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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901–1914:_experimenting_in_atonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–1914:_experimenting_in_atonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1901–1914: experimenting in atonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–1914:_experimenting_in_atonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_twelve-tone_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_twelve-tone_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Development of the twelve-tone method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_twelve-tone_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_regime_and_emigration_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_regime_and_emigration_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nazi regime and emigration to the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_regime_and_emigration_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superstition_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superstition_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Superstition and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superstition_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_period:_Late_Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_period:_Late_Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First period: Late Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_period:_Late_Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_period:_Free_atonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_period:_Free_atonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second period: Free atonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_period:_Free_atonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_period:_Twelve-tone_and_tonal_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_period:_Twelve-tone_and_tonal_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third period: Twelve-tone and tonal works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_period:_Twelve-tone_and_tonal_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelve-tone_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelve-tone_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Twelve-tone period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelve-tone_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_general_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_general_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Relationship with the general public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_general_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Mann's_novel_Doctor_Faustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Mann's_novel_Doctor_Faustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Thomas Mann's novel <i>Doctor Faustus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Mann's_novel_Doctor_Faustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_extramusical_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_extramusical_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personality and extramusical interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_extramusical_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Textbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arnold Schoenberg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="أرنولد شوينبيرج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرنولد شوينبيرج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_%C5%9E%C3%B6nberq" title="Arnold Şönberq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arnold Şönberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнольд Шонберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арнольд Шонберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнолд Шьонберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арнолд Шьонберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Άρνολντ Σένμπεργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρνολντ Σένμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="آرنولد شونبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرنولد شونبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%86%80%ED%8A%B8_%EC%87%A4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="아르놀트 쇤베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르놀트 쇤베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%87%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Առնոլդ Շյոնբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առնոլդ Շյոնբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schonberg" title="Arnold Schonberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arnold Schonberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="ארנולד שנברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנולד שנברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schonberg" title="Arnold Schonberg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arnold Schonberg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="არნოლდ შონბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არნოლდ შონბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldus_Schoenberg" title="Arnoldus Schoenberg – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arnoldus Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolds_%C5%A0%C4%93nbergs" title="Arnolds Šēnbergs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arnolds Šēnbergs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнолд Шенберг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арнолд Шенберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="ارنولد شوينبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنولد شوينبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="アルノルト・シェーンベルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルノルト・シェーンベルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Шёнберг, Арнольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шёнберг, Арнольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Shenberg" title="Arnold Shenberg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arnold Shenberg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнолд Шенберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арнолд Шенберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="อาร์น็อลท์ เชินแบร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์น็อลท์ เชินแบร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнольд Шенберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арнольд Шенберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%8B%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="阿诺尔德·勋伯格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿诺尔德·勋伯格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E8%8D%80%E7%99%BD%E5%85%8B" title="亞諾·荀白克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞諾·荀白克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%8B%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="阿诺德·勋伯格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿诺德·勋伯格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154770#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian-American composer (1874–1951)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Schoenberg" redirects here. For others with the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_(surname)" title="Schoenberg (surname)">Schoenberg (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Arnold Schoenberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg/220px-Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg/330px-Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg/440px-Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Schoenberg in Los Angeles, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1948</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-09-13</span>)</span>13 September 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria-Hungary</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1951<span style="display:none">(1951-07-13)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>music theorist</li><li>teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg">List of compositions</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arnold Schoenberg</b> or <b>Schönberg</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian and American composer, music theorist, teacher and writer. He was among the first <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernists</a> who transformed the practice of <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> in <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a>, and a central element of his music was its use of <a href="/wiki/Motive_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motive (music)">motives</a> as a means of coherence. He propounded concepts like <a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">developing variation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_dissonance" title="Emancipation of the dissonance">emancipation of the dissonance</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Unified_field" title="Unified field">unity of musical space</a>". </p><p>Schoenberg's early works, like <i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> (1899), represented a <a href="/wiki/Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahmsian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagnerian</a> synthesis on which he built. Mentoring <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, he became the central figure of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consorted with visual artists, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i>, and wrote <a href="/wiki/Atonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonal">atonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">expressionist music</a>, attracting fame and stirring debate. In his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._2,_Op._10" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2</a> (1907–1908), <i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i> (1909), and <i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i> (1912), Schoenberg visited extremes of emotion; in self-portraits he emphasized his intense gaze. While working on <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a></i> (from 1914) and <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> (from 1923), Schoenberg confronted popular <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> by returning to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and substantially developed his <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>. He systematically interrelated all notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> in his twelve-tone music, often exploiting <a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality#Hexachordal_combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">combinatorial hexachords</a> and sometimes admitting <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> elements. </p><p>Schoenberg resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Arts" title="Prussian Academy of Arts">Prussian Academy of Arts</a> (1926–1933), emigrating as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> took power; they banned his (and his students') music, labeling it "<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">degenerate</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught in the US, including at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (1936–1944), where <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Herb_Alpert_School_of_Music#Schoenberg_Music_Building" title="UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music">facilities are named in his honor</a>. He explored writing film music (as he had done idiosyncratically in <i><a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a></i>, 1929–1930) and wrote more tonal music, completing his <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a> in 1939. With citizenship (1941) and US entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he satirized fascist tyrants in <i><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ode to Napoleon">Ode to Napoleon</a></i> (1942, after <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byron</a>), deploying Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)#Fate_motif" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">fate motif</a> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marseillaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseillaise">Marseillaise</a></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vienna#The_Second_Republic" title="History of Vienna">Post-war Vienna</a> beckoned with <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Vienna" title="List of honorary citizens of Vienna">honorary citizenship</a>, but Schoenberg was ill as depicted in his String Trio (1946). As the world learned of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, he memorialized its victims in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i> (1947). The <a href="/wiki/Buchmann-Mehta_School_of_Music" title="Buchmann-Mehta School of Music">Israel Conservatory and Academy of Music</a> elected him honorary president (1951). </p><p>His innovative music was among the most influential and polemicized of 20th-century classical music. At least three generations of composers extended its somewhat <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy)" title="Formalism (philosophy)">formal</a> principles. His aesthetic and music-historical views influenced musicologists <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Carl Dahlhaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Center" title="Arnold Schönberg Center">Arnold Schönberg Center</a> collects his archival legacy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Schoenberg_1900.jpg/170px-Schoenberg_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Schoenberg_1900.jpg/255px-Schoenberg_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Schoenberg_1900.jpg/340px-Schoenberg_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Arnold Schönberg in Payerbach, 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>Arnold Schoenberg was born into a lower middle-class <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Jews">Jewish</a> family in the <a href="/wiki/Leopoldstadt" title="Leopoldstadt">Leopoldstadt</a> district (in earlier times a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a>) of Vienna, at Obere Donaustraße 5. His father Samuel, a native of <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9ny" title="Szécsény">Szécsény</a>, Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later moved to Pozsony (Pressburg, at that time part of the Kingdom of Hungary, now <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia) and then to Vienna, was a shoe-<a href="/wiki/Shopkeeper" title="Shopkeeper">shopkeeper</a>, and his mother Pauline Schoenberg (née Nachod), a native of Prague, was a piano teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelm2006–2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelm2006–2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnold was largely self-taught. He took only <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> lessons with the composer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a>, who was to become his first brother-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont200087_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont200087-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his twenties, Schoenberg earned a living by orchestrating <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>, while composing his own works, such as the string sextet <i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> ("Transfigured Night") (1899). He later made an orchestral version of this, which became one of his most popular pieces. Both <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> recognized Schoenberg's significance as a composer; Strauss when he encountered Schoenberg's <i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i>, and Mahler after hearing several of Schoenberg's early works. </p><p>Strauss turned to a more conservative idiom in his own work after 1909, and at that point dismissed Schoenberg. Mahler adopted him as a protégé and continued to support him, even after Schoenberg's style reached a point Mahler could no longer understand. Mahler worried about who would look after him after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoss2013118_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoss2013118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schoenberg, who had initially despised and mocked Mahler's music, was converted by the "thunderbolt" of Mahler's <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third Symphony</a></i>, which he considered a work of genius. Afterward he "spoke of Mahler as a saint".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977103_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977103-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975136_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975136-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> church. According to MacDonald (2008, 93) this was partly to strengthen his attachment to Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self-defence "in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism". In 1933, after long meditation, he returned to Judaism, because he realised that "his racial and religious heritage was inescapable", and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism. He would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquis_Who's_Whon.d._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_Who's_Whon.d.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–1914:_experimenting_in_atonality"><span id="1901.E2.80.931914:_experimenting_in_atonality"></span>1901–1914: experimenting in atonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1901–1914: experimenting in atonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg/220px-Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg/330px-Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg/440px-Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg_Family" title="Schönberg Family">Schönberg Family</a></i>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a>, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1901, Schoenberg married Mathilde Zemlinsky, the sister of the conductor and composer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a>, with whom Schoenberg had been studying since about 1894. Schoenberg and Mathilde had two children, Gertrud (1902–1947) and Georg (1906–1974). Gertrud would marry Schoenberg's pupil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Greissle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Greissle (page does not exist)">Felix Greissle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Greissle" class="extiw" title="de:Felix Greissle">de</a>]</span> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1908, Schoenberg's wife Mathilde left him for several months for a young Austrian painter, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a> (who committed suicide in that November after Mathilde returned to her marriage). This period marked a distinct change in Schoenberg's work. It was during the absence of his wife that he composed "You lean against a silver-willow" (German: <i lang="de">Du lehnest wider eine Silberweide</i>), the thirteenth song in the cycle <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten</a></i>, Op. 15, based on the collection of the same name by the German mystical poet <a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a>. This was the first composition without any reference at all to a <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in this year, Schoenberg completed one of his most revolutionary compositions, the <a href="/wiki/String_quartets_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2</a>. The first two movements, though chromatic in color, use traditional <a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signatures</a>. The final two movements, again using poetry by George, incorporate a soprano vocal line, breaking with previous string-quartet practice, and daringly weaken the links with traditional <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>. Both movements end on <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> chords, and the work is not fully non-tonal. </p><p>During the summer of 1910, Schoenberg wrote his <i>Harmonielehre</i> (<i>Theory of Harmony</i>, Schoenberg 1922), which remains one of the most influential music-theory books. From about 1911, Schoenberg belonged to a circle of artists and intellectuals who included <a href="/wiki/Lene_Schneider-Kainer" title="Lene Schneider-Kainer">Lene Schneider-Kainer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herwarth_Walden" title="Herwarth Walden">Herwarth Walden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a>. </p><p>In 1910 he met <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(conductor)" title="Edward Clark (conductor)">Edward Clark</a>, an English music journalist then working in Germany. Clark became his sole English student, and in his later capacity as a producer for the BBC he was responsible for introducing many of Schoenberg's works, and Schoenberg himself, to Britain (as well as <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a> and others). </p><p>Another of his most important works from this atonal or pantonal period is the highly influential <i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i>, Op. 21, of 1912, a novel cycle of expressionist songs set to a German translation of poems by the Belgian-French poet <a href="/wiki/Albert_Giraud" title="Albert Giraud">Albert Giraud</a>. Utilizing the technique of <i><a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a></i>, or melodramatically spoken recitation, the work pairs a female vocalist with a small ensemble of five musicians. The ensemble, which is now commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_ensemble" title="Pierrot ensemble">Pierrot ensemble</a>, consists of flute (doubling on <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>), clarinet (doubling on <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>), violin (doubling on viola), violoncello, speaker, and piano. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Bopp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Bopp (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Bopp</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bopp" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Bopp">de</a>]</span>), director of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Vienna" title="University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna">Vienna Conservatory</a> from 1907, wanted a break from the stale environment personified for him by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fuchs_(composer)" title="Robert Fuchs (composer)">Robert Fuchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Graedener" title="Hermann Graedener">Hermann Graedener</a>. Having considered many candidates, he offered teaching positions to Schoenberg and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a> in 1912. At the time Schoenberg lived in Berlin. He was not completely cut off from the Vienna Conservatory, having taught a private theory course a year earlier. He seriously considered the offer, but he declined. Writing afterward to Alban Berg, he cited his "aversion to Vienna" as the main reason for his decision, while contemplating that it might have been the wrong one financially, but having made it he felt content. A couple of months later he wrote to Schreker suggesting that it might have been a bad idea for him as well to accept the teaching position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey199355–57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey199355–57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> brought a crisis in his development. Military service disrupted his life when at the age of 42 he was in the army. He was never able to work uninterrupted or over a period of time, and as a result he left many unfinished works and undeveloped "beginnings". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/170px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/255px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/340px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg by <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>On one occasion, a superior officer demanded to know if he was "this notorious Schoenberg, then"; Schoenberg replied: "Beg to report, sir, yes. Nobody wanted to be, someone had to be, so I let it be me".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lebrecht" title="Norman Lebrecht">Norman Lebrecht</a>, this is a reference to Schoenberg's apparent "destiny" as the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_dissonance" title="Emancipation of the dissonance">"Emancipator of Dissonance"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebrecht2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebrecht2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schoenberg drew comparisons between Germany's assault on France and his assault on decadent bourgeois artistic values. In August 1914, while denouncing the music of <a href="/wiki/Bizet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizet">Bizet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stravinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravel">Ravel</a>, he wrote: "Now comes the reckoning! Now we will throw these mediocre kitschmongers into slavery, and teach them to venerate the German spirit and to worship the German God". <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> described this as an "act of war psychosis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200760_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200760-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deteriorating relation between contemporary composers and the public led him to found the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Private_Musical_Performances" title="Society for Private Musical Performances">Society for Private Musical Performances</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen</i></span> in German) in Vienna in 1918. He sought to provide a forum in which modern musical compositions could be carefully prepared and rehearsed, and properly performed under conditions protected from the dictates of fashion and pressures of commerce. </p><p>From its inception until its dissolution amid <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation#Austria" title="Hyperinflation">Austrian hyperinflation</a>, the Society presented 353 performances to paying members, sometimes weekly. During the first year and a half, Schoenberg did not let any of his own works be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen197565_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen197565-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, audiences at the Society's concerts heard difficult contemporary compositions by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>, Mahler, Webern, Berg, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a>, and other leading figures of early 20th-century music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen199666_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen199666-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_twelve-tone_method">Development of the twelve-tone method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of the twelve-tone method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/170px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/255px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/340px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg, 1927, by <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Later, Schoenberg was to develop the most influential version of the dodecaphonic (also known as <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone</a>) method of composition, which in French and English was given the alternative name <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a> in 1947. This technique was taken up by many of his students, who constituted the so-called <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>. They included <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, all of whom were profoundly influenced by Schoenberg. He published a number of books, ranging from his famous <i>Harmonielehre</i> (<i>Theory of Harmony</i>) to <i>Fundamentals of Musical Composition</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1967_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1967-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of which are still in print and used by musicians and developing composers. </p><p>Schoenberg viewed his development as a natural progression, and he did not deprecate his earlier works when he ventured into serialism. In 1923 he wrote to the Swiss philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Reinhart" title="Werner Reinhart">Werner Reinhart</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>For the present, it matters more to me if people understand my older works ... They are the natural forerunners of my later works, and only those who understand and comprehend these will be able to gain an understanding of the later works that goes beyond a fashionable bare minimum. I do not attach so much importance to being a musical bogey-man as to being a natural continuer of properly-understood good old tradition!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1987100_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1987100-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His first wife died in October 1923, and in August of the next year Schoenberg married <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schoenberg" title="Gertrud Schoenberg">Gertrud Kolisch</a> (1898–1967), sister of his pupil, the violinist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman2010223_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman2010223-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had three children: Nuria Dorothea (born 1932), Ronald Rudolf (born 1937), and Lawrence Adam (born 1941). Gertrude Kolisch Schoenberg wrote the libretto for Schoenberg's one-act opera <i><a href="/wiki/Von_heute_auf_morgen" title="Von heute auf morgen">Von heute auf morgen</a></i> under the pseudonym Max Blonda. At her request Schoenberg's (ultimately unfinished) piece, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a></i> was prepared for performance by Schoenberg's student <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Zillig" title="Winfried Zillig">Winfried Zillig</a>. After her husband's death in 1951 she founded Belmont Music Publishers devoted to the publication of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoaf199264_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoaf199264-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnold used the notes G and E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> (German: Es, i.e., "S") for "Gertrud Schoenberg", in the <i>Suite</i>, for septet, Op. 29 (1925).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008216_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008216-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Musical_cryptogram" title="Musical cryptogram">musical cryptogram</a>). </p><p>Following the death in 1924 of composer <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, who had served as Director of a Master Class in Composition at the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Arts" title="Prussian Academy of Arts">Prussian Academy of Arts</a> in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to this post the next year, but because of health problems was unable to take up his post until 1926. Among his notable students during this period were the composers Robert Gerhard, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Rufer" title="Josef Rufer">Josef Rufer</a>. </p><p>Along with his twelve-tone works, 1930 marks Schoenberg's return to tonality, with numbers 4 and 6 of the Six Pieces for Male Chorus Op. 35, the other pieces being dodecaphonic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuner199985_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuner199985-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_regime_and_emigration_to_the_United_States">Nazi regime and emigration to the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nazi regime and emigration to the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schoenberg continued in his post until the Nazis seized power in 1933. While on vacation in France, he was warned that returning to Germany would be dangerous. Schoenberg formally reclaimed membership in the Jewish religion at a Paris synagogue,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then emigrated to the United States with his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich198631_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich198631-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently gave brief consideration to moving again, either to England or the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst201146_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201146-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first teaching position in the United States was at the Malkin Conservatory (<a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>). He moved to Los Angeles, where he taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, both of which later named a music building on their respective campuses Schoenberg Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCLA_Department_of_Music2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCLA_Department_of_Music2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> in 1935 on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a>, music director and conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra">Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011161_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011161-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the next year was promoted to professor at a salary of $5,100 per year, which enabled him in either May 1936 or 1937 to buy a Spanish Revival house at 116 North Rockingham in <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Brentwood, Los Angeles">Brentwood Park</a>, near the UCLA campus, for $18,000. This address was directly across the street from <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a>'s house, and there he befriended fellow composer (and tennis partner) <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>. The Schoenbergs were able to employ domestic help and began holding Sunday afternoon gatherings that were known for excellent coffee and Viennese pastries. Frequent guests included <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a> (who studied composition privately with Schoenberg beginning in April 1936), <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Achron" title="Joseph Achron">Joseph Achron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gruenberg" title="Louis Gruenberg">Louis Gruenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toch" title="Ernst Toch">Ernst Toch</a>, and, on occasion, well-known actors such as <a href="/wiki/Harpo_Marx" title="Harpo Marx">Harpo Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2009116_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2009116-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst20116_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst20116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaskin2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaskin2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200879_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200879-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975514_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975514-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2010114_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2010114-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composers <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Rosenman" title="Leonard Rosenman">Leonard Rosenman</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/George_Tremblay" title="George Tremblay">George Tremblay</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011122_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011122-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Hollywood orchestrator <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Powell" title="Edward B. Powell">Edward B. Powell</a> studied with Schoenberg at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011117_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011117-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his move to the United States, where he arrived on 31 October 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the composer used the alternative spelling of his surname <i>Schoenberg</i>, rather than <i>Schönberg</i>, in what he called "deference to American practice",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss1951401_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss1951401-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though according to one writer he first made the change a year earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200745_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200745-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He lived there the rest of his life, but at first he was not settled. In 1934, he applied for a teacher of harmony and theory position at the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Conservatorium_of_Music" title="Sydney Conservatorium of Music">New South Wales State Conservatorium</a> in Sydney. <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Plush" title="Vincent Plush">Vincent Plush</a> discovered his application in the 1970s. It bore two notes in different handwriting: "Jewish" in one and "Modernist ideas and dangerous tendencies" in another marked E.B. (<a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bainton" title="Edgar Bainton">Edgar Bainton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskup200020Plush199636–95_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskup200020Plush199636–95-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schoenberg also explored the idea of emigrating to New Zealand. His secretary and student <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoffmann_(composer,_1925)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hoffmann (composer, 1925)">Richard Hoffmann</a>, the nephew of Schoenberg's mother-in-law Henriette Kolisch, lived in New Zealand in 1935–1947. Schoenberg had since childhood been fascinated with islands and with New Zealand in particular, possibly because of its postage stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlush199636–95_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlush199636–95-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He abandoned the idea of moving to New Zealand after his health began to decline in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200883_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200883-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg/330px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg/440px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>. In 1947 Schoenberg wrote <i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i> in commemoration of this event.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this final period, he composed several notable works, including the difficult <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)">Violin Concerto</a>, Op. 36 (1934/36), the <i><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre#Inspiration_for_other_musical_pieces" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></i>, Op. 39, for chorus and orchestra (1938), the <i>Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte</i>, Op. 41 (1942), the haunting <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942), and his memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i>, Op. 46 (1947). He was unable to complete his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> (1932/33), which was one of the first works of its genre written completely using <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">dodecaphonic composition</a>. Along with twelve-tone music, Schoenberg also returned to tonality with works during his last period, like the Suite for Strings in G major (1935), the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a> in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> minor, Op. 38 (begun in 1906, completed in 1939), the Variations on a Recitative in D minor, Op. 40 (1941). During this period his notable students included <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Harrison" title="Lou Harrison">Lou Harrison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, he became a citizen of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2016188_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2016188-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he was the first composer in residence at the <a href="/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West" title="Music Academy of the West">Music Academy of the West</a> summer conservatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2019_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2019-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superstition_and_death">Superstition and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Superstition and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG/220px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG/330px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG/440px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Schoenberg's grave in the <a href="/wiki/Zentralfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralfriedhof">Zentralfriedhof</a>, Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p>Schoenberg's superstitious nature may have triggered his death. The composer had <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">triskaidekaphobia</a>, and according to friend Katia Mann, he feared he would die during a year that was a multiple of 13.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This possibly began in 1908 with the composition of the thirteenth song of the song cycle <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten</a></i> Op. 15.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dreaded his sixty-fifth birthday in 1939 so much that a friend asked the composer and <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a> <a href="/wiki/Dane_Rudhyar" title="Dane Rudhyar">Dane Rudhyar</a> to prepare Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Horoscope" title="Horoscope">horoscope</a>. Rudhyar did this and told Schoenberg that the year was dangerous, but not fatal. </p><p>But in 1950, on his 76th birthday, an astrologer wrote Schoenberg a note warning him that the year was a critical one: 7 + 6 = 13.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stunned and depressed the composer, for up to that point he had only been wary of multiples of 13 and never considered adding the digits of his age. He died on <a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday, 13</a> July 1951, shortly before midnight. Schoenberg had stayed in bed all day, sick, anxious, and depressed. His wife Gertrud reported in a telegram to her sister-in-law Ottilie the next day that Arnold died at 11:45 pm, 15 minutes before midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977520_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977520-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Ottilie dated 4 August 1951, Gertrud explained, "About a quarter to twelve I looked at the clock and said to myself: another quarter of an hour and then the worst is over. Then the doctor called me. Arnold's throat rattled twice, his heart gave a powerful beat and that was the end".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977521_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977521-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schoenberg's ashes were later interred at the <a href="/wiki/Zentralfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralfriedhof">Zentralfriedhof</a> in Vienna on 6 June 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy199915_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy199915-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg">List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG" title="File:Schoenberg Quartet No. 2 4th movement.OGG">Second String Quartet, fourth movement</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="628" data-mwtitle="Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG/Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Played by the <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Quartet" title="Carmel Quartet">Carmel Quartet</a> with soprano Rona Israel-Kolatt, in 2007</div></div></div></div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png/300px-Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png/450px-Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png/600px-Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>In Schoenberg's <i>Variations for Orchestra</i>, Op. 31, <a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">tone row</a> form P1's second half has the same notes, in a different order, as the first half of I10: "Thus it is possible to employ P1 and I10 simultaneously and in parallel motion without causing note doubling".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005154–55_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005154–55-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png/300px-Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png/450px-Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png/600px-Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> Featuring <a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality#Hexachordal_combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">hexachordal combinatoriality</a> between its primary forms, P1 and I6, Schoenberg's Piano Piece, Op. 33a, tone row contains three <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifths</a>, which is the relation between P1 and I6, and a source of contrast between "accumulations of 5ths" and "generally more complex simultaneity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005155–57_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005155–57-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, group A consists of B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>-F-C-B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>, while the "more blended" group B consists of A-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Schoenberg's significant compositions in the repertory of modern art music extend over a period of more than 50 years. Traditionally they are divided into three periods though this division is arguably arbitrary as the music in each of these periods is considerably varied. The idea that his twelve-tone period "represents a stylistically unified body of works is simply not supported by the musical evidence",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo19904_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19904-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and important musical characteristics—especially those related to <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motivic</a> <a href="/wiki/Development_(music)" title="Development (music)">development</a>—transcend these boundaries completely. </p><p>The first of these periods, 1894–1907, is identified in the legacy of the high-Romantic composers of the late nineteenth century, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">expressionist</a> movements in poetry and art. The second, 1908–1922, is typified by the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch center">key centers</a>, a move often described (though not by Schoenberg) as "<a href="/wiki/Free_atonality" class="mw-redirect" title="Free atonality">free atonality</a>". The third, from 1923 onward, commences with Schoenberg's invention of <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">dodecaphonic</a>, or "twelve-tone" compositional method. Schoenberg's best-known students, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, followed Schoenberg faithfully through each of these intellectual and aesthetic transitions, though not without considerable experimentation and variety of approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_period:_Late_Romanticism">First period: Late Romanticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First period: Late Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with songs and string quartets written around the turn of the century, Schoenberg's concerns as a composer positioned him uniquely among his peers, in that his procedures exhibited characteristics of both <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, who for most contemporary listeners, were considered polar opposites, representing mutually exclusive directions in the legacy of German music. Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Zwei_Ges%C3%A4nge,_Op._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Gesänge, Op. 1 (Schoenberg)"><i>Zwei Gesänge</i>, Op. 1</a>, first performed in 1903, set two contemporary poems to expressive music bordering the limits of the <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a> genre. Schoenberg's Six Songs, Op. 3 (1899–1903), for example, exhibit a conservative clarity of <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> organization typical of Brahms and Mahler, reflecting an interest in balanced phrases and an undisturbed <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> of key relationships. However, the songs also explore unusually bold incidental <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> and seem to aspire to a Wagnerian "representational" approach to motivic identity. </p><p>The synthesis of these approaches reaches an apex in his <i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i>, Op. 4 (1899), a <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a> work for <a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">string sextet</a> that develops several distinctive "<a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotif</a>"-like <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">themes</a>, each one eclipsing and subordinating the last. The only motivic elements that persist throughout the work are those that are perpetually dissolved, varied, and re-combined, in a technique, identified primarily in Brahms's music, that Schoenberg called "<a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">developing variation</a>". Schoenberg's procedures in the work are organized in two ways simultaneously; at once suggesting a Wagnerian narrative of motivic ideas, as well as a Brahmsian approach to motivic development and tonal cohesion. </p><p>Citing Berg and Webern on Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._1,_Op._7" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 1, Op. 7</a> (1904–1905),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph N. Straus emphasized the importance of "motivic coherence" in the three's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">œuvres</i></span> more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Every smallest turn of <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrase</a>, even <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accompaniment (music)">accompanimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Figure_(music)" title="Figure (music)">figuration</a> is significant", Berg asserted, parenthetically praising Schoenberg's "excess unheard-of since <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>". Webern marveled at how "Schoenberg creates an accompaniment figure from a motivic particle", proclaiming "everything is thematic! There is ... not a single note ... that does not have a thematic basis."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period:_Free_atonality">Second period: Free atonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second period: Free atonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The urgency of musical constructions lacking in tonal centers or traditional <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance-consonance</a> relationships can be traced as far back as Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9 (1906). This work is remarkable for its tonal development of <a href="/wiki/Whole-tone_scale" title="Whole-tone scale">whole-tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartal_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartal harmony">quartal harmony</a>, and its initiation of dynamic and unusual ensemble relationships, involving dramatic interruption and unpredictable instrumental allegiances. Many of these features would typify the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>-oriented <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber-music</a> aesthetic of the coming century. </p><p>Schoenberg's music from 1908 onward experiments in a variety of ways with the absence of traditional keys or <a href="/wiki/Tonal_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal center">tonal centers</a>. His first explicitly atonal piece was the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Schoenberg)">second string quartet</a>, Op. 10, with soprano. The last movement of this piece has no key signature, marking Schoenberg's formal divorce from <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> harmonies. Other important works of the era include his song cycle <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten</a></i>, Op. 15 (1908–1909), his <a href="/wiki/Five_Orchestral_Pieces" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Orchestral Pieces">Five Orchestral Pieces</a>, Op. 16 (1909), the influential <i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i>, Op. 21 (1912), as well as his dramatic <i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i>, Op. 17 (1909). Surveying Schoenberg's Opp. 10, 15–16, and 19, Webern argued: "It creates entirely <a href="/wiki/Expressionism_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionism (music)">new expressive</a> values; therefore it also needs new means of expression. <a href="/wiki/Content_and_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Content and form">Content and form</a> cannot be separated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978154_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978154-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysts (most prominently <a href="/wiki/Allen_Forte" title="Allen Forte">Allen Forte</a>) so emphasized motivic shapes in Schoenberg's (and Berg's and Webern's) "free atonal" music that <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Boretz" title="Benjamin Boretz">Benjamin Boretz</a> and William Benjamin suggested referring to it as "motivic" music. Schoenberg himself described his use of a motivic unit "varied and developed in manifold ways" in <a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Songs" title="Four Orchestral Songs">Four Orchestral Songs</a>, Op. 22 (1913–1916), writing that he was "in the preliminary stages of a procedure ... which allows for a motif to be a constant basis". Straus considered that the designation "'motivic' music" might apply "in a modified way" to twelve-tone music more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_period:_Twelve-tone_and_tonal_works">Third period: Twelve-tone and tonal works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Third period: Twelve-tone and tonal works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Schoenberg sought an ordering principle that would make his musical <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a> simpler and clearer. Thus he arrived at his "method of composing with twelve tones which are related only with one another".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1984218_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1984218-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All twelve pitches of the octave (usually unrealized compositionally) are regarded as equal, and no one note or tonality is given the emphasis it occupied in classical harmony. Schoenberg regarded the twelve-tone system as the equivalent in music of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s discoveries in physics. Schoenberg told <a href="/wiki/Josef_Rufer" title="Josef Rufer">Josef Rufer</a>, "I have made a discovery which will ensure the supremacy of German music for the next hundred years".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977277_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977277-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Schoenberg's twelve-tone works are the <i><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for Orchestra</a></i>, Op. 31 (1928); <i><a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a></i>, Op. 34 (1930); <a href="/wiki/Zwei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Piano Pieces</a>, Opp. 33a & b (1931), and the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942). Contrary to its reputation for doctrinaire strictness, Schoenberg's technique varied according to the musical demands of each composition. Thus the musical structure of his unfinished opera <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> is fundamentally different from that of his Phantasy for Violin and Piano, Op. 47 (1949). </p><p>Ten features of Schoenberg's mature twelve-tone practice are generally characteristic, interdependent, and interactive according to Ethan Haimo:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo199041_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo199041-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">Hexachordal</a> <a href="/wiki/Melodic_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic inversion">inversional</a> <a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">combinatoriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Total chromatic">Aggregates</a></li> <li>Linear <a href="/wiki/Set_(music)" title="Set (music)">set</a> presentation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition (music)">Partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomorphic">Isomorphic</a> partitioning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invariant_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invariant (music)">Invariants</a></li> <li>Hexachordal <a href="/wiki/Level_(music)" title="Level (music)">levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a>, "consistent with and derived from the properties of the referential set"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">Metre</a>, established through "pitch-relational characteristics"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneity_(music)" title="Simultaneity (music)">Multidimensional</a> set presentations</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Arnold Schoenberg by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a>, circa June 1905</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_works">First works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After some early difficulties, Schoenberg began to win public acceptance with works such as the tone poem <i><a href="/wiki/Pelleas_und_Melisande" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelleas und Melisande">Pelleas und Melisande</a></i> at a Berlin performance in 1907. At the Vienna première of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i> in 1913, he received an ovation that lasted a quarter of an hour and culminated with Schoenberg's being presented with a laurel crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen19964_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen19964-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977184_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977184-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, much of his work was not well received. His <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a> premièred unremarkably in 1907. However, when it was played again in the <i><a href="/wiki/Skandalkonzert" title="Skandalkonzert">Skandalkonzert</a></i> on 31 March 1913, (which also included works by <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Zemlinsky</a>), "one could hear the shrill sound of door keys among the violent clapping, and in the second gallery the first fight of the evening began." Later in the concert, during a performance of the <i><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a></i> by Berg, fighting broke out after Schoenberg interrupted the performance to threaten removal by the police of any troublemakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977185_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977185-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelve-tone_period">Twelve-tone period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twelve-tone period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Ethan Haimo, the general understanding of Schoenberg's twelve-tone work has been difficult to achieve because of the "truly revolutionary nature" of his new system, misinformation disseminated by some early writers about the system's "rules" and "exceptions" that bear "little relation to the most significant features of Schoenberg's music", the composer's secretiveness, and the widespread unavailability of his sketches and manuscripts until the late 1970s. During his life, Schoenberg was "subjected to a range of criticism and abuse that is shocking even in hindsight".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo19902–3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19902–3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg/220px-Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg/330px-Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg/440px-Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><i>Watschenkonzert</i>, caricature in <i>Die Zeit</i> from 6 April 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Schoenberg criticized <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s new neoclassical trend in the poem "Vielseitigkeit" (in which he derogates <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassicism</a>, and obliquely refers to Stravinsky as "Der kleine Modernsky"), which he used as text for the second of his <i>Drei Satiren</i>, Op. 28.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third of the <i>Drei Satiren</i>, "Der neue Klassizismus", also takes aim at the neoclassical trend in general.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schoenberg's serial technique of composition with twelve notes became one of the most central and polemical issues among American and European musicians during the mid- to late-twentieth century. Beginning in the 1940s and continuing to the present day, composers such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a> have extended Schoenberg's legacy in increasingly radical directions. The major cities of the United States (e.g., Los Angeles, New York, and Boston) have had historically significant performances of Schoenberg's music, with advocates such as Babbitt in New York and the Franco-American conductor-pianist <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Monod" title="Jacques-Louis Monod">Jacques-Louis Monod</a>. Schoenberg's students have been influential teachers at major American universities: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Stein" title="Leonard Stein">Leonard Stein</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">USC</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="California Institute of the Arts">CalArts</a>; Richard Hoffmann at <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Conservatory_of_Music" title="Oberlin Conservatory of Music">Oberlin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Carpenter_(music_theorist)" title="Patricia Carpenter (music theorist)">Patricia Carpenter</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kirchner" title="Leon Kirchner">Leon Kirchner</a> and Earl Kim at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>. Musicians associated with Schoenberg have had a profound influence on contemporary music performance practice in the US (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Louis_Krasner" title="Louis Krasner">Louis Krasner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lehner" title="Eugene Lehner">Eugene Lehner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory of Music</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Galimir" title="Felix Galimir">Felix Galimir</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>). In Europe, the work of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Keller" title="Hans Keller">Hans Keller</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Rognoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Rognoni (page does not exist)">Luigi Rognoni</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Rognoni" class="extiw" title="it:Luigi Rognoni">it</a>]</span>, and René Leibowitz has had a measurable influence in spreading Schoenberg's musical legacy outside of Germany and Austria. His pupil and assistant <a href="/wiki/Max_Deutsch" title="Max Deutsch">Max Deutsch</a>, who later became a professor of music, was also a conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisn.d._73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisn.d.-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who made a recording of three "master works" Schoenberg with the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Suisse_Romande" title="Orchestre de la Suisse Romande">Orchestre de la Suisse Romande</a>, released posthumously in late 2013. This recording includes short lectures by Deutsch on each of the pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a> criticized a certain unnamed brand of contemporary music (presumably Schoenberg and his disciples) as "the self-gratification of an individual who sits in his studio and invents rules according to which he then writes down his notes". Schoenberg took offense at this remark and answered that Krenek "wishes for only whores as listeners".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2007156_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2007156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allen_Shawn" title="Allen Shawn">Allen Shawn</a> has noted that, given Schoenberg's living circumstances, his work is usually <i>defended</i> rather than listened to, and that it is difficult to experience it <i>apart</i> from the ideology that surrounds it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin20047_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin20047-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> asserted that Schoenberg committed what he terms a "poietic fallacy", the conviction that what matters most (or all that matters) in a work of art is the making of it, the maker's input, and that the listener's pleasure must not be the composer's primary objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin200410_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200410-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taruskin also criticizes the ideas of measuring Schoenberg's value as a composer in terms of his influence on other artists, the overrating of technical innovation, and the restriction of criticism to matters of structure and craft while derogating other approaches as vulgarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin200412_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200412-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_general_public">Relationship with the general public</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relationship with the general public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Small" title="Christopher Small">Christopher Small</a> observed, "Many music lovers, even today, find difficulty with Schoenberg's music".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall197725_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall197725-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small wrote his short biography a quarter of a century after the composer's death. According to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cook" title="Nicholas Cook">Nicholas Cook</a>, writing some twenty years after Small, Schoenberg had thought that this lack of comprehension </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>was merely a transient, if unavoidable phase: the history of music, they said, showed that audiences always resisted the unfamiliar, but in time they got used to it and learned to appreciate it ... Schoenberg himself looked forward to a time when, as he said, grocers' boys would whistle serial music in their rounds. If Schoenberg really believed what he said (and it is hard to be quite sure about this), then it represents one of the most poignant moments in the history of music. For serialism did not achieve popularity; the process of familiarization for which he and his contemporaries were waiting never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook199846_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199846-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ben Earle (2003) found that Schoenberg, while revered by experts and taught to "generations of students" on degree courses, remained unloved by the public. Despite more than forty years of advocacy and the production of "books devoted to the explanation of this difficult repertory to non-specialist audiences", it would seem that in particular, "British attempts to popularize music of this kind  ... can now safely be said to have failed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle2003643_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle2003643-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 2018 biography of Schoenberg's near contemporary and similarly pioneering composer, Debussy, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Stephen Walsh</a> takes issue with the idea that it is not possible "for a creative artist to be both radical and popular". Walsh concludes, "Schoenberg may be the first 'great' composer in modern history whose music has not entered the repertoire almost a century and a half after his birth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2018321–22_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2018321–22-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Mann's_novel_Doctor_Faustus"><span id="Thomas_Mann.27s_novel_Doctor_Faustus"></span>Thomas Mann's novel <i>Doctor Faustus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adrian Leverkühn, the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(novel)" title="Doctor Faustus (novel)">Doctor Faustus</a></i> (1947), is a composer whose use of twelve-tone technique parallels the innovations of Arnold Schoenberg. Leverkühn, who may be based on <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, sells his soul to the Devil and is rewarded with superhuman talent. Schoenberg was unhappy about this and initiated an exchange of letters with Mann following the novel's publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEE._R._Schoenberg2018109–149_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._R._Schoenberg2018109–149-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writer <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Brien_(writer)" title="Sean O'Brien (writer)">Sean O'Brien</a> comments that "written in the shadow of Hitler, <i>Doktor Faustus</i> observes the rise of Nazism, but its relationship to political history is oblique".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Mann was always primarily interested in classical music, which also plays a role in many of his works. He sought advice from <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> on the technical compositional details of Schoenberg's new music, who revised the chapters accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_extramusical_interests">Personality and extramusical interests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personality and extramusical interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaues_Selbstportrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/271px-Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/361px-Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg, self-portrait, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Schoenberg was a painter of considerable ability, whose works were considered good enough to exhibit alongside those of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977142_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977142-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as fellow members of the <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">expressionist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 1908 to 1910, he would execute approximately two-thirds of a total oeuvre comprising about sixty-five oils.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was interested in <a href="/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopalong Cassidy films">Hopalong Cassidy films</a>, which Paul Buhle and David Wagner (2002, v–vii) attribute to the films' left-wing screenwriters—a rather odd claim in light of Schoenberg's statement that he was a "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>" turned <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977551–552_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977551–552-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textbooks">Textbooks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Textbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1922. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harmonielehre00asch">Harmonielehre</a></i>, third edition. Vienna: Universal Edition. (Originally published 1911).</li> <li>1943. <i>Models for Beginners in Composition</i>, New York: G. Schirmer, Inc.</li> <li>1954. <i>Structural Functions of Harmony</i>. New York: W. W. Norton; London: Williams and Norgate. Revised edition, New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company 1969. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6">978-0-393-00478-6</a></li> <li>1964. <i>Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint</i>, edited with a foreword by Leonard Stein. New York, St. Martin's Press. Reprinted, Los Angeles: Belmont Music Publishers 2003.</li> <li>1967. <i>Fundamentals of Musical Composition</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Strang" title="Gerald Strang">Gerald Strang</a>, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York: St. Martin's Press. Reprinted 1985, London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5">978-0-571-09276-5</a></li> <li>1978. <i>Theory of Harmony</i>, English edition, translated by Roy E. Carter, based on <i>Harmonielehre</i> 1922. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03464-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03464-8">978-0-520-03464-8</a></li> <li>1979. <i>Die Grundlagen der musikalischen Komposition</i>, translated into German by Rudolf Kolisch; edited by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Stephan" title="Rudolf Stephan">Rudolf Stephan</a>. Vienna: Universal Edition (German translation of <i>Fundamentals of Musical Composition</i>).</li> <li>2003. <i>Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint</i>, Reprinted, Los Angeles: Belmont Music Publishers.</li> <li>2010. <i>Theory of Harmony</i>, 100th Anniversary Edition. Berkeley: California University Press. 2nd edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-608-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-608-7">978-0-52026-608-7</a></li> <li>2016. <i>Models for Beginners in Composition</i>, Reprinted, London: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-221-1">978-0-19538-221-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1947. "The Musician". In <i>The Works of the Mind</i>, edited by Robert B. Heywood, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Inclusive page numbers of Schoenberg's contribution to this collection of lectures needed. (December 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752682744">752682744</a></li> <li>1950. <i><a href="/wiki/Style_and_Idea" title="Style and Idea">Style and Idea</a>: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg</i>, edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a>. New York: Philosophical Library.</li> <li>1958. <i>Ausgewählte Briefe</i>, by B. Schott's Söhne, Mainz.</li> <li>1964. <i>Arnold Schoenberg Letters</i>, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.</li> <li>1965. <i>Arnold Schoenberg Letters</i>, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. New York: St.Martin's Press.</li> <li>1975. <i>Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg</i>, edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York: St. Martins Press; London: Faber & Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9">978-0-520-05294-9</a> Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library (New York) publication edited by Dika Newlin (559 pages from 231). The volume carries the note "Several of the essays ... were originally written in German (translated by Dika Newlin)" in both editions.</li> <li>1984. <i>Style and Idea: Selected Writings</i>, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press.</li> <li>1984. <i>Arnold Schoenberg <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>: Letters, Pictures and Documents</i>, edited by Jelena Hahl-Koch, translated by John C. Crawford. London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13060-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13060-7">0-571-13060-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13194-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13194-8">0-571-13194-8</a></li> <li>1987. <i>Arnold Schoenberg Letters</i>, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8">978-0-520-06009-8</a></li> <li>2006. <i>The Musical Idea and the Logic, Technique, and Art of Its Presentation</i>, new paperback English edition. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25321-835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25321-835-3">978-0-25321-835-3</a></li> <li>2010. <i>Style and Idea: Selected Writings</i>, 60th anniversary (second) edition, translated by Leonard Stein and Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-607-0">978-0-52026-607-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Complete_Edition" title="Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition">Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Prize" title="Arnold Schönberg Prize">Arnold Schönberg Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(music)" title="Fragmentation (music)">Fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_refugees" title="List of refugees">List of refugees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SHURN</span>-burg</i></a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">US also</span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SHOHN</span>-</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃøːnbɛɐ̯k]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c6\/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga\/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Arnold Schoenberg.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga" title="File:De-Arnold Schoenberg.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S#Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">his many other students</a> were <a href="/wiki/Egon_Wellesz" title="Egon Wellesz">Egon Wellesz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gerhard">Robert Gerhard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a> in Europe; in the US, <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Harrison" title="Lou Harrison">Lou Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Kim" title="Earl Kim">Earl Kim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kirchner" title="Leon Kirchner">Leon Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Levant" title="Oscar Levant">Oscar Levant</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His views also influenced pianists <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Text: "Die Trauung von »Samuel Schönberg aus Pressburg mit der Jgf. Pauline Nachod aus Prag« wurde in der »Wochenschrift für politische, religiöse und Cultur-Interessen« angezeigt. Diese Angaben divergieren vom Aufgebot, das die Kultusgemeinde veröffentlichte: 17. März (1872) 12 ½ Samuel Schönberg Kaufmann aus Szécsény Sohn d. H. Abraham und Fr. Theresia geb Löwy 15. Sept, 1838 II, Taborstr. 4 Pauline Nachod aus Preßburg, Tochter d. H. Josef und d. Fr. Karoline geb. Jontow. 8. März 1843. II Taborstraße 4. Aufgebotsz. u. Deleg. Pressburg 2. März 1872."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straus argued that "preoccupation with motivic coherence characterizes a whole range of early <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">twentieth-century [classical] music</a>", ascribing it to "much of the work" of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>. He noted his argument's reliance on <a href="/wiki/Pitch_class" title="Pitch class">pitch-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">set theory</a> while admitting the theory's inadequacy to analysts' aspiration to a "true unified-field theory of post-tonal music" à la <a href="/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis" title="Schenkerian analysis">Schenkerian analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3,_27_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3,_27-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerg2013">Berg 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.2008">Anon. 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelm2006–2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelm2006–2017_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelm2006–2017">Helm 2006–2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont200087-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont200087_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaumont2000">Beaumont 2000</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoss2013118-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoss2013118_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoss2013">Boss 2013</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977103-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977103_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975136-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975136_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg 1975</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_Who's_Whon.d.-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquis_Who's_Whon.d._12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquis_Who's_Whon.d.">Marquis Who's Who n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeighbour2001">Neighbour 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey199355–57-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey199355–57_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHailey1993">Hailey 1993</a>, pp. 55–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975104_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg 1975</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebrecht2001-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebrecht2001_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLebrecht2001">Lebrecht 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200760-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200760_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2007">Ross 2007</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen197565-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen197565_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen1975">Rosen 1975</a>, 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman2010223_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman2010">Silverman 2010</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoaf199264-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoaf199264_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShoaf1992">Shoaf 1992</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008216-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008216_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuner199985-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuner199985_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuner1999">Auner 1999</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Kellie D. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011122-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011122_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011117-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011117_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001">Slonimsky, Kuhn, and McIntire 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss1951401-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss1951401_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss1951">Foss 1951</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200745-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200745_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2007">Ross 2007</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskup200020Plush199636–95-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskup200020Plush199636–95_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiskup2000">Biskup 2000</a>, 20; <a href="#CITEREFPlush1996">Plush 1996</a>, 36–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlush199636–95-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlush199636–95_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlush1996">Plush 1996</a>, 36–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200883-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200883_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2016188-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2016188_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus2016">Marcus 2016</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2019-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2019_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2019">Greenberg 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in <a href="#CITEREFLebrecht1985">Lebrecht (1985</a>, p. 294)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuria Schoenberg-Nono, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFLebrecht1985">Lebrecht (1985</a>, p. 295)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977520-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977520_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977521-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977521_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy199915-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy199915_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1999">McCoy 1999</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005154–55-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005154–55_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeuw2005">Leeuw 2005</a>, pp. 154–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005155–57-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005155–57_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeuw2005">Leeuw 2005</a>, pp. 155–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19904-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo19904_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaimo1990">Haimo 1990</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraus1990">Straus 1990</a>, 23, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraus1990">Straus 1990</a>, vii, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3,_27-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3,_27_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraus1990">Straus 1990</a>, vii, 3, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978154-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978154_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978">Moldenhauer and Moldenhauer 1978</a>, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1984218-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1984218_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1984">Schoenberg 1984</a>, 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p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977185-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977185_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19902–3-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo19902–3_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaimo1990">Haimo 1990</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive2.schoenberg.at/compositions/werke_einzelansicht.php?werke_id=288&herkunft=allewerke">"Drei Satiren für gemischten Chor: 2. Vielseitigkeit"</a> [Three Satires for mixed choir: II. Versatility]. <i>Arnold Schönberg Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://megalodon.jp/2024-0722-0255-32/https://archive2.schoenberg.at:443/compositions/werke_einzelansicht.php?werke_id=288&herkunft=allewerke">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arnold+Sch%C3%B6nberg+Center&rft.atitle=Drei+Satiren+f%C3%BCr+gemischten+Chor%3A+2.+Vielseitigkeit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive2.schoenberg.at%2Fcompositions%2Fwerke_einzelansicht.php%3Fwerke_id%3D288%26herkunft%3Dallewerke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive2.schoenberg.at/compositions/werke_einzelansicht.php?werke_id=289&herkunft=allewerke">"Drei Satiren für gemischten Chor: 3. Der neue Klassizismus"</a> [Three Satires for mixed choir: III. The New Classicism]. <i>Arnold Schönberg Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://megalodon.jp/2024-0722-0256-54/https://archive2.schoenberg.at:443/compositions/werke_einzelansicht.php?werke_id=289&herkunft=allewerke">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arnold+Sch%C3%B6nberg+Center&rft.atitle=Drei+Satiren+f%C3%BCr+gemischten+Chor%3A+3.+Der+neue+Klassizismus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive2.schoenberg.at%2Fcompositions%2Fwerke_einzelansicht.php%3Fwerke_id%3D289%26herkunft%3Dallewerke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisn.d.-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisn.d._73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisn.d.">Lewis n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.2013">Anon. 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2007156-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2007156_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2007">Ross 2007</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin20047-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin20047_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2004">Taruskin 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200410-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin200410_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2004">Taruskin 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200412-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin200412_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2004">Taruskin 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall197725-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall197725_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall1977">Small 1977</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199846-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook199846_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook1998">Cook 1998</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle2003643-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle2003643_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarle2003">Earle 2003</a>, p. 643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2018321–22-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2018321–22_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2018">Walsh 2018</a>, pp. 321–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._R._Schoenberg2018109–149-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEE._R._Schoenberg2018109–149_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFE._R._Schoenberg2018">E. R. Schoenberg 2018</a>, pp. 109–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2009-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2009_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2009">O'Brien 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Kurzke, <i>Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography</i>, chapter XVII (Doctor Faustus), subchapter <i>The guide</i>, Princeton University Press (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977142-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977142_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kallir, Jane (1984), <i>Arnold Schoenberg's Vienna</i>, "focus[es] on the paintings, which form the central chapter" of the book (p. 11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kallir 1984, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977551–552-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977551–552_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, pp. 551–552.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.2008" class="citation web cs1">Anon. (29 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/new-german-archive-focuses-on-music-silenced-by-the-nazis/a-3158764">"New German Archive Focuses on Music Silenced by the Nazis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+German+Archive+Focuses+on+Music+Silenced+by+the+Nazis&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fnew-german-archive-focuses-on-music-silenced-by-the-nazis%2Fa-3158764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.2013">Anon. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/Max-Deutsch/Conductor/111897-3">Max Deutsch Conducts Arnold Schonberg</a>"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] ArkivMusic: The Source for Classical Music (accessed 27 December 2015).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAuner1999">Auner, Joseph H. 1999. "Schoenberg and His Public in 1930: The Six Pieces For Male Chorus, Op. 35". In <i>Schoenberg and His World</i>, edited by Walter Frisch, 85–125. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4">978-0-691-04860-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1">978-0-691-04861-1</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBeaumont2000">Beaumont, Antony. 2000. <i>Zemlinsky</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16983-2">978-0-571-16983-2</a> Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3803-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3803-5">978-0-8014-3803-5</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2013" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Marita (24 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/the-nazis-take-on-degenerate-music/a-16834697">"The Nazis' take on 'Degenerate Music'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=The+Nazis%27+take+on+%27Degenerate+Music%27&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Marita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fthe-nazis-take-on-degenerate-music%2Fa-16834697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBiskup2000">Biskup, Peter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624074012/https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.646615296997201">Popper in Australasia, 1937–1945</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a></i>. 44(6): 20–28.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBoss2013">Boss, Jack. 2013. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2776725/Mahlers_Musical_Idea_A_Schenkerian-Schoenbergian_Analysis_of_the_Adagio_from_Symphony_No._10">Mahler's Musical Idea: A Schenkerian-Schoenbergian Analysis of the Adagio from Symphony No. 10</a></i> (accessed 7 September 2019).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCook1998">Cook, Nicholas. 1998. <i>Music: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285340-0">978-0-19-285340-0</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCrawford2009">Crawford, Dorothy L. 2009. <i>A Windfall of Musicians: Hitler's Émigrés and Exiles in Southern California</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15548-8">978-0-300-15548-8</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEarle2003">Earle, Ben. 2003. "Taste, Power and Trying to Understand Op. 36: British Attempts to Popularize Schoenberg". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a></i> 84, no. 4: 608–43.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst, Sabine. 2011. <i>Schoenberg's New World: The American Years</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537238-0">978-0-19-537238-0</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFriedrich1986">Friedrich, Otto. 1986. <i>City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940's</i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]. 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Foss">Foss, Hubert</a>. 1951. "Schoenberg, 1874–1951" <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i> 92, no. 1 (September): 401–403.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Greenberg" title="Robert Greenberg">Greenberg, Robert</a> (26 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/">"Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann"</a>. <i>robertgreenbergmusic.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/">the original</a> on 7 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=robertgreenbergmusic.com&rft.atitle=Music+History+Monday%3A+Lotte+Lehmann&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobertgreenbergmusic.com%2Fmusic-history-monday-lotte-lehmann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHailey1993">Hailey, Christopher. 1993. <i><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a>, 1878–1934: A Cultural Biography</i>. 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(June 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLaskin2008"><a href="/wiki/David_Laskin" title="David Laskin">Laskin, David</a>. 2008. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/travel/05culture.html">When Weimar Luminaries Went West Coast</a></i>. <i>The New York Times</i> (3 October 2008).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLebrecht1985"><a href="/wiki/Lebrecht,_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebrecht, Norman">Lebrecht, Norman</a>. 1985. <i>The Book of Musical Anecdotes</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>; London: <a href="/wiki/Sphere_Books" title="Sphere Books">Sphere Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-918710-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-918710-4">978-0-02-918710-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLebrecht2001">Lebrecht, Norman. 2001. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scena.org/columns/lebrecht/010708-NL-Schoenberg.html">Why We're Still Afraid of Schoenberg</a>". <i>The Lebrecht Weekly</i> (8 July).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLeeuw2005"><a href="/wiki/Ton_de_Leeuw" title="Ton de Leeuw">Leeuw, Ton de</a>. 2005. <i>Music of the Twentieth Century: A Study of Its Elements and Structure</i>, translated from the Dutch by Stephen Taylor. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-765-4">978-90-5356-765-4</a> Translation of <i>Muziek van de twintigste eeuw: een onderzoek naar haar elementen en structuur</i>. Utrecht: <a href="/wiki/Oosthoek_(encyclopedia)" title="Oosthoek (encyclopedia)">Oosthoek's Uitgevers Mij. N.V.</a>, 1964. Third impression, Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-313-0244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-313-0244-4">978-90-313-0244-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLewisn.d.">Lewis, Uncle Dave. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/max-deutsch-der-schatz-mw0001428889">"Review of</a> <a href="/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_Rheinland-Pfalz" title="Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz Staatsphilharmonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Strobel" title="Frank Strobel">Frank Strobel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Deutsch" title="Max Deutsch">Max Deutsch</a>: <i>Der Schatz</i>". AllMusic Review. allmusic.com. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMcCoy1999">McCoy, Marilyn. 1999. "A Schoenberg Chronology". In <i>Schoenberg and His World</i>, edited by Walter Frisch, 1–15. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4">978-0-691-04860-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1">978-0-691-04861-1</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald, Malcolm. 2008. <i>Schoenberg</i>, second, revised edition. The Master Musicians Series. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517201-0">978-0-19-517201-0</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803840-5">978-0-19-803840-5</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMarcus2016">Marcus, Kenneth H. 2016. <i>Schoenberg and Hollywood Modernism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06499-7">978-1-107-06499-7</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMarquis_Who's_Whon.d."><a href="/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who" title="Marquis Who's Who">Marquis Who's Who</a>. n.d. (Who Was Who in America, Volume III {1951–1960}). (accessed 4 October 2012).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978">Moldenhauer, Hans, and Rosaleen Moldenhauer. 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antonvonwebernch0000mold"><i>Anton von Webern: A Chronicle of His Life and Work</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47237-9">978-0-394-47237-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFNeighbour2001">Neighbour, O[liver] W. 2001. "Schoenberg [Schönberg], Arnold (Franz Walter)". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFO'Brien2009">Sean O'Brien, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-of-a-lifetime-doktor-faustus-by-thomas-mann-1778006.html">Book of a Lifetime: Doktor Faustus, by Thomas Mann</a>". <i>Independent</i> (28 August).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPlush1996">Plush, Vincent. 1996. "They Could Have Been Ours". <i><a href="/wiki/Limelight_(magazine)" title="Limelight (magazine)">ABC Radio 24 Hours</a></i> (Jan. 1996): 36–95.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKrasner_and_Seibert1987">Krasner, Louis, and Don C. Seibert. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fanfarearchive.com/articles/atop/11_2/1124160.aa_Some_Memories_Anton_Webern.html">Some Memories of Anton Webern, the Berg Concerto, and Vienna in the 1930s</a>." <i>Fanfare</i> (Nov.–Dec. 1987): 335–347</cite></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRosen1975"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a>. 1975. <i>Arnold Schoenberg</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-13316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-13316-1">978-0-670-13316-1</a> (pbk) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01986-1">978-0-670-01986-1</a> (cloth).</cite> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRosen1996">Reprinted 1996, with a new preface. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72643-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72643-4">978-0-226-72643-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRoss2007"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a>. 2007. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise" title="The Rest Is Noise">The Rest Is Noise</a>: Listening to the Twentieth Century</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7">978-0-374-24939-7</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1964">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1964. <i>Arnold Schoenberg Letters</i>, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London: Faber. Paperback reprint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8">978-0-520-06009-8</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1967">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1967. <i>Fundamentals of Musical Composition</i>. Edited by Gerald Strang, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York: St. Martin's Press. Reprinted 1985, London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5">978-0-571-09276-5</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1975. <i>Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg</i>. Edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York: St. Martins Press; London: Faber & Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9">978-0-520-05294-9</a> Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library (New York) publication edited by <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a>. The volume carries the note "Several of the essays ... were originally written in German (translated by Dika Newlin)" in both editions.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1984">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1984. <i>Style and Idea: Selected Writings</i>, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchonberg1970"><a href="/wiki/Schonberg,_Harold_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Schonberg, Harold C.">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> 1970. <i>The Lives of the Great Composers</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02146-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02146-2">978-0-393-02146-2</a> (Revised ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01302-3">978-0-393-01302-3</a> Third ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6">978-0-393-03857-6</a>).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFE._R._Schoenberg2018">Schoenberg, E. Randol. 2018. <i>Doctor Faustus Dossier, The: Arnold Schoenberg, Thomas Mann and Their Contemporaries, 1930–1951</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29683-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29683-1">978-0-520-29683-1</a> University of California Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFShoaf1992">Shoaf, R. Wayne. 1992. "Satellite Collections in the Archive of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute". <i>Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute</i> 15, no. 1 (June): 9–110.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSilverman2010"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Silverman" title="Kenneth Silverman">Silverman, Kenneth</a>. 2010. <i>Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Toronto: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4437-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4437-5">978-1-4000-4437-5</a> Reprinted, Evanston, IL: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>, 2012.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Nicolas Slonimsky</a>, Nicolas, Laura Kuhn, and Dennis McIntire. 2001. "Schoenberg (originally, Schönberg), Arnold (Franz Walter)." <i><a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Musicians" title="Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians">Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians</a></i>, eighth edition, edited by Nicolas Slonimsky and Laura Kuhn. Six volumes. New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865571-0">978-0-02-865571-0</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSmall1977">Small, Christopher. 1977. <i>Schoenberg</i>. Novello Short Biographies. Sevenoaks, Kent: Novello.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStraus1990">Straus, Joseph N. 1990. <i>Remaking the Past: Musical Modernism and the Influence of the Tonal Tradition</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43633-6">978-0-674-43633-6</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-75990-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-75990-9">978-0-674-75990-9</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674436336">10.4159/harvard.9780674436336</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStein1987">Stein, Erwin (ed.). 1987. <i>Arnold Schoenberg: Letters</i>, translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8">978-0-520-06009-8</a></cite> (Reprint of <a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1964">Schoenberg (1964)</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStrimple2005">Strimple, Nick. 2005. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qepYmsiSnwoC&pg=PA22">Choral Music in the Twentieth Century</a></i>. Portland, Oregon & Cambridge, UK: Amadeus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-122-3">978-1-57467-122-3</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Heinz_Stuckenschmidt" title="Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt">Stuckenschmidt, Hans Heinz</a>. 1977. <i>Schoenberg: His Life, World and Work</i>, translated from the German by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a>. New York: Schirmer Books.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (Spring 2004). "The poietic fallacy". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>145</b> (1886): 7–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149092">10.2307/4149092</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149092">4149092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=The+poietic+fallacy&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1886&rft.pages=7-34&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4149092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4149092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span> (Reissued in <i>The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007, pp. 301–329. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94279-0">978-0-520-94279-0</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFUCLA_Department_of_Music2008">UCLA Department of Music. 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514111634/http://www.music.ucla.edu/Facilities/index.html">Facilities and Maintenance</a>" (accessed 1 December 2008).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Southern California Thornton School of Music">University of Southern California Thornton School of Music</a>. 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126084644/http://www.usc.edu/schools/music/about/halls/index.html">Performance Halls and Studios</a>" (accessed 1 December 2008).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWalsh2018">Walsh, Stephen. 2018. <i>Debussy: A Painter in Sound</i>. London: Faber and Faber Limited <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-33016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-33016-4">978-0-571-33016-4</a>; New York: Alfred A. Knopf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3192-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3192-2">978-1-5247-3192-2</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWatkins2010"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Watkins" title="Glenn Watkins">Watkins, Glenn</a>. 2010. <i>The Gesualdo Hex: Music, Myth, and Memory</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07102-3">978-0-393-07102-3</a></cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">Adams, John</a> (28 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/28/books/review/schoenberg-why-he-matters-harvey-sachs.html?searchResultPosition=1">"Make It New and Difficult: The Music of Arnold Schoenberg" (review of Sachs, Harvey, <i>Schoenberg: Why He Matters</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor</a>. 1967. <i>Prisms</i>, translated from the German by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weber" title="Samuel Weber">Samuel</a> and Shierry Weber London: Spearman; Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</li> <li>Anon. 1997–2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/musdegen.htm">'Degenerate' Music</a>". In <i>A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust</i>. The Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida (accessed 16 June 2014).</li> <li>Auner, Joseph. 1993. <i>A Schoenberg Reader.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09540-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09540-1">978-0-300-09540-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Walter B. (Spring 2015). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"For the serious listeners who swear neither at nor by Schoenberg": Music Criticism, the Great War, and the Dawning of a New Attitude Toward Schoenberg and Ultra-Modern Music in New York City". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a></i>. <b>32</b> (2): 279–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2015.32.2.279">10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279">10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=%22For+the+serious+listeners+who+swear+neither+at+nor+by+Schoenberg%22%3A+Music+Criticism%2C+the+Great+War%2C+and+the+Dawning+of+a+New+Attitude+Toward+Schoenberg+and+Ultra-Modern+Music+in+New+York+City&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-322&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2015.32.2.279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2015.32.2.279%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Berry, Mark. 2019. <i>Arnold Schoenberg.</i> London: Reaktion Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez, Pierre</a>. 1991. "Schoenberg is Dead" (1952). In his <i>Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship</i>, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, translated by Stephen Walsh, with an introduction by Robert Piencikowski, 209–14. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311210-0">978-0-19-311210-0</a></li> <li>Brand, Julianne, Christopher Hailey, and Donald Harris (editors). 1987. <i>The Berg-Schoenberg Correspondence: Selected Letters.</i> New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01919-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01919-3">978-0-393-01919-3</a></li> <li>Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner. 2002. <i>Radical Hollywood: The Untold Story Behind America's Favorite Movies</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-819-1">978-1-56584-819-1</a></li> <li>Clausen, Detlev. 2008. <i>Theodor W. Adorno: One Last Genius</i>, translated by Rodney Livingstone. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02618-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02618-6">978-0-674-02618-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avior_Byron" title="Avior Byron">Byron, Avior</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603152717/http://www.societymusictheory.org/mto/issues/mto.06.12.1/mto.06.12.1.byron_frames.html">"The Test Pressings of Schoenberg Conducting <i>Pierrot lunaire</i>: Sprechstimme Reconsidered".</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Theory_Online" title="Music Theory Online">Music Theory Online</a></i> 12, no. 1 (February).</li> <li>Cohen, Mitchell, "A Dissonant Schoenberg in Berlin and Paris," "Jewish Review of Books," April 2016.</li> <li>da Costa Meyer, Esther. 2003. "Schoenberg's Echo: The Composer as Painter". In <i>Schoenberg, Kandinsky, and the Blue Rider</i>, edited by Fred Wasserman and Esther da Costa Meyer, foreword by Joan Rosenbaum, preface by Christian Meyer. London and New York: Scala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-312-9">978-1-85759-312-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">Everdell, William R.</a> 1998 <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Moderns" title="The First Moderns">The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought</a></i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Eybl" title="Martin Eybl">Eybl, Martin</a>. 2004. <i>Die Befreiung des Augenblicks: Schönbergs Skandalkonzerte von 1907 und 1908: eine Dokumentation</i>. Wiener Veröffentlichungen zur Musikgeschichte 4. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-205-77103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-205-77103-6">978-3-205-77103-6</a></li> <li>Floirat, Bernard. 2001. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4245635/Les_Fonctions_structurelles_de_lharmonie_dArnold_Schoenberg">Les Fonctions structurelles de l'harmonie d'Arnold Schoenberg</a></i>. Eska, Musurgia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7472-0209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7472-0209-1">978-2-7472-0209-1</a></li> <li>Frisch, Walter (ed.). 1999. <i>Schoenberg and His World</i>. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4">978-0-691-04860-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1">978-0-691-04861-1</a> (pbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genette,_G%C3%A9rard" class="mw-redirect" title="Genette, Gérard">Genette, Gérard</a>. 1997. <i>Immanence and Transcendence</i>, translated by G. M. Goshgarian. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8272-4">978-0-8014-8272-4</a></li> <li>Gur, Golan. 2009. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchnewmusic.org/gur.pdf">Arnold Schoenberg and the Ideology of Progress in Twentieth-Century Musical Thinking</a>". <i>Search: Journal for New Music and Culture</i> 5 (Summer). Online journal (Accessed 17 October 2011).</li> <li>Greissle-Schönberg, Arnold, and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Bogen" title="Nancy Bogen">Nancy Bogen</a>. [n.d.] <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823073704/http://www.schoenbergseuropeanfamily.org/">Arnold Schönberg's European Family</a></i> (e-book). The Lark Ascending, Inc. (accessed 2 May 2010)</li> <li>Hyde, Martha M. 1982. <i>Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Harmony: The Suite Op. 29 and the Compositional Sketches</i>. Studies in Musicology, series edited by George Buelow. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1512-6">978-0-8357-1512-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Kallir" title="Jane Kallir">Kallir, Jane</a>. 1984. <i>Arnold Schoenberg's Vienna</i>. New York: Galerie St. Etienne and Rizzoli International Publications, Inc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky, Wassily</a>. 2000. "Arnold Schönberg als Maler/Arnold Schönberg as Painter". <i>Journal of the Arnold Schönberg Center</i>, no. 1:131–76.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler,_Alma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahler, Alma">Mahler, Alma</a>. 1960. <i>Mein Leben</i>, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Willy_Haas" title="Willy Haas">Willy Haas</a>. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, <i>My Life, My Loves: The Memoirs of Alma Mahler</i>, <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Griffin">St. Martin's Griffin</a> (1958) Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02540-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02540-3">978-0-312-02540-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Banks_Mailman" title="Joshua Banks Mailman">Mailman</a>, Joshua Banks (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283199863">"Schoenberg's Chordal Experimentalism Revealed through Representational Hierarchy Association (RHA), Contour Motives, and Binary State Switching"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Theory_Spectrum" title="Music Theory Spectrum">Music Theory Spectrum</a></i>. <b>37</b> (2): 224–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmts%2Fmtv015">10.1093/mts/mtv015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Theory+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Schoenberg%27s+Chordal+Experimentalism+Revealed+through+Representational+Hierarchy+Association+%28RHA%29%2C+Contour+Motives%2C+and+Binary+State+Switching&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-252&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmts%2Fmtv015&rft.aulast=Mailman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Banks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283199863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMuxeneder2019">Muxeneder, Therese. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419224717/https://archive.schoenberg.at/library/bilddaten/Muxeneder2019_compressed.pdf">"Arnold Schönbergs Konfrontationen mit Antisemitismus (III)"</a>. In <i>Journal of the Arnold Schönberg Center</i> 16, 164–254. Vienna: Arnold Schönberg Center.</cite></li> <li>Orenstein, Arbie. 1975. <i>Ravel: Man and Musician</i>. London: Columbia University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Payne, Anthony (1968). <i>Schoenberg</i>. Oxford Studies of Composers. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915854222">915854222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schoenberg&rft.place=London&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+of+Composers&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915854222&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Petropoulos, Jonathan. 2014. <i>Artists Under Hitler</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19747-1">978-0-300-19747-1</a></li> <li>Ringer, Alexander. 1990. "Arnold Schoenberg: The Composer as Jew". Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315466-7">978-0-19-315466-7</a></li> <li>Rollet, Philippe (ed.). 2010. <i>Arnold Schönberg: Visions et regards</i>, with a preface by Frédéric Chambert and Alain Mousseigne. Montreuil-sous-Bois: Liénart. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35906-028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35906-028-7">978-2-35906-028-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sachs" title="Harvey Sachs">Sachs, Harvey</a>. 2023. <i>Schoenberg: Why He Matters</i>. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-757-5">978-1-63149-757-5</a>.</li> <li>Schoenberg, Arnold. 1922. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28creator%3A%22Arnold%20Sch%C3%B6nberg%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arnold%20Schoenberg%22%29%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts%20NOT%20Goethe">Harmonielehre</a></i>, third edition. Vienna: Universal Edition. (Originally published 1911). Translation by Roy E. Carter, based on the third edition, as <i>Theory of Harmony</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04945-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04945-1">978-0-520-04945-1</a>. Second edition (100th Anniversary) published in 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520266087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520266087">978-0520266087</a>.</li> <li>Schoenberg, Arnold. 1959. <i>Structural Functions of Harmony</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Stein" title="Leonard Stein">Leonard Stein</a>. London: Williams and Norgate; Revised edition, New York, London: W. W. Norton 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6">978-0-393-00478-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Shawn" title="Allen Shawn">Shawn, Allen</a>. 2002. <i>Arnold Schoenberg's Journey.</i> New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10590-7">978-0-374-10590-7</a></li> <li>Stegemann, Benedikt. 2013. <i>Theory of Tonality: Theoretical Studies</i>. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7959-0963-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7959-0963-5">978-3-7959-0963-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Weiss" title="Adolph Weiss">Weiss, Adolph</a>. 1932. "The Lyceum of Schonberg", <i>Modern Music</i> 9, no. 3 (March–April): 99–107.</li> <li>Wright, James K. 2007. <i>Schoenberg, Wittgenstein, and the Vienna Circle.</i> Bern: Verlag Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-287-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-287-6">978-3-03911-287-6</a></li> <li>Wright, James K. and Alan M. Gillmor (eds.). 2009. <i>Schoenberg's Chamber Music, Schoenberg's World.</i> New York: Pendragon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-130-2">978-1-57647-130-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Linking two continents in sound.</a> a web-based exhibition of Arnold Schönberg curated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Mediathek" title="Österreichische Mediathek">Österreichische Mediathek</a> in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Center" title="Arnold Schönberg Center">Arnold Schönberg Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28creator%3A%22Arnold%20Sch%C3%B6nberg%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arnold%20Schoenberg%22%29%20AND%20mediatype%3Aaudio">Recordings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLd5O5bvfwGeFlYa8-ct0GgDcbuM78HOov">Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951)</a> videos compiled by <a href="/wiki/E._Randol_Schoenberg" title="E. Randol Schoenberg">Randol Schoenberg</a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707115926/http://www.schoenberg.at/4_exhibits/asc/gott_2002/asc_gott_e.htm">Arnold Schönberg and His God</a> Exhibition, 3 May – 13 September 2002, at Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Template:Arnold Schoenberg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Template talk:Arnold Schoenberg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arnold Schoenberg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arnold_Schoenberg" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arnold Schoenberg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i></span>, Op. 17</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i></span>, Op. 18</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i></span> (1930–32)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Von_heute_auf_morgen" title="Von heute auf morgen">Von heute auf morgen</a></i></span>, Op. 32</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Pelleas_und_Melisande_(Schoenberg)" title="Pelleas und Melisande (Schoenberg)">Pelleas und Melisande</a></i></span>, Op. 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Orchestra" title="Five Pieces for Orchestra">Five Pieces for Orchestra</a>, Op. 16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for Orchestra</a>, Op. 31</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a></i>, Op. 34</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a>, Op. 38</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)">Violin Concerto</a>, Op. 36</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_String_Quartet_and_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra</a> (1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String quartets</a> (Opp. 7, 10, 30, 37)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i></span>, Op. 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Quintet_(Schoenberg)" title="Wind Quintet (Schoenberg)">Wind Quintet</a>, Op. 26</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Drei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Drei Klavierstücke</a></i></span>, Op. 11</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sechs_kleine_Klavierst%C3%BCcke" title="Sechs kleine Klavierstücke">Sechs kleine Klavierstücke</a></i></span>, Op. 19</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Piano" title="Five Pieces for Piano">Fünf Klavierstücke</a></i></span>, Op. 23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_for_Piano_(Schoenberg)" title="Suite for Piano (Schoenberg)">Suite for Piano</a>, Op. 25</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zwei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Zwei Klavierstücke</a></i></span>, Op. 33</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i></span> (1900–1911)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a></i></span> (1917–22)</li> <li>Prelude to <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i>, Op. 44</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i>, Op. 46</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zwei_Ges%C3%A4nge,_Op._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Gesänge, Op. 1 (Schoenberg)">Zwei Gesänge</a></i></span>, Op. 1</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vier_Lieder_(Schoenberg)" title="Vier Lieder (Schoenberg)">Vier Lieder</a></i></span>, Op. 2</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">Das Buch der hängenden Gärten</a></i></span>, Op. 15</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Herzgew%C3%A4chse" title="Herzgewächse">Herzgewächse</a></i></span>, Op. 20</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i></span>, Op. 21</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Songs" title="Four Orchestral Songs">Four Orchestral Songs</a></i>, Op. 22</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schoenberg" title="Gertrud Schoenberg">Gertrud</a> (Second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Randol_Schoenberg" title="E. Randol Schoenberg">Eric Randol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlena_Fejzo" title="Marlena Fejzo">Marlena</a> (Grandchildren)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Michel_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Claude-Michel Schönberg">Claude-Michel</a> (Grandnephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a> (Relatives by marriage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Complete_Edition" title="Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition">Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Ode-to-Napoleon%22_hexachord" title=""Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord">6-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">6-Z44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">Developing variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionist music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg_Family" title="Schönberg Family">Schönberg Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S#Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Category:Arnold Schoenberg">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Der_Blaue_Reiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Template:Der Blaue Reiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Template talk:Der Blaue Reiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Der Blaue Reiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Der_Blaue_Reiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bloch" title="Albert Bloch">Albert Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Burliuk" title="David Burliuk">David Burliuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Campendonk" title="Heinrich Campendonk">Heinrich Campendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonel_Feininger" title="Lyonel Feininger">Lyonel Feininger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Natalia Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexej_von_Jawlensky" title="Alexej von Jawlensky">Alexej von Jawlensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Macke" title="August Macke">August Macke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter" title="Gabriele Münter">Gabriele Münter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_von_Werefkin" title="Marianne von Werefkin">Marianne von Werefkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also <a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Rider_(Kandinsky_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blue Rider (Kandinsky painting)">Der Blaue Reiter (painting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve-tone_technique_and_serialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#dbc3a3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Template:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Template talk:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve-tone_technique_and_serialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">Combinatoriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_(music)" title="Complement (music)">Complementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derived_row" title="Derived row">Derivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">Hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_class" title="Interval class">Interval class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Invariance" title="Twelve-tone technique">Invariance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derived_row" title="Derived row">Partition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross partition">Cross partition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">Tone row</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row#total_chromatic" title="Tone row">Aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tone_rows_and_series" title="List of tone rows and series">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutterakkord.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/54px-Mutterakkord.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/81px-Mutterakkord.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/108px-Mutterakkord.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="3675" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Permutation_(music)" title="Permutation (music)">Permutations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Transformations" title="Twelve-tone technique">Prime row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_(music)" title="Retrograde (music)">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic inversion">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_inversion" title="Retrograde inversion">Retrograde inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_(music)" title="Multiplication (music)">Multiplication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template:Twelve-tone composers">Notable<br /> composers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a></li> <li>...<i><a href="/wiki/Serialism#Notable_composers" title="Serialism">more</a></i>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-interval_twelve-tone_row" title="All-interval twelve-tone row">All-interval twelve-tone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-trichord_hexachord" title="All-trichord hexachord">All-trichord hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">Chromatic scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_series" title="Duration series">Duration series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_class_(music)" title="Equivalence class (music)">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_composition" title="Formula composition">Formula composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctualism" title="Punctualism">Punctualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">Semitone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">Set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_point" title="Time point">Time point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions" title="List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions">List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dbc3a3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template talk:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial</a> composers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Amy" title="Gilbert Amy">Gilbert Amy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_ApIvor" title="Denis ApIvor">Denis ApIvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Apostel" title="Hans Erich Apostel">Hans Erich Apostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_van_Baaren" title="Kees van Baaren">Kees van Baaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Banks" title="Don Banks">Don Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9" title="Jean Barraqué">Jean Barraqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barrett_(composer)" title="Richard Barrett (composer)">Richard Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Baur" title="Jürg Baur">Jürg Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berger_(composer)" title="Arthur Berger (composer)">Arthur Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Erik Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Boehmer" title="Konrad Boehmer">Konrad Boehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boucourechliev" title="André Boucourechliev">André Boucourechliev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Boykan" title="Martin Boykan">Martin Boykan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Buck" title="Ole Buck">Ole Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Calonne" title="Jacques Calonne">Jacques Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Castiglioni" title="Niccolò Castiglioni">Niccolò Castiglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Clementi" title="Aldo Clementi">Aldo Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Dallapiccola" title="Luigi Dallapiccola">Luigi Dallapiccola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnston_(composer)" title="Ben Johnston (composer)">Ben Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Martino" title="Donald Martino">Donald Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Paz" title="Juan Carlos Paz">Juan Carlos Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swift_(composer)" title="Richard Swift (composer)">Richard Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a></li> <li>...<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions" title="List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions">more</a></i>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernist_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism_(music)" title="Template talk:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernist_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_composers" title="List of modernist composers">List of modernist composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Pousseur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Hába</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henry" title="Pierre Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Koechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Skalkottas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Genres and<br />techniques</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Modes of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonality" title="Neotonality">Neotonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandiatonicism" title="Pandiatonicism">Pandiatonicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Sound mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Schools of composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ←<b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music">Romantic music</a></b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism_(music)" title="Category:Modernism (music)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></b> →</div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Viennese_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template talk:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Viennese_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arnold Schoenberg</a> (1874-1951)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vier_Lieder_(Schoenberg)" title="Vier Lieder (Schoenberg)">Vier Lieder</a></i>, Op. 2 (1899-1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Buch_der_h%C3%A4ngenden_G%C3%A4rten" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Buch der hängenden Gärten">Das Buch der hängenden Gärten</a></i>, Op. 15 (1907-1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herzgew%C3%A4chse" title="Herzgewächse">Herzgewächse</a></i>, Op. 20 (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i>, Op. 21 (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Songs" title="Four Orchestral Songs">Vier Lieder</a>, Op. 22 (1913-1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i>, Op. 4 (1899, 1916-1917 and 1943 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 1</a>, Op. 7 (1904-1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2 (with soprano)</a>, Op. 10 (1907-1908, 1919 and 1929 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Quintet_(Schoenberg)" title="Wind Quintet (Schoenberg)">Wind Quintet</a>, Op. 26 (1923-1924)</li> <li>Suite, Op. 29 (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 3</a>, Op. 30 (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 4</a>, Op. 37 (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i>, Op. (1900-1903, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1910-1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a></i> (1914–1922, rev. 1944)</li> <li>"Prelude" to <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i>, Op. 46 (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelleas_und_Melisande_(Schoenberg)" title="Pelleas und Melisande (Schoenberg)">Pelleas und Melisande</a></i>, Op. 5 (1902-1903, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9 (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Orchestra" title="Five Pieces for Orchestra">Fünf Orchesterstücke</a>, Op. 16 (1909, rev. 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for orchestra</a>, Op. 31 (1926-1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a></i>, Op. 34 (1929-1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a>, Op. 38 (1906–1940) and Op. 38b (<a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for 2pf, 1941-1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Drei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Drei Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 11 (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechs_kleine_Klavierst%C3%BCcke" title="Sechs kleine Klavierstücke">Sechs kleine Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 19 (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Piano" title="Five Pieces for Piano">Fünf Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 23 (1920-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_for_Piano_(Schoenberg)" title="Suite for Piano (Schoenberg)">Suite für Klavier</a>, Op. 25 (1921-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 33a (1928-1929) and Op. 33b (1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i>, Op. 17 (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i>, Op. 18 (1910-1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Von_heute_auf_morgen" title="Von heute auf morgen">Von heute auf morgen</a></i>, Op. 32 (1928-1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> (1930–32, compl. <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kocsis" title="Zoltán Kocsis">Kocsis</a> 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)">Violin Concerto</a>, Op. 36 (1934-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Textbooks">Harmonielehre</a></i> (1910-1911, rev. 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_biblische_Weg" title="Der biblische Weg">Der biblische Weg</a></i> (1922-1927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> (1883-1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langsamer_Satz" title="Langsamer Satz">Langsamer Satz</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia_(Webern)" title="Passacaglia (Webern)">Passacaglia</a>, Op. 1 (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_(Webern)" title="Symphony (Webern)">Symphony</a>, Op. 21 (1927-1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Nine_Instruments_(Webern)" title="Concerto for Nine Instruments (Webern)">Concerto for Nine Instruments</a>, Op. 24 (1931-1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_piano_(Webern)" title="Variations for piano (Webern)">Variations for piano</a>, Op. 27 (1935-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Webern)" title="String Quartet (Webern)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 28 (1937–38)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> (1885-1935)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (first setting, 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Early_Songs_(Berg)" title="Seven Early Songs (Berg)">Seven Early Songs</a> (1905-1908, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Berg)" title="Piano Sonata (Berg)">Piano Sonata</a>, Op. 1 (1907-1908, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Berg)" title="String Quartet (Berg)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 3 (1910, rev. 1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a></i>, Op. 4 (1911-1912, iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">rearr.</a> 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Orchestra_(Berg)" title="Three Pieces for Orchestra (Berg)">Three Orchestral Pieces</a>, Op. 6 (1913-1915, rev. 1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>, Op. 7 (1914-1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerkonzert_(Berg)" title="Kammerkonzert (Berg)">Kammerkonzert</a> (1923-1935; ii "Adagio" <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for cl, vl, pf 1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (second setting, 1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i> (1925-1926 for <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a>, 1928 ii-iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a></i> (1928-1935, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> compl. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Cerha</a> 1962-1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Wein" title="Der Wein">Der Wein</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">Violin Concerto</a> (1935, rev. ed. Douglas Jarman 1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Complete_Edition" title="Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition">Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Ode-to-Napoleon%22_hexachord" title=""Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord">6-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">6-Z44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154770#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154770#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154770#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118610023">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80032780">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138995262">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138995262">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455723">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schönberg, Arnold"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV033278">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36175870">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000402196&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1723110">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/775570">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068523769">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90077345">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000035065&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000115483&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000078277">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=63963">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199636400">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz12hs5456xh13">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810564100105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/87736">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267721605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000200380">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513957506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14810964">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00577529?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500030015">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9b490b96-ad82-4d7b-9055-f0a196ad64cc">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/224820">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/112685">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=52568">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102726">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/arnold-schoenberg">BRAHMS</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00002371">LexM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/s2315">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1224345">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118610023.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118610023">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027342603">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x74dnm">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/86683">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&oldid=1259103941">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&oldid=1259103941</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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