of Denver v. Board of Commissioners of Adams County | vol=77 | reporter=P. | opinion=858, 861 | date=1904 | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4428747;view=1up;seq=880;size=200 }}</ref>) * [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.co.honolulu.hi.us/|title=Government|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="“census2012”">[https://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2012isd.pdf Individual State Descriptions: 2012][https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgovs%2Fcog%2F2012isd.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1], [[United States Census of Governments]]</ref> * [[Juneau, Alaska|City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska]] * [[Nantucket|Town and County of Nantucket]], Massachusetts (one and the same since it was separated from [[Dukes County, New York]] to join the colony of Massachusetts). In [[New England]] a [[New England town|town]] serves the same municipal functions as a city. Contrary to city–county consolidation, eight of Massachusetts' 14 [[List of counties in Massachusetts|county governments]] have been abolished. * [[New Orleans|City of New Orleans]] and [[New Orleans|Orleans Parish, Louisiana]] (The City of New Orleans has always served as Orleans Parish's government, though they initially were not coterminous. The city and parish have also annexed parts of neighboring [[Jefferson Parish, Louisiana|Jefferson Parish]].) * [[San Francisco|City and County of San Francisco, California]] (The City of San Francisco was the seat of San Francisco County until 1856, when the county was split into the consolidated City and County of San Francisco in the north, with the remainder of old San Francisco County becoming the new [[San Mateo County, California|County of San Mateo]].) * [[Sitka, Alaska|City and Borough of Sitka, Alaska]] * [[Yakutat, Alaska|City and Borough of Yakutat, Alaska]] *[[Wrangell, Alaska|City and Borough of Wrangell, Alaska]] *[[Skagway, Alaska|Municipality and Borough of Skagway, Alaska]] ===Merged=== * [[Anaconda, Montana|Anaconda]] and [[Deer Lodge County, Montana]]<ref>[http://www.anacondamt.org/ Website of the Community of Anaconda]</ref> * [[Butte, Montana|Butte]] and [[Silver Bow County, Montana]] * [[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]] and [[Muscogee County, Georgia]] * [[Cusseta, Georgia|Cusseta]] and [[Chattahoochee County, Georgia]] * [[Georgetown, Quitman County, Georgia|Georgetown]] and [[Quitman County, Georgia]] * [[Haines, Alaska|Haines]] and [[Haines Borough, Alaska]] * [[Hartsville, Trousdale County, Tennessee|Hartsville]] and [[Trousdale County, Tennessee]] (Despite the consolidated city-county ''government'', Hartsville is not coterminous with Trousdale County; Hartsville remains a geographically distinct municipality within the county.<ref name="hartsvilletrousdale.com">{{cite web|website=Hartsville-Trousdale County Chamber of Commerce|author=Kent Moreland|title=Map of Trousdale County|url=http://hartsvilletrousdale.com/maps/trousdale_county_map.jpg|access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref>) * [[Houma, Louisiana|Houma]] and [[Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tpcg.org/|title=Welcome to TPCG|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> (Despite the consolidated city-parish ''government'', Houma is not coterminous with Terrebonne Parish; Houma remains a geographically distinct municipality within the parish.<ref name="hartsvilletrousdale.com"/>) * [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] and [[Fayette County, Kentucky]]<ref>[http://www.lfucg.com/ Website of Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970328225932/http://www.lfucg.com/ |date=March 28, 1997 }}</ref> * [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] and [[Los Alamos County, New Mexico]] Town of Los Alamos consolidated with county of the same name in 1969 <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&dq=los+alamos+consolidated+city-county+1969&pg=PA743|isbn=9781135948597|title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States|date=February 14, 2006|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> * [[Lynchburg, Moore County, Tennessee|Lynchburg]] and [[Moore County, Tennessee]] * [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]] (and [[Payne, Georgia|Payne]]) with [[Bibb County, Georgia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.legis.ga.gov/legis/2011_12/sum/hb1171.htm |title=HB 1171 - Macon-Bibb County; create and incorporate new political body corporate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030001652/http://www1.legis.ga.gov/legis/2011_12/sum/hb1171.htm |archive-date=2012-10-30 }}</ref><ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ai.org/legislative/interim/committee/2005/committees/prelim/MCCC02.pdf|title=The Effects on City-County Consolidation|website=ai.org|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">Consolidation pass for Macon and Bibb county in the 2012 vote.[http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-170723/unrestricted/05_lsj_CHAPTER_4_b.pdf Consolidation of City and County Governments: Attempts in Five Cities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120034927/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-170723/unrestricted/05_lsj_CHAPTER_4_b.pdf|date=January 20, 2013}}[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130120034927%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.fsu.edu%2Ftheses%2Favailable%2Fetd-04152005-170723%2Funrestricted%2F05_lsj_CHAPTER_4_b.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=false&dov=1]<span> January 20, 2013, at the </span>[[Wayback Machine]] . Retrieved 2010-09-14.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.macon.com/2013/02/27/2373863/payne-city-misses-round-one-of.html|title=Payne City merger dead for 2013|newspaper=The Macon Telegraph|date=February 27, 2013|access-date=August 10, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016133713/http://www.macon.com/2013/02/27/2373863/payne-city-misses-round-one-of.html|archive-date=October 16, 2013}}</ref> * [[Philadelphia]] and [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]] – Their borders have been conterminous since [[Act of Consolidation, 1854|1854 Act of Consolidation]], and the government structures were consolidated in 1952. The county still exists as a separate entity within [[Pennsylvania]], but the functions of the county are generally administered by the city. * [[Preston, Georgia|Preston]] and [[Webster County, Georgia]]<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> * [[Statenville, Georgia|Statenville]] and [[Echols County, Georgia]]<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> ===Other=== * [[New York City]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/|title=Welcome to NYC.gov - City of New York|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> is coextensive with an [[amalgamation (politics)|amalgamation]] of five counties. Each county is coextensive with a [[borough of New York City]]: ** [[Manhattan|New York County]] (Borough of Manhattan) ** [[The Bronx|Bronx County]] (Borough of the Bronx) ** [[Brooklyn|Kings County]] (Borough of Brooklyn) ** [[Staten Island|Richmond County]] (Borough of Staten Island) ** [[Queens|Queens County]] (Borough of Queens) * [[Washington, D.C.]] – While the District of Columbia is a [[federal district]] and not a county, the city has had a [[District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871|consolidated municipal government]] since 1871. Prior to then, Washington, [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]], and the unincorporated [[Washington County, D.C.|County of Washington]] were separate jurisdictions within the District of Columbia. Prior to 1846, when it was [[District of Columbia retrocession|retroceded]] to Virginia, the south bank of the District of Columbia was the [[County of Alexandria]] (now the independent [[Alexandria, Virginia|City of Alexandria]] and the County of Arlington). ===Merged with some independent municipalities=== * [[Athens, Georgia|Athens]] and [[Clarke County, Georgia]] (the cities of [[Winterville, Georgia|Winterville]], which is entirely within Clarke County, and [[Bogart, Georgia|Bogart]], which is partially within the county, retain separate governments) * [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]] and [[Richmond County, Georgia]] (two communities within Richmond County retain separate governments) * [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]] and [[East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana]] (three communities within East Baton Rouge Parish – [[Baker, Louisiana|Baker]], [[Central, Louisiana|Central]] and [[Zachary, Louisiana|Zachary]] – retain separate governments. In addition, the City of Baton Rouge retains separate city limits, and its official census population only includes this area) * [[Camden, North Carolina|Camden]] and [[Camden County, North Carolina]] (a [[census-designated place]] within a county with no incorporated municipalities apart from a small portion of [[Elizabeth City, North Carolina|Elizabeth City]], re-organizing into a single unified government)<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.camdencountync.gov/government/ordinances-06-06-02.htm |website=Camden County Government |author1= Camden County Board of Commissioners |date= February 10, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731053319/http://www.camdencountync.gov/government/ordinances-06-06-02.htm |archive-date=July 31, 2007 |title=Ordinance of Camden County Regarding Exercise of Powers, Duties, Functions, Rights, Privileges and Immunities of a City Pursuant to North Carolina General Statute 153a – 471 }}</ref> * [[Indianapolis]] and [[Marion County, Indiana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indygov.org/|title=City of Indianapolis / Marion County |website=indygov.org |access-date=22 March 2017|archive-date=Jan 26, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030126230751/http://www.indygov.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (four communities within Marion County retain separate governments: see [[Unigov]]) * [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] and [[Duval County, Florida]] (four incorporated places within Duval County – the cities of [[Jacksonville Beach, Florida|Jacksonville Beach]], [[Neptune Beach, Florida|Neptune Beach]], and [[Atlantic Beach, Florida|Atlantic Beach]] and the town of [[Baldwin, Florida|Baldwin]] – retain separate governments; all other [[rural]] land is incorporated by Jacksonville and so the entire county is incorporated) * [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]] and [[Wyandotte County, Kansas]] (this "Unified Government" contains Kansas City, [[Edwardsville, Kansas|Edwardsville]], most of [[Bonner Springs, Kansas|Bonner Springs]], and roughly half of [[Lake Quivira, Kansas|Lake Quivira]]; a county relationship is maintained with the rest of the communities within the county) as of 1997. * [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]] and [[Lafayette Parish, Louisiana]] (In December 2018 voters amended the city-parish charter to split what was a single consolidated city-parish council into two councils — one to represent only the city of Lafayette and the other to represent the parish. The impetus for the change was the desire of city voters to take more control of city-related matters and general unease with the consequences of consolidation). * [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] and [[Jefferson County, Kentucky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louisvilleky.gov/|title=LouisvilleKy.gov|access-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170326233220/https://louisvilleky.gov/ |archive-date= Mar 26, 2017 }}</ref> (all cities in pre-merger Jefferson County, other than Louisville, retain separate identities and some governmental functions, but all participate fully in the county-wide governing body, [[Louisville Metro Council]]) * [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] and [[Davidson County, Tennessee]] (six communities within Davidson County retain separate governments, although all participate in the metropolitan government in a two-tier system) * [[Petersburg, Alaska|Petersburg Borough, Alaska]] (When the borough was created in 2013, the city of Petersburg was dissolved. However, the city of [[Kupreanof, Alaska|Kupreanof]] remains a separate entity within the borough.) * [[Tribune, Kansas|Tribune]] and [[Greeley County, Kansas]] ([[Horace, Kansas|Horace]] retaining a separate government)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greeleycounty.org/?page_id=947|title=Government |website=Greeley County, Kansas |date=February 2012 |access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Five cities in the [[Hampton Roads]] region of [[Virginia]] were formed by the consolidation of a city with a county: [[Chesapeake, Virginia|Chesapeake]], [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]], [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], [[Suffolk, Virginia|Suffolk]], and [[Virginia Beach]] (from Norfolk, Elizabeth City, Warwick, Nansemond, and Princess Anne counties, respectively). However, in each case an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]] was created and as such they are not consolidated city-counties. Instead, the [[Code of Virginia]] uses the term "consolidated city."<ref name="nlc" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/15.2-3521/|publisher=Virginia Law - Legislative Information System |title=§ 15.2-3521. Proposed consolidated city; notice of motion; service and publication. |work=Code of Virginia |access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Similarly, [[Carson City, Nevada|Carson City]] was consolidated with [[Ormsby County, Nevada]] in 1969, but the county was simultaneously dissolved. The city is now a municipality independent of any county.<ref name="nlc" /> ==Potentially consolidated== * [[Aurora, Colorado]], split among three counties, explored the creation of a new consolidated city-county in 1996; the effort subsequently failed in a referendum. However, five years later, nearby [[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]] was successful in creating a new city-county from portions of the four counties it had been a part of. Encouraged by Broomfield's experience, an Aurora city councilman again proposed consolidation in 2006.<ref>[http://www.aurorasentinel.com/articles/2006/01/30/import/20060130-archive3.txt City and County of Aurora?]{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by J.C. O'Connell. ''The Aurora Daily Sun & Sentinel'', January 30, 2006.</ref> This was not accomplished in 2006 or 2007, and no bills to accomplish consolidation were introduced in the 2008 session of the Colorado legislature. * In 2006, a proposal was made to merge [[Johnson County, Kansas|Johnson County]] and [[Wyandotte County, Kansas|Wyandotte County]] in Kansas and the cities located in those two counties into a single consolidated city-county, with the name to be determined.<ref>[http://www.bonnersprings.com/news/2006/feb/02/johnsonwyandotte_merger/ Johnson-Wyandotte merger?] by Jesse Truesdale. ''The'' [Bonner Springs] ''Chieftain'', February 2, 2006.</ref> * In 2005, ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'' in [[Cleveland]], Ohio, published a series of articles exploring the possibility of the city's merging with [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]].<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/region/ A Region Divided] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210232206/http://www.cleveland.com/region/ |date=2007-02-10 }}. Special series of ''The'' [Cleveland] ''Plain Dealer'', published throughout 2005.</ref> * [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]], operates under a [[Miami-Dade county law and government|federated two-tier]] government, in which the county government operates as a superseding entity of county affairs and lower-tier incorporated [[municipalities]] operate civil and community services at the city level. However, the county provides city-level{{clarify|date=September 2014}} police, fire-rescue, sanitation, and other services under contract to many of the municipalities within its borders. * The independent City of [[St. Louis]], Missouri, and that of [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]]. The city of St. Louis seceded from the county in the 1870s and is not part of any county in the state of Missouri. Regional leaders have proposed several plans since 2006 to reunify the city and county, each one rejected by voters.<ref>St. Louis Five-Year Consolidated Plan Strategy 2006-2010</ref> ===Considered consolidation=== * [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] and [[Bernalillo County, New Mexico]], (1959, 2003)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.briem.com/frag/CityCountyReferenda.htm |title=Some Major City-County Consolidation Referenda in the 20th Century |website=Chris Briem's Web Page |access-date=2007-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708093726/http://www.briem.com/frag/CityCountyReferenda.htm|archive-date=2011-07-08 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} * [[Baltimore]] and [[Baltimore County, Maryland]]: Baltimore is established in the [[Constitution of Maryland]] as an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]]. A proposed constitutional amendment to dissolve the city and merge it into Baltimore County was introduced in 1999 but was withdrawn less than a month after the first reading.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Maryland General Assembly]] |url=http://mlis.state.md.us/1999rs/billfile/hb0402.htm |series=1999 Regular Session |title=House Bill 402 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224032135/http://mlis.state.md.us/1999rs/billfile/hb0402.htm |archive-date=Feb 24, 2021 }}</ref> Consolidation of the city and county was later proposed in 2019.<ref>[https://www.marylandmatters.org/2019/06/13/opinion-baltimore-city-county-merger-idea-offers-false-hope/ Opinion: Baltimore City-County Merger Idea Offers False Hope], ''Maryland Matters,'' June 13, 2019</ref> * [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] and [[Jefferson County, Alabama]] (1948)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> *[[Brunswick, Georgia|Brunswick]] and [[Glynn County, Georgia]] (1969, 1987)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> * [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] and [[Erie County, New York]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onebuffalo.com/time.asp |title=It's Time to Change |website=One Buffalo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416192557/http://www.onebuffalo.com/time.asp |archive-date=April 16, 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]]/[[North Charleston, South Carolina|North Charleston]]/[[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina|Mount Pleasant]] and [[Charleston County, South Carolina]] (1974)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Documents/City%20County%20Consolidations.01.01.2011.pdf |title=City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921–Present |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719083354/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Documents/City%20County%20Consolidations.01.01.2011.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-19 |publisher=National Association of Counties |access-date=2011-02-11 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] and [[Mecklenburg County, North Carolina]] (1971)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> * [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]] and [[Polk County, Iowa]] (1994, 2004)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/breaking_news/des-moines-polk-county-reject-merger/article_cf4388d8-5cee-58e6-9a2f-dd3cfdd2f1a4.html |title=Des Moines, Polk County reject merger |date=November 3, 2004 |website=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier |access-date=22 March 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]] and [[Durham County, North Carolina]] (1961, 1974)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsu.edu/iei/io/2006/08/government_consolidation_gains_attention.html |title=Government Consolidation Gains Attention |date=August 28, 2006 |website=NCSU Innovation Online |access-date=2006-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919223521/http://www.ncsu.edu/iei/io/2006/08/government_consolidation_gains_attention.html |archive-date=September 19, 2006 |first=Diane |last=Cherry |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] and [[El Paso County, Texas]] (legislation introduced in 2005 and never considered in committee)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/79R/billtext/doc/SJ00009I.doc |title=79(R) SJR 9 |publisher=Texas State Legislature}}</ref> * [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] and [[Vanderburgh County, Indiana]] ** Voted four times on consolidation—in 1959, 1974, 2002, and 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.evansvilleliving.com/articles/the-consolidate-debate |title=The Consolidate Debate |magazine=Evansville Living |access-date=22 March 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The most recent vote saw consolidation defeated by a nearly 2-to-1 margin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/nov/06/voters-resoundingly-reject-proposal-merge-evansvil/ |title=Update: Voters resoundingly reject proposal to merge Evansville, Vanderburgh County governments |first=Thomas B. |last=Langhorne |newspaper=[[Evansville Courier & Press]] |date=November 6, 2012 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] and [[Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska]] (2001)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/lbc/fairbanks.htm |title=Alaska Division of Community Advocacy |access-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221000518/http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/lbc/fairbanks.htm |archive-date=21 December 2004 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Fayetteville, Tennessee|Fayetteville]] and [[Lincoln County, Tennessee]] (2008)<ref name='WATE 2008-02-08'>{{cite news |title=Voters reject metro government in Lincoln Co. |date=2008-02-08 |url=http://www.wate.com/Global/story.asp?s=7844932&clienttype=printable |work=WATE |access-date=2010-10-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213140804/http://www.wate.com/Global/story.asp?s=7844932&clienttype=printable |archive-date=2011-12-13 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] and [[Allen County, Indiana]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fortwayne.com/mld/journalgazette/news/local/14022085.htm |title=Debate stirs on consolidation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930200246/http://www.fortwayne.com/mld/journalgazette/news/local/14022085.htm |archive-date=2007-09-30 |first=Benjamin |last=Lanka |newspaper=The Fort Wayne Journal Gazette |date=March 5, 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]] and [[Franklin County, Kentucky]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7156071_ITM |title=Article: Voters in Franklin and Frankfort counties, Ky., reject government merger |last=Kirby |first=Cassondra |date=November 3, 2004 |via=AccessMyLibrary |newspaper=[[Lexington Herald-Leader]] |access-date=8 June 2010 |location=Lexington, KY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317200400/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7156071_ITM |archive-date=2009-03-17 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] and [[Alachua County, Florida]] (1990)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Content/NavigationMenu/About_Counties/Data_and_Demographics/City_CountyConsolidationProposals.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - All CONSLDLS 2006bev _3_.doc |access-date=2008-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409161846/http://www.naco.org/Content/NavigationMenu/About_Counties/Data_and_Demographics/City_CountyConsolidationProposals.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]] and [[Knox County, Tennessee]] (1959, 1978, 1996)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> * [[Las Vegas]] and [[Clark County, Nevada]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishak |first1=Michael |title=Why consolidating city and county governments isn't a silver bullet for waste |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2009/may/24/why-consolidating-city-and-county-governments-isnt/ |access-date=November 19, 2021 |work=[[Las Vegas Sun]] |date=May 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225033140/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2009/may/24/why-consolidating-city-and-county-governments-isnt/ |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] and [[Pulaski County, Arkansas]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/article/57108/stephens-floats-city-merger-idea-at-chamber-luncheon |title=Stephens Floats City Merger Idea |website=Arkansas Business |date=December 5, 2002 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] and [[Shelby County, Tennessee]] (1962, 1971, 2010)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/memphis/stories/2002/03/18/story2.html |title=Business Backs Consolidated Government |first=Kate |last=Miller |newspaper=Memphis Business Journal |date=March 15, 2002 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/nov/02/consolidation-memphis-shelby-voters-weighing-merge/ |title=The Commercial Appeal |website=The Commercial Appeal |access-date=25 March 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]] and [[Delaware County, Indiana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mundelreorg.org/ |title=Muncie & Delaware County Reorganization Committee |access-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621020152/http://www.mundelreorg.org/ |archive-date=21 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] and [[Alameda County, California]] (1921)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> * [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]] and [[Douglas County, Nebraska]] (2006, 2011) ** Movements to consolidate these two jurisdictions has been popping up since the [[1900s (decade)|decade of the 1900s]].<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Allan v. Kennard |vol=81 |reporter=Neb. |opinion=289 |pinpoint=298 |date=April 10, 1908 |url=https://cite.case.law/neb/81/289/ |access-date=April 18, 2020|quote=...it is, to quote the brief, 'a fact, common to the knowledge of all men that for years there has been a constant growing demand in Omaha and Douglas county {{sic}} for a merger and consolidation of city and county offices in the sense that similar duties pertaining to the city and county affairs should be performed by one and the same officers;' that such consolidation has been liad with reference to the office of city and county treasurer, and that the result has been satisfactory, and there is a demand for further consolidation.}}</ref> The 2006 proposal was approved by the Douglas County Board of Commissioners, but unanimously rejected by the [[Omaha City Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/city-nixes-omaha-douglas-county-board-merger-plan/article_10939344-1bac-5099-afda-05c92ed4aa09.html|title=City nixes Omaha-Douglas County board merger plan|date=February 14, 2006|access-date=April 18, 2020|work=[[Lincoln Journal-Star]]|publisher=[[Lee Enterprises]]}}</ref> The 2011 proposal was introduced by a state legislator in [[The Unicameral]], as LB344;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://update.legislature.ne.gov/?p=3595|title=Government services consolidation proposed|work=Unicameral Update|location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska|Lincoln, NE]]|date=February 25, 2011|access-date=April 18, 2020|volume=XXXIV|issue=8|publisher=Unicameral Information Office, [[Nebraska Legislature]]|format=PDF|page=8}}</ref> it was tabled in committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nebraskalegislature.gov/bills/view_bill.php?DocumentID=11975|title=LB344 Actions|website=[[Nebraska Legislature]]|date=April 18, 2012|access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref> * [[Owensboro, Kentucky]], and [[Daviess County, Kentucky]] (1990) * [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] and [[Orange County, Florida]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orangecountyfl.net/cms/CSSC/default.htm |title=City of Orlando / Orange County Consolidation of Services Study Commission |access-date=2006-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210062231/http://www.orangecountyfl.net/cms/CSSC/default.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Paducah, Kentucky|Paducah]] and [[McCracken County, Kentucky]] ** Rejected a proposed consolidation in 2012 by a more than 2-to-1 margin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.courierpress.com/news/2012/nov/07/paducah-mccracken-county-residents-reject-metro/ |title=Paducah, McCracken County residents reject metro merger |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=[[Henderson Gleaner|The Henderson Gleaner]] |location=[[Henderson, Kentucky]] |date=November 7, 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]] and [[Escambia County, Florida]] (1970)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name="autogenerated1" /> * [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]] ** Referendums passed in 1925, 1929 and 1939<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.post-gazette.com/newslinks/timeline1919.asp |title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |via=News Links |access-date=22 March 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> that were blocked on technicalities by the state assembly. A partial consolidation of area school districts in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LWscAAAAIBAJ&pg=7501,812795 |title=The Pittsburgh Press |via=Google News Archive Search |access-date=22 March 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Currently has a task-force researching consolidation since 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04275/388541.stm |department=Town Meeting |title=Louisville mayor offers primer on uniting city-county government |first=Jeffrey |last=Cohan |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post Gazette |date=October 1, 2004 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] and [[Multnomah County, Oregon]] (1927, 1974)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name="autogenerated1" /> * [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] (independent city) with [[Henrico County, Virginia]] (1961),<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> although the result would be an expanded independent city of Richmond rather than a consolidated city-county. * [[Roanoke County, Virginia]], and the [[Roanoke, Virginia|City of Roanoke]], although the result would be an expanded independent city of Roanoke rather than a consolidated city-county ** held referendums in 1969 and 1990 to consolidate the two governments.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Both times, city voters approved consolidation while county voters were opposed. The independent city of [[Salem, Virginia]], which would have been surrounded by the consolidated entity, did not participate in the referendums. [[Vinton, Virginia]] would have retained its status as a [[Incorporated town|town]] in the 1990 referendum. The consolidation issue has been dormant since 1990.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} * [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] and [[Sacramento County, California]] (1974, 1990)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/> * [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] and [[Chatham County, Georgia]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.wtoc.com/story/37507911/the-investigation-begins-state-lawmakers-looking-at-consolidating-savannah-chatham-county |title=The Investigation Begins: State lawmakers looking at consolidating Savannah, Chatham County |first=Elizabeth |last=Rawlins |website=wtoc.com |date=February 15, 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtoc.com/story/37560566/wtoc-investigates-could-consolidation-save-savannah-chatham-county-taxpayers-millions |title=WTOC Investigates: Could consolidation save Savannah, Chatham County taxpayers millions? |first=Elizabeth |last=Rawlins |website=wtoc.com |date=February 22, 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ** Prior consolidation referendum held in 1973 failed. The [[Georgia General Assembly]] is conducting a feasibility study towards consolidating the city of Savannah with Chatham County.<ref name="auto"/> * [[St. Louis]] (independent city) with [[St. Louis County, Missouri]] (1926, 1962, In consideration in 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/krewson-stenger-back-latest-push-for-city-county-coordination/article_22ddc131-a438-54f6-845e-2d7c07688df5.html |title=Krewson, Stenger back latest push for city-county coordination |first=Kevin |last=McDermott |website=stltoday.com |date=June 12, 2017 |access-date=25 March 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name=autogenerated3 /> In 2019, a proposal to merge the city and the county was put together by a group called ''Better Together'' with support from both the County executive and mayor at the time, but the proposal was withdrawn after the St. Louis County executive [[Steve Stenger]], who would have become mayor of a consolidated St. Louis had the consolidation happened, was indicted and pled guilty to federal corruption charges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=St. Louis Scraps Potential City-County Merger |url=https://www.governing.com/archive/gov-st-louis-city-counter-merger.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Governing |language=en}}</ref> * [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota|Sioux Falls]] and [[Minnehaha County, South Dakota|Minnehaha]]/[[Lincoln County, South Dakota|Lincoln]] counties, [[South Dakota]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keloland.com/news/article/other/the-possibility-of-lincoln-and-minnehaha-counties-merging|title=The Possibility Of Lincoln And Minnehaha Counties Merging |website=KELOLAND News |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024904/http://www.keloland.com/news/article/other/the-possibility-of-lincoln-and-minnehaha-counties-merging |archive-date=2017-11-07 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] and [[Spokane County, Washington]] (1995)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name=autogenerated3 /> * [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] and [[Leon County, Florida]] (1971, 1973, 1976, 1992)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name="autogenerated1" /> * [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] and [[Hillsborough County, Florida]] (1967, 1970, 1972)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name="autogenerated1" /> * [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Lucas County, Ohio]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040304/NEWS16/103040166/-1/NEWS |title=Skepticism greets 'Unigov' summit |first=Tom |last=Troy |newspaper=The Toledo Blade |date=March 4, 2004 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] and [[Shawnee County, Kansas]] (2005)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.co.shawnee.ks.us/counselor/pdf/ConsolidationReport.pdf |title=Shawnee County Government and Consolidation Report |first=Richard V. |last=Eckert |date=2005-05-02 |publisher=[[Shawnee County, Kansas]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] and [[New Hanover County, North Carolina]] (1933)<ref name="City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present"/><ref name="autogenerated2" /> ==Formerly consolidated== * The City of [[Boston]] and [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts]] operated with a consolidated government for most of the twentieth century with Boston providing office space, auditors, budget, personnel and financial oversight for Suffolk County. This was not a true consolidation because three municipalities – [[Chelsea, Massachusetts|Chelsea]], [[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]] and [[Winthrop, Massachusetts|Winthrop]] – were never annexed into Boston and remained separate jurisdictions within Suffolk County; however, the City of Boston held complete control of the county by law. The special relationship between Boston and Suffolk County ended in 1999 as part of the gradual abolition of county governments through much of the state with all county employees and powers transferred to Commonwealth of Massachusetts control. The only remaining powers and duties for the City of Boston in regards to the county is ceremonial in which the Suffolk County Register of Deeds is issued the oath of office at the start of a term as well as calls for a meeting to hold a special election to fill the office should there be a failure to elect someone to the office or should a vacancy occur. *From the 17th century to 1898, [[New York City]] was coterminous with New York County and was often referred to as the "City and County of New York". Both were coterminous with [[Manhattan]] until 1874, when the city and county annexed parts of [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] that would become the West Bronx, later annexing the remainder of the future Bronx. Upon [[City of Greater New York|consolidation]] in 1898, New York County was coterminous and consolidated with the boroughs of the Bronx and Manhattan, while the other boroughs were consolidated with their own respective counties. The Bronx was separated from New York County in 1914 to form its own Bronx County, and since then, each of the five boroughs of New York City is coterminous and consolidated with a county of New York state. ==See also== {{div col}} * [[Combined Statistical Area]] * [[Conurbation]] * [[City with powiat rights]] * [[City of regional significance (Ukraine)|City of regional significance]] * [[City-state]] * [[Direct-controlled municipality]] * [[Ekistics]] * [[Independent city (United States)]] * [[Megalopolis (term)]] * [[Megacity]] * [[Merger (politics)]] * [[Metropolitan area]] * [[Metropolis]] * [[Urban secession]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080229163653/http://www.alleghenyconference.org/PEL/PDFs/CityCountyConsolidationsComparativeAnalysis.pdf Comparative of all city/county consolidations and the issues and advantages each model presents (from the Pittsburgh/Allegheny task force on consolidation)] {{Terms for types of country subdivisions}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Consolidated City-County}} [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:Consolidated city-counties| ]] [[Category:County government in the United States]] [[Category:Local government in the United States]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Administrative divisions of the United States">Template:Administrative divisions of the United States</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_United_States&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Administrative divisions of the United States">edit</a>) </li><li><a 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