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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spence test" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wolfe%E2%80%93Spence_tests" title="Wolfe–Spence tests">Wolfe–Spence tests</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1974 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Spence v. Washington</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued January 9, 1974<br />Decided June 25, 1974</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Harold Omond Spence v. Washington</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">418 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/418/405/case.html">405</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_418" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418">more</a></i>)<div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">Appellant convicted sub nom. <i>State v. Spence</i>; conviction reversed, 5 Wash. App. 752, 490 P.2d 1321 (1971); reversed, 81 Wash. 2d 788, 506 P.2d 293 (1973); probable jurisdiction noted, 414 U.S. 815 (1973)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A Washington state statute forbidding displaying the American flag affixed with decorations, as applied to appellant's activity, impermissibly infringed a form of protected expression.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Lewis F. Powell Jr.</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Per curiam</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Blackmun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Douglas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Burger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Rehnquist, joined by Burger, White</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Spence v. Washington</b></i>, 418 U.S. 405 (1974), was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> case dealing with non-verbal free speech and its protections under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>. The Court, in a <i><a href="/wiki/Per_curiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Per curiam">per curiam</a></i> decision, ruled that a Washington state law that banned the display of the American flag adorned with additional decorations was unconstitutional as it violated protected speech. The case established the <b>Spence test</b> that has been used by the judicial system to determine when non-verbal speech may be sufficiently expressive for First Amendment protections. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spence_v._Washington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1970, Harold Spence, a college student in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a>, had hung an American flag on his apartment window, displayed upside-down and adorned with <a href="/wiki/Peace_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace symbol">peace symbols</a> as a means to protest the United States' recent actions in <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">the invasion of Cambodia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a>. Police officers saw the flag and after speaking to Spence, arrested him. Rather than being charged under Washington's <a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">flag desecration</a> statute, Spence was charged with violating the state's "improper use" statute, which disallowed the public display of the American flag with any additional adornments. </p><p>Spence requested a jury trial at the <a href="/wiki/King_County_Superior_Court" title="King County Superior Court">King County Superior Court</a>. There, he argued his motives for displaying the adorned flag in protest of recent actions by the U.S. government. The jury found him guilty, amounting to 10 days suspended sentence and a small fine. Spence appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Court_of_Appeals" title="Washington Court of Appeals">Washington Court of Appeals</a>, which overturned the conviction on the basis that the ruling did not consider Spence's intent, and the statute enforced in this way violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The state appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court" title="Washington Supreme Court">Washington Supreme Court</a> which reversed the Court of Appeals ruling and reinstated the conviction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spence_v._Washington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The student petitioned to the Supreme Court based on the lower court rulings. Oral arguments were heard on January 9, 1974, and the Court published its <i><a href="/wiki/Per_curiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Per curiam">per curiam</a></i> decision on June 25, 1974. The unsigned opinion stated that with non-verbal communications, it was "necessary to determine whether [this] activity was sufficiently imbued with elements of communication to fall within the scope of the First [...] Amendment". A two-part test was used: </p> <ul><li>Intent to convey a particularized message: the Court considered that the student specifically displayed the flag as protest against the government's recent actions, and thus there was clear intent that the student displayed the flag to send a message.</li> <li>The message would be understood by those who viewed it: The Court believed that "in the surrounding circumstances" - the timing of the message relative to the government's actions, its public display, and the use of peace symbols would evoke a clear meaning to most that viewed it.</li></ul> <p>While Washington state had defended the law as a need to preserve the flag as a national symbol, the Court pointed out that the student had not done any act that desecrated the flag nor harmed public or government property, nor meant to incite violence with the display, and thus the state had no compelling interest to deny the student his First Amendment rights. </p><p>While the opinion was <i>per curiam</i> and unsigned, Justices <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> concurred separately. Justice Blackmun concurred in result without opinion. Justice Douglas concurred in a separate opinion, relying on symbolic speech grounds. Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> and Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> wrote separate dissents, with Chief Justice Burger and Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> joining Rehnquist. Both dissents expressed concern that the Court's decision overreached the state's authority to enforce its own laws. </p><p>It is unclear why the opinion was not signed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spence_v._Washington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court's decision established the <i>Spence</i> test as a means to determine when non-verbal activities can be considered expressive to qualify for First Amendment protections: "An intent to convey a particularized message was present, and in the surrounding circumstances the likelihood was great that the message would be understood by those who viewed it."<sup id="cite_ref-caitlin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caitlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Spence</i> test was used in the Supreme Court's ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a></i> (491 U.S. 397 (1989)) which ruled that states' flag desecration laws were unconstitutional since they infringed on actions deemed expressive speech under a Spence evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-post_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Johnson</i> notably altered the formation of the <i>Spence</i> test by removing the "surrounding circumstances" phrase, creating the Spence-Johnson test which focuses on the particularized message and the likelihood that message would be understood.<sup id="cite_ref-saggypants_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saggypants-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Post_(law_professor)" title="Robert Post (law professor)">Robert Post</a>, a professor of law at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, questioned the nature of the Spence test, as "is transparently and manifestly false. The test cannot plausibly be said to express a sufficient condition for bringing 'the First Amendment into play.'".<sup id="cite_ref-post_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post argued that the Spence test would allow for <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> that defaces property to be protected under the First Amendment, while abstract works of art such as <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_(1964_film)" title="Sleep (1964 film)">Sleep</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i>, where the intended message would be difficult to understand, would fail the Spence test, despite clear recognition as works of art normally protected by the First Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-post_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (515 U.S. 557 (1995)) subsequently altered the Spence test. In <i>Hurley</i>, parade organizers denied participation by an LGBT group, arguing that the group's message did not fit the theme of the parade, meant to celebrate <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a>. The unanimous Supreme Court ruled in favor of the parade organizers in that the parade was a form of expression and protected by the First Amendment, even if the parade did not have a single, clear message. In the opinion, the Court ruled counter to <i>Spence</i> that a "narrow, succinctly articulable message is not a condition of constitutional protection, which if confined to expressions conveying a 'particularized message,' would never reach the unquestionably shielded painting of <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a>, music of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, or Jabberwocky verse of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-hurley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hurley</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> take on <i>Spence</i> created a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_split" title="Circuit split">circuit split</a> in the following years on the particulars of whether actions qualify as expressive, protected speech, which, as of 2015, had yet to be revolved by the Supreme Court. Some circuits have favored <i>Spence</i>, others <i>Hurley</i>, and yet others even have taken a hybrid approach of both, called the Spence-Hurley test.<sup id="cite_ref-hurley_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saggypants_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saggypants-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caitlin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caitlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spence_v._Washington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-caitlin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caitlin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caitlin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHousley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Housley, Caitlin (2014). "A Uniform Test Isn't Here Right Now, but Please Leave a Message: How Altering the Spence Symbolic Speech Test Can Better Meet the Needs of an Expressive Society". <i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Law Journal">Kentucky Law Journal</a></i>. <b>103</b>: 657.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Uniform+Test+Isn%27t+Here+Right+Now%2C+but+Please+Leave+a+Message%3A+How+Altering+the+Spence+Symbolic+Speech+Test+Can+Better+Meet+the+Needs+of+an+Expressive+Society&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=657&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpence+v.+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-post-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-post_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-post_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-post_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost1995" class="citation journal cs1">Post, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/200">"Recuperating first amendment doctrine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_Review" title="Stanford Law Review">Stanford Law Review</a></i>. <b>47</b> (6): 1249–1281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1229192">10.2307/1229192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229192">1229192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Recuperating+first+amendment+doctrine&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1249-1281&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1229192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1229192%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Ffss_papers%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpence+v.+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEledman2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Eledman, Gilad (January 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/heffernan-v-paterson-and-an-absurd-first-amendment-doctrine">"Heffernan v. Paterson and an Absurd First Amendment Doctrine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Heffernan+v.+Paterson+and+an+Absurd+First+Amendment+Doctrine&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Eledman&rft.aufirst=Gilad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fheffernan-v-paterson-and-an-absurd-first-amendment-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpence+v.+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoroff1984" class="citation journal cs1">Goroff, David B. (1984). "The First Amendment Side Effects of Curing Pac-Man Fever". <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>84</b> (3): 744–774. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1122504">10.2307/1122504</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1122504">1122504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+Amendment+Side+Effects+of+Curing+Pac-Man+Fever&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=744-774&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1122504&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1122504%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goroff&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpence+v.+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saggypants-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saggypants_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saggypants_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinopole2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sinopole, Angelica M. (2008). "No Saggy Pants: A Review of the First Amendment Issues Presented by the State's Regulation of Fashion in Public Streets". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_State_Law_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennsylvania State Law Review (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania State Law Review</a></i>. <b>113</b>: 329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+State+Law+Review&rft.atitle=No+Saggy+Pants%3A+A+Review+of+the+First+Amendment+Issues+Presented+by+the+State%27s+Regulation+of+Fashion+in+Public+Streets&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=329&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sinopole&rft.aufirst=Angelica+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpence+v.+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hurley_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hurley_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasik2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tomasik, Sandy (2015). "Can You Understand This Message-An Examination of Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Group of Boston's Impact of Spence v. Washington". <i><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Law Review">St. John's Law Review</a></i>. <b>89</b>: 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+John%27s+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Can+You+Understand+This+Message-An+Examination+of+Hurley+v.+Irish-American+Gay%2C+Lesbian+%26+Bisexual+Group+of+Boston%27s+Impact+of+Spence+v.+Washington&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=265&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tomasik&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpence+v.+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spence_v._Washington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/418/405/">Spence v. Washington</a></i> at Justia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US1stAmendment" title="Template:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US1stAmendment" title="Template talk:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_First_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States First Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Establishment_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public displays<br />and ceremonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Chambers" title="Marsh v. Chambers">Marsh v. Chambers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lynch_v._Donnelly" title="Lynch v. Donnelly">Lynch v. Donnelly</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_Scarsdale_v._McCreary" title="Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary">Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Allegheny_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union">County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Van_Orden_v._Perry" title="Van Orden v. Perry">Van Orden v. Perry</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCreary_County_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union">McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salazar_v._Buono" title="Salazar v. Buono">Salazar v. Buono</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Town_of_Greece_v._Galloway" title="Town of Greece v. Galloway">Town of Greece v. Galloway</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Legion_v._American_Humanist_Association" title="American Legion v. American Humanist Association">American Legion v. American Humanist Association</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious<br />exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Walz_v._Tax_Commission_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York">Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_v._Grace_Brethren_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California v. Grace Brethren Church (page does not exist)">California v. Grace Brethren Church</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_Presiding_Bishop_of_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_v._Amos" title="Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos">Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Monthly,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock">Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutter_v._Wilkinson" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochran_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochran v. Board of Education (page does not exist)">Cochran v. Board of Education</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" title="Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Ed._of_Central_School_Dist._No._1_v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen (page does not exist)">Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lemon_v._Kurtzman" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman">Lemon v. Kurtzman</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tilton_v._Richardson" title="Tilton v. Richardson">Tilton v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemon_v._Kurtzman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman II (page does not exist)">Lemon v. Kurtzman II</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levitt_v._Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty (page does not exist)">Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunt_v._McNair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunt v. McNair (page does not exist)">Hunt v. McNair</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Public_Education_v._Nyquist" title="Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist">Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloan_v._Lemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloan v. Lemon (page does not exist)">Sloan v. Lemon</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_v._Barrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheeler v. Barrera (page does not exist)">Wheeler v. Barrera</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Funds_for_Public_Schools_v._Marburger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger (page does not exist)">Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meek_v._Pittenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meek v. Pittenger (page does not exist)">Meek v. Pittenger</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roemer_v._Board_of_Public_Works_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland (page does not exist)">Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolman_v._Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolman v. Walter (page does not exist)">Wolman v. Walter</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_v._Cathedral_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York v. Cathedral Academy (page does not exist)">New York v. Cathedral Academy</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty_v._Regan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan (page does not exist)">Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mueller_v._Allen" title="Mueller v. Allen">Mueller v. Allen</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_Dist._of_Grand_Rapids_v._Ball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball (page does not exist)">School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Felton" title="Aguilar v. Felton">Aguilar v. Felton</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witters_v._Washington_Department_of_Services_for_the_Blind" title="Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind">Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zobrest_v._Catalina_Foothills_School_District" title="Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District">Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agostini_v._Felton" title="Agostini v. Felton">Agostini v. Felton</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Helms" title="Mitchell v. Helms">Mitchell v. Helms</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris" title="Zelman v. Simmons-Harris">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion in<br />public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education" title="McCollum v. Board of Education">McCollum v. Board of Education</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorach_v._Clauson" title="Zorach v. Clauson">Zorach v. Clauson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp" title="Abington School District v. Schempp">Abington School District v. Schempp</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_v._Graham" title="Stone v. Graham">Stone v. Graham</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._Jaffree" title="Wallace v. Jaffree">Wallace v. Jaffree</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman" title="Lee v. Weisman">Lee v. Weisman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe" title="Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe">Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private religious speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb%27s_Chapel_v._Center_Moriches_Union_Free_School_District" title="Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District">Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Square_Review_%26_Advisory_Board_v._Pinette" title="Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette">Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Club_v._Milford_Central_School" title="Good News Club v. Milford Central School">Good News Club v. Milford Central School</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal church affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watson_v._Jones" title="Watson v. Jones">Watson v. Jones</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalez_v._Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Manila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila (page does not exist)">Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedroff_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral_of_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in North America (page does not exist)">Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreshik_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral (page does not exist)">Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_v._Hull_Church" title="Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church">Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Eastern_Orthodox_Diocese_for_the_United_States_of_America_%26_Canada_v._Milivojevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for the United States of America & Canada v. Milivojevich">Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_v._Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones v. Wolf (page does not exist)">Jones v. Wolf</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Juan_v._Acevedo_Feliciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxpayer standing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McGowan_v._Maryland" title="McGowan v. Maryland">McGowan v. Maryland</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Guys_from_Harrison-Allentown,_Inc._v._McGinley" title="Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley">Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._McRae" title="Harris v. McRae">Harris v. McRae</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larkin_v._Grendel%27s_Den,_Inc." title="Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.">Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larson_v._Valente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larson v. Valente (page does not exist)">Larson v. Valente</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Kendrick" title="Bowen v. Kendrick">Bowen v. Kendrick</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii" title="Trump v. Hawaii">Trump v. Hawaii</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_Exercise_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Beason" title="Davis v. Beason">Davis v. Beason</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jamison_v._Texas" title="Jamison v. Texas">Jamison v. Texas</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fowler_v._Rhode_Island" title="Fowler v. Rhode Island">Fowler v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_v._Crown_Kosher_Super_Market_of_Massachusetts,_Inc." title="Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.">Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherbert_v._Verner" title="Sherbert v. Verner">Sherbert v. Verner</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruz_v._Beto" title="Cruz v. Beto">Cruz v. Beto</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_v._Review_Board_of_the_Indiana_Employment_Security_Division" title="Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division">Thomas v. Review Board</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1982)" title="United States v. Lee (1982)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Roy" title="Bowen v. Roy">Bowen v. Roy</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldman_v._Weinberger" title="Goldman v. Weinberger">Goldman v. Weinberger</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Lone_v._Estate_of_Shabazz" title="O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz">O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frazee_v._Illinois_Department_of_Employment_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security (page does not exist)">Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Employment_Division_v._Smith" title="Employment Division v. Smith">Employment Division v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lukumi_Babalu_Aye_v._City_of_Hialeah" title="Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah">Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_%26_Tract_Society_of_New_York,_Inc._v._Village_of_Stratton" title="Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York, Inc. v. Village of Stratton">Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brooklyn_v._Cuomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo">Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tandon_v._Newsom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandon v. Newsom">Tandon v. Newsom</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulton_v._City_of_Philadelphia" title="Fulton v. City of Philadelphia">Fulton v. City of Philadelphia</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exclusion of religion<br />from public benefits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Davey" title="Locke v. Davey">Locke v. Davey</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_exception" title="Ministerial exception">Ministerial exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Catholic_Bishop_of_Chicago" title="NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago">NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hosanna-Tabor_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%26_School_v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_School_v._Morrissey-Berru" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru">Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">RFRA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._O_Centro_Esp%C3%ADrita_Beneficente_Uni%C3%A3o_do_Vegetal" title="Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal">Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zubik_v._Burwell" title="Zubik v. Burwell">Zubik v. Burwell</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Home_v._Pennsylvania" title="Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania">Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanzin_v._Tanvir" title="Tanzin v. Tanvir">Tanzin v. Tanvir</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act">RLUIPA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sossamon_v._Texas" title="Sossamon v. Texas">Sossamon v. Texas</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holt_v._Hobbs" title="Holt v. Hobbs">Holt v. Hobbs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramirez_v._Collier" title="Ramirez v. Collier">Ramirez v. Collier</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_speech_(portal)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">portal</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions" title="United States free speech exceptions">Unprotected<br />speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masses_Publishing_Co._v._Patten" title="Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten">Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debs_v._United_States" title="Debs v. United States">Debs v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States" title="Abrams v. United States">Abrams v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitney_v._California" title="Whitney v. California">Whitney v. California</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas" title="Fiske v. Kansas">Fiske v. Kansas</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.</a></i> (1955; 1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i> (1957, <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger" title="Clear and present danger">clear and present danger</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._Floyd" title="Bond v. Floyd">Bond v. Floyd</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action" title="Imminent lawless action">imminent lawless action</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hess_v._Indiana" title="Hess v. Indiana">Hess v. Indiana</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">Defamation</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/False_statements_of_fact" title="False statements of fact">false speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez" title="United States v. Alvarez">United States v. Alvarez</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List_v._Driehaus" title="Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus">Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">Fighting words</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">heckler's veto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaplinsky_v._New_Hampshire" title="Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire">Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminiello_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Terminiello v. City of Chicago">Terminiello v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feiner_v._New_York" title="Feiner v. New York">Feiner v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Gregory v. City of Chicago">Gregory v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America_v._Village_of_Skokie" title="National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie">Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps" title="Snyder v. Phelps">Snyder v. Phelps</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/True_threat" title="True threat">True threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watts_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts v. United States">Watts v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elonis_v._United_States" title="Elonis v. United States">Elonis v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterman_v._Colorado" title="Counterman v. Colorado">Counterman v. Colorado</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosen_v._United_States" title="Rosen v. United States">Rosen v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses" title="United States v. One Book Called Ulysses">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._California" title="Smith v. California">Smith v. California</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_v._Search_Warrant" title="Marcus v. Search Warrant">Marcus v. Search Warrant</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MANual_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Day" class="mw-redirect" title="MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day">MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantity_of_Books_v._Kansas" title="Quantity of Books v. Kansas">Quantity of Books v. Kansas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg_v._United_States" title="Ginzburg v. United States">Ginzburg v. United States</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redrup_v._New_York" title="Redrup v. New York">Redrup v. New York</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginsberg_v._New_York" title="Ginsberg v. New York">Ginsberg v. New York</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Thirty-seven_Photographs" title="United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs">United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kois_v._Wisconsin" title="Kois v. Wisconsin">Kois v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Adult_Theatre_I_v._Slaton" title="Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton">Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._12_200-ft._Reels_of_Film" title="United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film">United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_v._Georgia" title="Jenkins v. Georgia">Jenkins v. Georgia</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Promotions,_Ltd._v._Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad (page does not exist)">Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erznoznik_v._City_of_Jacksonville" title="Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville">Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres,_Inc." title="Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.">Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vance_v._Universal_Amusement_Co.,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc. (page does not exist)">Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut">American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut</a></i> (7th Cir. 1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">People v. Freeman</a></i> (Cal. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc." title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.">United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. ACLU</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Alameda_Books,_Inc." title="City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.">City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU I</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._American_Library_Ass%27n" title="United States v. American Library Ass'n">United States v. American Library Ass'n</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union#Second_Opinion_of_the_Court" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU II</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitke_v._Gonzales" title="Nitke v. Gonzales">Nitke v. Gonzales</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Williams_(2008)" title="United States v. Williams (2008)">United States v. Williams</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Foundation_for_Free_Expression_v._Strickland" title="American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland">American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland</a></i> (6th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Kilbride" title="United States v. Kilbride">United States v. Kilbride</a></i> (9th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stevens" title="United States v. Stevens">United States v. Stevens</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition_v._Paxton" title="Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton">Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech integral<br />to criminal conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition">Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hansen" title="United States v. Hansen">United States v. Hansen</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">Strict scrutiny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holder_v._Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project">Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overbreadth_doctrine" title="Overbreadth doctrine">Overbreadth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">Vagueness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Goguen" title="Smith v. Goguen">Smith v. Goguen</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Airport_Commissioners_of_Los_Angeles_v._Jews_for_Jesus,_Inc." title="Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.">Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">Symbolic speech</a><br />versus conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stromberg_v._California" title="Stromberg v. California">Stromberg v. California</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien" title="United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spence v. Washington</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" title="United States v. Eichman">United States v. Eichman</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnes_v._Glen_Theatre,_Inc." title="Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.">Barnes v. Glen Theatre</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Erie_v._Pap%27s_A._M." title="City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.">City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-based<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boos_v._Barry" title="Boos v. Barry">Boos v. Barry</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butterworth_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butterworth v. Smith (page does not exist)">Butterworth v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster,_Inc._v._Crime_Victims_Board" title="Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board">Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Town_of_Gilbert" title="Reed v. Town of Gilbert">Reed v. Town of Gilbert</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Austin_v._Reagan_National_Advertising_of_Austin,_LLC" title="City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC">City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-neutral<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneider_v._New_Jersey" title="Schneider v. New Jersey">Schneider v. New Jersey</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc." title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ladue_v._Gilleo" title="City of Ladue v. Gilleo">City of Ladue v. Gilleo</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Packingham_v._North_Carolina" title="Packingham v. North Carolina">Packingham v. North Carolina</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /><a href="/wiki/Public_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Public forum">public forum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Massachusetts" title="Davis v. Massachusetts">Davis v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hague_v._Committee_for_Industrial_Organization" title="Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization">Hague v. CIO</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornhill_v._Alabama" title="Thornhill v. Alabama">Thornhill v. Alabama</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._City_of_Struthers" title="Martin v. City of Struthers">Martin v. City of Struthers</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adderley_v._Florida" title="Adderley v. Florida">Adderley v. Florida</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._Town_of_Princess_Anne" title="Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne">Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coates_v._City_of_Cincinnati" title="Coates v. City of Cincinnati">Coates v. City of Cincinnati</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_a_Better_Austin_v._Keefe" title="Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe">Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=USPS_v._Council_of_Greenburgh_Civic_Assns.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns. (page does not exist)">USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Grace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Grace (page does not exist)">United States v. Grace</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frisby_v._Schultz" title="Frisby v. Schultz">Frisby v. Schultz</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ward_v._Rock_Against_Racism" title="Ward v. Rock Against Racism">Ward v. Rock Against Racism</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burson_v._Freeman" title="Burson v. Freeman">Burson v. Freeman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madsen_v._Women%27s_Health_Center,_Inc." title="Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.">Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._Pro-Choice_Network_of_Western_New_York" title="Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York">Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v._Colorado" title="Hill v. Colorado">Hill v. Colorado</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCullen_v._Coakley" title="McCullen v. Coakley">McCullen v. Coakley</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designated<br />public forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent" title="Widmar v. Vincent">Widmar v. Vincent</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonpublic<br />forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Glines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Glines (page does not exist)">Brown v. Glines</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_Education_Association_v._Perry_Local_Educators%27_Association" title="Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association">Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_v._NAACP_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund">Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc._v._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee (page does not exist)">International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Educational_Television_Commission_v._Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes (page does not exist)">Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compelled_speech" title="Compelled speech">Compelled speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooley_v._Maynard" title="Wooley v. Maynard">Wooley v. Maynard</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_v._Forum_for_Academic_%26_Institutional_Rights,_Inc." title="Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.">Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Family_and_Life_Advocates_v._Becerra" title="National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra">National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moody_v._NetChoice,_LLC" title="Moody v. NetChoice, LLC">Moody v. NetChoice, LLC</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled subsidy<br />of others' speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry._Emps._Department_v._Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson (page does not exist)">Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machinists_v._Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinists v. Street">Machinists v. Street</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abood_v._Detroit_Board_of_Education" title="Abood v. Detroit Board of Education">Abood v. Detroit Board of Education</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellis_v._Railway_Clerks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellis v. Railway Clerks (page does not exist)">Ellis v. Railway Clerks</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Local_Teachers_Union_v._Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson (page does not exist)">Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America_v._Beck" title="Communications Workers of America v. Beck">Communications Workers of America v. Beck</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keller_v._State_Bar_of_California" title="Keller v. State Bar of California">Keller v. State Bar of California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehnert_v._Ferris_Faculty_Ass%27n" title="Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n">Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin_System_v._Southworth" title="Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth">Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davenport_v._Washington_Education_Ass%27n" title="Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n">Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Karass" title="Locke v. Karass">Locke v. Karass</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysursa_v._Pocatello_Education_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association (page does not exist)">Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Service_Employees_International_Union,_Local_1000" title="Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000">Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Quinn" title="Harris v. Quinn">Harris v. Quinn</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrichs_v._California_Teachers_Association" title="Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association">Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janus_v._AFSCME" title="Janus v. AFSCME">Janus v. AFSCME</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Compelled_representation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele_v._Louisville_%26_N.R._Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (page does not exist)">Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Board_for_Community_Colleges_v._Knight" title="Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight">Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government grants<br />and subsidies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regan_v._Taxation_with_Representation_of_Washington" title="Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington">Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rust_v._Sullivan" title="Rust v. Sullivan">Rust v. Sullivan</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_v._Finley" title="National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley">National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Services_Corp._v._Velazquez" title="Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez">Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2013)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2013)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2020)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2020)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_speech" title="Government speech">Government<br />as speaker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College_System_v._Wilson" title="Houston Community College System v. Wilson">Houston Community College System v. Wilson</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">Loyalty oaths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Communications_Association_v._Douds" class="mw-redirect" title="American Communications Association v. Douds">American Communications Ass'n v. Douds</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiana_v._Whitcomb" title="Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb">Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb</a></i> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">School speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Substantial_disruption" title="Substantial disruption">substantial disruption</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Healy_v._James" title="Healy v. James">Healy v. James</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_Trees_School_District_v._Pico" title="Island Trees School District v. Pico">Island Trees School District v. Pico</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bethel_School_District_v._Fraser" title="Bethel School District v. Fraser">Bethel School District v. Fraser</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_School_District_v._Kuhlmeier" title="Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier">Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pickering_v._Board_of_Education" title="Pickering v. Board of Education">Pickering v. Board of Education</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Sindermann" title="Perry v. Sindermann">Perry v. Sindermann</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elrod_v._Burns" title="Elrod v. Burns">Elrod v. Burns</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Givhan_v._Western_Line_Consolidated_School_District" title="Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District">Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Hwy._Employees_Local&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Myers" title="Connick v. Myers">Connick v. Myers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rankin_v._McPherson" title="Rankin v. McPherson">Rankin v. McPherson</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutan_v._Republican_Party_of_Illinois" title="Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois">Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waters_v._Churchill" title="Waters v. Churchill">Waters v. Churchill</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._National_Treasury_Employees_Union" title="United States v. National Treasury Employees Union">United States v. National Treasury Employees Union</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Comm%27rs,_Wabaunsee_Cty._v._Umbehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr (page does not exist)">Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcetti_v._Ceballos" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lane_v._Franks" title="Lane v. Franks">Lane v. Franks</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heffernan_v._City_of_Paterson" title="Heffernan v. City of Paterson">Heffernan v. City of Paterson</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act</a> and<br />similar laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Curtis" title="Ex parte Curtis">Ex parte Curtis</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Public_Workers_v._Mitchell" title="United Public Workers v. Mitchell">United Public Workers v. Mitchell</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission_v._National_Ass%27n_of_Letter_Carriers" title="United States Civil Service Commission v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers">U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadrick_v._Oklahoma" title="Broadrick v. Oklahoma">Broadrick v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing and<br />restriction of speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._New_Hampshire" title="Cox v. New Hampshire">Cox v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Books,_Inc._v._Brown" title="Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown">Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railroad_Trainmen_v._Virginia_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar (page does not exist)">Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedman_v._Maryland" title="Freedman v. Maryland">Freedman v. Maryland</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mine_Workers_v._Illinois_Bar_Assn.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn. (page does not exist)">Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forsyth_County_v._Nationalist_Movement" title="Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement">Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">Commercial speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Valentine_v._Chrestensen" title="Valentine v. Chrestensen">Valentine v. Chrestensen</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowan_v._United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="Rowan v. United States Post Office Department">Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press_Co._v._Pittsburgh_Commission_on_Human_Relations" title="Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations">Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar" title="Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar">Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_v._Virginia" title="Bigelow v. Virginia">Bigelow v. Virginia</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Pharmacy_Board_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council" title="Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council">Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linmark_Associates,_Inc._v._Township_of_Willingboro" title="Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro">Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carey_v._Population_Services_International" title="Carey v. Population Services International">Carey v. Population Services International</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._State_Bar_of_Arizona" title="Bates v. State Bar of Arizona">Bates v. State Bar of Arizona</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohralik_v._Ohio_State_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association (page does not exist)">Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedman_v._Rogers" title="Friedman v. Rogers">Friedman v. Rogers</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison_Co._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission">Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric_Corp._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission">Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_R.M.J.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re R.M.J. (page does not exist)">In re R.M.J.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zauderer_v._Office_of_Disciplinary_Counsel_of_Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio">Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Co._of_Puerto_Rico" title="Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico">Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapero_v._Kentucky_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association (page does not exist)">Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_University_of_New_York_v._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State University of New York v. Fox (page does not exist)">State University of New York v. Fox</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peel_v._Attorney_Registration_and_Disciplinary_Commission_of_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois (page does not exist)">Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cincinnati_v._Discovery_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network">City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edenfield_v._Fane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edenfield v. Fane (page does not exist)">Edenfield v. Fane</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Edge_Broadcasting_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co. (page does not exist)">United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibanez_v._Florida_Dept._of_Business_and_Professional_Regulation,_Bd._of_Accountancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy (page does not exist)">Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebron_v._National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp." title="Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.">Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_v._Coors_Brewing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co. (page does not exist)">Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Bar_v._Went_For_It,_Inc." title="Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.">Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island" title="44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island">44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_New_Orleans_Broadcasting_Assn.,_Inc._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States (page does not exist)">Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Police_Department_v._United_Reporting_Publishing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. (page does not exist)">Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorillard_Tobacco_Co._v._Reilly" title="Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly">Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thompson_v._Western_States_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (page does not exist)">Thompson v. Western States Medical Center</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc._v._Kasky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike, Inc. v. Kasky">Nike, Inc. v. Kasky</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milavetz,_Gallop_%26_Milavetz,_P.A._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States (page does not exist)">Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_v._Carlisle,_McNellie,_Rini,_Kramer_%26_Ulrich_LPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA (page does not exist)">Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorrell_v._IMS_Health_Inc." title="Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.">Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expressions_Hair_Design_v._Schneiderman" title="Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman">Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a><br />and political speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Boston_v._Bellotti" title="First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti">First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Medical_Association_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Medical Association v. FEC (page does not exist)">California Medical Association v. FEC</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Against_Rent_Control_v._City_of_Berkeley" title="Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley">Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._National_Right_to_Work_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. National Right to Work Committee (page does not exist)">FEC v. National Right to Work Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._National_Conservative_PAC" title="FEC v. National Conservative PAC">FEC v. National Conservative PAC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Massachusetts_Citizens_for_Life" title="FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life">FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eu_v._S.F._Cty._Democratic_Cent._Comm.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm. (page does not exist)">Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austin_v._Michigan_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce">Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee_v._FEC" title="Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC">Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Shrink_Missouri_Government_PAC" title="Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC">Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee">FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota_v._White" title="Republican Party of Minnesota v. White">Republican Party of Minnesota v. White</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. Beaumont (page does not exist)">FEC v. Beaumont</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McConnell_v._FEC" title="McConnell v. FEC">McConnell v. FEC</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc._v._FEC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC">Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randall_v._Sorrell" title="Randall v. Sorrell">Randall v. Sorrell</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc." title="FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.">FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._FEC" title="Davis v. FEC">Davis v. FEC</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Commission_on_Ethics_v._Carrigan" title="Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan">Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Free_Enterprise_Club%27s_Freedom_Club_PAC_v._Bennett" title="Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett">Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tradition_Partnership,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock">American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCutcheon_v._FEC" title="McCutcheon v. FEC">McCutcheon v. FEC</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Hebdon" title="Thompson v. Hebdon">Thompson v. Hebdon</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Ted_Cruz_for_Senate" title="FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate">FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anonymous speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Socialist_Workers_%2774_Campaign_Committee" title="Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee">Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission" title="McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Corp._v._Tanner" title="Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner">Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Access_Corp._v._Halleck" title="Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck">Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindke_v._Freed" title="Lindke v. Freed">Lindke v. Freed</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_arrest_and_prosecution" title="Retaliatory arrest and prosecution">Official retaliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichle_v._Howards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichle v. Howards (page does not exist)">Reichle v. Howards</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Moss" title="Wood v. Moss">Wood v. Moss</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Trevino" title="Gonzalez v. Trevino">Gonzalez v. Trevino</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America_v._Vullo" title="National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo">National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boycotts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Claiborne_Hardware_Co." title="NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.">NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTC_v._Superior_Ct._TLA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA (page does not exist)">FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procunier_v._Martinez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procunier v. Martinez (page does not exist)">Procunier v. Martinez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._North_Carolina_Prisoners%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union">Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Murphy" title="Shaw v. Murphy">Shaw v. Murphy</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overton_v._Bazzetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overton v. Bazzetta (page does not exist)">Overton v. Bazzetta</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beard_v._Banks" title="Beard v. Banks">Beard v. Banks</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_the_press" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraints</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._Colorado" title="Patterson v. Colorado">Patterson v. Colorado</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota" title="Near v. Minnesota">Near v. Minnesota</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovell_v._City_of_Griffin" title="Lovell v. City of Griffin">Lovell v. City of Griffin</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hannegan_v._Esquire,_Inc." title="Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.">Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">New York Times Co. v. United States</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pell_v._Procunier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pell v. Procunier (page does not exist)">Pell v. Procunier</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Press_Ass%27n_v._Stuart" title="Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart">Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Communications,_Inc._v._Virginia" title="Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia">Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lowe_v._SEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowe v. SEC (page does not exist)">Lowe v. SEC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tory_v._Cochran" title="Tory v. Cochran">Tory v. Cochran</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Hill" title="Time, Inc. v. Hill">Time, Inc. v. Hill</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_Broadcasting_Corp._v._Cohn" title="Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn">Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Star_v._B._J._F." title="Florida Star v. B. J. F.">Florida Star v. B. J. F.</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxation and<br />privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grosjean_v._American_Press_Co." title="Grosjean v. American Press Co.">Grosjean v. American Press Co.</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branzburg_v._Hayes" title="Branzburg v. Hayes">Branzburg v. Hayes</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houchins_v._KQED,_Inc." title="Houchins v. KQED, Inc.">Houchins v. KQED, Inc.</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_Tribune_Co._v._Commissioner" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner">Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Writers%27_Project_v._Ragland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland (page does not exist)">Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._Cowles_Media_Co." title="Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.">Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauharnais_v._Illinois" title="Beauharnais v. Illinois">Beauharnais v. Illinois</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts" title="Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts">Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_Cooperative_Publishing_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bresler" title="Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler">Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc." title="Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Firestone" title="Time, Inc. v. Firestone">Time, Inc. v. Firestone</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bose_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_United_States,_Inc." title="Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.">Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet,_Inc._v._Greenmoss_Builders,_Inc." title="Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harte-Hanks_Communications,_Inc._v._Connaughton" title="Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton">Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milkovich_v._Lorain_Journal_Co." title="Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Finance_Group,_LLC_v._Cox" title="Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox">Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox</a></i> (9th Cir. 2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FCC_v._WNCN_Listeners_Guild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild (page does not exist)">FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denver_Area_Ed._Telecommunications_Consortium,_Inc._v._FCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC (page does not exist)">Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartnicki_v._Vopper" title="Bartnicki v. Vopper">Bartnicki v. Vopper</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copyrighted materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presser_v._Illinois" title="Presser v. Illinois">Presser v. Illinois</a></i> (1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection from prosecution <br />and state restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#United_States_Constitution" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joint_Anti-Fascist_Refugee_Committee_v._McGrath" title="Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath">Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future Conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baggett_v._Bullitt" title="Baggett v. Bullitt">Baggett v. Bullitt</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solicitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership restriction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hishon_v._King_%26_Spalding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hishon v. King & Spalding (page does not exist)">Hishon v. King & Spalding</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberts_v._United_States_Jaycees" title="Roberts v. United States Jaycees">Roberts v. United States Jaycees</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Int%27l_v._Rotary_Club_of_Duarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte (page does not exist)">Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Club_Ass%27n_v._City_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York (page does not exist)">New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America_v._Dale" title="Boy Scouts of America v. Dale">Boy Scouts of America v. Dale</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Legal_Society_v._Martinez" title="Christian Legal Society v. Martinez">Christian Legal Society v. Martinez</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primaries and elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousins_v._Wigoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousins v. Wigoda (page does not exist)">Cousins v. Wigoda</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_v._Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Party v. Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Democratic Party v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashjian_v._Republican_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashjian v. Republican Party (page does not exist)">Tashjian v. Republican Party</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timmons_v._Twin_Cities_Area_New_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (page does not exist)">Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clingman_v._Beaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clingman v. Beaver (page does not exist)">Clingman v. Beaver</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Board_of_Elections_v._Lopez_Torres" title="New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres">New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Grange_v._Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party">Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_to_petition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Freedom to petition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railroad_Presidents_Conference_v._Noerr_Motor_Freight,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.">Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_v._Pennington" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers v. Pennington">United Mine Workers v. Pennington</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Motor_Transport_Co._v._Trucking_Unlimited" title="California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited">California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Highway_Employees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Grant" title="Meyer v. Grant">Meyer v. Grant</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._American_Constitutional_Law_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation">Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BE_and_K_Construction_Co._v._National_Labor_Relations_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board (page does not exist)">BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spence_v._Washington&oldid=1225853944">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spence_v._Washington&oldid=1225853944</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_per_curiam_opinions" title="Category:United States Supreme Court per curiam opinions">United States Supreme Court per curiam opinions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Burger_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_First_Amendment_case_law" title="Category:United States First Amendment case law">United States First Amendment case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1974 in United States case law">1974 in United States case law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 May 2024, at 03:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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