CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kouros - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d594c24d-3ac5-4c66-b148-fdcf19b4247d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kouros","wgTitle":"Kouros","wgCurRevisionId":1280228822,"wgRevisionId":1280228822,"wgArticleId":545416,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from July 2021","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Pages with Greek IPA","CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Ancient Greek sculptures","Kouroi"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kouros","wgRelevantArticleId":545416,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q937330","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Kouros_anavissos.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2984"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Kouros_anavissos.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1990"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1592"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kouros - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kouros rootpage-Kouros skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kouros" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kouros" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kouros" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kouros" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Attributes and meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributes_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sounion_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sounion_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sounion group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sounion_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchomenos–Thera_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchomenos–Thera_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Orchomenos–Thera group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchomenos–Thera_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenea–Volomandra_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenea–Volomandra_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tenea–Volomandra group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenea–Volomandra_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melos_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melos_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Melos group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melos_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anavysos–Ptoon_12_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anavysos–Ptoon_12_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Anavysos–Ptoon 12 group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anavysos–Ptoon_12_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ptoon_20_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ptoon_20_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Ptoon 20 group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ptoon_20_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kouros</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كوروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuros" title="Kuros – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuros" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Курас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Курас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Курос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curos" title="Curos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Curos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAros" title="Kúros – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kúros" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κούρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κούρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuros" title="Kuros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kuros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroso" title="Kuroso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuroso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuros" title="Kuros – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuros" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABras" title="Kūras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuros" title="Kuros – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuros" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Курос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAros" title="Kúros – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kúros" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuros" title="Kuros – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuros" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Курос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuros" title="Kuros – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuros" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kouros" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Курос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F" title="青年雕像 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="青年雕像" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q937330#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kouros" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kouros" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kouros"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kouros"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kouros" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kouros" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&oldid=1280228822" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kouros&id=1280228822&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKouros"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKouros"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kouros&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kouroi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q937330" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek sculptures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kouros_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kouros (disambiguation)">Kouros (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros_anavissos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kouros_anavissos.jpg/250px-Kouros_anavissos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="497" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kouros_anavissos.jpg/330px-Kouros_anavissos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kouros_anavissos.jpg/500px-Kouros_anavissos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kroisos_Kouros" title="Kroisos Kouros">Kroisos Kouros</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kouros</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κοῦρος</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[kûːros]</a></span>, plural <b>kouroi</b>) is the modern term<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given to free-standing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculptures</a> that depict nude male youths. They first appear in the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in Greece">Archaic period in Greece</a> and are prominent in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, with a less frequent presence in many other Ancient Greek territories such as Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such statues are found across the Greek-speaking world; the preponderance of these were found in sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoion, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, alone.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These free-standing sculptures were typically <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, but the form is also rendered in limestone, wood, bronze, ivory and terracotta. They are typically life-sized, though early <a href="/wiki/Colossal_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal statue">colossal</a> examples are up to 3 meters tall. </p><p>The female sculptural counterpart of the kouros is the <a href="/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)" title="Kore (sculpture)">kore</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ancient Greek word kouros (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κοῦρος</span></span>) refers to "youth, boy, especially of noble rank."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a pubescent was received into the body of grown men, as a grown <i>Kouros</i>, he could enter the initiation fest of the brotherhood (<a href="/wiki/Phratry" title="Phratry">phratry</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φρατρία</span></span>). <i>Apellaios</i> was the month of these rites, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> (<i>Apellon</i>) was the "megistos kouros" (the greatest Kouros).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is also attested in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, a syllabary system of writing used to record the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a>. The word <i>ko-wo</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">*<span lang="grc">κόρϝος</span></span>, *<i>kórwos</i>) is attested in tablets from <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, and could mean "the sons of the women recorded in those tablets".<sup id="cite_ref-García-2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García-2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term kouros was first proposed for what were previously thought to be depictions of Apollo by V.I. Leonardos in 1895 in relation to the youth from Keratea, and adopted by Henri Lechat as a generic term for the standing male figure in 1904. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouroi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kouroi2.jpg/250px-Kouroi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kouroi2.jpg/330px-Kouroi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kouroi2.jpg/398px-Kouroi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kleobis_and_Biton" title="Kleobis and Biton">Kleobis and Biton</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 580 BC</span> (<a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum" title="Delphi Archaeological Museum">Archaeological Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The kouros type appears to have served several functions. It was previously thought that it was used only to represent the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, as attested by its depiction on a vase painting in the presence of supplicants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This association with Apollo was supported by the description of the statue of the Pythian Apollo at Samos by Diodoros<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> as "Egyptian in style, with his arms hanging by his sides and his legs parted". However, not all kouroi are images of a deity; many have been discovered in cemeteries where they likely served as commemorative tombstones of the deceased. This type was also used as a memorial for victors in the games (like trophies), kouroi were used as offerings to the gods, (Pausanias describes the statue of <a href="/wiki/Arrhichion" title="Arrhichion">Arrhichion</a>, an Olympic <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankratiast</a>, as in the kouros scheme),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some kouroi have been found in sanctuaries other than that of Apollo. Indeed, some kouroi placed in sanctuaries were not inscribed with the name of the god but with a mortal, for example the 'Delphi Twins' Kleobis and Biton were honoured for their piety with matching kouroi.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of the kouros type is inevitably linked to that of the overall development of monumental Archaic Greek sculpture. There are fundamentally two schools of thought on how <a href="/wiki/Daedalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Daedalic">Daedalic</a> forms, some of which we know of only from the literature (kolossos, bretas, andrias and xoanon), became the free-standing sculpture in around the 6th century; namely, that it was a response to the internal development of Greek types and religious needs<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a product of foreign influence. For an external cause for change, possible sources of influence have been cited, such as Egypt, Anatolia and Syria, with the strongest case made for Egypt, in particular the figure of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>. It is known that the Greeks had longstanding trade relations with Egypt prior to the founding of the Greek entrepôt of <a href="/wiki/Naukratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naukratis">Naukratis</a> in the mid-7th century,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Greeks could have learned Egyptian sculpting methods.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1978 study by Eleanor Guralnick applied <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">stereophotogrammetric</a> measurement and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a> to a number of Greek and Egyptian statues and found the correlation between the Second Canon of the 26th Dynasty and Greek kouroi to be widely distributed but not universal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advancing_figure_of_a_man,_Saite_dynasty,_E_5345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Advancing_figure_of_a_man%2C_Saite_dynasty%2C_E_5345.jpg/250px-Advancing_figure_of_a_man%2C_Saite_dynasty%2C_E_5345.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Advancing_figure_of_a_man%2C_Saite_dynasty%2C_E_5345.jpg/330px-Advancing_figure_of_a_man%2C_Saite_dynasty%2C_E_5345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Advancing_figure_of_a_man%2C_Saite_dynasty%2C_E_5345.jpg/500px-Advancing_figure_of_a_man%2C_Saite_dynasty%2C_E_5345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saite" class="mw-redirect" title="Saite">Saite</a> sculpture from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> 26th dynasty, similar in proportion and form to the early kouros type, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The work of Guralnick along with the previous studies by Erik Iversen and Kim Levin<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have added considerably to the argument for an imitation by Greek sculptors of Egyptian sculpture. The system of proportion in the second Egyptian canon of the <a href="/wiki/Saite" class="mw-redirect" title="Saite">Saite</a> period consisted of a grid of twenty-one and one-fourth parts, with twenty-one squares from the soles of the feet to a line drawn through the centre of the eyes. The grid was applied to the surface of the block being carved, allowing the major anatomical features to be located at fixed grid points. Iversen has shown that the New York kouros conforms to this ratio of proportion. It was Guralnick, however, who developed this discovery by comparing other kouroi by means of <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_score" title="Standard score">Z-score</a> profile analysis to the Egyptian Canon II and a control group composed of statistically average Mediterranean men. As a result, she has identified two strains within methods of proportioning in sixth century kouroi, where the majority follow the general line of evolution from the foreign model towards an idealized human norm.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hurwit & Campbell: "Kouroi apparently first appeared on the island of Naxos, since most early examples are in Naxian marble".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes_and_meaning">Attributes and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attributes and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kouroi are beardless, take a formulaic advancing posture, and are most often nude.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking from the style of Egyptian figures, Greek kouroi often have their left leg extended forward as though walking; however, the figurine looks as though it could be either standing still or taking a long stride.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of early kouroi are belted around their waists, a practice that died out at the turn of the sixth century. Such belts have traditionally been assumed to be an abbreviated symbol of a more complex costume,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however fully clothed contemporary figures also exist, suggesting that it was not just a sculptor's shorthand for clothing but a signifier in itself. Art historian <a href="/wiki/Brunilde_Sismondo_Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway">B.S. Ridgway</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 72–73">: 72–73 </span></sup> suggests that this may have been an attribute of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, athleticism or magical powers, though its iconography remains obscure. Further, there is the question of the nudity of the kouros and if this is also an attribute. Again this may have represented athletic or heroic nudity – immortalising the youth as he appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestra</a>, but no examples have been found at Olympia nor do they bear any allusion to athletic equipment. </p><p>As well as being found in the sanctuaries of Apollo at Delphi, Delos and Mt. Ptoion, kouroi have been found dedicated at the sanctuaries of Hera at Samos, and of Athena and Poseidon at Sounion,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the contention that they depict Apollo is at the very least problematic. However, the majority are from Apollonian sites and dedicated to that god, which has led <a href="/wiki/Brunilde_Sismondo_Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway">Ridgway</a> (1993) to suggest that the early, belted form of the kouros-type statue was introduced in the late seventh century as a replacement for the colossal representation of Apollo.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74">: 74 </span></sup> Over time, the votive and funerary functions of the sculpture became divorced whilst its attributes were shed and its form became more generic until, in the late sixth century, it could serve a number of uses depending on context and location. This 'polyvalent' argument, initially put forth by historian Jean Ducat,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was elaborated by art historian Andrew Stewart, who contends the distribution of kouroi coincides with city-states where the aristocracy were in ascendancy and that this alternation between the divine and the memorial was an identification of aristocratic <i><a href="/wiki/Arete_(moral_virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arete (moral virtue)">arete</a></i> with the immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest extant examples may be the two life-sized marble figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup> dating from the second or third quarter of the seventh century. The canonical form of the kouros persists until the beginning of the classical period, by which time artists had achieved a high degree of anatomical <a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude" title="Verisimilitude">verisimilitude</a>, if not naturalism,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as can be observed on such transitional works as the <a href="/wiki/Kritios_Boy" title="Kritios Boy">Kritios Boy</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480 BC.</span> The absolute chronology of the kouros form is uncertain; none of the sculptures have secure dates. </p><p>There is a strong homogeneity across the various regional schools: where anatomical innovations were adopted they seem to have spread quickly amongst the different workshops so that "regional distinctions become merged in a common progression".<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Consequently, the development of the kouros type as we now understand it is based on the relative chronology delineated by <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a>, who distinguishes six groups by their common anatomical features, with particular reference to the major muscle groups as illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89corch%C3%A9" title="Écorché">écorchés</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscles_anterior_labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Muscles_anterior_labeled.png/250px-Muscles_anterior_labeled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Muscles_anterior_labeled.png/330px-Muscles_anterior_labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Muscles_anterior_labeled.png/500px-Muscles_anterior_labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89corch%C3%A9" title="Écorché">Écorché</a> (muscles anterior labeled)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sounion_group">Sounion group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sounion group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">C.</a> 615–590 BCE: the dates of this period are tentative, roughly late seventh-early sixth century, which <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a><sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> infers from the duration of development necessary for the previous generations from the more securely dated Tenea-Volomandra group. Additionally she notes a similarity of sculpture from this time to <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">early Athenian pottery</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Nessos_Painter" title="Nessos Painter">Nessos amphora</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the human figures on the Horse amphorae.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a> also detects<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> a resemblance between the New York-Sounion kouroi and an early Corinthian pyxis<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the last quarter of the seventh century. Notable works of the time include the <a href="/wiki/New_York_kouros" class="mw-redirect" title="New York kouros">New York kouros</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dermys and Kittylos,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> Twins,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Sounion_kouros" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounion kouros">Sounion kouros</a>, and the Delos colossus. </p><p>The conception of form in this period is abstract and geometrical, emphasis is on architectural shape and the interrelation of parts which favoured expressive pattern over realism. Figures display the four faces of the block from which they are carved, their form is cubic with details incised, and their anatomy is only partially understood. Harmony and expressive pattern are the goal, and as such the proportions are abnormal. The torso is four-sided and flat, the back is higher than chest with the vertebral column expressed as a straight line. The skull is undeveloped; flat at the back and often on top. The ear is carved in one plane, and highly stylized. <a href="/wiki/Tragus_(ear)" title="Tragus (ear)">Tragus</a> is knob like, either on cheek or lobe. <a href="/wiki/Antitragus" title="Antitragus">Antitragus</a> is not indicated. The eyes are large and flat, <a href="/wiki/Canthus_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canthus (anatomy)">canthus</a> is not marked, <a href="/wiki/Ciaccio%27s_glands" title="Ciaccio's glands">lachrymal caruncle</a> is not indicated. The mouth is horizontal, with lips on same plane, and corners of mouth forming triangular depressions. Hair is arranged in parallel beaded tresses, which rarely radiates from the <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(anatomy)" title="Vertex (anatomy)">vertex</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle" title="Sternocleidomastoid muscle">Sterno-mastoids</a>, when marked, are indicated by grooves running to the <a href="/wiki/Suprasternal_notch" title="Suprasternal notch">sternal notch</a>. There is no indication of swelling of <a href="/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius">trapezius</a> on the outline of shoulders. The <a href="/wiki/Clavicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavicles">clavicles</a> are flat ridges along whole course of shoulders. <a href="/wiki/Median_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Median line">Median line</a> is sometimes marked by a groove from sternal notch to navel. The lower boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> has the shape of a pointed arch. <a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectus abdominis">Rectus abdominis</a> is formed by three or more transverse divisions above navel. The navel is generally a knob in a circular groove. <a href="/wiki/Serratus_anterior_muscle" title="Serratus anterior muscle">Serratus magnus</a> is not indicated. The shoulder blades are outlined by grooves on the surface of back. The <a href="/wiki/Erector_spinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erector spinae">erector spinae</a> attachment to posterior part of the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">iliac crest</a> is sometimes indicated by grooves in the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a> regions. Forearm is <a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">supinated</a>, with palm towards the body. Arms often separated from body between armpit and hand. Thumbs are large. <a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis" title="Vastus medialis">Vastus internus</a> descends to about the same level as <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">vastus externus</a>, the shin is vertical, and the <a href="/wiki/Malleoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleoli">malleoli</a> are level. Weight is evenly distributed on both legs and the flanks are level. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_kouros,_dall%27esterno_del_tempio_di_poseidone_a_sounion,_600_ac_ca.,_n._2720,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sounion kouros[35]"><img alt="Sounion kouros[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Statua_di_kouros%2C_dall%27esterno_del_tempio_di_poseidone_a_sounion%2C_600_ac_ca.%2C_n._2720%2C_01.jpg/120px-Statua_di_kouros%2C_dall%27esterno_del_tempio_di_poseidone_a_sounion%2C_600_ac_ca.%2C_n._2720%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Statua_di_kouros%2C_dall%27esterno_del_tempio_di_poseidone_a_sounion%2C_600_ac_ca.%2C_n._2720%2C_01.jpg/250px-Statua_di_kouros%2C_dall%27esterno_del_tempio_di_poseidone_a_sounion%2C_600_ac_ca.%2C_n._2720%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="6200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sounion_kouros" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounion kouros">Sounion kouros</a><sup id="cite_ref-NAMA_2720_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMA_2720-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_(youth)_MET_DT263.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New York Kouros[36]"><img alt="New York Kouros[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg/250px-Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg/330px-Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Kouros" title="New York Kouros">New York Kouros</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kouros Porte Sacrée Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, Athens (KAMA)"><img alt="Kouros Porte Sacrée Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, Athens (KAMA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg/120px-KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg/250px-KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kouros Porte Sacrée <a href="/wiki/Kerameikos_Archaeological_Museum" title="Kerameikos Archaeological Museum">Kerameikos Archaeological Museum</a>, Athens (KAMA) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros,_da_merernda_(myrrhinous)_in_attica,_540-530_ac_ca._01,_n._4890.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athens[35]"><img alt="Athens[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kouros%2C_da_merernda_%28myrrhinous%29_in_attica%2C_540-530_ac_ca._01%2C_n._4890.jpg/120px-Kouros%2C_da_merernda_%28myrrhinous%29_in_attica%2C_540-530_ac_ca._01%2C_n._4890.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kouros%2C_da_merernda_%28myrrhinous%29_in_attica%2C_540-530_ac_ca._01%2C_n._4890.jpg/250px-Kouros%2C_da_merernda_%28myrrhinous%29_in_attica%2C_540-530_ac_ca._01%2C_n._4890.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="6112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athens<sup id="cite_ref-NAMA_2720_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMA_2720-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchomenos–Thera_group"><span id="Orchomenos.E2.80.93Thera_group"></span>Orchomenos–Thera group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orchomenos–Thera group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">C.</a> 590–570 BCE: this period witnesses a lull in Attica with perhaps only two identifiable works from the beginning of the era until the second quarter of century,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this might be due to the Solonic reforms and their restriction on the extravagance of private funerals. Activity is more vigorous in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, especially those from the Ptoan sanctuary and the Orchomenos kouros,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> early work there is probably native.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup> Also Corinth, Actium produces one of the best examples of the period,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> detailing still of in the form of grooves and ridges but there is the beginning of modeling in the full roundness of natural form. One of the more accomplished products of the time is the Thera kouros,<sup id="cite_ref-NAMA_8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMA_8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> softer and less muscular in modeling it is more Ionian than Dorian though Thera was a Dorian colony. We may deduce the chronology of this period only if the dates for the Sounion and Volodmera groups are correct since there is no external evidence for the dates of this style; however, we can usefully compare the heads<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on vase painting of middle Corinthian 600-575 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> which share the same stolid expression, flat skull, large eyes and horizontal mouth. </p><p>The characteristics of this style are as follows. The ear is still carved in one plane, but less stylised. Eyes are not so large as before and more rounded. Mouth is horizontal but no longer always in one plane. The slight protrusions of flanks are sometimes prolonged into a girdle-like ridge, the sculptor occasionally marks the anterior spine of the crest. Shoulder blades are now separate raised planes. The erector spinae sometimes indicated as raised planes. Arms are generally joined to body. The depression over <a href="/wiki/Greater_trochanter" title="Greater trochanter">great trochanter</a> is generally omitted. Shin sometimes curves inwards. Left flank is occasionally placed slightly forward. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BM_B474_kouros.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British Museum, London[42]"><img alt="British Museum, London[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BM_B474_kouros.jpg/150px-BM_B474_kouros.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BM_B474_kouros.jpg/225px-BM_B474_kouros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/BM_B474_kouros.jpg/300px-BM_B474_kouros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actium3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Actium 3, Louvre[43]"><img alt="Actium 3, Louvre[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Actium3.jpg/137px-Actium3.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Actium3.jpg/205px-Actium3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Actium3.jpg/274px-Actium3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actium 3, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0006MAN-Kouros1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kouros[40] from Thera."><img alt="Kouros[40] from Thera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/0006MAN-Kouros1.jpg/250px-0006MAN-Kouros1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/0006MAN-Kouros1.jpg/330px-0006MAN-Kouros1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kouros<sup id="cite_ref-NAMA_8_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMA_8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Thera.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenea–Volomandra_group"><span id="Tenea.E2.80.93Volomandra_group"></span>Tenea–Volomandra group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tenea–Volomandra group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">C.</a> 575–550 BCE: named after an Attic kouros found at Volomandra<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Corinthian specimen from Tenea (Munich 168) this period marks the flowering of the Middle Archaic, and these kouroi are contemporary with such works as the Berlin Standing Kore, the <a href="/wiki/Moschophoros" title="Moschophoros">Moschophoros</a> and the Bluebeard Pediment. There is a tension observable in this group between the solid, architectonic quality of early styles and the expressive possibilities of a vigorous, fluid naturalism . The anatomical novelties of this time are as follows. The ear is carved in more than one plane. A roundness of the eye is indicated henceforth. Lips curve upwards and meet more or less at corners, the upper lip protrudes over lower. Construction of neck is generalized, sterno-mastoids when indicated are marked by slightly modelled shapes. On the median line a groove along sternum is generally replaced by modelled shapes and only the linea alba is marked by only a groove. The lower boundary of thorax assumes the shape of a somewhat rounded arch. There is a slight indication of the <a href="/wiki/External_oblique" class="mw-redirect" title="External oblique">external oblique</a> bulging over the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">iliac crest</a>. Shoulder blades are indicated as modelled shapes. The erector spinae is sometimes modelled. Size of thumb is normal. The <a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis" title="Vastus medialis">vastus internus</a> descends lower than <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">vastus externus</a>. Shins curve inwards. The external malleolus is lower and further back than the internal one. The little toes slant inwards. The <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal">metatarsal</a> bones are lightly indicated. </p><p>The absolute chronology of this period is provided by the dedication of Rhombos on the Moschophoros, which may belong to the same time as a decree referring to the Panathenaia of 566. The Moschophoros is stylistically similar to early in this group giving us an approximate upper limit of 570.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 77">: 77 </span></sup> Additionally the terracotta kneeling boy<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in a well in the Agora and dated by its black-figure pottery sherd stratum to circa 550 shares the flat almond eyes, absence of the trapezium and pointed arch of the lower thorax that characterizes the late Tenea-Volomandra, furnishing us with a tentative lower boundary for the style. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze,_Kouros_di_Milani_530_a.c._2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Milani kouros, Florence Museo Archeologico, Richter (1960).[10]: 70 "><img alt="Milani kouros, Florence Museo Archeologico, Richter (1960).: 70" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_Kouros_di_Milani_530_a.c._2.JPG/250px-Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_Kouros_di_Milani_530_a.c._2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_Kouros_di_Milani_530_a.c._2.JPG/330px-Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_Kouros_di_Milani_530_a.c._2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Milani kouros, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(Florence)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum (Florence)">Florence Museo Archeologico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_of_Tenea_Glyptothek_Munich_168.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenea kouros, Munich 168."><img alt="Tenea kouros, Munich 168." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Apollo_of_Tenea_Glyptothek_Munich_168.jpg/120px-Apollo_of_Tenea_Glyptothek_Munich_168.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Apollo_of_Tenea_Glyptothek_Munich_168.jpg/250px-Apollo_of_Tenea_Glyptothek_Munich_168.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kouros_of_Tenea" title="Kouros of Tenea">Tenea kouros</a>, Munich 168.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melos_group">Melos group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Melos group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">C.</a> 555–540 BCE: figures of this period are simpler than before; their muscles are no longer separately accentuated. There is a tendency to flowing contour and a generalization of form. The tragus now sometimes assumes its natural form. The anterior part of the <a href="/wiki/Helix_(ear)" title="Helix (ear)">helix</a>, which is directed backwards (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crus_helicis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crus helicis (page does not exist)">crus helicis</a>), is often prominent, and joined with the upper end of tragus. The antitragus is sometimes tentatively indicated, though wrongly placed. The anterior triangle of the neck is now better understood. Navel generally modelled as a depression. Indication of external oblique bulging over iliac crest. The <a href="/wiki/Human_abdomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Human abdomen">lower boundary of abdomen</a> occasionally forms a deep curve. Forearm and arm sometimes correctly semi-<a href="/wiki/Pronated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronated">pronated</a>; both directed towards body. Arms sometimes arched towards body below the armpit. Big toe projects a little further or same as second toe. Four smaller toes and toe nails curve gently downwards. </p><p>"Astonishingly uniform"<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 90">: 90 </span></sup> the products of this period are found across the Greek world in large quantities. This group is named after the best preserved example of the era.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of this group is conjectured on the basis that one generation would be required for the development of the Melos group style prior to the more securely dated Anavysos-Ptoon style. However Richter argues there may be some relationship to other contemporary Greek art works, namely: the figures on Late Corinthian pottery <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BCE.</span> exhibit the same degree of naturalism,<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 93">: 93 </span></sup> and the archaic column sculptures from the Temple of Artemis Ephesos, thought to have been supplied by Croesus of Lydia, share some anatomical features.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the important works that come done to us there is the colossal kouros from Megara,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a transitional early piece from <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> (Thebes 3) and an early Parian example.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros_from_Megara_torzo_NAMA_13_NAMA_4545_102558.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kouros from Megara[50]"><img alt="Kouros from Megara[50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kouros_from_Megara_torzo_NAMA_13_NAMA_4545_102558.jpg/250px-Kouros_from_Megara_torzo_NAMA_13_NAMA_4545_102558.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kouros_from_Megara_torzo_NAMA_13_NAMA_4545_102558.jpg/330px-Kouros_from_Megara_torzo_NAMA_13_NAMA_4545_102558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="3471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kouros from Megara<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros_from_thebes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thebes 3."><img alt="Thebes 3." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kouros_from_thebes.jpg/250px-Kouros_from_thebes.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kouros_from_thebes.jpg/330px-Kouros_from_thebes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thebes 3.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros_Asclepeion_Paros_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asclepieion kouros, Louvre"><img alt="Asclepieion kouros, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kouros_Asclepeion_Paros_Louvre.jpg/120px-Kouros_Asclepeion_Paros_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kouros_Asclepeion_Paros_Louvre.jpg/250px-Kouros_Asclepeion_Paros_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asclepieion kouros, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anavysos–Ptoon_12_group"><span id="Anavysos.E2.80.93Ptoon_12_group"></span>Anavysos–Ptoon 12 group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anavysos–Ptoon 12 group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">C.</a> 540–520 BCE: this is the era of the Peisistratos dynasty and marks the assumption of Athens as the centre of artistic activity in Greece. In this period of great development the anatomical proportions become normal, the forms modelled and the spine clearly S-shaped. The head is now spherical and well-developed. The tragus takes on its natural form, the antitragus is also indicated. Hair occasionally descends as far as nape of neck. The sterno-mastoids when marked are indicated by modelled shapes. Their attachment to <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a> and clavicles is often not indicated, this results in a continuous hollow groove or run above the clavicle. There is an attempt to indicate the backward curve of clavicle. Groove along <a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(abdomen)" title="Linea alba (abdomen)">linea alba</a> is sometimes continued below the navel. The lower boundary of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorax_arch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorax arch (page does not exist)">thorax arch</a> is indicated. In the flanks the swelling of the external part is well developed. Lower boundary of abdomen assumes shape of small semicircle or deep curve. The erector spinae always indicated as modelled shape. Generally hand and forearm is semi-pronated. Hands are no longer attached to body but joined by short supports. The <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpal">metacarpal</a> bones are sometimes indicated. The bulge of the vastus internus increases. Toes are no longer parallel but do not recede along a continuous curve. Toes and nails point upwards. The articulation of joints is well rendered. Sometimes the flank of the advanced leg is placed forward and higher than receding leg. </p><p>The characteristics of this group can be observed on the <a href="/wiki/Siphnian_Treasury" title="Siphnian Treasury">Siphnian Treasury</a> which is dated on external evidence before 525 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore allowing time for the maturation of the style we can date the beginning of this group to, roughly, a generation prior.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 115">: 115 </span></sup> The earliest is perhaps the Munich kouros (Glyptothek 169) judging by the rendering of some of the muscles. Another significant Attic kouros in this style is the Anavyssos; its base reads: </p> <dl><dd><i>Stand and mourn Kroisos, first in line of battle and whom <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></i> [the god of war] <i>killed</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Two others are the Akropolis torso,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Rayet head.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of Keos supplies us with one of the best examples of the time,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notable for its advanced rendering of the back where the greatest protrusion of the back is level with that of the chest. Keos was likely under the cultural influence of Athens at this time and this kouros is comparable to and chronologically close to the Anavyssos kouros and akropolis head. From the Ptoan sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> we have the Ptoon 12 kouros (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a>), "softer, less sturdy", <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </span> suggests; <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a> asserts it is a local <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> product, not an import from Athens. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0006MAN-Kouros2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anavysos Kouros."><img alt="Anavysos Kouros." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0006MAN-Kouros2.jpg/120px-0006MAN-Kouros2.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0006MAN-Kouros2.jpg/250px-0006MAN-Kouros2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anavysos Kouros.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchner_Kouros_Glyptothek_Munich_169.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Munich Kouros[56]"><img alt="Munich Kouros[56]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M%C3%BCnchner_Kouros_Glyptothek_Munich_169.jpg/120px-M%C3%BCnchner_Kouros_Glyptothek_Munich_169.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M%C3%BCnchner_Kouros_Glyptothek_Munich_169.jpg/250px-M%C3%BCnchner_Kouros_Glyptothek_Munich_169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="2895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Kouros" title="Munich Kouros">Munich Kouros</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Statue_of_a_Kouros.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athens, Kouros from Merenda.[57]"><img alt="Athens, Kouros from Merenda.[57]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/NAMA_Statue_of_a_Kouros.jpg/250px-NAMA_Statue_of_a_Kouros.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/NAMA_Statue_of_a_Kouros.jpg/330px-NAMA_Statue_of_a_Kouros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athens, <a href="/wiki/Merenda_Kouros" title="Merenda Kouros">Kouros from Merenda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ptoon_20_group">Ptoon 20 group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ptoon 20 group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">C.</a> 520–485 BCE: the last stage in the development of the kouros type is the period in which the Greek sculptor attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used it to create a harmonious, proportionate whole. The features that now become expressed are as follows. The lachrymal caruncle is sometimes indicated. Lips curved upwards only in early examples, the upper lip protrudes markedly over the lower and lips are well shaped. Hair is generally short or rolled up behind, it radiates from a point near vertex and carved in wavy strands. The structure of neck is now correct. There is an indication of swelling of trapezium on the outline of shoulder, becoming more pronounced over time. Clavicles assume an s-shape and lose themselves in shoulders. The lower boundary of thorax assumes a semicircular arch. The rectus abdominis, now reduced in number to two, with the top one incorporated into lower boundary of thorax. There is a small raised plane caused by projection of <a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">xiphoid appendage</a> sometimes observable at lower end of sternum. Navel has fold of skin above in most examples. The lower boundary of abdomen assumes shape of semicircle, and the upper edge of torso with two concave curves becomes regular in form. Forearm and hand correctly pronated. Arms sometimes held free from body. Flanks; occasionally at first later regularly, flank and buttock of supporting leg rise in conformity with action. </p><p>This period is framed by the stasis of the Peisistratid era and the beginning of Athenian democracy and the Persian war. The upper limit of this group may be fixed by the sculpture of the temple of Apollo, Delphi.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 129–130">: 129–130 </span></sup> Architecturally earlier than the Hekatompedon of Athens the Delphi temple has a probable date of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BCE,</span> thus the kouroi of its pediment which betray the swelling trapezium and semicircular lower boundary of the abdomen can be associated with later examples of the group. Yet these same youths have a grooved, narrow lower boundary to the thorax and their flanks are level, suggesting that they are early specimens of the style. <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a> (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> names this group after the kouros Ptoon 20,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is likely a <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> work dedicated by Pythias of <a href="/wiki/Akraiphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Akraiphia">Akraiphia</a> and Aischrion to Apollo of the silver bow.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This along with the torso form Eutresis (Thebes 7) indicate a vigorous <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> school of sculpture which may have existed to serve the Ptoan sanctuary. Attic production is considerable up to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span> after which it seems to peter out.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 127">: 127 </span></sup> Important late kouroi from Athens include the Aristodikos kouros (Ptoon 20 group<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) an akropolis statuette<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bronze Apollo from Piraeus.<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 136, 159 bis">: 136, 159 bis </span></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigent_Museum_Statue_Young_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agrigento ephebe, Richter (1960).[10]: 182 "><img alt="Agrigento ephebe, Richter (1960).: 182" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Agrigent_Museum_Statue_Young_Man.jpg/250px-Agrigent_Museum_Statue_Young_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Agrigent_Museum_Statue_Young_Man.jpg/330px-Agrigent_Museum_Statue_Young_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="4048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Agrigento ephebe, <a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter</a> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 182">: 182 </span></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros_british_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="B.M.London, [62] from Anaphe (?)."><img alt="B.M.London, [62] from Anaphe (?)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kouros_british_museum.JPG/250px-Kouros_british_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kouros_british_museum.JPG/330px-Kouros_british_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">B.M.London, <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Anaphe (?).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_3938_Aristodikos_Kouros.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Athenian Aristodikos Kouros"><img alt="Late Athenian Aristodikos Kouros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NAMA_3938_Aristodikos_Kouros.JPG/120px-NAMA_3938_Aristodikos_Kouros.JPG" decoding="async" width="78" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NAMA_3938_Aristodikos_Kouros.JPG/250px-NAMA_3938_Aristodikos_Kouros.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Athenian <i>Aristodikos Kouros</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros_di_reggio_calabria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kouros of Reggio, Calabria."><img alt="Kouros of Reggio, Calabria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kouros_di_reggio_calabria.jpg/126px-Kouros_di_reggio_calabria.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kouros_di_reggio_calabria.jpg/189px-Kouros_di_reggio_calabria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Kouros_di_reggio_calabria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kouros of Reggio, Calabria.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7262_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum,_Athens_-_The_Piraeus_Apollo_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_14_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piraeus Apollo"><img alt="Piraeus Apollo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/7262_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_The_Piraeus_Apollo_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/250px-7262_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_The_Piraeus_Apollo_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/7262_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_The_Piraeus_Apollo_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/330px-7262_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_The_Piraeus_Apollo_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Piraeus Apollo</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephebos" title="Ephebos">Ephebos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getty_kouros" title="Getty kouros">Getty kouros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Greece" title="List of museums in Greece">List of museums in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampin_Rider" title="Rampin Rider">Rampin Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the accompanying epigraphy the dedicatory formula was "[X] dedicated me to [Y]", there seems to have been no generic term for these sculptures used in the ancient literature, see Morris (1994).<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Subsequent study by Carter & Steinberg (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-Carter-Steinberg-2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-Steinberg-2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> casts doubt on Guralnick's results. They maintain that while there two principal groups of kouroi there is not a statistically significant correlation between the Greek and Egyptian forms, and the differences can be accounted for by the variation in the development of regional styles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> This is begging the question, of course, whether kouroi so defined form a different category from other male figures, namely draped youths, cuirassed or armed warriors, or bearded figures. See <a href="/wiki/Brunilde_Sismondo_Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway">Ridgway</a> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 91–94">: 91–94 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> I.92 claims Croesus supplied the columns; that the fragments that remain in the present day are the same as those Hetrodotus saw is unclear, see Pryce (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 47">: 47 </span></sup> Richter (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Though other origins have been suggested, see Deonna<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morris-1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris-1994_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorris1994" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Ian (1994). <i>Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies</i>. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Greece%3A+Ancient+Histories+and+Modern+Archaeologies&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeer2012" class="citation book cs1">Neer, Richard (2012). <i>Greek Art and Archaeology: A New History c.2500-c.150 BC</i>. New York, USA: Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28877-1"><bdi>978-0-500-28877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Art+and+Archaeology%3A+A+New+History+c.2500-c.150+BC&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28877-1&rft.aulast=Neer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Henri Lechat, 1904, <i>La sculpture attique avant Phidias</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> J. Ducat, 1971, <i>Les kouroi du Ptoion</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3Dkou%3Dros1">"<span class="texhtml">κούρος</span> (kouros)"</a>. <i>Perseus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+%22+%3E%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82%3C%2Fspan%3E+%28kouros%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0073%253Aentry%253Dkou%253Dros1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Harrison, J.E.</a> (2010). <i>Themis: A study to the Social origins of Greek Religion</i> (2010 reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108009492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108009492"><bdi>978-1108009492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themis%3A+A+study+to+the+Social+origins+of+Greek+Religion&rft.pages=441&rft.edition=2010+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1108009492&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-García-2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-García-2017_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcía2017" class="citation book cs1">García, Carlos Varias (2017). "<i>De synonymia Mycenaea</i>: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In de la Villa, Jesús; Rey, Emma Falque; González Castro, José Francisco; Jiménez, María José Muñoz (eds.). <i>Conuentus Classicorum: Temas y formas del Mundo Clásico</i>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">383–</span>384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-697-8214-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-697-8214-9"><bdi>978-84-697-8214-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+synonymia+Mycenaea%3A+t%C3%A9rminos+griegos+equivalentes+de+distintos+reinos+mic%C3%A9nicos&rft.btitle=Conuentus+Classicorum%3A+Temas+y+formas+del+Mundo+Cl%C3%A1sico&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-84-697-8214-9&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Varias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">BM</a> E 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodoros">Diodoros</a>, I.98.9;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richter-1960-Kouroi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter-1960-Kouroi_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichter1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter, Gisela M.A.</a> (1960). <i>Kouroi, Archaic Greek Youths: A study of the development of the Kouros type in Greek sculpture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kouroi%2C+Archaic+Greek+Youths%3A+A+study+of+the+development+of+the+Kouros+type+in+Greek+sculpture&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Gisela+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodoros">Diodoros</a>, VIII.40.I</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum" title="Delphi Archaeological Museum">Archaeological Museum</a>, 467, 1524</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> i.e. E. Athes (1963) <i>ProcPhilSoc</i>, 107, pp 60-81 <br /> R.M. Cook (1987) <i>Origins of Greek Sculpture</i>, JHS 87, pp 24-32 <br /> P. Kranz (1972) <i>AthMitt</i> 81, pp 1-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, II.1.54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRidgway1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brunilde_Sismondo_Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway">Ridgway, B.S.</a> (1993) [1977]. <i>The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaic+Style+in+Greek+Sculpture&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ridgway&rft.aufirst=B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: 36 </span></sup> Though note that only a little Archaic sculpture has been found in Naukratis and it is not monumental.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Guralnick (1978) <i>Proportions of kouroi</i>, AJA, p.461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a> E 5345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Iversen (1957) <i>MittKairo</i>, 15, 134-147 <br /> Iversen (1955) <i>Canon and Proportion in Egyptian Art</i><br /> Levin (1964) AJA 68, 13-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-Steinberg-2010-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter-Steinberg-2010_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarterSteinberg2010" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Jane B.; Steinberg, Laura J. (2010). "Kouroi and statistics". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>114</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.114.1.103">10.3764/aja.114.1.103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191379620">191379620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Kouroi+and+statistics&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.114.1.103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191379620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jane+B.&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Laura+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurwitPlantzosCampbell2003" class="citation book cs1">Hurwit, Jeffrey M.; Plantzos, Dimitris; Campbell, Gordon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000047786"><i>Kouros</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t047786">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t047786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kouros&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t047786&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Hurwit&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Plantzos%2C+Dimitris&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000047786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. Name ''Plantzos'' in book ref but not in quote; either the source is wrong or the quote needs to include yet another author. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeer2012" class="citation book cs1">Neer, Richard (2012). <i>Greek Art and Archaeology</i>. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500288771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500288771"><bdi>978-0500288771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0500288771&rft.aulast=Neer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Deonna, Broadman for example; see <a href="/wiki/Brunilde_Sismondo_Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway">Ridgway</a> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeway-1977-1993-Archaic-style-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 72 28">: 72 [note 28] </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Whitley, J. (2007) <i>The archaeology of ancient Greece</i>, p 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ducat (1971) pp 444-445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stewart (1990) pp 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delos Museum A4085 and A334, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kouros,_torso,_650-600_BC,_Delos,_A_4085143400.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Kouros, torso, 650-600 BC, Delos, A 4085143400.jpg">photo via Wikimedia Commons</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a corrective to the teleological assumption that the archaic artist's aim was for naturalism see Hurwit, 1985, <i>The Art and Culture of Early Greece, 1100-480 BC</i>, pp 255-257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 1002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lullies CV Munich, fasc. 1, pls. 1-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Necrocorinthia, p.293, pl. 47, 7-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Met 32.11.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delphi Mus. 467 and 1524</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAMA_2720-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAMA_2720_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAMA_2720_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 2720</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">MET</a> 32.11.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 3858 and 4181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a> MNB 767</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAMA_8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAMA_8_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAMA_8_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, <i>Necrocorinthia</i>, pl.48, nos. 1-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">BM</a> 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Actium 3, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a> MNB 767</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Vanderpool (1937) <i>Hesperia</i>, VI, p 434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 1558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPryce1928" class="citation book cs1">Pryce, F.N. (1928). <i>Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities of the British Museum</i>. Vol. 1. p. 47;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Sculpture+in+the+Department+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities+of+the+British+Museum&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Pryce&rft.aufirst=F.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a> MND 888</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 13, 4545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> III.57-8, based, of course, on the orthodox chronology and not the Vickers-Francis revised chronology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 3851</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Akropolis 665, 596</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Carlsberg Glyptothek 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 3686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munich 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 4890</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeonna,_W.1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deonna, W. (1909). <i>Les 'Apollons Archaïques', étude sur le type masculin de la statuaire greque au VI<sup>me</sup> siècle avant notre ère</i> (in French). pp. 158 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%27Apollons+Archa%C3%AFques%27%2C+%C3%A9tude+sur+le+type+masculin+de+la+statuaire+greque+au+VI%3Csup%3Eme%3C%2Fsup%3E+si%C3%A8cle+avant+notre+%C3%A8re&rft.pages=158+ff&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Deonna%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 3938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">NAMA</a> 6445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">BM</a> 475</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoardman,_J.1991" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, J. (1991). <i>Greek Sculpture: The Archaic period, a handbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Sculpture%3A+The+Archaic+period%2C+a+handbook&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Boardman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. ¿volume 1 of a mulit-volume work? (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuschor,_E.1950" class="citation book cs1">Buschor, E. (1950). <i>Frühgriechische Jünglinge</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%BChgriechische+J%C3%BCnglinge&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Buschor%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaskey,_L.D.1924" class="citation journal cs1">Caskey, L.D. (1924). "The Proportions of the Apollo of Tenea". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">358–</span>367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F497537">10.2307/497537</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/497537">497537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191402227">191402227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Proportions+of+the+Apollo+of+Tenea&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191402227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F497537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F497537&rft.au=Caskey%2C+L.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeonna,_W.1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deonna, W. (1909). <i>Les 'Apollons Archaïques', étude sur le type masculin de la statuaire greque au VI<sup>me</sup> siècle avant notre ère</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%27Apollons+Archa%C3%AFques%27%2C+%C3%A9tude+sur+le+type+masculin+de+la+statuaire+greque+au+VI%3Csup%3Eme%3C%2Fsup%3E+si%C3%A8cle+avant+notre+%C3%A8re&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Deonna%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuralnick,_Eleanor1985" class="citation journal cs1">Guralnick, Eleanor (July 1985). "Profiles of Kouroi". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>89</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F504356">10.2307/504356</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/504356">504356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193093189">193093189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Profiles+of+Kouroi&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.date=1985-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193093189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F504356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F504356&rft.au=Guralnick%2C+Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuralnick,_E.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Guralnick, E. (1978). "The Proportions of Kouroi". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Proportions+of+Kouroi&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Guralnick%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichter,_Gisela_M.A.1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter, Gisela M.A.</a> (1963). <i>A Handbook of Greek Art</i> (Third ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Greek+Art&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Richter%2C+Gisela+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichter,_Gisela_M.A.1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Richter" title="Gisela Richter">Richter, Gisela M.A.</a> (1960). <i>Kouroi, Archaic Greek Youths: A study of the development of the Kouros type in Greek sculpture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kouroi%2C+Archaic+Greek+Youths%3A+A+study+of+the+development+of+the+Kouros+type+in+Greek+sculpture&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Richter%2C+Gisela+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRidgway,_B.S.1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brunilde_Sismondo_Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway">Ridgway, B.S.</a> (1977). <i>The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture</i> (1st ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaic+Style+in+Greek+Sculpture&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Ridgway%2C+B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRidgway,_B.S.1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brunilde_Sismondo_Ridgway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway">Ridgway, B.S.</a> (1993). <i>The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaic+Style+in+Greek+Sculpture&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Ridgway%2C+B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_A.1990" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, A. (1990). <i>Greek Sculpture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Sculpture&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Stewart%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranssen,_J.2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franssen, J. (2011). <i>Votiv und Repräsentation. Statuarische Weihungen archaischer Zeit aus Samos und Attika</i>. Archäologie und Geschichte (in German). Vol. Bd. 13. Heidelberg, DE: Verlag Archäologie und Geschichte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-935289-36-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-935289-36-8"><bdi>978-3-935289-36-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votiv+und+Repr%C3%A4sentation.+Statuarische+Weihungen+archaischer+Zeit+aus+Samos+und+Attika&rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+DE&rft.series=Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Geschichte&rft.pub=Verlag+Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Geschichte&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-935289-36-8&rft.au=Franssen%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouros&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kouroi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kouroi">Kouros</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-greece.org/art/kouros.html">"kouros"</a>. <i>ancient-greece.org</i>. Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ancient-greece.org&rft.atitle=kouros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-greece.org%2Fart%2Fkouros.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stiftung-archaeologie.de/Kouros_from_Tenea_fullsize.html"><i>Colour reconstruction Kuros from Tenea</i></a>. <i>stiftung-archaeologie.de</i> (images).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colour+reconstruction+Kuros+from+Tenea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stiftung-archaeologie.de%2FKouros_from_Tenea_fullsize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKouros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kouroi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kouroi">Kouroi</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937330#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007007522">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007542458005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kouros&oldid=1280228822">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kouros&oldid=1280228822</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_sculptures" title="Category:Ancient Greek sculptures">Ancient Greek sculptures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kouroi" title="Category:Kouroi">Kouroi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from July 2021">Articles with incomplete citations from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Greek IPA">Pages with Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 March 2025, at 09:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kouros&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kouros</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-7wn7w","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.648","walltime":"0.826","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8943,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":64319,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6584,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128283,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 737.860 1 -total"," 23.26% 171.651 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.48% 129.007 19 Template:Cite_book"," 13.82% 101.991 24 Template:Rp"," 12.84% 94.711 24 Template:R/superscript"," 12.30% 90.734 1 Template:Langx"," 7.74% 57.138 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.63% 56.323 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.50% 47.956 72 Template:R/where"," 5.68% 41.935 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.365","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14608250,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-ksvvs","timestamp":"20250409113748","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kouros","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kouros","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q937330","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q937330","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-23T02:21:29Z","dateModified":"2025-03-13T09:42:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Kouros_anavissos.jpg","headline":"free-standing ancient Greek sculpture depicting a young man"}</script> </body> </html>