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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corsair_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corsair_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Corsair base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corsair_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dunkirk_in_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dunkirk_in_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dunkirk in World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dunkirk_in_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dunkirk_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dunkirk_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dunkirk in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dunkirk_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evacuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Evacuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_Dunkirk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_Dunkirk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Postwar Dunkirk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_Dunkirk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections_second_round" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections_second_round"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presidential elections second round</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections_second_round-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prototype_metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prototype_metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Prototype metre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prototype_metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tourist attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendship_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Friendship links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dunkirk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinkerken" title="Duinkerken – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duinkerken" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnkirchen" title="Dünkirchen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dünkirchen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="دونكيرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دونكيرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnkerk" title="Dünkerk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dünkerk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="دونکرک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دونکرک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dunkirk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дзюнкерк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дункерк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дункерк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дюнкерк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnkirchn" title="Dünkirchn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dünkirchn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukark" title="Dukark – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dukark" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дюнкерк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerk" title="Dunkerk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dunkerk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Δουνκέρκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουνκέρκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="دانکرک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانکرک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAntsjerk" title="Dúntsjerk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dúntsjerk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%90%AD%EC%BC%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="됭케르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="됭케르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Դյունկերկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դյունկերկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="दैंकर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दैंकर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дюнкерк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="דנקרק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דנקרק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinkerken" title="Duinkerken – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Duinkerken" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="დიუნკერკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიუნკერკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerka" title="Dunkerka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Dunkerka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дюнкерк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dunkirk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunquerca" title="Dunquerca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dunquerca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denkerka" title="Denkerka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Denkerka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diunkerkas" title="Diunkerkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Diunkerkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinkerke" title="Duinkerke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duinkerke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque_(Frantsa)" title="Dunkerque (Frantsa) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dunkerque (Frantsa)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="डंकर्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डंकर्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="دونكيرك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دونكيرك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="دنکرک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دنکرک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinkerke" title="Duinkerke – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duinkerke" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCnkarke" title="Düünkarke – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Düünkarke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ダンケルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダンケルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%BA" title="ДуьнкегӀк – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ДуьнкегӀк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinkerke" title="Duinkerke – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Duinkerke" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunqu%C3%A8rca" title="Dunquèrca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dunquèrca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_(Fransiya)" title="Dunkirk (Fransiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dunkirk (Fransiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnkirchen" title="Dünkirchen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Dünkirchen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunk%C3%A8ke" title="Dunkèke – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dunkèke" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCnkarken" title="Düünkarken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düünkarken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkierka" title="Dunkierka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dunkierka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Ντανκέρκ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ντανκέρκ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunquerque" title="Dunquerque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dunquerque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnnkerrsche" title="Dünnkerrsche – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dünnkerrsche" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дюнкерк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dunkirk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dunkirk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dunkirk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Денкерк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Денкерк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="டன்கிர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டன்கிர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дюнкерк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เดิงแกร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดิงแกร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Дюнкерк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дюнкерк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ڈنکرک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈنکرک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongl%C3%A9jhe" title="Dongléjhe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dongléjhe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duunkerke" title="Duunkerke – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duunkerke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dunkerque" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E5%88%BB%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="敦刻尔克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="敦刻尔克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="דונקערק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דונקערק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%AF%87%E5%85%8B" title="鄧寇克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄧寇克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duunkerke" title="Duunkerke – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duunkerke" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E5%88%BB%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="敦刻尔克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敦刻尔克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunkirk&params=51.0383_N_2.3775_E_type:city(87013)_region:FR-HDF"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°02′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°22′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.0383°N 2.377500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.0383; 2.377500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the French commune. For the World War II evacuation, see <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>. For other uses of Dunkirk or Dunkerque, see <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dunkirk (disambiguation)">Dunkirk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Dunkirk</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dunkerque</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span> <br /> <span title="West Flemish-language text"><i lang="vls">Duunkerke</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/West_Flemish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Flemish language">West Flemish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France" title="Subprefectures in France">Subprefecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_hotel_de_ville_vu_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hôtel de Ville and port"><img alt="The Hôtel de Ville and port" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dunkerque_hotel_de_ville_vu_port.jpg/330px-Dunkerque_hotel_de_ville_vu_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dunkerque_hotel_de_ville_vu_port.jpg/500px-Dunkerque_hotel_de_ville_vu_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dunkerque_hotel_de_ville_vu_port.jpg/960px-Dunkerque_hotel_de_ville_vu_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Dunkirk" title="Hôtel de Ville, Dunkirk">Hôtel de Ville</a> and port</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Dunkirk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Dunkirk"><img alt="Flag of Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Dunkirk.svg/120px-Flag_of_Dunkirk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Dunkirk.svg/250px-Flag_of_Dunkirk.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="324" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Dunkirk"><img alt="Coat of arms of Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg/250px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="3653" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Location of Dunkirk</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_f49e1927844fbf90bb30dc438b782b55ec9d239e"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Dunkirk&revid=1281675484&groups=_f49e1927844fbf90bb30dc438b782b55ec9d239e" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Dunkirk&revid=1281675484&groups=_f49e1927844fbf90bb30dc438b782b55ec9d239e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunkirk is located in France"><img alt="Dunkirk is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/270px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/405px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/540px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:4.397%;left:51.756%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dunkirk"><img alt="Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dunkirk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of France</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hauts-de-France_region_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunkirk is located in Hauts-de-France"><img alt="Dunkirk is located in Hauts-de-France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hauts-de-France_region_location_map.svg/270px-Hauts-de-France_region_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hauts-de-France_region_location_map.svg/405px-Hauts-de-France_region_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hauts-de-France_region_location_map.svg/540px-Hauts-de-France_region_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1742" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.344%;left:37.706%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dunkirk"><img alt="Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dunkirk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Hauts-de-France</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunkirk&params=51.0383_N_2.3775_E_type:city(87013)_region:FR-HDF"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°02′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°22′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.0383°N 2.377500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.0383; 2.377500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">Arrondissement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Dunkerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissement of Dunkerque">Dunkerque</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">Canton</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Dunkerque-1" title="Canton of Dunkerque-1">Dunkerque-1</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Dunkerque-2" title="Canton of Dunkerque-2">Dunkerque-2</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grande-Synthe" title="Canton of Grande-Synthe">Grande-Synthe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France#Intercommunality" title="Communes of France">Intercommunality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_urbaine_de_Dunkerque" title="Communauté urbaine de Dunkerque">Dunkerque</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024–2026) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Vergriete" title="Patrice Vergriete">Patrice Vergriete</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">DVG</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup><b>1</b></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">43.89 km<sup>2</sup> (16.95 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popref2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popref2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">87,013</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000/km<sup>2</sup> (5,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dunkirkers (en),<br />Dunkerquois (fr)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/INSEE_code" title="INSEE code">INSEE</a>/Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-59183">59183</a> /59140, 59240, 59640</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">0–17 m (0–56 ft) <br />(avg. 4 m or 13 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ville-dunkerque.fr">www<wbr />.ville-dunkerque<wbr />.fr</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><sup><b>1</b></sup> French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dunkirk</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">dun-<span style="font-size:90%">KURK</span></i></a>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DUN</span>-kurk</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Dunkerque</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[dœ̃kɛʁk]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/78\/Fr-Dunkerque.ogg\/Fr-Dunkerque.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Dunkerque.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Fr-Dunkerque.ogg/Fr-Dunkerque.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Dunkerque.ogg" title="File:Fr-Dunkerque.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>: <i>Dunkèke</i>; <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Flemish language">West Flemish</a>: <i lang="vls">Duunkerke</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Duinkerke</i> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Duinkerken</i></span>) is a major port city in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a> in northern France.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> border. It has the third-largest French harbour. The population of the commune in 2019 was 86,279. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_language_use">Etymology and language use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and language use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Dunkirk derives from <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <span title="West Flemish-language text"><i lang="vls">dun(e)</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dune</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">dun</a>' and <span title="West Flemish-language text"><i lang="vls">kerke</i></span> 'church', thus 'church in the dunes'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller town 25 km (15 miles) farther up the Flemish coast originally shared the same name, but was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Oostduinkerke" title="Oostduinkerke">Oostduinkerke</a>(n) in order to avoid confusion. </p><p>Until the middle of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a> (the local variety of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>) was commonly spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinteligiuskerkduinkerke_11-03-2009_13-59-42.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sinteligiuskerkduinkerke_11-03-2009_13-59-42.JPG/250px-Sinteligiuskerkduinkerke_11-03-2009_13-59-42.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sinteligiuskerkduinkerke_11-03-2009_13-59-42.JPG/330px-Sinteligiuskerkduinkerke_11-03-2009_13-59-42.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sinteligiuskerkduinkerke_11-03-2009_13-59-42.JPG/500px-Sinteligiuskerkduinkerke_11-03-2009_13-59-42.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-%C3%89loi,_Dunkirk" title="Church of Saint-Éloi, Dunkirk">Saint Eloi Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">fishing village</a> arose late in the tenth century, in the originally flooded coastal area of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Scheldt" title="Western Scheldt">Western Scheldt</a>, when the area was held by the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Counts of Flanders</a>, vassals of the <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">French</a> Crown. About AD 960, Count <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin III, Count of Flanders">Baldwin III</a> had a town wall erected in order to protect the settlement against <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids. The surrounding wetlands were drained and cultivated by the monks of nearby <a href="/wiki/Bergues" title="Bergues">Bergues</a> Abbey. The name <i>Dunkirka</i> was first mentioned in a <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a> privilege of 27 May 1067, issued by Count <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin V, Count of Flanders">Baldwin V of Flanders</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Count <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip I</a> (1157–1191) brought further large tracts of marshland under cultivation, laid out the first plans to build a <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_Bergues" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal de Bergues">Canal from Dunkirk to Bergues</a> and vested the Dunkirkers with <a href="/wiki/Market_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Market rights">market rights</a>. </p><p>In the late 13th century, when the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dampierre" title="House of Dampierre">Dampierre</a> count <a href="/wiki/Guy,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Guy, Count of Flanders">Guy of Flanders</a> entered into the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_War_(1297%E2%80%931305)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305)">Franco-Flemish War</a> against his <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerain</a> King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philippe IV</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, the citizens of Dunkirk sided with the French against their count, who at first was defeated at the 1297 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Furnes" title="Battle of Furnes">Battle of Furnes</a>, but reached <i>de facto</i> autonomy upon the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs" title="Battle of the Golden Spurs">Battle of the Golden Spurs</a> five years later and exacted vengeance. Guy's son, Count <a href="/wiki/Robert_III,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert III, Count of Flanders">Robert III</a> (1305–1322), nevertheless granted further city rights to Dunkirk; his successor Count <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Louis I, Count of Flanders">Louis I</a> (1322–1346) had to face the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_revolt_in_Flanders_1323%E2%80%931328" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–1328">Peasant revolt of 1323–1328</a>, which was crushed by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philippe VI</a> of France at the 1328 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassel_(1328)" title="Battle of Cassel (1328)">Battle of Cassel</a>, whereafter the Dunkirkers again were affected by the repressive measures of the French king. </p><p>Count Louis remained a loyal vassal of the French king upon the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> in 1337, and prohibited the maritime trade, which led to another revolt by the Dunkirk citizens. After the count had been killed in the 1346 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a>, his son and successor Count <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Louis I, Count of Flanders">Louis II of Flanders</a> (1346–1384) signed a truce with the English; the trade again flourished and the port was significantly enlarged. However, in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> from 1378, English supporters of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Pope Urban VI</a> (the Roman claimant) disembarked at Dunkirk, captured the city and flooded the surrounding estates. They were ejected by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a>, but left great devastations in and around the town. </p><p>Upon the extinction of the Counts of Flanders with the death of Louis II in 1384, Flanders was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundian</a>, Duke <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a>. The fortifications were again enlarged, including the construction of a belfry <a href="/wiki/Daymark" title="Daymark">daymark</a> (a navigational aid similar to a non-illuminated lighthouse). As a strategic point, Dunkirk has always been exposed to political greed, by Duke <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I, Duke of Bar">Robert I of Bar</a> in 1395, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Luxembourg,_Count_of_Saint-Pol" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol">Louis de Luxembourg</a> in 1435 and finally by the <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austrian</a> archduke <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I of Habsburg</a>, who in 1477 married <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, sole heiress of late Duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>. As Maximilian was the son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>, all Flanders was immediately seized by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a>. However, the archduke defeated the French troops in 1479 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_(1479)" title="Battle of Guinegate (1479)">Battle of Guinegate</a>. When Mary died in 1482, Maximilian retained Flanders according to the terms of the 1482 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1482)" title="Treaty of Arras (1482)">Treaty of Arras</a>. Dunkirk, along with the rest of Flanders, was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> and upon the 1581 secession of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Seven United Netherlands</a>, remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>, which were held by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> (Spanish Netherlands) as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> fiefs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Dunkerque_in_1575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_of_Dunkerque_in_1575.jpg/220px-View_of_Dunkerque_in_1575.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_of_Dunkerque_in_1575.jpg/330px-View_of_Dunkerque_in_1575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_of_Dunkerque_in_1575.jpg/440px-View_of_Dunkerque_in_1575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11107" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>View of Dunkerque and harbour as of 1575</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corsair_base">Corsair base</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Corsair base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">Dunkirkers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beschieting_van_Duinkerken_door_een_gecombineerd_Nederlands-Engelse_vloot_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Beschieting_van_Duinkerken_door_een_gecombineerd_Nederlands-Engelse_vloot_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Beschieting_van_Duinkerken_door_een_gecombineerd_Nederlands-Engelse_vloot_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Beschieting_van_Duinkerken_door_een_gecombineerd_Nederlands-Engelse_vloot_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Beschieting_van_Duinkerken_door_een_gecombineerd_Nederlands-Engelse_vloot_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Beschieting_van_Duinkerken_door_een_gecombineerd_Nederlands-Engelse_vloot_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Beschieting_van_Duinkerken_door_een_gecombineerd_Nederlands-Engelse_vloot_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>The Bombardment of Dunkirk by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, 1695.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Dunkerque.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Dunkerque.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Map_of_Dunkerque.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Dunkerque.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Map_of_Dunkerque.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Dunkerque.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Map_of_Dunkerque.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="2826" /></a><figcaption>Map of Dunkirk (around 1700)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:17em; ; font-size: 80%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Low_Countries.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a> 1384–1482 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> 1482–1556 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> 1556–1577 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statenvlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/20px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/40px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dunkirk Rebels</a> 1577–1583 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> 1583–1646 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> 1646–1652 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> 1652–1658 <br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/20px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/40px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> 1658–1659 <br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/20px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/40px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> 1659–1662 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> France 1662–1870 <br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Prussian occupation</a> 1870–1873 <br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> 1873–1940 <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation</a> 1940–1945 <br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> France 1945–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_Jean_Bart2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dunkerque_Jean_Bart2.JPG/250px-Dunkerque_Jean_Bart2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dunkerque_Jean_Bart2.JPG/330px-Dunkerque_Jean_Bart2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dunkerque_Jean_Bart2.JPG/500px-Dunkerque_Jean_Bart2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bart" title="Jean Bart">Jean Bart</a> in Dunkirk, the most famous <a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">corsair</a> of the city</figcaption></figure> <p>The area remained much disputed between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, Dunkirk was briefly in the hands of the Dutch rebels, from 1577. Spanish forces under Duke <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a> re-established Spanish rule in 1583 and it became a base for the notorious <i>Dunkirkers</i>. The Dunkirkers briefly lost their home port when the city was conquered by the French in 1646 but Spanish forces recaptured the city in 1652. In 1658, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">long war</a> between France and Spain, it was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1658)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1658)">captured</a> after a siege by Franco-English forces following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)" title="Battle of the Dunes (1658)">battle of the Dunes</a>. The city along with <a href="/wiki/Fort-Mardyck" title="Fort-Mardyck">Fort-Mardyck</a> was awarded to England in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">the peace the following year</a> as agreed in the Franco-English alliance against Spain. The English governors were <a href="/wiki/William_Lockhart_of_Lee" title="William Lockhart of Lee">Sir William Lockhart</a> (1658–60), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harley_(Parliamentarian)" title="Edward Harley (Parliamentarian)">Sir Edward Harley</a> (1660–61) and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rutherford,_1st_Earl_of_Teviot" title="Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot">Lord Rutherford</a> (1661–62). </p><p>On 17 October 1662, Dunkirk was <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_Dunkirk" title="Sale of Dunkirk">sold to France</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> for £320,000.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government developed the town as a fortified port. The town's existing defences were adapted to create ten bastions. The port was expanded in the 1670s by the construction of a basin that could hold up to thirty warships with a double lock system to maintain water levels at low tide. The basin was linked to the sea by a channel dug through coastal sandbanks secured by two jetties. This work was completed by 1678. The jetties were defended a few years later by the construction of five forts, Château d'Espérance, Château Vert, Grand Risban, Château Gaillard, and Fort de Revers. An additional fort was built in 1701 called Fort Blanc. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raider" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raider">commerce raiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> once again made their base at Dunkirk, the most famous of whom was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bart" title="Jean Bart">Jean Bart</a>. The main character (and possible real prisoner) in the famous novel <a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Iron_Mask" title="Man in the Iron Mask">Man in the Iron Mask</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> was arrested at Dunkirk. The eighteenth-century Swedish privateers and pirates <a href="/wiki/Lars_Gathenhielm" title="Lars Gathenhielm">Lars Gathenhielm</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ingela_Gathenhielm" title="Ingela Gathenhielm">Ingela Hammar</a> are known to have sold their gains in Dunkirk. </p><p>As France and Great Britain became commercial and military rivals, the British grew concerned about Dunkirk being used as an invasion base to cross the English Channel. The jetties, their forts, and the port facilities were demolished in 1713 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> of 1763, which concluded the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, included a clause restricting French rights to fortify Dunkirk. This clause was overturned in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Versailles (1783)">Treaty of Versailles</a> of 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunkirk_in_World_War_I">Dunkirk in World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dunkirk in World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk's port was used extensively during the war by British forces who brought in dock workers from, among other places, Egypt and China.<sup id="cite_ref-Guerre_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1915, the city experienced severe bombardment, including from the largest gun in the world in 1917, the German '<a href="/wiki/Batterie_Pommern" title="Batterie Pommern">Lange Max</a>'. On a regular basis, heavy shells weighing approximately 750 kg (1700 lb) were fired from <a href="/wiki/Koekelare" title="Koekelare">Koekelare</a>, about 45–50 km (30 miles) away.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombardment killed nearly 600 people and wounded another 1,100, both civilian and military, while 400 buildings were destroyed and 2,400 damaged. The city's population, which had been 39,000 in 1914, reduced to fewer than 15,000 in July 1916 and 7,000 in the autumn of 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Guerre_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1916, a spy scare took place in Dunkirk. The writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Service" title="Robert W. Service">Robert W. Service</a>, then a war correspondent for the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>, was mistakenly arrested as a spy and narrowly avoided being executed out of hand.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1918, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Naval_air_station" title="Naval air station">naval air station</a> to operate <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a>. The base closed shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1917, to mark the gallant behaviour of its inhabitants during the war, the City of Dunkirk was awarded the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a></i></span> and, in 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guerre_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerre-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These decorations now appear in the city's coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Arms_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arms-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunkirk_in_World_War_II">Dunkirk in World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dunkirk in World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evacuation">Evacuation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evacuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Battle of Dunkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_NYP68075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_NYP68075.jpg/200px-Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_NYP68075.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_NYP68075.jpg/300px-Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_NYP68075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_NYP68075.jpg/400px-Dunkirk_26-29_May_1940_NYP68075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>British troops evacuating Dunkirk beach in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> 1940 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF), while aiding the French and Belgian armies, were forced to retreat in the face of overpowering German Panzer attacks. Fighting in Belgium and France, the BEF and a portion of the French Army became outflanked by the Germans and retreated to the area around the port of Dunkirk. More than 400,000 soldiers were trapped in the pocket as the German Army closed in for the kill. Unexpectedly, the German Panzer attack halted for several days at a critical juncture. For years, it was assumed that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> ordered the German Army to suspend the attack, favouring bombardment by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>. However, according to the Official War Diary of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_A" title="Army Group A">Army Group A</a>, its commander, <i><a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>, ordered the halt to allow maintenance on his tanks, half of which were out of service, and to protect his flanks which were exposed and, he thought, vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler merely validated the order several hours later.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lull gave the British and French a few days to fortify their defences. The Allied position was complicated by Belgian King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a>'s surrender on 27 May, which was postponed until 28 May. The gap left by the Belgian Army stretched from Ypres to Dixmude. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">a collapse was prevented</a>, making it possible to launch an <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">evacuation by sea</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, codenamed Operation Dynamo. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> ordered any ship or boat available, large or small, to collect the stranded soldiers. 338,226 men (including 123,000 French soldiers) were evacuated – the <i>miracle of Dunkirk</i>, as Churchill called it. It took over 900 vessels to evacuate the BEF, with two-thirds of those rescued embarking via the harbour, and over 100,000 taken off the beaches. More than 40,000 vehicles as well as massive amounts of other military equipment and supplies were left behind. Forty thousand Allied soldiers (some who carried on fighting after the official evacuation) were captured or forced to make their own way home through a variety of routes including via neutral Spain. Many wounded who were unable to walk were abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberation">Liberation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkirk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dunkirk.png/250px-Dunkirk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dunkirk.png/330px-Dunkirk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dunkirk.png/440px-Dunkirk.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Map of Dunkirk surroundings during the Allied attempt to retake Dunkirk in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Dunkirk was again contested in 1944, with the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Canadian Infantry Division">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</a> attempting to liberate the city in September, as Allied forces surged northeast after their victory in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a>. However, German forces refused to relinquish their control of the city, which had been converted into a fortress. To seize the now strategically insignificant town would consume too many Allied resources which were needed elsewhere. The town was by-passed masking the German garrison with Allied troops, notably the <a href="/wiki/1st_Czechoslovak_Armoured_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade">1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation">German occupation</a>, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by Allied bombing. The artillery siege of Dunkirk was directed on the final day of the war by pilots from <a href="/wiki/No._652_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 652 Squadron RAF">No. 652 Squadron RAF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/No._665_Squadron_RCAF" title="No. 665 Squadron RCAF">No. 665 Squadron RCAF</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The fortress, under the command of German Admiral <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Frisius" title="Friedrich Frisius">Friedrich Frisius</a>, eventually unconditionally surrendered to the commander of the Czechoslovak forces, <a href="/wiki/Brigade_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigade General">Brigade General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alois_Li%C5%A1ka" title="Alois Liška">Alois Liška</a>, on 9 May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_Dunkirk">Postwar Dunkirk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Postwar Dunkirk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">car carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/MV_Tricolor" title="MV Tricolor">MV <i>Tricolor</i></a> collided with the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamian</a>-registered <i>Kariba</i> and sank off Dunkirk Harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Dunkirk proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Dunkirk absorbed the former commune of Malo-les-Bains in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Rosenda%C3%ABl" title="Rosendaël">Rosendaël</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petite-Synthe" title="Petite-Synthe">Petite-Synthe</a> in 1971, <a href="/wiki/Mardyck" title="Mardyck">Mardyck</a> in 1979 and <a href="/wiki/Fort-Mardyck" title="Fort-Mardyck">Fort-Mardyck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-sur-Mer" title="Saint-Pol-sur-Mer">Saint-Pol-sur-Mer</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ehess_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehess-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1793 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,255</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,158</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.04%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1806 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,012</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1831 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">24,937</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.81%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1836 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,808</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.92%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,047</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.58%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1846 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,355</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,080</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1856 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">29,738</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,113</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1866 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">33,083</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.60%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1872 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,350</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1876 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,071</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">37,328</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1886 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,025</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.37%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,498</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1896 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,718</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.11%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,925</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.40%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1906 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">38,287</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,891</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.31%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,748</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,945</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.06%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,763</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.73%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">31,017</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,575</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1954 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,136</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.04%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1962 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,616</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.40%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1968 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,504</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1975 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">73,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.14%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">73,120</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.13%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,331</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.48%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,850</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.08%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2007 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">68,219</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2012 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">90,995</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.93%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">87,353</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.81%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/120px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: EHESS<sup id="cite_ref-ehess_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehess-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and INSEE (1968-2017)<sup id="cite_ref-pophist_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pophist-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk is part of <a href="/wiki/Nord%27s_13th_constituency" title="Nord's 13th constituency">Nord's 13th constituency</a>, The current <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">Member of Parliament</a> is <a href="/wiki/Christine_Decodts" title="Christine Decodts">Christine Decodts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_centre" title="Miscellaneous centre">miscellaneous centre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections_second_round">Presidential elections second round</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidential elections second round"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Election</th> <th>Candidate</th> <th>Party</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFEB00"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">2022</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="En Marche!">En Marche!</a> </td> <td>51.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFEB00"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="En Marche!">En Marche!</a> </td> <td>54.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #E3265B"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td>55.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #0051AE"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a> </td> <td>52.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #08206F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a> </td> <td>79.16 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;padding:5px 8px;width:120px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Dunkerque_(Nord)2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Dunkirk"><img alt="Arms of Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Blason_ville_fr_Dunkerque_%28Nord%292.svg/120px-Blason_ville_fr_Dunkerque_%28Nord%292.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Blason_ville_fr_Dunkerque_%28Nord%292.svg/180px-Blason_ville_fr_Dunkerque_%28Nord%292.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Blason_ville_fr_Dunkerque_%28Nord%292.svg/240px-Blason_ville_fr_Dunkerque_%28Nord%292.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Dunkirk</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;">The arms of Dunkirk are <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a>:<br /><i>Per fess Or and argent, a lion passant sable armed and langued gules, and a dolphin naiant azure crested, barbed, finned and tailed gules.</i> <p>At their base, the arms display the insignia of the four medals awarded to the city: the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Cross</a> for World War I; and a second Croix de Guerre for World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Arms_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arms-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city also has its own flag, made up of six horizontal stripes of alternate white and azure blue.<sup id="cite_ref-Arms_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arms-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg/250px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dunkerque.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="3653" /></a><figcaption>Full achievement of the arms of Dunkirk</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocatieDuinkerke.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LocatieDuinkerke.PNG/220px-LocatieDuinkerke.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LocatieDuinkerke.PNG/330px-LocatieDuinkerke.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LocatieDuinkerke.PNG/440px-LocatieDuinkerke.PNG 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Location of Dunkirk in the arrondissement of Dunkirk</figcaption></figure> <p>The commune has grown substantially by absorbing several neighbouring communes: </p> <ul><li>1970: Merger with Malo-les-Bains (which had been created by being detached from Dunkirk in 1881)</li> <li>1972: Fusion with <a href="/wiki/Petite-Synthe" title="Petite-Synthe">Petite-Synthe</a> and Rosendaël (the latter had been created by being detached from <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9teghem" title="Téteghem">Téteghem</a> in 1856)</li> <li>1980: Fusion-association with Mardyck (which became an <a href="/wiki/Associated_communes_of_France" title="Associated communes of France">associated commune</a>, with a population of 372 in 1999)</li> <li>1980: A large part of Petite-Synthe is detached from Dunkirk and included into <a href="/wiki/Grande-Synthe" title="Grande-Synthe">Grande-Synthe</a></li> <li>2010: After a failed fusion-association attempt with <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-sur-Mer" title="Saint-Pol-sur-Mer">Saint-Pol-sur-Mer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort-Mardyck" title="Fort-Mardyck">Fort-Mardyck</a> in 2003, both successfully become associated communes with Dunkirk in December 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk has the third-largest harbour in France, after those of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an industrial city, it depends heavily on the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">oil-refining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship-building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship-building">ship-building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cuisine of Dunkirk closely resembles Flemish <a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">cuisine</a>; perhaps one of the best known dishes is <i>coq à la bière</i> – chicken in a creamy beer sauce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prototype_metre">Prototype metre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prototype metre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metre" title="History of the metre">History of the metre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_Belfort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dunkerque_Belfort.JPG/250px-Dunkerque_Belfort.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dunkerque_Belfort.JPG/330px-Dunkerque_Belfort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dunkerque_Belfort.JPG/500px-Dunkerque_Belfort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>The free-standing belfry – the northerly end of meridianal survey of 1792–9</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1792 the French astronomers <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Delambre" title="Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre">Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9chain" title="Pierre Méchain">Pierre François André Méchain</a> set out to measure the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_arc" title="Meridian arc">meridian arc</a> distance from Dunkirk to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, two cities lying on approximately the same <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> as each other and also the longitude through Paris. The belfry was chosen as the reference point in Dunkirk. </p><p>Using this measurement and the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> of the two cities they could calculate the distance between the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> in classical French units of length and hence produce the first prototype <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> which was defined as being one ten millionth of that distance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definitive metre bar, manufactured from platinum, was presented to the French legislative assembly on 22 June 1799. </p><p>Dunkirk was the most easterly cross-channel measuring point for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Survey_(1784%E2%80%931790)" title="Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790)">Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790)</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a> to calculate the precise distance between the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Greenwich Observatory">Royal Greenwich Observatory</a>. Sightings were made of signal lights at <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a> from the Dunkirk Belfry, and vice versa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourist_attractions">Tourist attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourist attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two belfries in Dunkirk (the belfry near the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-%C3%89loi,_Dunkirk" title="Church of Saint-Éloi, Dunkirk">Church of Saint-Éloi</a> and the one at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Dunkirk" title="Hôtel de Ville, Dunkirk">Hôtel de Ville</a>) are part of a group of <a href="/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France" title="Belfries of Belgium and France">belfries of Belgium and France</a>, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2005 in recognition of their civic architecture and importance in the rise of municipal power in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 63-meter-high Dunkirk Lighthouse, also known as the Risban Light, was built between 1838 and 1843 as part of early efforts to place lights around the coast of France. At the time of its construction it was one of only two first order lighthouses (the other being Calais) to be set up in a port. Automated since 1985, the light can be seen 28 nautical miles (48 km) away. In 2010 it was listed as an historical monument. </p><p>Two museums in Dunkirk include: </p> <ul><li>The <i>Musée Portuaire</i>, which displays exhibits of images about the history and presence of the port.</li> <li>The <i>Musée des Beaux-Arts</i>, which has a large collection of Flemish, Italian and French paintings and sculptures.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_Tour_du_Leughenaer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tour du Leughenaer (Tour du Leughenaer [fr]) (the Liar's Tower)"><img alt="The Tour du Leughenaer (Tour du Leughenaer [fr]) (the Liar's Tower)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dunkerque_Tour_du_Leughenaer.jpg/120px-Dunkerque_Tour_du_Leughenaer.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dunkerque_Tour_du_Leughenaer.jpg/250px-Dunkerque_Tour_du_Leughenaer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="4206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Tour du Leughenaer (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tour_du_Leughenaer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tour du Leughenaer (page does not exist)">Tour du Leughenaer</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_du_Leughenaer" class="extiw" title="fr:Tour du Leughenaer">fr</a>]</sup>) (the Liar's Tower)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_Town_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hôtel de Ville"><img alt="The Hôtel de Ville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dunkerque_Town_Hall.jpg/120px-Dunkerque_Town_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dunkerque_Town_Hall.jpg/250px-Dunkerque_Town_Hall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="4398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hôtel de Ville</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_dunkerque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnival in Dunkirk"><img alt="Carnival in Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Carnaval_dunkerque.jpg/120px-Carnaval_dunkerque.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Carnaval_dunkerque.jpg/250px-Carnaval_dunkerque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carnival in Dunkirk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_Dunkerque_2007_25.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malo-les-Bains beach front"><img alt="Malo-les-Bains beach front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jielbeaumadier_Dunkerque_2007_25.jpeg/120px-Jielbeaumadier_Dunkerque_2007_25.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jielbeaumadier_Dunkerque_2007_25.jpeg/250px-Jielbeaumadier_Dunkerque_2007_25.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Malo-les-Bains beach front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_(plage).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunkirk Beach"><img alt="Dunkirk Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dunkerque_%28plage%29.jpg/120px-Dunkerque_%28plage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dunkerque_%28plage%29.jpg/180px-Dunkerque_%28plage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dunkerque_%28plage%29.jpg/240px-Dunkerque_%28plage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dunkirk Beach</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The remains of the East Mole of Dunkirk harbour, pictured in 2009"><img alt="The remains of the East Mole of Dunkirk harbour, pictured in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg/120px-East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg/250px-East_Mole_Dunkirk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The remains of the East Mole of Dunkirk harbour, pictured in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9on_Germain_Pelouse,_La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Cernay,_1873,_Dunkerque,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Léon Germain Pelouse, La Vallée de Cernay, 1873, Musée des Beaux-Arts"><img alt="Léon Germain Pelouse, La Vallée de Cernay, 1873, Musée des Beaux-Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/L%C3%A9on_Germain_Pelouse%2C_La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Cernay%2C_1873%2C_Dunkerque%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg/120px-L%C3%A9on_Germain_Pelouse%2C_La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Cernay%2C_1873%2C_Dunkerque%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/L%C3%A9on_Germain_Pelouse%2C_La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Cernay%2C_1873%2C_Dunkerque%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg/250px-L%C3%A9on_Germain_Pelouse%2C_La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Cernay%2C_1873%2C_Dunkerque%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Germain_Pelouse" title="Léon Germain Pelouse">Léon Germain Pelouse</a>, <i>La Vallée de Cernay</i>, 1873, Musée des Beaux-Arts</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk has a ferry route to <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> that is run by <a href="/wiki/DFDS" title="DFDS">DFDS</a>, which serves as an alternative to the route to the service to nearby <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. The Dover-Dunkirk ferry route takes two hours compared to Dover-Calais' 1 hour 30 minutes, is run by <a href="/wiki/MS_Dunkerque_Seaways" title="MS Dunkerque Seaways">th</a><a href="/wiki/MS_Delft_Seaways" title="MS Delft Seaways">r</a><a href="/wiki/MS_Dover_Seaways" title="MS Dover Seaways">ee</a> vessels and runs every two hours from Dunkirk. Another DFDS route connects Dunkirk to <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare Europort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and carries truck freight as well as a limited number of private car passengers. The Dunkirk-Rosslare route take 24 hours and is run by the MF <i>Regina Seaways</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Dunkerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Dunkerque">Gare de Dunkerque</a> railway station offers connections to <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Calais-Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Calais-Ville">Gare de Calais-Ville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lille_Flandres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Lille Flandres">Gare de Lille Flandres</a>, Arras and Paris, and several regional destinations in France. The railway line from Dunkirk to <a href="/wiki/De_Panne" title="De Panne">De Panne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adinkerke" title="Adinkerke">Adinkerke</a>, Belgium, is closed and has been dismantled in places. </p><p>In September 2018, Dunkirk's public transit service introduced free public transport, thereby becoming the largest city in Europe to do so. Several weeks after the scheme had been introduced, the city's mayor, Patrice Vergriete, reported that there had been 50% increase in passenger numbers on some routes, and up to 85% on others. As part of the transition towards offering free bus services, the city's fleet was expanded from 100 to 140 buses, including new vehicles which run on natural gas. The Dunkirk free public transport initiative, initially lauded for its bold ambition, saw a significant decline in ridership after the initial surge. While the first three months post-launch demonstrated a dramatic increase in usage, with some lines experiencing up to 120% higher demand on weekends, the system faced substantial challenges. By the end of the first three months, ridership plummeted by 73% from its peak, eventually stabilizing at only 12% more than pre-pandemic levels (2019-2020). This decline was primarily due to the inability of the public transport infrastructure to handle the overwhelming demand, leading to overcrowding, delays, and reduced service quality. Despite these issues, Dunkirk’s free transport program remains operational, albeit limited to weekends, a marked reduction from its original full-time service. This scaling back underscores the difficulties in maintaining such an ambitious project, with financial constraints and logistical inefficiencies contributing to its partial rollback. While the program succeeded in increasing mobility for low-income residents and reducing car usage initially, its long-term sustainability has been questioned, casting doubt on its viability as a model for other cities. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/after-becoming-largest-european-city-to-offer-free-public-transit-theyre-enjoying-a-revolution-from-their-buses/">https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/after-becoming-largest-european-city-to-offer-free-public-transit-theyre-enjoying-a-revolution-from-their-buses/</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theconversation.com/in-the-french-city-of-dunkirk-free-public-transport-has-led-to-more-walking-and-cycling-127411">https://theconversation.com/in-the-french-city-of-dunkirk-free-public-transport-has-led-to-more-walking-and-cycling-127411</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-01-14/free-public-transit-can-it-work-in-every-city">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-01-14/free-public-transit-can-it-work-in-every-city</a>) </p><p><br /> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2019, approximately 5% of 2000 people surveyed had used the free bus service to completely replace their cars.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USL_Dunkerque" title="USL Dunkerque">USL Dunkerque</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">football</a> club, currently playing in <a href="/wiki/Ligue_2" title="Ligue 2">Ligue 2</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Days_of_Dunkirk" title="Four Days of Dunkirk">Four Days of Dunkirk</a> (or <i>Quatre Jours de Dunkerque</i>) is an important elite professional <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road bicycle racing</a> event.</li> <li>Stage 2 of the <a href="/wiki/2007_Tour_de_France" title="2007 Tour de France">2007 Tour de France</a> departed from Dunkirk.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_Rozenthal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maurice_Rozenthal.jpg/200px-Maurice_Rozenthal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maurice_Rozenthal.jpg/300px-Maurice_Rozenthal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maurice_Rozenthal.jpg/400px-Maurice_Rozenthal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rozenthal" title="Maurice Rozenthal">Maurice Rozenthal</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bart" title="Jean Bart">Jean Bart</a> (1650—1702), naval commander and privateer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot" title="Eugène Chigot">Eugène Chigot</a>, 19th-century post impressionist painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gakpa" title="Marvin Gakpa">Marvin Gakpa</a> (born 1993), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lavoye" title="Louise Lavoye">Louise Lavoye</a> (1823—1897), 19th-century soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malm" title="Robert Malm">Robert Malm</a> (born 1973), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Rouve" title="Jean-Paul Rouve">Jean-Paul Rouve</a> (born 1967), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rozenthal" title="François Rozenthal">François Rozenthal</a> (born 1975), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rozenthal" title="Maurice Rozenthal">Maurice Rozenthal</a> (born 1975), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djoumin_Sangar%C3%A9" title="Djoumin Sangaré">Djoumin Sangaré</a> (born 1983), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancr%C3%A8de_Vallerey" title="Tancrède Vallerey">Tancrède Vallerey</a> (born 1892, date of death unknown), writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in France">List of twin towns and sister cities in France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany since 15 June 1974</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, England, United Kingdom since 12 April 1976</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/60px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, Palestine since 2 April 1996</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany since 9 April 2000</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ramat_HaSharon" title="Ramat HaSharon">Ramat HaSharon</a>, Israel since 15 September 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, China since 25–26 September 2000</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendship_links">Friendship links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Friendship links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk has co-operation agreements with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Dartford" title="Borough of Dartford">Dartford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England, United Kingdom since March 1988<sup id="cite_ref-Dunkirk_twinnings_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunkirk_twinnings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanet_District" title="Thanet District">Thanet</a>, Kent, England, United Kingdom since 18 June 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Dunkirk_twinnings_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunkirk_twinnings-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunkirk has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, with cool winters and warm summers. According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Climate Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> system, Dunkirk has a <a href="/wiki/Marine_west_coast_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine west coast climate">marine west coast climate</a>, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunkerque%2C+Nord-Pas-de-Calais%2C+France&units=_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunkerque%252C+Nord-Pas-de-Calais%252C+France&units=-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summer high temperatures average around 20 to 21 °C (68 to 70 °F), being significantly influenced by the marine currents. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Dunkirk (1991–2020 averages, records 1892–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.3<br />(106.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.3<br />(106.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.0<br />(−0.4) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.0<br />(−0.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9<br />(2.12) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.4<br />(1.79) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(1.44) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.5<br />(1.79) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.5<br />(2.30) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.2<br />(2.53) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.0<br />(2.87) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.5<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.8<br />(2.87) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">690.8<br />(27.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">121.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">81.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Météo France">Météo France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-Infoclimat_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoclimat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <sup id="cite_ref-Meteo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">Dunkirkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">French Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortense_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Tanvet" title="Hortense Clémentine Tanvet">Hortense Clémentine Tanvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dunkirk" title="Treaty of Dunkirk">Treaty of Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_bank" title="Flanders bank">Flanders bank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503">"Répertoire national des élus: les maires"</a> (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9pertoire+national+des+%C3%A9lus%3A+les+maires&rft.pub=data.gouv.fr%2C+Plateforme+ouverte+des+donn%C3%A9es+publiques+fran%C3%A7aises&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fdatasets%2Fr%2F2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popref2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popref2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8288323?geo=COM-59183">"Populations de référence 2022"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies</a>. 19 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populations+de+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence+2022&rft.pub=The+National+Institute+of+Statistics+and+Economic+Studies&rft.date=2024-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F8288323%3Fgeo%3DCOM-59183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/commune/59183-dunkerque">Commune de Dunkerque (59183)</a>, INSEE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPul2007" class="citation book cs1">Pul, Paul Van (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u__RAwAAQBAJ&q=Dunkirk+church+on+a+dune+flemish"><i>In Flanders Flooded Fields: Before Ypres There Was Yser</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1431-8"><bdi>978-1-4738-1431-8</bdi></a>. <q>The French name of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dunkerque</i></span> in fact is derived from the Flemish <span title="West Flemish-language text"><i lang="vls">Duinkerke</i></span>, which means 'church in the dunes'!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Flanders+Flooded+Fields%3A+Before+Ypres+There+Was+Yser&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-1431-8&rft.aulast=Pul&rft.aufirst=Paul+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du__RAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDunkirk%2Bchurch%2Bon%2Ba%2Bdune%2Bflemish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a2a.org.uk/search/records.asp?cat=161-msscarte_15&cid=2-3">"Correspondence and papers of the first Duke of Ormonde, chiefly on Irish and English public affairs: ref. MS. Carte 218, fol(s). 5 – date: 26 December 1662"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Description of contents of carte papers)</span>. Oxford University, Bodleian Library, Special Collections and Western Manuscripts: Carte Papers. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondence+and+papers+of+the+first+Duke+of+Ormonde%2C+chiefly+on+Irish+and+English+public+affairs%3A+ref.+MS.+Carte+218%2C+fol%28s%29.+5+%E2%80%93+date%3A+26+December+1662&rft.pub=Oxford+University%2C+Bodleian+Library%2C+Special+Collections+and+Western+Manuscripts%3A+Carte+Papers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a2a.org.uk%2Fsearch%2Frecords.asp%3Fcat%3D161-msscarte_15%26cid%3D2-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615080118/http://www.fortified-places.com/dunkirk/">"Dunkirk"</a>. <i>Fortified Places</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortified-places.com/dunkirk/">the original</a> on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortified+Places&rft.atitle=Dunkirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortified-places.com%2Fdunkirk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard1922" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Sir Adolphus William (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzULAAAAYAAJ&q=1783+dunkirk+fortifications&pg=PA50">"1783–1815"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1783%E2%80%931815&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Sir+Adolphus+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTzULAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D1783%2Bdunkirk%2Bfortifications%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guerre-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guerre_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guerre_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guerre_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/decouvrir-sortir-bouger/histoire-patrimoine/lhistoire-de-dunkerque/la-grande-guerre/">"La Grande Guerre (fr)"</a>. <i>Dunkerque & vous</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dunkerque+%26+vous&rft.atitle=La+Grande+Guerre+%28fr%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-dunkerque.fr%2Fdecouvrir-sortir-bouger%2Fhistoire-patrimoine%2Flhistoire-de-dunkerque%2Fla-grande-guerre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langemaxmuseum.be/">"Lange Max Museum"</a>. <i>Lange Max Museum</i>. 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lange+Max+Museum&rft.atitle=Lange+Max+Museum&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangemaxmuseum.be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194839/https://www.robertwservice.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4&page=2">"Robert Service biography"</a>. <i>robertwservice.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertwservice.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4&page=2">the original</a> on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=robertwservice.com&rft.atitle=Robert+Service+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertwservice.com%2Fmodules%2Fsmartsection%2Fitem.php%3Fitemid%3D4%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nan-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nan_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wyen1969" class="citation book cs1">Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash"><i>Naval Aviation in World War I</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinw00wash/page/60">60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Aviation+in+World+War+I&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Chief+of+Naval+Operations&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Van+Wyen&rft.aufirst=Adrian+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavalaviationinw00wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/awards/3/Distinguished-Service-Cross-DSC.htm?c=aw">"Traces of War"</a>. <i>TracesOfWar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TracesOfWar&rft.atitle=Traces+of+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tracesofwar.com%2Fawards%2F3%2FDistinguished-Service-Cross-DSC.htm%3Fc%3Daw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arms-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arms_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arms_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arms_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/decouvrir-sortir-bouger/histoire-patrimoine/dunkerque-aujourdhui/les-armoiries-de-la-ville/">"Les Armoiries de la Ville (fr)"</a>. <i>Dunkerque & vous</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dunkerque+%26+vous&rft.atitle=Les+Armoiries+de+la+Ville+%28fr%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-dunkerque.fr%2Fdecouvrir-sortir-bouger%2Fhistoire-patrimoine%2Fdunkerque-aujourdhui%2Fles-armoiries-de-la-ville%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Joshua (2017) Dunkirk, Harper Collins, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLord1982" class="citation book cs1">Lord, Walter (1982). "2: No. 17 Turns Up". <i>The Miracle of Dunkirk</i>. New York City: Open Road Integrated Media, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-4754-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-4754-8"><bdi>978-1-5040-4754-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+No.+17+Turns+Up&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+of+Dunkirk&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Open+Road+Integrated+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-1-5040-4754-8&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202110544/http://www.army.cz/avis/areport2005/ar11str.pdf">"Vzpomínky na obléhání pevnosti"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reportáž</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.cz/avis/areport2005/ar11str.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report%C3%A1%C5%BE&rft.atitle=Vzpom%C3%ADnky+na+obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD+pevnosti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.cz%2Favis%2Fareport2005%2Far11str.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.professionalmariner.com/March-2008/The-Tricolor-Kariba-Clary-Incident/">"The Tricolor/Kariba/Clary Incident"</a>. 21 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tricolor%2FKariba%2FClary+Incident&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.professionalmariner.com%2FMarch-2008%2FThe-Tricolor-Kariba-Clary-Incident%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehess-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehess_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehess_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=12297">Commune data sheet Dunkerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">EHESS</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nord.gouv.fr/contenu/telechargement/64978/405533/file/Recueil%20special%20N%C2%B035%20du%2008%20d%C3%A9cembre%202010.pdf">Arrêté préfectoral du 8 décembre 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pophist-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pophist_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-59183#ancre-POP_T1">Population en historique depuis 1968</a>, INSEE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/2119892/dep59.pdf">Populations légales en vigueur à compter du 1er janvier 2010: 59 - Nord</a>, INSEE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/dunkerque-59183/">"Résultats élections Dunkerque (59140)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+%C3%A9lections+Dunkerque+%2859140%29&rft.pub=Le+Monde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fresultats-elections%2Fdunkerque-59183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/ports">http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/ports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503161337/http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/ports">Archived</a> 2020-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Port Rankings 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdler2002" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Ken (2002). <i>The measure of all things: The seven year odyssey that transformed the world</i>. Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11507-8"><bdi>978-0-349-11507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+measure+of+all+things%3A+The+seven+year+odyssey+that+transformed+the+world&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11507-8&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943">"Belfries of Belgium and France"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=French+city+of+Dunkirk+tests+out+free+transport+%E2%80%93+and+it+works&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190831-france-dunkirk-free-transportation-bus-success-climate-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/entreprendre-developper/dunkerque-internationale">"Jumelage"</a>. <i>ville-dunkerque.fr</i> (in French). Dunkirk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/fr/entreprendrea-dunkerque/l-economie/dunkerque-internationale/index.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunkirk+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ville-dunkerque.fr%2Ffr%2Fentreprendrea-dunkerque%2Fl-economie%2Fdunkerque-internationale%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunkerque%2C+Nord-Pas-de-Calais%2C+France&units=-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunkerque%252C+Nord-Pas-de-Calais%252C+France&units=_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=1070&cityname=Dunkerque%2C+Nord-Pas-de-Calais%2C+France&units=">"Dunkerque, France Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Dunkerque%2C+France+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D1070%26cityname%3DDunkerque%252C%2BNord-Pas-de-Calais%252C%2BFrance%26units%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310154649/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59183001.pdf">"Dunkerque (59)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records</i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_59183001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fiche+Climatologique%3A+Statistiques+1981%E2%80%932010+et+records&rft.atitle=Dunkerque+%2859%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdonneespubliques.meteofrance.fr%2FFichesClim%2FFICHECLIM_59183001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infoclimat-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infoclimat_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205531/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07010-dunkerque.html">"Normes et records 1961–1990: Dunkerque (59) – altitude 11m"</a> (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07010-dunkerque.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normes+et+records+1961%E2%80%931990%3A+Dunkerque+%2859%29+%E2%80%93+altitude+11m&rft.pub=Infoclimat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie-07010-dunkerque.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteo-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018043101/http://meteo59-62.com/index.php5?page=climat-nord-pas-de-calais">"Meteo 59–62"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo59-62.com/index.php5?page=climat-nord-pas-de-calais">the original</a> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteo+59%E2%80%9362&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo59-62.com%2Findex.php5%3Fpage%3Dclimat-nord-pas-de-calais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731135221/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74529640-canicule-la-france-a-connu-hier-une-chaleur-record-au-niveau-national">"Canicule: la France a connu hier une chaleur record au niveau national"</a>. <i>www.meteofrance.fr</i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74529640-canicule-la-france-a-connu-hier-une-chaleur-record-au-niveau-national">the original</a> on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.meteofrance.fr&rft.atitle=Canicule%3A+la+France+a+connu+hier+une+chaleur+record+au+niveau+national&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteofrance.fr%2Factualites%2F74529640-canicule-la-france-a-connu-hier-une-chaleur-record-au-niveau-national&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkirk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dunkerque" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dunkerque">Dunkerque</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dunkirk" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr">City council website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunkirk-tourism.com">Tourist office website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abancourt,_Nord" title="Abancourt, Nord">Abancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscon" title="Abscon">Abscon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibes" title="Aibes">Aibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Aix-en-Pévèle">Aix-en-Pévèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allennes-les-Marais" title="Allennes-les-Marais">Allennes-les-Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhiers" title="Anhiers">Anhiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniche" title="Aniche">Aniche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneux" title="Anneux">Anneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann%C5%93ullin" title="Annœullin">Annœullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anor" title="Anor">Anor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anstaing" title="Anstaing">Anstaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzin" title="Anzin">Anzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arleux" title="Arleux">Arleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armbouts-Cappel" title="Armbouts-Cappel">Armbouts-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res" title="Armentières">Armentières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arn%C3%A8ke" title="Arnèke">Arnèke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artres" title="Artres">Artres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assevent" title="Assevent">Assevent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attiches" title="Attiches">Attiches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubencheul-au-Bac" title="Aubencheul-au-Bac">Aubencheul-au-Bac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberchicourt" title="Auberchicourt">Auberchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubers" title="Aubers">Aubers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubigny-au-Bac" title="Aubigny-au-Bac">Aubigny-au-Bac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubry-du-Hainaut" title="Aubry-du-Hainaut">Aubry-du-Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auby" title="Auby">Auby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auchy-lez-Orchies" title="Auchy-lez-Orchies">Auchy-lez-Orchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audignies" title="Audignies">Audignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulnoye-Aymeries" title="Aulnoye-Aymeries">Aulnoye-Aymeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulnoy-lez-Valenciennes" title="Aulnoy-lez-Valenciennes">Aulnoy-lez-Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avelin" title="Avelin">Avelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesnelles" title="Avesnelles">Avesnelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesnes-les-Aubert" title="Avesnes-les-Aubert">Avesnes-les-Aubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesnes-le-Sec" title="Avesnes-le-Sec">Avesnes-le-Sec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesnes-sur-Helpe" title="Avesnes-sur-Helpe">Avesnes-sur-Helpe</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awoingt" title="Awoingt">Awoingt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachant" title="Bachant">Bachant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachy" title="Bachy">Bachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailleul,_Nord" title="Bailleul, Nord">Bailleul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisieux" title="Baisieux">Baisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baives" title="Baives">Baives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambecque" title="Bambecque">Bambecque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteux" title="Banteux">Banteux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantigny" title="Bantigny">Bantigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantouzelle" title="Bantouzelle">Bantouzelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas-Lieu" title="Bas-Lieu">Bas-Lieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Bass%C3%A9e" title="La Bassée">La Bassée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauvin" title="Bauvin">Bauvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavay" title="Bavay">Bavay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavinchove" title="Bavinchove">Bavinchove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazuel" title="Bazuel">Bazuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaucamps-Ligny" title="Beaucamps-Ligny">Beaucamps-Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaudignies" title="Beaudignies">Beaudignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_Nord" title="Beaufort, Nord">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Beaumont-en-Cambrésis">Beaumont-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurain" title="Beaurain">Beaurain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurepaire-sur-Sambre" title="Beaurepaire-sur-Sambre">Beaurepaire-sur-Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurieux,_Nord" title="Beaurieux, Nord">Beaurieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauvois-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Beauvois-en-Cambrésis">Beauvois-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellaing" title="Bellaing">Bellaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellignies" title="Bellignies">Bellignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9relles" title="Bérelles">Bérelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergues" title="Bergues">Bergues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlaimont" title="Berlaimont">Berlaimont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermerain" title="Bermerain">Bermerain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bers%C3%A9e" title="Bersée">Bersée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersillies" title="Bersillies">Bersillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthen" title="Berthen">Berthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertry" title="Bertry">Bertry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thencourt" title="Béthencourt">Béthencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettignies" title="Bettignies">Bettignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettrechies" title="Bettrechies">Bettrechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beugnies" title="Beugnies">Beugnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuvrages" title="Beuvrages">Beuvrages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuvry-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Beuvry-la-Forêt">Beuvry-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9villers" title="Bévillers">Bévillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierne" title="Bierne">Bierne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissezeele" title="Bissezeele">Bissezeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaringhem" title="Blaringhem">Blaringhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9court,_Nord" title="Blécourt, Nord">Blécourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeschepe" title="Boeschepe">Boeschepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%ABseghem" title="Boëseghem">Boëseghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-Grenier" title="Bois-Grenier">Bois-Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollezeele" title="Bollezeele">Bollezeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondues" title="Bondues">Bondues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borre,_Nord" title="Borre, Nord">Borre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouchain" title="Bouchain">Bouchain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Helpe" title="Boulogne-sur-Helpe">Boulogne-sur-Helpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbourg" title="Bourbourg">Bourbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourghelles" title="Bourghelles">Bourghelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boursies" title="Boursies">Boursies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousbecque" title="Bousbecque">Bousbecque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousies" title="Bousies">Bousies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousignies" title="Bousignies">Bousignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousignies-sur-Roc" title="Bousignies-sur-Roc">Bousignies-sur-Roc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussi%C3%A8res-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Boussières-en-Cambrésis">Boussières-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussi%C3%A8res-sur-Sambre" title="Boussières-sur-Sambre">Boussières-sur-Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussois" title="Boussois">Boussois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouvignies" title="Bouvignies">Bouvignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouvines" title="Bouvines">Bouvines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bray-Dunes" title="Bray-Dunes">Bray-Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briastre" title="Briastre">Briastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brillon" title="Brillon">Brillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brouckerque" title="Brouckerque">Brouckerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxeele" title="Broxeele">Broxeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruay-sur-l%27Escaut" title="Bruay-sur-l'Escaut">Bruay-sur-l'Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruille-lez-Marchiennes" title="Bruille-lez-Marchiennes">Bruille-lez-Marchiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruille-Saint-Amand" title="Bruille-Saint-Amand">Bruille-Saint-Amand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A9mont" title="Brunémont">Brunémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bry,_Nord" title="Bry, Nord">Bry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugnicourt" title="Bugnicourt">Bugnicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busigny" title="Busigny">Busigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buysscheure" title="Buysscheure">Buysscheure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%ABstre" title="Caëstre">Caëstre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagnoncles" title="Cagnoncles">Cagnoncles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphin-en-Carembault" title="Camphin-en-Carembault">Camphin-en-Carembault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphin-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Camphin-en-Pévèle">Camphin-en-Pévèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantaing-sur-Escaut" title="Cantaing-sur-Escaut">Cantaing-sur-Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantin" title="Cantin">Cantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelle,_Nord" title="Capelle, Nord">Capelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capinghem" title="Capinghem">Capinghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappelle-Brouck" title="Cappelle-Brouck">Cappelle-Brouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappelle-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Cappelle-en-Pévèle">Cappelle-en-Pévèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappelle-la-Grande" title="Cappelle-la-Grande">Cappelle-la-Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carni%C3%A8res" title="Carnières">Carnières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnin" title="Carnin">Carnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartignies" title="Cartignies">Cartignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassel,_Nord" title="Cassel, Nord">Cassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Le Cateau-Cambrésis">Le Cateau-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catillon-sur-Sambre" title="Catillon-sur-Sambre">Catillon-sur-Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catteni%C3%A8res" title="Cattenières">Cattenières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudry" title="Caudry">Caudry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caullery" title="Caullery">Caullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauroir" title="Cauroir">Cauroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerfontaine,_Nord" title="Cerfontaine, Nord">Cerfontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chapelle-d%27Armenti%C3%A8res" title="La Chapelle-d'Armentières">La Chapelle-d'Armentières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-l%27Abbaye" title="Château-l'Abbaye">Château-l'Abbaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemy" title="Chemy">Chemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9reng" title="Chéreng">Chéreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choisies" title="Choisies">Choisies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairfayts" title="Clairfayts">Clairfayts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clary,_Nord" title="Clary, Nord">Clary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobrieux" title="Cobrieux">Cobrieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleret" title="Colleret">Colleret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comines,_Nord" title="Comines, Nord">Comines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9-sur-l%27Escaut" title="Condé-sur-l'Escaut">Condé-sur-l'Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coudekerque-Branche" title="Coudekerque-Branche">Coudekerque-Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courchelettes" title="Courchelettes">Courchelettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousolre" title="Cousolre">Cousolre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutiches" title="Coutiches">Coutiches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craywick" title="Craywick">Craywick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crespin,_Nord" title="Crespin, Nord">Crespin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8vec%C5%93ur-sur-l%27Escaut" title="Crèvecœur-sur-l'Escaut">Crèvecœur-sur-l'Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochte" title="Crochte">Crochte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix,_Nord" title="Croix, Nord">Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix-Caluyau" title="Croix-Caluyau">Croix-Caluyau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuincy" title="Cuincy">Cuincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curgies" title="Curgies">Curgies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvillers" title="Cuvillers">Cuvillers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysoing" title="Cysoing">Cysoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damousies" title="Damousies">Damousies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechy" title="Dechy">Dechy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deh%C3%A9ries" title="Dehéries">Dehéries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denain" title="Denain">Denain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De%C3%BBl%C3%A9mont" title="Deûlémont">Deûlémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimechaux" title="Dimechaux">Dimechaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimont" title="Dimont">Dimont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doignies" title="Doignies">Doignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dompierre-sur-Helpe" title="Dompierre-sur-Helpe">Dompierre-sur-Helpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don,_Nord" title="Don, Nord">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchy-les-Mines" title="Douchy-les-Mines">Douchy-les-Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Doulieu" title="Le Doulieu">Le Doulieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dourlers" title="Dourlers">Dourlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drincham" title="Drincham">Drincham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dunkirk</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebblinghem" title="Ebblinghem">Ebblinghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89caillon" title="Écaillon">Écaillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Nord" title="Eccles, Nord">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89claibes" title="Éclaibes">Éclaibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu%C3%A9lin" title="Écuélin">Écuélin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eecke" title="Eecke">Eecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lesmes" title="Élesmes">Élesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lincourt" title="Élincourt">Élincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89merchicourt" title="Émerchicourt">Émerchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmerin" title="Emmerin">Emmerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englefontaine" title="Englefontaine">Englefontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englos" title="Englos">Englos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneti%C3%A8res-en-Weppes" title="Ennetières-en-Weppes">Ennetières-en-Weppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennevelin" title="Ennevelin">Ennevelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppe-Sauvage" title="Eppe-Sauvage">Eppe-Sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erchin" title="Erchin">Erchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eringhem" title="Eringhem">Eringhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erquinghem-le-Sec" title="Erquinghem-le-Sec">Erquinghem-le-Sec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erquinghem-Lys" title="Erquinghem-Lys">Erquinghem-Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erre" title="Erre">Erre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escarmain" title="Escarmain">Escarmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escaudain" title="Escaudain">Escaudain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escaud%C5%93uvres" title="Escaudœuvres">Escaudœuvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escautpont" title="Escautpont">Escautpont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escobecques" title="Escobecques">Escobecques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esnes" title="Esnes">Esnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquelbecq" title="Esquelbecq">Esquelbecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquerchin" title="Esquerchin">Esquerchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estaires" title="Estaires">Estaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estourmel" title="Estourmel">Estourmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estr%C3%A9es,_Nord" title="Estrées, Nord">Estrées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estreux" title="Estreux">Estreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrun" title="Estrun">Estrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswars" title="Eswars">Eswars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eth,_Nord" title="Eth, Nord">Eth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tr%C5%93ungt" title="Étrœungt">Étrœungt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faches-Thumesnil" title="Faches-Thumesnil">Faches-Thumesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famars" title="Famars">Famars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faumont" title="Faumont">Faumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Favril,_Nord" title="Le Favril, Nord">Le Favril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9chain" title="Féchain">Féchain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feignies" title="Feignies">Feignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felleries" title="Felleries">Felleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenain" title="Fenain">Fenain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9rin" title="Férin">Férin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9ron" title="Féron">Féron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8re-la-Grande" title="Ferrière-la-Grande">Ferrière-la-Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8re-la-Petite" title="Ferrière-la-Petite">Ferrière-la-Petite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Flamengrie,_Nord" title="La Flamengrie, Nord">La Flamengrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaumont-Waudrechies" title="Flaumont-Waudrechies">Flaumont-Waudrechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flers-en-Escrebieux" title="Flers-en-Escrebieux">Flers-en-Escrebieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesqui%C3%A8res" title="Flesquières">Flesquières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%AAtre" title="Flêtre">Flêtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flines-l%C3%A8s-Mortagne" title="Flines-lès-Mortagne">Flines-lès-Mortagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flines-lez-Raches" title="Flines-lez-Raches">Flines-lez-Raches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floursies" title="Floursies">Floursies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyon" title="Floyon">Floyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontaine-au-Bois" title="Fontaine-au-Bois">Fontaine-au-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontaine-au-Pire" title="Fontaine-au-Pire">Fontaine-au-Pire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontaine-Notre-Dame,_Nord" title="Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Nord">Fontaine-Notre-Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Forest-en-Cambrésis">Forest-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest-sur-Marque" title="Forest-sur-Marque">Forest-sur-Marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourmies,_Nord" title="Fourmies, Nord">Fourmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournes-en-Weppes" title="Fournes-en-Weppes">Fournes-en-Weppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frasnoy" title="Frasnoy">Frasnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frelinghien" title="Frelinghien">Frelinghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnes-sur-Escaut" title="Fresnes-sur-Escaut">Fresnes-sur-Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fressain" title="Fressain">Fressain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fressies" title="Fressies">Fressies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretin" title="Fretin">Fretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromelles" title="Fromelles">Fromelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genech" title="Genech">Genech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghissignies" title="Ghissignies">Ghissignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghyvelde" title="Ghyvelde">Ghyvelde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glageon" title="Glageon">Glageon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godewaersvelde" title="Godewaersvelde">Godewaersvelde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%93ulzin" title="Gœulzin">Gœulzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gognies-Chauss%C3%A9e" title="Gognies-Chaussée">Gognies-Chaussée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gommegnies" title="Gommegnies">Gommegnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondecourt" title="Gondecourt">Gondecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonnelieu" title="Gonnelieu">Gonnelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Gorgue" title="La Gorgue">La Gorgue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzeaucourt" title="Gouzeaucourt">Gouzeaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande-Synthe" title="Grande-Synthe">Grande-Synthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Fayt" title="Grand-Fayt">Grand-Fayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Fort-Philippe" title="Grand-Fort-Philippe">Grand-Fort-Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Groise" title="La Groise">La Groise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruson" title="Gruson">Gruson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guesnain" title="Guesnain">Guesnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gussignies" title="Gussignies">Gussignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin" title="Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin">Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halluin" title="Halluin">Halluin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamel,_Nord" title="Hamel, Nord">Hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantay" title="Hantay">Hantay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardifort" title="Hardifort">Hardifort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargnies,_Nord" title="Hargnies, Nord">Hargnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasnon" title="Hasnon">Hasnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haspres" title="Haspres">Haspres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubourdin" title="Haubourdin">Haubourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haucourt-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Haucourt-en-Cambrésis">Haucourt-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haulchin" title="Haulchin">Haulchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haussy" title="Haussy">Haussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut-Lieu" title="Haut-Lieu">Haut-Lieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautmont" title="Hautmont">Hautmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveluy" title="Haveluy">Haveluy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverskerque" title="Haverskerque">Haverskerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haynecourt" title="Haynecourt">Haynecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazebrouck" title="Hazebrouck">Hazebrouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecq" title="Hecq">Hecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lesmes" title="Hélesmes">Hélesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem,_Nord" title="Hem, Nord">Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem-Lenglet" title="Hem-Lenglet">Hem-Lenglet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hergnies" title="Hergnies">Hergnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rin" title="Hérin">Hérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herlies" title="Herlies">Herlies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrin,_Nord" title="Herrin, Nord">Herrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzeele" title="Herzeele">Herzeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestrud" title="Hestrud">Hestrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holque" title="Holque">Holque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hon-Hergies" title="Hon-Hergies">Hon-Hergies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondeghem" title="Hondeghem">Hondeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondschoote" title="Hondschoote">Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honnechy" title="Honnechy">Honnechy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honnecourt-sur-Escaut" title="Honnecourt-sur-Escaut">Honnecourt-sur-Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordain" title="Hordain">Hordain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornaing" title="Hornaing">Hornaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houdain-lez-Bavay" title="Houdain-lez-Bavay">Houdain-lez-Bavay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houplin-Ancoisne" title="Houplin-Ancoisne">Houplin-Ancoisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houplines" title="Houplines">Houplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtkerque" title="Houtkerque">Houtkerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoymille" title="Hoymille">Hoymille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illies,_Nord" title="Illies, Nord">Illies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchy" title="Inchy">Inchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwuy" title="Iwuy">Iwuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenlain" title="Jenlain">Jenlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeumont" title="Jeumont">Jeumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolimetz" title="Jolimetz">Jolimetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killem" title="Killem">Killem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lallaing" title="Lallaing">Lallaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambersart" title="Lambersart">Lambersart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambres-lez-Douai" title="Lambres-lez-Douai">Lambres-lez-Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landas" title="Landas">Landas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrecies" title="Landrecies">Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lannoy,_Nord" title="Lannoy, Nord">Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larouillies" title="Larouillies">Larouillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauwin-Planque" title="Lauwin-Planque">Lauwin-Planque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecelles" title="Lecelles">Lecelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9cluse" title="Lécluse">Lécluse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lederzeele" title="Lederzeele">Lederzeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledringhem" title="Ledringhem">Ledringhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leers" title="Leers">Leers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leffrinckoucke" title="Leffrinckoucke">Leffrinckoucke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesdain" title="Lesdain">Lesdain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesquin" title="Lesquin">Lesquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leval,_Nord" title="Leval, Nord">Leval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewarde" title="Lewarde">Lewarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lez-Fontaine" title="Lez-Fontaine">Lez-Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezennes" title="Lezennes">Lezennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liessies" title="Liessies">Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieu-Saint-Amand" title="Lieu-Saint-Amand">Lieu-Saint-Amand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligny-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Ligny-en-Cambrésis">Ligny-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a><sup>pref</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limont-Fontaine" title="Limont-Fontaine">Limont-Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linselles" title="Linselles">Linselles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locquignol" title="Locquignol">Locquignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loffre" title="Loffre">Loffre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lompret" title="Lompret">Lompret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Longueville" title="La Longueville">La Longueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looberghe" title="Looberghe">Looberghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loon-Plage" title="Loon-Plage">Loon-Plage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loos,_Nord" title="Loos, Nord">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourches" title="Lourches">Lourches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvignies-Quesnoy" title="Louvignies-Quesnoy">Louvignies-Quesnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvil" title="Louvil">Louvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvroil" title="Louvroil">Louvroil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynde" title="Lynde">Lynde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lys-lez-Lannoy" title="Lys-lez-Lannoy">Lys-lez-Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Nord" title="La Madeleine, Nord">La Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maing" title="Maing">Maing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairieux" title="Mairieux">Mairieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Maisnil" title="Le Maisnil">Le Maisnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malincourt" title="Malincourt">Malincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbaix" title="Marbaix">Marbaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchiennes" title="Marchiennes">Marchiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcoing" title="Marcoing">Marcoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcq-en-Bar%C5%93ul" title="Marcq-en-Barœul">Marcq-en-Barœul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcq-en-Ostrevent" title="Marcq-en-Ostrevent">Marcq-en-Ostrevent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maresches" title="Maresches">Maresches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maretz" title="Maretz">Maretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marly,_Nord" title="Marly, Nord">Marly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroilles,_Nord" title="Maroilles, Nord">Maroilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpent" title="Marpent">Marpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette-en-Ostrevant" title="Marquette-en-Ostrevant">Marquette-en-Ostrevant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette-lez-Lille" title="Marquette-lez-Lille">Marquette-lez-Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquillies" title="Marquillies">Marquillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masni%C3%A8res" title="Masnières">Masnières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masny" title="Masny">Masny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaing" title="Mastaing">Mastaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulde" title="Maulde">Maulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurois" title="Maurois">Maurois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazinghien" title="Mazinghien">Mazinghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecquignies" title="Mecquignies">Mecquignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merckeghem" title="Merckeghem">Merckeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rignies" title="Mérignies">Mérignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merris" title="Merris">Merris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merville,_Nord" title="Merville, Nord">Merville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9teren" title="Méteren">Méteren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millam" title="Millam">Millam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millonfosse" title="Millonfosse">Millonfosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%93uvres" title="Mœuvres">Mœuvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monceau-Saint-Waast" title="Monceau-Saint-Waast">Monceau-Saint-Waast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monchaux-sur-%C3%89caillon" title="Monchaux-sur-Écaillon">Monchaux-sur-Écaillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncheaux" title="Moncheaux">Moncheaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monchecourt" title="Monchecourt">Monchecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons-en-Bar%C5%93ul" title="Mons-en-Barœul">Mons-en-Barœul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Mons-en-Pévèle">Mons-en-Pévèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montay" title="Montay">Montay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montigny-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Montigny-en-Cambrésis">Montigny-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montigny-en-Ostrevent" title="Montigny-en-Ostrevent">Montigny-en-Ostrevent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9court" title="Montrécourt">Montrécourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morbecque" title="Morbecque">Morbecque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortagne-du-Nord" title="Mortagne-du-Nord">Mortagne-du-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouchin" title="Mouchin">Mouchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustier-en-Fagne" title="Moustier-en-Fagne">Moustier-en-Fagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvaux" title="Mouvaux">Mouvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naves,_Nord" title="Naves, Nord">Naves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuf-Berquin" title="Neuf-Berquin">Neuf-Berquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuf-Mesnil" title="Neuf-Mesnil">Neuf-Mesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Neuville,_Nord" title="La Neuville, Nord">La Neuville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuville-en-Avesnois" title="Neuville-en-Avesnois">Neuville-en-Avesnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuville-en-Ferrain" title="Neuville-en-Ferrain">Neuville-en-Ferrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuville-Saint-R%C3%A9my" title="Neuville-Saint-Rémy">Neuville-Saint-Rémy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuville-sur-Escaut" title="Neuville-sur-Escaut">Neuville-sur-Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuvilly" title="Neuvilly">Neuvilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieppe" title="Nieppe">Nieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niergnies" title="Niergnies">Niergnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieurlet" title="Nieurlet">Nieurlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivelle" title="Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomain" title="Nomain">Nomain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordpeene" title="Noordpeene">Noordpeene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyelles-l%C3%A8s-Seclin" title="Noyelles-lès-Seclin">Noyelles-lès-Seclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyelles-sur-Escaut" title="Noyelles-sur-Escaut">Noyelles-sur-Escaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyelles-sur-Sambre" title="Noyelles-sur-Sambre">Noyelles-sur-Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyelles-sur-Selle" title="Noyelles-sur-Selle">Noyelles-sur-Selle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obies" title="Obies">Obies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obrechies" title="Obrechies">Obrechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochtezeele" title="Ochtezeele">Ochtezeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odomez" title="Odomez">Odomez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohain,_Nord" title="Ohain, Nord">Ohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oisy,_Nord" title="Oisy, Nord">Oisy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnaing" title="Onnaing">Onnaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oost-Cappel" title="Oost-Cappel">Oost-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchies" title="Orchies">Orchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9e_de_Mormal" title="L'Orée de Mormal">L'Orée de Mormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ors" title="Ors">Ors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsinval" title="Orsinval">Orsinval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostricourt" title="Ostricourt">Ostricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudezeele" title="Oudezeele">Oudezeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxela%C3%ABre" title="Oxelaëre">Oxelaëre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paillencourt" title="Paillencourt">Paillencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecquencourt" title="Pecquencourt">Pecquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9renchies" title="Pérenchies">Pérenchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne-en-M%C3%A9lantois" title="Péronne-en-Mélantois">Péronne-en-Mélantois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Fayt" title="Petit-Fayt">Petit-Fayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite-For%C3%AAt" title="Petite-Forêt">Petite-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalempin" title="Phalempin">Phalempin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitgam" title="Pitgam">Pitgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poix-du-Nord" title="Poix-du-Nord">Poix-du-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pommereuil" title="Pommereuil">Pommereuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-%C3%A0-Marcq" title="Pont-à-Marcq">Pont-à-Marcq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-sur-Sambre" title="Pont-sur-Sambre">Pont-sur-Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potelle" title="Potelle">Potelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradelles,_Nord" title="Pradelles, Nord">Pradelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mesques" title="Prémesques">Prémesques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9seau" title="Préseau">Préseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preux-au-Bois" title="Preux-au-Bois">Preux-au-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preux-au-Sart" title="Preux-au-Sart">Preux-au-Sart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisches" title="Prisches">Prisches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prouvy" title="Prouvy">Prouvy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proville" title="Proville">Proville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provin" title="Provin">Provin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qua%C3%ABdypre" title="Quaëdypre">Quaëdypre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarouble" title="Quarouble">Quarouble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9naing" title="Quérénaing">Quérénaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Quesnoy" title="Le Quesnoy">Le Quesnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quesnoy-sur-De%C3%BBle" title="Quesnoy-sur-Deûle">Quesnoy-sur-Deûle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qui%C3%A9velon" title="Quiévelon">Quiévelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qui%C3%A9vrechain" title="Quiévrechain">Quiévrechain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qui%C3%A9vy" title="Quiévy">Quiévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2ches" title="Râches">Râches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radinghem-en-Weppes" title="Radinghem-en-Weppes">Radinghem-en-Weppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle" title="Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle">Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbeaucourt" title="Raimbeaucourt">Raimbeaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainsars" title="Rainsars">Rainsars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raismes" title="Raismes">Raismes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramillies,_Nord" title="Ramillies, Nord">Ramillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramousies" title="Ramousies">Ramousies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raucourt-au-Bois" title="Raucourt-au-Bois">Raucourt-au-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recquignies" title="Recquignies">Recquignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejet-de-Beaulieu" title="Rejet-de-Beaulieu">Rejet-de-Beaulieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renescure" title="Renescure">Renescure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reumont" title="Reumont">Reumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexpo%C3%ABde" title="Rexpoëde">Rexpoëde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib%C3%A9court-la-Tour" title="Ribécourt-la-Tour">Ribécourt-la-Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieulay" title="Rieulay">Rieulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieux-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Rieux-en-Cambrésis">Rieux-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robersart" title="Robersart">Robersart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%93ulx" title="Rœulx">Rœulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombies-et-Marchipont" title="Rombies-et-Marchipont">Rombies-et-Marchipont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeries" title="Romeries">Romeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronchin" title="Ronchin">Ronchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncq" title="Roncq">Roncq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roost-Warendin" title="Roost-Warendin">Roost-Warendin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosult" title="Rosult">Rosult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roubaix" title="Roubaix">Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roucourt,_Nord" title="Roucourt, Nord">Roucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousies" title="Rousies">Rousies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouvignies" title="Rouvignies">Rouvignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubrouck" title="Rubrouck">Rubrouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Rues-des-Vignes" title="Les Rues-des-Vignes">Les Rues-des-Vignes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruesnes" title="Ruesnes">Ruesnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumegies" title="Rumegies">Rumegies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumilly-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Rumilly-en-Cambrésis">Rumilly-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailly-lez-Cambrai" title="Sailly-lez-Cambrai">Sailly-lez-Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailly-lez-Lannoy" title="Sailly-lez-Lannoy">Sailly-lez-Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainghin-en-M%C3%A9lantois" title="Sainghin-en-Mélantois">Sainghin-en-Mélantois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainghin-en-Weppes" title="Sainghin-en-Weppes">Sainghin-en-Weppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sains-du-Nord" title="Sains-du-Nord">Sains-du-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Amand-les-Eaux" title="Saint-Amand-les-Eaux">Saint-Amand-les-Eaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-lez-Lille" title="Saint-André-lez-Lille">Saint-André-lez-Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubert,_Nord" title="Saint-Aubert, Nord">Saint-Aubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubin,_Nord" title="Saint-Aubin, Nord">Saint-Aubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Aybert" title="Saint-Aybert">Saint-Aybert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Benin" title="Saint-Benin">Saint-Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie-Cappel" title="Sainte-Marie-Cappel">Sainte-Marie-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Georges-sur-l%27Aa" title="Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa">Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-lez-Cambrai" title="Saint-Hilaire-lez-Cambrai">Saint-Hilaire-lez-Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-sur-Helpe" title="Saint-Hilaire-sur-Helpe">Saint-Hilaire-sur-Helpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jans-Cappel" title="Saint-Jans-Cappel">Saint-Jans-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin-sur-%C3%89caillon" title="Saint-Martin-sur-Écaillon">Saint-Martin-sur-Écaillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Momelin" title="Saint-Momelin">Saint-Momelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-Brouck" title="Saint-Pierre-Brouck">Saint-Pierre-Brouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Python" title="Saint-Python">Saint-Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Remy-Chauss%C3%A9e" title="Saint-Remy-Chaussée">Saint-Remy-Chaussée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Remy-du-Nord" title="Saint-Remy-du-Nord">Saint-Remy-du-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Saulve" title="Saint-Saulve">Saint-Saulve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Souplet" title="Saint-Souplet">Saint-Souplet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sylvestre-Cappel" title="Saint-Sylvestre-Cappel">Saint-Sylvestre-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Vaast-en-Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Saint-Vaast-en-Cambrésis">Saint-Vaast-en-Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Waast" title="Saint-Waast">Saint-Waast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesches" title="Salesches">Salesches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9,_Nord" title="Salomé, Nord">Salomé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C3%A9on" title="Saméon">Saméon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancourt,_Nord" title="Sancourt, Nord">Sancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santes" title="Santes">Santes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sars-et-Rosi%C3%A8res" title="Sars-et-Rosières">Sars-et-Rosières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sars-Poteries" title="Sars-Poteries">Sars-Poteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassegnies" title="Sassegnies">Sassegnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saultain" title="Saultain">Saultain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulzoir" title="Saulzoir">Saulzoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebourg" title="Sebourg">Sebourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seclin" title="Seclin">Seclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9meries" title="Sémeries">Sémeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semousies" title="Semousies">Semousies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sentinelle" title="La Sentinelle">La Sentinelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepmeries" title="Sepmeries">Sepmeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequedin" title="Sequedin">Sequedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ranvillers-Forenville" title="Séranvillers-Forenville">Séranvillers-Forenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercus" title="Sercus">Sercus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-le-Noble" title="Sin-le-Noble">Sin-le-Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socx" title="Socx">Socx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solesmes,_Nord" title="Solesmes, Nord">Solesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solre-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Solre-le-Château">Solre-le-Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solrinnes" title="Solrinnes">Solrinnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somain,_Nord" title="Somain, Nord">Somain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommaing" title="Sommaing">Sommaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spycker" title="Spycker">Spycker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple,_Nord" title="Staple, Nord">Staple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenbecque" title="Steenbecque">Steenbecque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steene" title="Steene">Steene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenvoorde" title="Steenvoorde">Steenvoorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenwerck" title="Steenwerck">Steenwerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strazeele" title="Strazeele">Strazeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisni%C3%A8res-en-Thi%C3%A9rache" title="Taisnières-en-Thiérache">Taisnières-en-Thiérache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisni%C3%A8res-sur-Hon" title="Taisnières-sur-Hon">Taisnières-sur-Hon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templemars" title="Templemars">Templemars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templeuve-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Templeuve-en-Pévèle">Templeuve-en-Pévèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terdeghem" title="Terdeghem">Terdeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9teghem-Coudekerque-Village" title="Téteghem-Coudekerque-Village">Téteghem-Coudekerque-Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiant" title="Thiant">Thiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiennes" title="Thiennes">Thiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thivencelle" title="Thivencelle">Thivencelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumeries" title="Thumeries">Thumeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thun-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Thun-l'Évêque">Thun-l'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thun-Saint-Amand" title="Thun-Saint-Amand">Thun-Saint-Amand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thun-Saint-Martin" title="Thun-Saint-Martin">Thun-Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilloy-lez-Cambrai" title="Tilloy-lez-Cambrai">Tilloy-lez-Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes" title="Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes">Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toufflers" title="Toufflers">Toufflers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourcoing" title="Tourcoing">Tourcoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmignies" title="Tourmignies">Tourmignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9lon" title="Trélon">Trélon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tressin" title="Tressin">Tressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trith-Saint-L%C3%A9ger" title="Trith-Saint-Léger">Trith-Saint-Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisvilles" title="Troisvilles">Troisvilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxem" title="Uxem">Uxem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a><sup>subpr</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendegies-au-Bois" title="Vendegies-au-Bois">Vendegies-au-Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendegies-sur-%C3%89caillon" title="Vendegies-sur-Écaillon">Vendegies-sur-Écaillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendeville" title="Vendeville">Vendeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verchain-Maugr%C3%A9" title="Verchain-Maugré">Verchain-Maugré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlinghem" title="Verlinghem">Verlinghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertain" title="Vertain">Vertain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicq,_Nord" title="Vicq, Nord">Vicq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viesly" title="Viesly">Viesly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux-Berquin" title="Vieux-Berquin">Vieux-Berquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux-Cond%C3%A9" title="Vieux-Condé">Vieux-Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux-Mesnil" title="Vieux-Mesnil">Vieux-Mesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux-Reng" title="Vieux-Reng">Vieux-Reng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeneuve-d%27Ascq" title="Villeneuve-d'Ascq">Villeneuve-d'Ascq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villereau,_Nord" title="Villereau, Nord">Villereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-au-Tertre" title="Villers-au-Tertre">Villers-au-Tertre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Villers-en-Cauchies">Villers-en-Cauchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Guislain" title="Villers-Guislain">Villers-Guislain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Outr%C3%A9aux" title="Villers-Outréaux">Villers-Outréaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Plouich" title="Villers-Plouich">Villers-Plouich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Pol" title="Villers-Pol">Villers-Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villers-Sire-Nicole" title="Villers-Sire-Nicole">Villers-Sire-Nicole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volckerinckhove" title="Volckerinckhove">Volckerinckhove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vred" title="Vred">Vred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahagnies" title="Wahagnies">Wahagnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walincourt-Selvigny" title="Walincourt-Selvigny">Walincourt-Selvigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallers" title="Wallers">Wallers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallers-en-Fagne" title="Wallers-en-Fagne">Wallers-en-Fagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallon-Cappel" title="Wallon-Cappel">Wallon-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambaix" title="Wambaix">Wambaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambrechies" title="Wambrechies">Wambrechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandignies-Hamage" title="Wandignies-Hamage">Wandignies-Hamage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannehain" title="Wannehain">Wannehain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargnies-le-Grand" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Wavrin" title="Wavrin">Wavrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziers" title="Waziers">Waziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemaers-Cappel" title="Wemaers-Cappel">Wemaers-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wervicq-Sud" title="Wervicq-Sud">Wervicq-Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West-Cappel" title="West-Cappel">West-Cappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicres" title="Wicres">Wicres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wignehies" title="Wignehies">Wignehies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willems,_Nord" title="Willems, Nord">Willems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willies,_Nord" title="Willies, Nord">Willies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnezeele" title="Winnezeele">Winnezeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhout" title="Wormhout">Wormhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulverdinghe" title="Wulverdinghe">Wulverdinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wylder" title="Wylder">Wylder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegerscappel" title="Zegerscappel">Zegerscappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zermezeele" title="Zermezeele">Zermezeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuydcoote" title="Zuydcoote">Zuydcoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuytpeene" title="Zuytpeene">Zuytpeene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>pref</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a></li> <li><sup>subpr</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France" title="Subprefectures in France">subprefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1936" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1936" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4013217-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139563">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152667584">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152667584">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dunkerque (Francie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128400&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX456256">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000578430&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp354lf95dklqc4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555081405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9c61b2b8-8b48-4d7e-b284-c9357697f1f1">MusicBrainz area</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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