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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surse_istorice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surse_istorice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Surse istorice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surse_istorice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surse istorice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surse_istorice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mișna_și_Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mișna_și_Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i><b>Mișna și Talmud</b></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mișna_și_Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistola_Macabeilor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistola_Macabeilor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Epistola Macabeilor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistola_Macabeilor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antioh_Megillat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antioh_Megillat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Antioh Megillat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antioh_Megillat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obiceiuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obiceiuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obiceiuri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obiceiuri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Obiceiuri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obiceiuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binecuvântările_peste_candele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binecuvântările_peste_candele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Binecuvântările peste candele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binecuvântările_peste_candele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binecuvântarea_pentru_aprinderea_candelelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binecuvântarea_pentru_aprinderea_candelelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Binecuvântarea pentru aprinderea candelelor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binecuvântarea_pentru_aprinderea_candelelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binecuvântare_pentru_miracolele_de_Hanuka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binecuvântare_pentru_miracolele_de_Hanuka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Binecuvântare pentru miracolele de Hanuka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binecuvântare_pentru_miracolele_de_Hanuka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Șehecheyanu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Șehecheyanu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Șehecheyanu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Șehecheyanu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mâncăruri_de_Hanuka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mâncăruri_de_Hanuka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mâncăruri de Hanuka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mâncăruri_de_Hanuka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alte_obiceiuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alte_obiceiuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alte obiceiuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alte_obiceiuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanuka_în_calendarul_gregorian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanuka_în_calendarul_gregorian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hanuka în calendarul gregorian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanuka_în_calendarul_gregorian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanuka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 83 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanoeka" title="Chanoeka – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chanoeka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7" title="حانوكا – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حانوكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7_(%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_)" title="حانوكا (عيد التدشين ) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حانوكا (عيد التدشين )" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Га-Нука – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Га-Нука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="হানুক্কা – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হানুক্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanouka" title="Hanouka – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hanouka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukk%C3%A0" title="Hanukkà – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hanukkà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4anuka" title="Ḥanuka – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ḥanuka" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%95" title="خەنوکە – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەنوکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Χανουκά – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χανουκά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4anuko" title="Ĥanuko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥanuko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januc%C3%A1" title="Janucá – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Janucá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="حنوکا – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حنوکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoucca" title="Hanoucca – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanoucca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ile_an_Tiomnaithe" title="Féile an Tiomnaithe – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féile an Tiomnaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94" title="חנוכה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חנוכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="हनुका – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हनुका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Խանուկա – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խանուկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_raya_Pentahbisan" title="Hari raya Pentahbisan – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari raya Pentahbisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukkah" title="Chanukkah – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chanukkah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8C%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ハヌカー – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハヌカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaya_Pentahbisan" title="Riyaya Pentahbisan – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Riyaya Pentahbisan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="ხანუქა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხანუქა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%88%84%EC%B9%B4" title="하누카 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하누카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%BBka" title="Hanûka – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hanûka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaenia" title="Encaenia – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Encaenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanok%C3%A0" title="Hanokà – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hanokà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ഹാനക്ക – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാനക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="खानुका – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खानुका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="हनुका – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हनुका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="हानका – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हानका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanoeka" title="Chanoeka – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chanoeka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukk%C3%A1" title="Hanukká – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hanukká" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukka" title="Hanukka – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hanukka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuc%C3%A1" title="Chanucá – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chanucá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Һануккаһ – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Һануккаһ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanuka" title="Chanuka – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chanuka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanukka" title="Chanukka – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chanukka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="அனுக்கா – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனுக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮานุกกะห์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮานุกกะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4anuka" title="Ḥanuka – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ḥanuka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханука – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ханука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%81" title="حنوکاہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حنوکاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hanukkah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuka" title="Hanuka – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hanuka" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E8%8A%82" title="光明节 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光明节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94" title="חנוכה – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="חנוכה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E8%8A%82" title="光明节 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光明节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%AE%BF%E7%AF%80" title="修殿節 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="修殿節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130881#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hanukia.jpg/250px-Hanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hanukia.jpg/375px-Hanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hanukia.jpg/500px-Hanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>O Hanukie ori Menoră de Hanuka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm/300px-seek%3D3-Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="225" data-durationhint="96" data-mwtitle="Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm/Channel_2_-_Hanukkah.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hanuka</b> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraică</a> <span lang="he" dir="rtl" style="font-style:italic">חֲנֻכָּה</span>, în vocalizare Tiberiană: Ḥănukkāh, sau simplu: חנוכה, adică "Rededicarea", „Inaugurarea” romanizată și ca <i>Hanukah</i>, <i>Hanukkah</i>, <i>Chanuka</i>, ori <i>Chanukah</i>), reprezintă "Sărbătoarea inaugurării" și mai este cunoscută ca <b>Sărbătoarea luminilor</b> (Hag haUrim). Este o sărbătoare care durează opt zile (25 <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> - 3 <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a>), comemorând rededicarea Templului din Ierusalim în urma victoriei revoltei conduse de frații <a href="/wiki/Macabei" title="Macabei">Macabei</a> asupra <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Seleucid" title="Imperiul Seleucid">monarhiei seleucide</a> din <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, care încerca să distrugă <a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">religia evreiască</a> și să elenizeze popoarele de sub dominația sa. Principalele evenimente asociate cu Hanuka s-au desfășurat între 165-163 î.e.n., deși lupta armată a <a href="/wiki/Macabei" title="Macabei">Macabeilor</a> împotriva <a href="/wiki/Greci" title="Greci">grecilor</a> a continuat încă mulți ani, până când <a href="/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei">evreii</a> din <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Ereț Israel</a> și-au dobândit de facto independența. Hanuka este așadar o sărbătoare postbiblică. Este o sărbătoare minoră, în timpul căreia în iudaism munca și alte activități nu sunt interzise. În comunitățile mixte cei care se alătură <b>Festivalului Luminii</b> trebuie să fie în spirit de odihnă în ajunul zilei de Sâmbătă (de erev <a href="/wiki/%C8%98abat" title="Șabat">Șabat</a>) la 5 Candele și în ajunul lunii noi (de erev <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99_Hode%C8%99" title="Roș Hodeș">Roș Hodeș</a>) la 7 Candele, ocazii când luminarea candelelor începe puțin înainte de asfințit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:CHILD_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/CHILD_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES.jpg/150px-CHILD_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/CHILD_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES.jpg/225px-CHILD_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/CHILD_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES.jpg/300px-CHILD_LIGHTING_HANUKA_CANDLES.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Copil aprinzând candelele (luminile) de Hanuka.</figcaption></figure> <p>Numele "Hanuka" derivă din verbul ebraic "חנך", care înseamnă "a dedica". Pe Hanuka, evreii au redobândit controlul asupra Ierusalimului și au rededicat Templul.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hanuka-Menorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hanuka-Menorah.jpg/220px-Hanuka-Menorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hanuka-Menorah.jpg/330px-Hanuka-Menorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hanuka-Menorah.jpg/440px-Hanuka-Menorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Menoră de Hanuka</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surse_istorice">Surse istorice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Surse istorice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Surse istorice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mișna_și_Talmud"><span id="Mi.C8.99na_.C8.99i_Talmud"></span><i><b>Mișna și Talmud</b></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mișna și Talmud" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mișna și Talmud"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Povestea de Hanuka, împreună cu legile și tradițiile sărbătorii, este complet absentă din <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99na" title="Mișna">Mișna</a> afară de câteva referințe vagi (Bickurim 1:6, Roș haȘana 1:3, Taanit 2:10, Megillah 3:4 și 3:6, Moed Katan 3:9, și Bava Kama 6:6). Rabinul Nissim Gaon<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> postuleză în <i>Hakdamah Le'mafteach haTalmud</i> că informațiile despre sărbătoare au fost atât de comun cunoscute că Mișna nu avea nevoie să le explice. Reuvein Margolies<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sugerează că așa cum Mișna a fost redactată după revolta Bar Kochba, editorii ezită să includă explicit discuții despre o sărbătoare care celebrează o altă revoltă recentă împotriva unui suveran străin, pentru teama antagonizării romanilor. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hanukkah2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hanukkah2.jpg/150px-Hanukkah2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hanukkah2.jpg/225px-Hanukkah2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Hanukkah2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Lampă de Hanuka dezgropată lângă Ierusalim prin 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuka este descrisă în <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. Gemara, în tratatul <i>Șavat 21</i>, se axează pe candelele de <a href="/wiki/%C8%98abat" title="Șabat">Șabat</a> și se mută la candelele de Hanuka și spune că după ce forțele lui Antioh IV au fost deviate de la Templu, Macabeii au descoperit că aproape tot uleiul de măsline pentru ritual a fost profanat. Ei au găsit doar un singur container care încă a mai fost sigilat de Marele Preot, cu suficient ulei cât să țină Menora în Templu aprinsă pentru o singură zi. Ei au folosit acesta, însă el a ars timp de opt zile (timp necesar să aibă ulei nou presat și pregătit).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistola_Macabeilor">Epistola Macabeilor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Epistola Macabeilor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Epistola Macabeilor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La istoria sărbătorii Hanuka se face aluzie în epistolele 1 Macabei<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și 2 Macabei<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Cele opt zile de rededicare a Templului sunt descrise în 1 Macabei 4:36 <i>et seq</i>, totuși numele sărbătorii și miracolul cu candelele nu apar aici. O istorisire similară cu caracter asemanator, și evident mai veche ca dată, este cea la care se face aluzie în 2 Macabei 1:18 <i>et seq</i> conform cu care reluminarea Altarului de Neemia a fost printr-un miracol care a avut loc pe 25 a lunii Kislev, și care pare să ne dea motivația alegerii aceleiași date pentru rededicarea Altarului de Iuda <a href="/wiki/Macabei" title="Macabei">Macabeul</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antioh_Megillat">Antioh Megillat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Antioh Megillat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Antioh Megillat"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O altă sursă este Antioh Megillat, sau <b>Pergamentul lui Antioh</b>. Această lucrare (cunoscută și ca "Megillat haHasmonaim", "Megillat Hanukkah" ori "Megillat Yevanit") este în ambele <a href="/wiki/Limba_arameic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Limba arameică">arameică</a> cât și în <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraică</a>; versiunea în ebraică este o traducere literară din arameica originală. Date recente de scribistică în datază undeva între secolele al II-lea și al V-lea, probabil în secolul II,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cu datarea în ebraică la secolul al VII-lea.<sup id="cite_ref-pvgsyw_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvgsyw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fost publicat pentru prima dată la <a href="/wiki/Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> în 1557. <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, care l-a tradus în <a href="/wiki/Limba_arab%C4%83" title="Limba arabă">arabă</a> în secolul al IX-lea, l-a atribuit însuși <a href="/wiki/Macabei" title="Macabei">Macabeilor</a>, disputat de unii, deoarece dă date cu mulți ani înainte de distrugerea Celui de-Al Doilea Templu în anul 70 d.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textul ebraic cu o traducere în limba engleză poate fi găsit în <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddurul</a> (Cartea) lui Philip Birnbaum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obiceiuri">Obiceiuri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Obiceiuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Obiceiuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hanukkah1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hanukkah1.jpg/300px-Hanukkah1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hanukkah1.jpg/450px-Hanukkah1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hanukkah1.jpg/600px-Hanukkah1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Diverse modele de <a href="/wiki/Menora" class="mw-redirect" title="Menora">menore</a> pentru Hanuka (<a href="/wiki/Hanukiya" title="Hanukiya">Hanukii</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>În fiecare seară de Hanukah se aprinde <a href="/wiki/Hanukiya" title="Hanukiya">Hanukia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menora" class="mw-redirect" title="Menora">menora</a> specială destinată acestei sărbători care, de altfel, se mai numește din acest motiv și "Sărbătoarea luminilor" - <i>Hag ha-Urim</i> (în ebraică "ur" sau "or" semnifică lumină). <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudul</a> spune că obiceiul aprinderii <a href="/wiki/Menora" class="mw-redirect" title="Menora">menorei</a> are drept scop să amintească public minunea. În timpul revoltei împotriva elenilor, Menora a fost aprinsă 8 zile - miracolul de Hanuka - iar această tradiție este perpetuată prin aprinderea a 8 lumănări pe <a href="/wiki/Hanukiya" title="Hanukiya">Hanukie</a>. De aceea, în antichitate, sfeșnicul era așezat în prag ori chiar pe stradă, în fața casei. </p><p>Lampa se aprinde o dată cu lăsarea nopții, cu excepția zilei de <a href="/wiki/%C8%98abat" title="Șabat">Șabat</a> când luminițele de Hanuka se aprind înaintea celor de <a href="/wiki/%C8%98abat" title="Șabat">Șabat</a>, cu circa jumătate de ceas înainte de asfințit. Luminile trebuie să ardă cel puțin 30 de minute și să fie amplasate într-un loc foarte vizibil. Ele pot continua să ardă în noapte oricât de târziu. </p><p>Obiceiul (Beit Hillel) este de a aprinde o singură lumină în prima seară, două în a doua seara, trei în a treia seara, etc. de la stânga la dreapta, până când, în a opta seară, toate luminițele sunt aprinse. </p><p>După o altă tradiție (Beit Șamai), luminile se aprind în ordine descrescătoare. O lumânare ajutătoare, numită <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98ame%C8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Șameș — pagină inexistentă">șameș</a>, se folosește pentru aprinderea celorlalte opt.<br /> </p><p>În fiecare noapte când se luminează <a href="/wiki/Hanukiya" title="Hanukiya">Hanukia</a> sunt rostite două sau trei binecuvântări tradiționale. Binecuvântările sunt recitate înainte sau după aprinderea candelelor în funcție de obicei. Doar în prima noapte se recită și Șeheḥeyanu (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraică</a> <span lang="he" dir="rtl" style="font-style:italic">שהחינו‎, "Carele ne-ai dat viață"</span>) după primele două sau trei binecuvântări. În comunitățile iudaice după cele două sau trei binecuvântări se cântă <a href="#Hanerot_Halalu">Hanerot Halalu</a>. </p><p>Cu toate că Hanuka derivă din Sărbătoarea Corturilor (<a href="/wiki/Sucot" title="Sucot">Sucot</a>), evreii nu au obiceiul să aducă și de această sărbătoare rămurele de pomi în casă căci conform cărții Levitic era poruncit ca acoperișul colibei (suca) trebuia acoperit la mijlocul primei luni de toamnă astfel încât seara printre rămurele să se poată observa scăderea lunii pline în timp ce se roagă pentru ploaie, recită osanale, psalmi și binecuvântări conform obiceiului sărbătorii. </p><p>Hanuka a căpătat în ultima vreme o importanță mult mai mare, devenind un substituit al <a href="/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Crăciun">Crăciunului</a> pentru copiii evrei crescuți într-un mediu creștin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binecuvântările_peste_candele"><span id="Binecuv.C3.A2nt.C4.83rile_peste_candele"></span>Binecuvântările peste candele</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Binecuvântările peste candele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Binecuvântările peste candele"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Următoarele binecuvântări au fost alfabetizate conform cu <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraica modernă</a> și folosind diacriticele din alfabetul <a href="/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba română">limbii române</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binecuvântarea_pentru_aprinderea_candelelor"><span id="Binecuv.C3.A2ntarea_pentru_aprinderea_candelelor"></span>Binecuvântarea pentru aprinderea candelelor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Binecuvântarea pentru aprinderea candelelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Binecuvântarea pentru aprinderea candelelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="347" data-mwtitle="USAFB_OHanukkahHanukkahPrayer.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:USAFB_OHanukkahHanukkahPrayer.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/USAFB_OHanukkahHanukkahPrayer.ogg/USAFB_OHanukkahHanukkahPrayer.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/USAFB_OHanukkahHanukkahPrayer.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Laude de Hanuka/O Hanuka/Maoz Țur (Roca Epocilor).</figcaption></figure> <span style="font-size:125%; font-family:"SBL Hebrew", Cardo, David, Narkisim, "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Times New Roman"" dir="rtl"><div style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="he" style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:110%;"> בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהוָה אֱלְֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הַעוֹלָם אֲשֶר קִדְשָנוּ בֵּמִצְווֹתַיו וְצִיוַונוּ לֵהַדְלִיק נֵר שֶל חֲנוּכָּה׃‏ </span></span></div></span> <blockquote> <p><b>Alfabetizare: </b>    <br /> <i>Baruh Atah IâHUaH (AdoȘem) Elohei’nu Meleq heAolam,</i><br /> <i>Așer qidșa’nu be’mițvota'u ui'țiva’nu le’hadliq ner șel Ḥanucah.</i><br /> <b>Traducere: </b>    <br /> <i>Binecuvântat Tu IAHVEH (DomnIAH) Dumnezeu-nost, Suveran Veșnicul,</i><br /> </p> <p><i>Care sfințitu-ne-ai în porunci Lui și poruncitu-ne-ai aprinderii candelă pre Hanuca (Dedicare).</i></p></blockquote><p><br /> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binecuvântare_pentru_miracolele_de_Hanuka"><span id="Binecuv.C3.A2ntare_pentru_miracolele_de_Hanuka"></span>Binecuvântare pentru miracolele de Hanuka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Binecuvântare pentru miracolele de Hanuka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Binecuvântare pentru miracolele de Hanuka"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <span style="font-size:125%; font-family:"SBL Hebrew", Cardo, David, Narkisim, "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Times New Roman"" dir="rtl"><div style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="he" style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:120%;"> בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהוָה אֱלְֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הַעוֹלָם שֵעָשָׂה נִיסִים לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָמִים הַהֵם בַּזְמָן הַזֶה׃‏ </span></span></div></span> <blockquote> <p><b>Alfabetizare: </b>    <br /> <i>Baruh Atah IâHUaH (AdoȘem) Ălohei’nu Meleq heAolam,</i><br /> <i>șe’asah nisim le'avotai'nu bayamim haHem bazeman haZeh.</i> <br /> <b>Traducere: </b>    <br /> <i>Binecuvânt Tu IAHVEH (DomnIAH) Dumnezeu-nost, Suveran Veșnicul,</i><br /> </p> <p><i>Ce-făcuta-i miracole părinților-noști întru-zile acele, întru-anotimp acesta.</i></p></blockquote><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <blockquote> <p><b>Alfabetizare: </b>    <br /> <i>Baruh Atah IâHUaH (AdoȘem) Elohei’nu Meleq heAolam,</i><br /> <i>așer cidșa’nu bî’mițvethiu ue-țîve’nu lehiyot Or le’Goyim,</i><br /> <i>ue'noten-la’nu aet Ieșua Meși’hei-nu Aor lî'Aolam.</i> <br /> <b>Traducere: </b>    <br /> <i>Binecuvântat Tu IAHVEH (DomnIAH) Dumnezeu-nost, Suveran Veșnicul,</i><br /> <i>care sanctificat-nouă în porunci Lui și poruncit-nouă fiindu-le Lumină Neamurilor,</i><br /> </p> <p><i>și dăruit nouă tot Ieșua Mesia-nost [Iisus Ḥristos-nost], Luminător Lumii.</i></p></blockquote><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <span style="font-size:125%; font-family:"SBL Hebrew", Cardo, David, Narkisim, "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Times New Roman"" dir="rtl"><div style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="he" style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:110%;"> בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהוָה אֱלְֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הַעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לַנוּ חַגְּים הֻקּוֹת וּמוֹעךים לְשׂמְחֶָה לִכְבוֹר לִיְשׁוּע משִׁיחנוּ אדֹנֵינוּ אוֹר הָעוֹלָם׃</span></span></div></span> <blockquote> <p><b>Alfabetizare: </b>    <br /> <i>Baruh ata IâHUaH (AdoȘem) Elohei’nu Meleq heAolam,</i><br /> <i>așer noten la’nu haghim, hukot, ue’moadim le’simhah,</i><br /> <i>li’cavoud Lî'Ieșua heMeșiah Adonei’nu, Aor lî'Aolam.</i> <br /> <b>Traducere: </b>    <br /> <i>Binecuvântat Tu IâHUaH (DomnIAH) Dumnezeu-nost, Suveran Veșnicul,</i><br /> <i>Care dăruit nouă festivale, sărbători, și timpuri fixate bucuriei,</i><br /> </p> <p><i>gloriei lui Ieșua Mesia [Iisus Ḥristosul] Domn-nost, Lumină Lumii.</i></p></blockquote><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Șehecheyanu"><span id=".C8.98ehecheyanu"></span>Șehecheyanu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Șehecheyanu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Șehecheyanu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În prima noapte de Hanuka se mai recită <i><b>Șehecheyanu</b></i> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraică</a> <span lang="he" dir="rtl" style="font-style:italic">שהחינו</span>, "Care ne-ai dat viață"), o binecuvântare tradițională comună specială pentru celebrarea unor ocazii speciale: </p> <span style="font-size:125%; font-family:"SBL Hebrew", Cardo, David, Narkisim, "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Times New Roman"" dir="rtl"><div style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="he" style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:140%;"> בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְהוָה אֱלְֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הַעוֹלָם שֵהֵחְיָנוּ וְקִיְימָנוּ וְהִגִעָנוּ לַזְמַן הַזֶה׃</span></span></div></span> <blockquote> <p><b>Alfabetizare: </b>    <br /> <i>Baruh Atah IâHUaH (AdoȘem) Elohei’nu Meleq heAolam,</i><br /> <i>Șe’ḥeya'nu ue’kiyâma'nu ue’higa'nu la-zâman heZeh.</i><br /> <br /> <b>Traducere: </b>    <br /> <i>Binecuvântat Tu IâHUaH (DomnIAH) Dumnezeu-nost, Suveran Veșnicul,</i><br /> </p> <p><i>Ce viețuitu-ne-ai și ocrotitu-ne-ai, și ajutatu-ne-ai lui anotimp acesta.</i></p></blockquote><p><br /> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mâncăruri_de_Hanuka"><span id="M.C3.A2nc.C4.83ruri_de_Hanuka"></span>Mâncăruri de Hanuka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mâncăruri de Hanuka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Mâncăruri de Hanuka"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:LatkeFry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LatkeFry.JPG/300px-LatkeFry.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LatkeFry.JPG/450px-LatkeFry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/LatkeFry.JPG/600px-LatkeFry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1483" /></a><figcaption>Chifteluțe de cartofi lățite (latche)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuka mai este marcată prin consumul de alimente prăjite în ulei. Cele mai importante sunt tortul de cartofi, un fel de chifteluțe cu cartofi aplatizate, numite latches, care se pot servi cu sos de mere. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chocolate-vanilla_cream_sufganiyot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chocolate-vanilla_cream_sufganiyot.jpg/300px-Chocolate-vanilla_cream_sufganiyot.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chocolate-vanilla_cream_sufganiyot.jpg/450px-Chocolate-vanilla_cream_sufganiyot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chocolate-vanilla_cream_sufganiyot.jpg/600px-Chocolate-vanilla_cream_sufganiyot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Sufganiyoți / <a href="/wiki/Gogoa%C8%99%C4%83" title="Gogoașă">gogoși</a> la o pateserie din Ierusalim</figcaption></figure> <p>O altă mâncare favorită sunt gogoșile prăjite în ulei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alte_obiceiuri">Alte obiceiuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Alte obiceiuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Alte obiceiuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg/300px-Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg/450px-Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg/600px-Chocolate-Gold-Coins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Gelt (bănuți) de ciocolată</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceremonia se desfășoară în special în familie, dar se aprind lumânări și la <a href="/wiki/Sinagog%C4%83" title="Sinagogă">sinagogă</a>, iar copii primesc o mică sumă de bani (<i>ghelt</i> în <a href="/wiki/Idi%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiș">idiș</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Dreidel_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dreidel_001.jpg/300px-Dreidel_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dreidel_001.jpg/450px-Dreidel_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dreidel_001.jpg/600px-Dreidel_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Dreidel cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimel_(litera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimel (litera) — pagină inexistentă">ghimel</a> față-sus</figcaption></figure> <p>În zilele noastre Hanuka este și un prilej de serbări cu cântece și jocuri, în special pentru copii. Cel mai răspândit este jocul cu titirezul (<i>dreidl</i> în <a href="/wiki/Idi%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiș">idiș</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanuka_în_calendarul_gregorian"><span id="Hanuka_.C3.AEn_calendarul_gregorian"></span>Hanuka în calendarul gregorian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Hanuka în calendarul gregorian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Hanuka în calendarul gregorian"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Datele când cade Hanuka sunt determinate de calendarul biblic. Hanuka începe cu ziua a XXV-a lunii <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">kislev</a> și se termină cu ziua a II-a ori a III-a a lunii <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">tevet</a> (Kislev poate acea 29 ori 30 zile). Ziua biblic începe la asfințit, pe când <a href="/wiki/Calendarul_gregorian" title="Calendarul gregorian">calendarul gregorian</a> începe ziua la miezul nopții. </p><p><i>Atenție: sărbătoarea începe la asfințitul soarelui, în ajun, la data listată:</i> </p> <ul><li>1990 - 11 decembrie</li> <li>1991 - 1 decembrie</li> <li>1992 - 19 decembrie</li> <li>1993 - 8 decembrie</li> <li>1994 - 27 noiembrie</li> <li>1995 - 17 decembrie</li> <li>1996 - 5 decembrie</li> <li>1997 - 23 decembrie</li> <li>1998 - 13 decembrie</li> <li>1999 - 3 decembrie</li> <li>2000 - 21 decembrie</li> <li>2001 - 9 decembrie</li> <li>2002 - 29 noiembrie</li> <li>2003 - 19 decembrie</li> <li>2004 - 7 decembrie</li> <li>2005 - 25 decembrie</li> <li>2006 - 15 decembrie</li> <li>2007 - 4 decembrie</li> <li>2008 - 21 decembrie</li> <li>2009 - 11 decembrie</li> <li>2010 - 1 decembrie</li> <li>2011 - 20 decembrie</li> <li>2012 - 8 decembrie</li> <li>2013 - 27 noiembrie</li> <li>2014 - 16 decembrie</li> <li>2015 - 6 decembrie</li> <li>2016 - 24 decembrie</li> <li>2017 - 12 decembrie</li> <li>2018 - 2 decembrie</li> <li>2019 - 22 decembrie</li> <li>2020 - 10 decembrie</li> <li>2021 - 28 Noiembrie</li> <li>2022 - 18 Decembrie</li> <li>2023 - 7 Decembrie</li> <li>2024 - 25 Decembrie</li></ul><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanuka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahar%C8%99a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharșa — pagină inexistentă">Samuel Eidels</a> Șavat 21b; caută acolo discuția mai detaliată. (<span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=14314&pgnum=390">text ebraic</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Învățatura Geonim-ilor a fost adusă din Babilonia prin intermediul învățaților din Kairouan, Tunisia, în special de Chananel Ben Chushiel și Nissim Gaon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yesod haMișna Va'arihatah</i> pp. 25–28 (<span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=20976&pgnum=24">text ebraic</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Talmud/shabbat2.html">Jewishvirtuallibrary.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliaortodoxa.ro/carte.php?id=49">1 Macabei pe Biblia Ortodoxă Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliaortodoxa.ro/carte.php?id=50">2 Maccabei pe Biblia Ortodoxă Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zvieli, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/miketz/zev.html">„Sulul lui Antioh”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-01-28">28 ianuarie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulul+lui+Antioh&rft.aulast=Zvieli&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2FJH%2FParasha%2Feng%2Fmiketz%2Fzev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AHanuka" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvgsyw-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pvgsyw_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528035707/http://customerservant.com/2006/12/16/the-scroll-of-the-hasmoneans/">„Sulul lui Hasmoneans”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://customerservant.com/2006/12/16/the-scroll-of-the-hasmoneans/">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-05-28">28 mai 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-12-15">15 decembrie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulul+lui+Hasmoneans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcustomerservant.com%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2Fthe-scroll-of-the-hasmoneans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AHanuka" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/miketz/zev.html">Sulul lui Antioh</a> și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oztorah.com/2007/11/the-unknown-chanukah-mgillah/">Megillahul Necunoscut de Hanuka</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Iudaism" title="Format:Iudaism"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Iudaism" title="Discuție Format:Iudaism"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Iudaism&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Iudaism" title="Iudaism">Iudaism</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Denominații </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schisme — pagină inexistentă">Schisme</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Karai%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaiți">Karaiți</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iudaismul_ortodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaismul ortodox">Iudaism ortodox</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism_reformat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudaism reformat — pagină inexistentă">Iudaism reformat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism_conservativ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudaism conservativ — pagină inexistentă">Iudaism conservativ</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hasidism" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Evrei_a%C8%99kenazi" title="Evrei așkenazi">Rit așkenaz</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Evrei_sefarzi" title="Evrei sefarzi">Rit sefard</a></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="15"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Star_of_David_3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steaua lui David"><img alt="Steaua lui David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Star_of_David_3.svg/75px-Star_of_David_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Star_of_David_3.svg/113px-Star_of_David_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Star_of_David_3.svg/150px-Star_of_David_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Scrieri </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Biblia ebraică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Tora</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mi%C8%99na" title="Mișna">Mișna</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ghemara" title="Ghemara">Ghemara</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chumash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumash — pagină inexistentă">Chumash</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Midra%C8%99" title="Midraș">Midraș</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mishnah_Berurah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mishnah Berurah — pagină inexistentă">Mishnah Berurah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Halaha" title="Halaha">Halaha</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Agada" title="Agada">Agada</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shulchan_Aruch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shulchan Aruch — pagină inexistentă">Shulchan Aruch</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Adepți </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei">Evrei</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Iuda" title="Regatul Iuda">Regatul Iuda</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Israel">Regatul Israel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazar">Hazar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Instituții și funcții religioase </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sinagog%C4%83" title="Sinagogă">Sinagogă</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin">Rabin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posek — pagină inexistentă">Posek</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazzan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazzan — pagină inexistentă">Hazzan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Preot" title="Preot">Kohen/Preot</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashgiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashgiah — pagină inexistentă">Mashgiah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabbai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabbai — pagină inexistentă">Gabbai</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maggid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maggid — pagină inexistentă">Maggid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beth_din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beth din — pagină inexistentă">Beth din</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosh_yeshiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosh yeshiva — pagină inexistentă">Rosh yeshiva</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ritual </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Circumcizia" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcizia">Circumcizia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/613_porunci" title="613 porunci">613 porunci</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rug%C4%83ciuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugăciuni">Rugăciuni</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Calendarul ebraic<br />și sărbători </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah">Pesah</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98avuot" title="Șavuot">Șavuot</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ro%C8%99_Ha%C8%99ana" title="Roș Hașana">Roș Hașana</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iom_Kipur" title="Iom Kipur">Iom Kipur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanuka</a>· <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tammuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz">Tammuz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Av" title="Av">Av</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ti%C8%99rei" title="Tișrei">Tișrei</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/He%C8%99van" title="Heșvan">Heșvan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98evat" class="mw-redirect" title="Șevat">Șevat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Altele </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lista_sinagogilor_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Lista sinagogilor din România">Lista sinagogilor din România</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">Monoteism</a>· <a href="/wiki/Istoria_evreilor_%C3%AEn_Rom%C3%A2nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Istoria evreilor în România">Istoria evreilor în România</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dumnezeu" title="Dumnezeu">Dumnezeu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Moise" title="Moise">Moise</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">Creștinism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Samariteni" title="Samariteni">Samariteni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">Limba ebraică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_obiecte_cu_importan%C8%9B%C4%83_biblic%C4%83" title="Listă de obiecte cu importanță biblică">Listă de obiecte cu importanță biblică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cortul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2lnirii" title="Cortul întâlnirii">Cortul întâlnirii</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Personalități </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Maimonide" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimonide">Maimonide</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_mesianice" title="Format:Sărbători mesianice"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_mesianice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Sărbători mesianice — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_mesianice&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Sărbători și rânduieli <a href="/wiki/Mesianism" title="Mesianism">mesianice</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sărbători mesianice și<br /> israeliene după calendarul biblic </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Sărbători de primăvară</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C8%99_Hoda%C8%99im&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roș Hodașim — pagină inexistentă">Roș Hodașim</a> (Anul Nou Biblic)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prep%C4%83tirea_pentru_Pa%C8%99ti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prepătirea pentru Paști — pagină inexistentă">Prepătirea pentru Paști</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sabat_haGadol" title="Sabat haGadol">Sabat haGadol</a> (Sâmbăta ce precedă paștile)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Duminica_Floriilor" title="Duminica Floriilor">Floriile</a> (Duminica ce precedă paștile)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%27anit_Behorim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta'anit Behorim — pagină inexistentă">Ta'anit Behorim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bediqat_Hame%C8%9B" title="Bediqat Hameț">Bediqat Hameț</a> (Căutarea dospitelor), și <a href="/wiki/Seder" title="Seder">Cina din ajunul Paștilor</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pesah" title="Pesah">Paști (Pesah)</a> (Sărbătorile Pascale) </p>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hag_haMa%C8%9Bot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hag haMațot">Hag haMațot</a> (Sărbătoarea Azimilor)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefirat_haOmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sefirat haOmer — pagină inexistentă">Sefirat haOmer</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rei%C8%99it_Ka%C8%9Bir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reișit Kațir — pagină inexistentă">Reișit Kațir</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yom_ha%C8%98oa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yom haȘoa — pagină inexistentă">Yom haȘoa</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yom_haZikaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yom haZikaron — pagină inexistentă">Yom haZikaron</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yom_ha-A%C8%9Bma%27ut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yom ha-Ațma'ut — pagină inexistentă">Yom ha-Ațma'ut</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lag_B%27Omer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lag B'Omer — pagină inexistentă">Lag B'Omer</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mem_B%27Omer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mem B'Omer — pagină inexistentă">Mem B'Omer</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yom_Ieru%C8%99alayim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yom Ierușalayim — pagină inexistentă">Yom Ierușalayim</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98avuot" title="Șavuot">Cincizecime (Șavu'ot)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Sărbători de vară</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aom_Tamuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Țom Tamuz">Țom Tamuz</a> (Ziua Spărturii în Zid - 17 Tammuz)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (Ziua distrugerii Tempului - Av 9)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hag_Ie%C8%99ua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hag Ieșua — pagină inexistentă">Hag Ieșua</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Sărbători de toamnă</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamim_Nora%27im&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamim Nora'im — pagină inexistentă">Yamim Nora'im</a> (Zilele ajunului lunii a VII-a)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yom_Terua" title="Yom Terua">Ziua Trâmbițelor</a> (Yom Teru'a)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aom_Gedaliah" class="mw-redirect" title="Țom Gedaliah">Țom Gedaliah</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_(mesianic)" title="Yom Kippur (mesianic)">Yom Kippur</a> (Ziua Ispășirii)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sucot" title="Sucot">Colibi (Sucot)</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C8%99ana_Rava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoșana Rava — pagină inexistentă">Hoșana Rava</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98emini_A%C8%9Beret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Șemini Ațeret — pagină inexistentă">Șemini Ațeret</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Simhat_Tora" class="mw-redirect" title="Simhat Tora">Simhat Tora</a> (Darea Torei)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Sărbători de iarnă</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanuka (Luminile)</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Asara_B%27Tevet" title="Asara B'Tevet">Asara B'Tevet</a> (10 Tevet)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tu_B%27%C8%98evat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tu B'Șevat — pagină inexistentă">Tu B'Șevat</a> (15 Șevat - An Nou pt. Pomi)  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Estera" title="Estera">Estera</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim (Sorți)</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Messianic_Seal_with_8_Caldles.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cheia lui David"><img alt="Cheia lui David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Messianic_Seal_with_8_Caldles.png/75px-Messianic_Seal_with_8_Caldles.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Messianic_Seal_with_8_Caldles.png/113px-Messianic_Seal_with_8_Caldles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Messianic_Seal_with_8_Caldles.png/150px-Messianic_Seal_with_8_Caldles.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516378v">cb13516378v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516378v">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4322509-3">4322509-3</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85058776">sh85058776</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641125">10641125</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph384530&CON_LNG=ENG">ph384530</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027900703">027900703</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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