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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>19th century war novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_war_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I and World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I and World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Korean war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_and_later_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_and_later_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vietnam and later wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_and_later_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel%C2%B7la_b%C3%A8l%C2%B7lica" title="Novel·la bèl·lica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Novel·la bèl·lica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsroman" title="Kriegsroman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kriegsroman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jaromaan" title="Sõjaromaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjaromaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novela_b%C3%A9lica" title="Novela bélica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novela bélica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militnovelo" title="Militnovelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militnovelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_guerre" title="Roman de guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roman de guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War novel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojni_roman" title="Vojni roman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojni roman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95" title="ڕۆمانی شەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆمانی شەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/War_novel" title="Special:EditPage/War novel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22War+novel%22">"War novel"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22War+novel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22War+novel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22War+novel%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22War+novel%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22War+novel%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">Belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">Right of self-defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>war novel</b> or <b>military fiction</b> is a novel about war. It is a novel in which the primary action takes place on a battlefield, or in a civilian setting (or <a href="/wiki/Home_front" title="Home front">home front</a>), where the characters are preoccupied with the preparations for, suffering the effects of, or recovering from war. Many war novels are <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novels</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg/300px-Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg/450px-Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg/600px-Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> 1815</figcaption></figure> <p>The war novel's origins are in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> periods, especially <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad">The Iliad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aeneid" class="mw-redirect" title="The Aeneid">The Aeneid</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagas">sagas</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian literature">Arthurian literature</a>. All of these epics were concerned with preserving the history or <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of conflicts between different societies, while providing an accessible narrative that could reinforce the <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> of a people. Other important influences on the war novel included the <a href="/wiki/Tragedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedies">tragedies</a> of dramatists such as <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>. Euripides' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a></i> is a powerfully disturbing play on the theme of war's horrors, apparently critical of Athenian imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i>, which focuses on events immediately before and after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> (1415) during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, provides a model for how the history, <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a>, and ethics of war could be combined in an essentially fictional framework. <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">Romances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Europe">Early Modern Europe</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, to name but two, also contain elements that influenced the later development of war novels. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Imagery_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagery (literature)">imagery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a>, many modern war novels (especially those espousing an <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> viewpoint) are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s depiction of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Inferno</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s account of the war in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a> as depicted in the biblical <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></i>. A notable non-western example of war novel is <a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i>. </p><p>As the realistic form of the novel rose to prominence in the seventeenth century, the war novel began to develop its modern form, although most novels featuring war were <a href="/wiki/Picaresque" class="mw-redirect" title="Picaresque">picaresque</a> satires rather than truly realistic portraits of war. An example of one such work is <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_Simplicissimus" title="Simplicius Simplicissimus">Simplicius Simplicissimus</a></i>, a semi-autobiographical account of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century_war_novels">19th century war novels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century war novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war novel came of age during the nineteenth century, with works like <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a></i> (1839), which features the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> (1869), about the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Badge_of_Courage" title="The Red Badge of Courage">The Red Badge of Courage</a></i> (1895), which deals with the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. All of these works feature realistic depictions of major battles, scenes of wartime horror and atrocities, and significant insights into the nature of heroism and cowardice, as well as the exploration of moral questions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_and_World_War_II">World War I and World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World War I produced an unprecedented number of war novels, by writers from countries on all sides of the conflict. One of the first and most influential of these was the 1916 novel <i>Le Feu</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Fire_(Barbusse_novel)" title="Under Fire (Barbusse novel)">Under Fire</a></i>) by the French novelist and soldier <a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a>. Barbusse's novel, with its open criticism of nationalist dogma and military incompetence, initiated the anti-war movement in literature that flourished after the war. </p><p>Of equal significance is the autobiographical work of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>, <i>In Stahlgewittern</i> (1920) (<a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a>). Distinctly different from novels like Barbusse's and later <a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a>'s <i>Im Westen nichts Neues</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front" title="All Quiet on the Western Front">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i>), Jünger instead writes of the war as a valiant hero who embraced combat and brotherhood in spite of the horror. The work not only provides for an under-represented perspective of the War, but it also gives insight into the German sentiment that they were never actually defeated in the First World War. </p><p>The post-1918 period produced a vast range of war novels, including such "home front" novels as <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">Rebecca West</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Soldier" title="The Return of the Soldier">The Return of the Soldier</a></i> (1918), about a <a href="/wiki/Shell_shock" title="Shell shock">shell shocked</a> soldier's difficult re-integration into British society; <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9rambault_(novel)" title="Clérambault (novel)">Clérambault</a></i> (1920), about a grieving father's enraged protest against French <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>; and <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Soldiers" title="Three Soldiers">Three Soldiers</a></i> (1921), one of a relatively small number of <a href="/wiki/American_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="American novel">American novels</a> about the First World War. Also in the post–World War I period, the subject of war is dealt with in an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> novels, many of which were not "war novels" in the conventional sense, but which featured characters whose <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> from society stemmed directly from wartime experiences. One example of this type of novel is <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Dalloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs. Dalloway">Mrs. Dalloway</a></i> (1925)', in which a key <a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">subplot</a> concerns the tortuous descent of a young veteran, Septimus Warren Smith, toward insanity and suicide. In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Stallings" title="Laurence Stallings">Laurence Stallings</a> published his autobiographical war novel, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plumes_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plumes (novel) (page does not exist)">Plumes</a></i>. </p><p>The 1920s saw the so-called "war book boom," during which many men who had fought during the war were finally ready to write openly and critically about their war experiences. In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a>'s <i>Im Westen nichts Neues</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front" title="All Quiet on the Western Front">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i>) was a massive, worldwide <a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">bestseller</a>, not least for its brutally realistic account of the horrors of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> from the perspective of a German <a href="/wiki/Infantryman" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantryman">infantryman</a>. Less well known but equally shocking in its account of the horrors of trench warfare is the earlier <a href="/wiki/Stratis_Myrivilis" title="Stratis Myrivilis">Stratis Myrivilis</a>' Greek novel <i>Life in the Tomb</i>, which was first published in serialised form in the weekly newspaper <i>Kambana</i> (April 1923 – January 1924), and then in revised and much expanded form in 1930. Also significant were <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zweig" title="Arnold Zweig">Arnold Zweig</a>'s <i>Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa</i> (1927) (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Sergeant_Grischa" title="The Case of Sergeant Grischa">The Case of Sergeant Grischa</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a></i> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Richard Aldington</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Hero" title="Death of a Hero">Death of a Hero</a></i> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Yale_Harrison" title="Charles Yale Harrison">Charles Yale Harrison</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Generals_Die_in_Bed" title="Generals Die in Bed">Generals Die in Bed</a></i> (1930), <a href="/wiki/William_March" title="William March">William March</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Company_K" title="Company K">Company K</a></i> (1933), and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Cobb" title="Humphrey Cobb">Humphrey Cobb</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paths_of_Glory_(Cobb_novel)" title="Paths of Glory (Cobb novel)">Paths of Glory</a></i> (1935). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Britain_(1941)_(Art.IWM_ART_LD_1550).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Britain_%281941%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_1550%29.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Britain_%281941%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_1550%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Britain_%281941%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_1550%29.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Britain_%281941%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_1550%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Battle_of_Britain_%281941%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_1550%29.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Britain_%281941%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_1550%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> (1941), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Novels about World War I appeared less in the 1930s, though during this decade historical novels about earlier wars became popular. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1936), which recalls the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, is an example of works of this trend. <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s <i>The Unvanquished</i> (1938) is his only novel that focuses on the Civil War years, but he deals with the subject of the long, aftermath of it in works like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> (1929) and <i><a href="/wiki/Absalom,_Absalom!" title="Absalom, Absalom!">Absalom, Absalom!</a></i> (1936). </p><p>The 1990s and early 21st century saw another resurgence of novels about the First World War, with <a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Pat Barker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_Trilogy" title="Regeneration Trilogy">Regeneration Trilogy</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(novel)" title="Regeneration (novel)">Regeneration</a></i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_in_the_Door" title="The Eye in the Door">The Eye in the Door</a></i> (1993), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Road" title="The Ghost Road">The Ghost Road</a></i> (1995), and <i><a href="/wiki/Birdsong_(novel)" title="Birdsong (novel)">Birdsong</a></i> (1993) by English writer <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Faulks" title="Sebastian Faulks">Sebastian Faulks</a>, and more recently <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_to_a_Loaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three to a Loaf (page does not exist)">Three to a Loaf</a></i> (2008) by Canadian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Goodspeed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Goodspeed (page does not exist)">Michael Goodspeed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_popular_culture#Novels" title="World War II in popular culture">Novels</a></div> <p>World War II gave rise to a new boom in contemporary war novels. Unlike World War I novels, a European-dominated genre, World War II novels were produced in the greatest numbers by American writers, who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(author)" title="James Jones (author)">James Jones</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity_(novel)" title="From Here to Eternity (novel)">From Here to Eternity</a></i>, and Hemingway's <i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i>, the latter a novel set in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Troubled_Sleep" title="Troubled Sleep">Troubled Sleep</a></i> (1949) (originally translated as <i>Iron in the Soul</i>), the third part in the trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/Les_chemins_de_la_libert%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Les chemins de la liberté">Les chemins de la liberté</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roads_to_Freedom" title="The Roads to Freedom">The Roads to Freedom</a></i>, "depicts the fall of France in 1940, and the anguished feelings of a group of Frenchmen whose pre-war apathy gives way to a consciousness of the dignity of individual resistance - to the German occupation and to fate in general - and solidarity with people similarly oppressed."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous volume <i>Le sursis</i> (1945<i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Reprieve" title="The Reprieve">The Reprieve</a></i>, explores the ramifications of the appeasement pact that Great Britain and France signed with Nazi Germany in 1938. Another significant French war novel was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulle" title="Pierre Boulle">Pierre Boulle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge over the River Kwai">Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï</a></i> (1952) (<i>The Bridge over the River Kwai</i>). He served as a secret agent under the name Peter John Rule and helped the resistance movement in China, Burma and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. War is a constant and central theme of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a> (1913 – 2005), the French novelist and the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate_in_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate in Literature">Nobel Laureate in Literature</a>: "It is present in one form or another in almost all of Simon's published works, "Simon often contrasts various individuals' experiences of different historical conflicts in a single novel; World War I and the Second World War in <i>L'Acacia</i> (which also takes into account the impact of war on the widows of soldiers); the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and the Second World War in <i>Les Géorgiques</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in the cavalry in 1940 and even took part in an attack on horseback against tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The finest of all those novels is the one in which his own brief experience of warfare is used to tremendous effect: <i>La Route Des Flandres</i> (<i>The Flanders Road,</i> 1960) [...] There, war becomes a metaphor all too suitable for the human condition in general, as the forms and protocols of the social order dissolve into murderous chaos.'"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French philosopher and novelist, </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bomb_Damage_in_London_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bomb_Damage_in_London_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36157.jpg/330px-Bomb_Damage_in_London_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36157.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bomb_Damage_in_London_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36157.jpg/500px-Bomb_Damage_in_London_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bomb_Damage_in_London_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36157.jpg/960px-Bomb_Damage_in_London_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Bomb damage in London, England during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">bombing of London in 1940-1</a> is the subject of three British novels published in 1943; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>'s <i>The Ministry of Fear</i>, <a href="/wiki/James_Hanley_(novelist)" title="James Hanley (novelist)">James Hanley</a>'s <i>No Direction</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Green" title="Henry Green">Henry Green</a>'s <i>Caught</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene's later <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Affair" title="The End of the Affair">The End of the Affair</a></i> (1951) is set mainly during the <a href="/wiki/Flying_bomb" title="Flying bomb">flying bomb</a> raids on London of 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bernard Bergonzi "[d]uring the war the preferred form of new fiction for new fiction writers [in Britain] was the short story".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a>'s historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Glendower_(novel)" title="Owen Glendower (novel)">Owen Glendower</a></i> is set in the fifteenth century historical parallels exist between the beginning of the fifteenth century and the late 1930s and early 1940s: "A sense of contemporataneousness is ever present in <i>Owen Glendower</i>. We are in a world of change like our own".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel was conceived at a time when the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major topic of public debate" and completed on 24 December 1939, a few months after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "Argument" that prefaced the (American) first edition of 1941, Powys comments "the beginning of the fifteenth century [...] saw the beginning of one of the most momentous and startling epochs of <i>transition</i> that the world has known".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was written in May 1940, and "[t]here can be no doubt" that readers of the novel would have "registered the connection between the actions of the book and the events of their own world".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Stood_the_Wind_for_France" title="Fair Stood the Wind for France">Fair Stood the Wind for France</a></i> is a 1944 novel by <a href="/wiki/H._E._Bates" title="H. E. Bates">H. E. Bates</a>, which is concerned with a pilot of a <a href="/wiki/Wellington_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington bomber">Wellington bomber</a>, who badly injures his arm when he brings his plane down in German-<a href="/wiki/Occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied France">occupied France</a> at the height of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. Eventually he and his crew make the hazardous journey back to Britain by rowing boat, bicycle and train. Bates was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) solely to write short stories, because the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> realised that the populace was less concerned with facts and figures about the war, than it was with reading about those who were fighting it. </p><p>British novelist <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Put_Out_More_Flags" title="Put Out More Flags">Put Out More Flags</a></i> (1942) is set during the "<a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>", following the wartime activities of characters introduced in his earlier satirical novels, and Finnish novelist <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Linna" title="Väinö Linna">Väinö Linna</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Soldier_(novel)" title="The Unknown Soldier (novel)">The Unknown Soldier</a></i> (1954) set during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> telling the viewpoint of ordinary Finnish soldiers. Waugh's <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Honour" title="Sword of Honour">Sword of Honour</a> trilogy, <i><a href="/wiki/Men_at_Arms_(Evelyn_Waugh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Men at Arms (Evelyn Waugh)">Men at Arms</a></i> (1952), <i><a href="/wiki/Officers_and_Gentlemen" title="Officers and Gentlemen">Officers and Gentlemen</a></i> (1955) and <i>Unconditional Surrender</i> (1961) (published as <i>The End of the Battle</i> in the US), loosely parallel Waugh's experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Waugh received the 1952 <a href="/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize" title="James Tait Black Memorial Prize">James Tait Black Memorial Prize</a> for <i>Men at Arms</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowen" title="Elizabeth Bowen">Elizabeth Bowen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heat_of_the_Day" title="The Heat of the Day">The Heat of the Day</a></i> (1948) is another war novel. However, even though events occur mainly during World War II, the violence of war is usually absent from the narration: "two years after the Blitz, Londoners, no longer traumatised by nightly raids, were growing acclimatised to ruin."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than a period of material destruction, war functions instead as a circumstance that alters normality in people's lives. Stella confesses to Robert: "'<i>we</i> are friends of circumstance⎯war, this isolation, this atmosphere in which everything goes on and nothing's said."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, some isolated passages that deal with the bombings of London:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More experimental and unconventional American works in the post-war period included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a>'s satirical <i><a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i>, an early example of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>. Norman Mailer's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_and_the_Dead" title="The Naked and the Dead">The Naked and the Dead</a></i>, Irwin Shaw's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Lions_(novel)" title="The Young Lions (novel)">The Young Lions</a></i>, and James Jones' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(1962_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thin Red Line (1962 novel)">The Thin Red Line</a></i>, all explore the personal nature of war within the context of intense combat. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient" title="The English Patient">The English Patient</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/1992_in_literature" title="1992 in literature">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize-winning</a> <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> by Canadian novelist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>. The book follows four dissimilar people brought together at an Italian villa during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The four main characters are: an unrecognisably burned man—the titular patient, presumed to be English; his <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army nurse</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sapper</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Thief" class="mw-redirect" title="Thief">thief</a>. The story occurs during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> and is about the incremental revelations of the patient's actions prior to his injuries and the emotional effects of these revelations on the other characters. </p><p>The decades following World War II period also saw the rise of other types of war novel. One is the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> novel, of which Canadian <a href="/wiki/A.M._Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="A.M. Klein">A.M. Klein</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Scroll" title="The Second Scroll">The Second Scroll</a></i>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man" title="If This Is a Man">If This Is a Man</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/If_Not_Now,_When%3F_(novel)" title="If Not Now, When? (novel)">If Not Now, When?</a></i>, and American <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a></i> are key examples. Another is the novel of internment or persecution (other than in the Holocaust), in which characters find themselves imprisoned or deprived of their civil rights as a direct result of war. An example is <a href="/wiki/Joy_Kogawa" title="Joy Kogawa">Joy Kogawa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Obasan" title="Obasan">Obasan</a></i>, which is about Canada's deportation and internment of its citizens of Japanese descent during World War II. Similarly, the life story of a Ukrainian boy who is at first interned in a labour camp and then drafted to fight for Russia is depicted in UKRAINE - In the Time of War, by Sonia Campbell-Gillies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_Rain_(novel)" title="Black Rain (novel)">Black Rain</a>(1965) by <a href="/wiki/Masuji_Ibuse" title="Masuji Ibuse">Masuji Ibuse</a> is a novel based on the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_and_Poison" title="The Sea and Poison">The Sea and Poison</a> (1957) by <a href="/wiki/Shusaku_Endo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shusaku Endo">Shusaku Endo</a> is about Japanese medical experimentation on an American POW. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_war">Korean war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Korean war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg/220px-South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg/330px-South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg/440px-South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>South Korean refugees mid-1950</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost immediately following World War II was the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953). The American novelist's <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker_(author)" title="Richard Hooker (author)">Richard Hooker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/MASH:_A_Novel_About_Three_Army_Doctors" title="MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors">MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors</a></i> is a black comedy set in Korea during the war; it was made into a movie and a successful television series. In his "<i>A World Turned Colder</i>: A Very Brief Assessment of Korean War Literature", Pinaki Roy attempted in 2013 to provide a critical overview of the different publications, principally novels, published on the war.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam_and_later_wars">Vietnam and later wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vietnam and later wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II, the war that has attracted the greatest number of novelists is the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quiet_American" title="The Quiet American">The Quiet American</a></i> was the first novel to explore the origins of the Vietnam war in the French colonial atmosphere of the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_(author)" title="Tim O'Brien (author)">Tim O'Brien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Things_They_Carried" title="The Things They Carried">The Things They Carried</a></i> is a cycle of Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">vignettes</a> that reads like a novel. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_of_War" title="The Sorrow of War">The Sorrow of War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bao_Ninh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bao Ninh">Bao Ninh</a> is a poignant account of the war from the Vietnamese perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and the absence of wars equalling the magnitude of the two world wars, the majority of war novelists have concentrated on how <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> and the ambiguities of time affect the meaning and experience of war. In her <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_Trilogy" title="Regeneration Trilogy">Regeneration Trilogy</a>, British novelist <a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Pat Barker</a> reimagines World War I from a contemporary perspective. <a href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dogs" title="Black Dogs">Black Dogs</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Atonement_(novel)" title="Atonement (novel)">Atonement</a></i> take a similarly retrospective approach to World War II, including such events as the British retreat from <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> in 1940 and the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> invasion of France. The work of <a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a>, most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Austerlitz_(novel)" title="Austerlitz (novel)">Austerlitz</a></i>, is a postmodern inquiry into Germany's struggle to come to terms with its troubled past. </p><p>Some contemporary novels emphasize action and intrigue above thematic depth. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October" title="The Hunt for Red October">The Hunt for Red October</a></i> is a technically detailed account of submarine espionage during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and many of <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a>'s spy novels are basically war novels for an age in which bureaucracy often replaces open combat. Another adaptation is the apocalyptic Christian novel, which focuses on the final showdown between universal forces of good and evil. <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a> is the author most readily associated with this genre. Many <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy novel">fantasy novels</a>, too, use the traditional war novel as a departure point for depictions of fictional wars in imaginary realms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> was also an interesting case for novelists. Events and memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> has led to unique war novels. <a href="/wiki/Noureddin,_Son_of_Iran" title="Noureddin, Son of Iran">Noureddin, Son of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_Woman%27s_War:_Da_(Mother)" title="One Woman's War: Da (Mother)">One Woman's War: Da (Mother)</a> are among the many novels which reminds the horrible situation of war. Many of these novels are based on the interviews performed with participants and their memoirs. </p><p>The post <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> literary world has produced few war novels that address current events in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>. One example is <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cleave" title="Chris Cleave">Chris Cleave</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_(novel)" title="Incendiary (novel)">Incendiary</a></i> (2005), which made headlines after its publication,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for appearing to anticipate the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">War poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in popular culture">The Holocaust in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_novels" title="Category:War novels">Category:War novels</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the April 26, 1937, two days after Powys began his novel, the Spanish town of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gernika" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Gernika">Guernica</a>, was bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>. It inspired the painting <i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (painting)">Guernica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a critical overview of the different Vietnam War novels written or translated into English, see Pinaki Roy's "<i>The Minds at War</i>: Sensibilities in Select Vietnam War Novels", published in <i>The Atlantic Literary Review Quarterly International</i> (Vol. 9, No. 4, October–December 2008, pp. 121–37, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1091-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1091-5">978-81-269-1091-5</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0972-3269">0972-3269</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses Hadas, <i>Ten Plays by Euripides</i>, Bantam Classic (2006), page 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Random House blurb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSturrock2005" class="citation news cs1">Sturrock, John (11 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jul/11/guardianobituaries.france">"John Sturrock, "Obituary" <i>The Guardian</i>, 11 July, 2005"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410140423/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jul/11/guardianobituaries.france">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=John+Sturrock%2C+%22Obituary%22+The+Guardian%2C+11+July%2C+2005&rft.date=2005-07-11&rft.aulast=Sturrock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fjul%2F11%2Fguardianobituaries.france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Sturrock, "Obituary"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Sturrock, "Obituary"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergonzi, Bernard, <i>War and Aftermath: English Literature and its Background 1939-60.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergonzi, Bernard, <i>War and Aftermath</i>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergonzi, Bernard, <i>War and Aftermath</i>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Williams, <i>John Cowper Powys</i> (Brigend: Seren, 1997), p.126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Lock, "<i>Owen Glendower</i> and the Dashing of Expectations". <i>The Powys Journal</i>, vol. XV, 2005, p.71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Keith, <i>Aspects of John Cowper Powys's 'Owen Glendower' </i>, p.69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellmann, 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Heat of the Day</i>, 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Heat of the Day</i>, 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Gillies2016" class="citation book cs1">Campbell-Gillies, Ms Sonia (8 September 2016). <i>UKRAINE - In the Time of War: UKRAINE - When will Peace reign?</i> (1 ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781537546179" title="Special:BookSources/9781537546179"><bdi>9781537546179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UKRAINE+-+In+the+Time+of+War%3A+UKRAINE+-+When+will+Peace+reign%3F&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.isbn=9781537546179&rft.aulast=Campbell-Gillies&rft.aufirst=Ms+Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Atlantic Literary Review Quarterly</i> 14 (3), July–September 2013, pp. 39-53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSansom2005" class="citation news cs1">Sansom, Ian (21 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/books/review/21SANSOM.html">"Dear Osama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York, New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122004129/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/books/review/21SANSOM.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dear+Osama&rft.date=2005-08-21&rft.aulast=Sansom&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F21%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F21SANSOM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_novel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beidler, Philip D., <i>American Literature and the Experience of Vietnam</i> (U Georgia Press, 1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820306126" title="Special:BookSources/0820306126">0820306126</a></li> <li>Bergonzi, Bernard, <i>Heroes' Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War</i> (Coward-McCann, 1965). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/349598">349598</a></li> <li>Buitenhuis, Peter, <i>The Great War of Words: British, American and Canadian Propaganda and Fiction, 1914–1933</i> (UBC Press).</li> <li>Casadei, Alberto, <i>Romanzi di Finisterre: Narrazione della guerra e problemi del realismo</i>, Roma, Carocci, 2000.</li> <li>Cobley, Evelyn, <i>Representing War: Form and Ideology in First World War Narratives</i> (U of Toronto Press, 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802005373" title="Special:BookSources/0802005373">0802005373</a></li> <li>Cooperman, Stanley, <i>World War I and the American Novel</i> (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press,1967). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/269388">269388</a></li> <li>Dawes, James, <i>The Language of War</i> (Harvard UP).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Fussell, Paul</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Modern_Memory" title="The Great War and Modern Memory">The Great War and Modern Memory</a></i> (Oxford UP); <i>Wartime</i> (Oxford UP). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195019180" title="Special:BookSources/0195019180">0195019180</a></li> <li>Craig, David and Michael Egan. <i>Extreme Situations: Literature and Crisis from the Great War to the Atom Bomb</i> (Macmillan). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333245792" title="Special:BookSources/0333245792">0333245792</a></li> <li>Friedman, Saul S. (Ed.) <i>Holocaust Literature: A Collection of Critical, Historical, and Literary Writings</i> (Greenwood Press)</li> <li>Harvey, A.D., <i>A Muse of Fire: Literature, Art and War</i>, London, Hambledon Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852851686" title="Special:BookSources/1852851686">1852851686</a></li> <li>Horowitz, Sara R, <i>Voicing the Void: Muteness and Memory in Holocaust Fiction</i> (SUNY UP). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3130-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3130-4">0-7914-3130-4</a></li> <li>Isnenghi, Mario, <i>Il mito della grande guerra</i> (Bologna, Il Mulino).</li> <li>Madison and Schaefer (Eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of American War Literature</i> (Greenwood Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30648-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30648-6">0-313-30648-6</a></li> <li>Novak, Dagmar, <i>Dubious Glory: The Canadian Novel and the Two World Wars</i> (Peter Lang). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820445495" title="Special:BookSources/0820445495">0820445495</a></li> <li>Rossi, Umberto, <i>Il secolo di fuoco: Introduzione alla letteratura di guerra del Novecento</i>, Roma, Bulzoni, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7870-320-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7870-320-9">978-88-7870-320-9</a></li> <li>Roy, Pinaki, <i>The Scarlet Critique</i>, New Delhi, Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-991-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-991-0">978-81-7625-991-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Wilson, Edmund</a>, <i>Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War</i> (WW Norton). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/269476">269476</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox472" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908667#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128226-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570755">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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