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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_x86_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_x86_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The first x86 design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_x86_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buses_and_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses_and_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Buses and operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses_and_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_modes_of_8086" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_modes_of_8086"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hardware modes of 8086</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_modes_of_8086-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registers_and_instruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registers_and_instruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Registers and instruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registers_and_instruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Segmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Porting_older_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porting_older_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Porting older software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porting_older_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Example code</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Example_code-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Example code subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Example_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floating_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floating_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Floating point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floating_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chip_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chip_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chip versions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chip_versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chip versions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chip_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Intel_8086" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Intel_8086"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>List of Intel 8086</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Intel_8086-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives_and_clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives_and_clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Derivatives and clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives_and_clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_chips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_chips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Support chips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_chips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microcomputers_using_the_8086" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microcomputers_using_the_8086"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Microcomputers using the 8086</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microcomputers_using_the_8086-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intel 8086</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84_8086" title="إنتل 8086 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنتل 8086" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%94_8086" title="인텔 8086 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인텔 8086" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9C_8086" title="אינטל 8086 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינטל 8086" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_8086" title="ഇന്റൽ 8086 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റൽ 8086" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/8086_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="8086 మైక్రోప్రాసెసర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="8086 మైక్రోప్రాసెసర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Intel 8086" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207539#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Intel+8086%22">"Intel 8086"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Intel+8086%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Intel+8086%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Intel+8086%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Intel+8086%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Intel+8086%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Intel 8086</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_C8086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Intel_C8086.jpg/220px-Intel_C8086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Intel_C8086.jpg/330px-Intel_C8086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Intel_C8086.jpg/440px-Intel_C8086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A rare Intel C8086 processor in purple ceramic DIP package with side-brazed pins</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1998<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intersil" title="Intersil">Intersil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">OKI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> (Matsushita)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Performance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 MHz to 10 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Data width</th><td class="infobox-data">16 bits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address width</th><td class="infobox-data">20 bits</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Architecture and classification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Technology_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology node">Technology node</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3_%CE%BCm_process" title="3 μm process">3 μm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X86-16" class="mw-redirect" title="X86-16">x86-16</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Physical specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>29,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Co-processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-processor">Co-processor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">Intel 8087</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8089" title="Intel 8089">Intel 8089</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Package</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40 pin <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">dual in-line package</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Socket</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP40</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Products, models, variants</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variant</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">Intel 8085</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> (both of which were introduced in early 1982)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Unsupported</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>8086</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also called <b>iAPX 86</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-i286_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i286-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> chip designed by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> between early 1976<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and June 8, 1978, when it was released.<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a>, released July 1, 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data bus</a> (allowing the use of cheaper and fewer supporting <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">ICs</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is notable as the processor used in the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> design. </p><p>The 8086 gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture, which eventually became Intel's most successful line of processors. On June 5, 2018, Intel released a limited-edition CPU celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Intel 8086, called the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_Lake" title="Coffee Lake">Intel Core i7-8086K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, Intel launched the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">8008</a>, Intel's first 8-bit microprocessor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It implemented an <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Datapoint" title="Datapoint">Datapoint Corporation</a> with programmable <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">CRT terminals</a> in mind, which also proved to be fairly general-purpose. The device needed several additional <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">ICs</a> to produce a functional computer, in part due to it being packaged in a small 18-pin "memory package", which ruled out the use of a separate address bus (Intel was primarily a <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a> manufacturer at the time). </p><p>Two years later, Intel launched the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a>, employing the new 40-pin <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIL packages</a> originally developed for <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculator</a> ICs to enable a separate address bus. It had an extended instruction set that is <a href="/wiki/Source-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-compatible">source-compatible</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Binary_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compatible">binary compatible</a>) with the 8008<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also included some <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> instructions to make programming easier. The 8080 device was eventually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">depletion-load</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> (1977), which used a single +5 V power supply instead of the three different operating voltages of earlier chips.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other well known 8-bit microprocessors that emerged during these years are <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">General Instrument PIC16X</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> (1976), and <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6809" title="Motorola 6809">Motorola 6809</a> (1978). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_x86_design">The first x86 design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The first x86 design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8086_CPU_Die.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Intel_8086_CPU_Die.JPG/220px-Intel_8086_CPU_Die.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Intel_8086_CPU_Die.JPG/330px-Intel_8086_CPU_Die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Intel_8086_CPU_Die.JPG/440px-Intel_8086_CPU_Die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Intel 8086 CPU die image</figcaption></figure> <p>The 8086 project started in May 1976<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was originally intended as a temporary substitute for the ambitious and delayed <a href="/wiki/IAPX_432" class="mw-redirect" title="IAPX 432">iAPX 432</a> project. It was an attempt to draw attention from the less-delayed 16-bit and <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> processors of other manufacturers — <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilog" title="Zilog">Zilog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a>. </p><p>Whereas the 8086 was a 16-bit microprocessor, it used the same <a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">microarchitecture</a> as Intel's 8-bit microprocessors (8008, 8080, and 8085). This allowed <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> programs written in 8-bit to <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly language translator">seamlessly migrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scanlon_1988_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scanlon_1988-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New instructions and features — such as signed integers, base+offset addressing, and self-repeating operations — were added. Instructions were added to assist source code compilation of <a href="/wiki/Nested_function" title="Nested function">nested functions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>-family of languages, including <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a>. According to principal architect <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Morse" title="Stephen P. Morse">Stephen P. Morse</a>, this was a result of a more software-centric approach. Other enhancements included <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> instructions for the multiply and divide assembly language instructions. Designers also anticipated <a href="/wiki/Coprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprocessors">coprocessors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">8087</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_8089" title="Intel 8089">8089</a>, so the bus structure was designed to be flexible. </p><p>The first revision of the instruction set and high level architecture was ready after about three months,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as almost no CAD tools were used, four engineers and 12 layout people were simultaneously working on the chip.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8086 took a little more than two years from idea to working product, which was considered fast for a complex design in the 1970s. </p><p>The 8086 was sequenced<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Random_logic" title="Random logic">random logic</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> and was implemented using depletion-load nMOS circuitry with approximately 20,000 active <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> (29,000 counting all <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">PLA</a> sites). It was soon moved to a new refined nMOS manufacturing process called <a href="/wiki/HMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="HMOS">HMOS</a> (for High performance MOS) that Intel originally developed for manufacturing of fast <a href="/wiki/Static_RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="Static RAM">static RAM</a> products.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by HMOS-II, HMOS-III versions, and, eventually, a fully static <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> version for battery powered devices, manufactured using Intel's <a href="/wiki/CHMOS" title="CHMOS">CHMOS</a> processes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original chip measured 33 mm² and minimum feature size was 3.2 μm. The MUL and DIV instructions were very slow due to being microcoded so x86 programmers usually just used the bit shift instructions for multiplying and dividing instead. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Programmers use shifts for powers of two and shift/adds/subs for small multipliers but it is impossible to write a general 16 x 16 bit multiply on the 8086 that is faster than the MUL instruction (December 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Intel_8086#MUL_and_DIV" title="Talk:Intel 8086">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 8086 was die-shrunk to 2 μm in 1981; this version also corrected a stack register bug in the original 3.5 μm chips. Later 1.5 μm and CMOS variants were outsourced to other manufacturers and not developed in-house. </p><p>The architecture was defined by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Morse" title="Stephen P. Morse">Stephen P. Morse</a> with some help from Bruce Ravenel (the architect of the 8087) in refining the final revisions. Logic designer Jim McKevitt and John Bayliss were the lead engineers of the hardware-level development team<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bill Pohlman the manager for the project. The legacy of the 8086 is enduring in the basic instruction set of today's personal computers and servers; the 8086 also lent its last two digits to later extended versions of the design, such as the <a href="/wiki/Intel_286" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 286">Intel 286</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intel_386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 386">Intel 386</a>, all of which eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> family. (Another reference is that the <a href="/wiki/PCI_Configuration_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Configuration Space">PCI Vendor ID</a> for Intel devices is 8086<sub>h</sub>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8086_pinout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Intel_8086_pinout.svg/300px-Intel_8086_pinout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Intel_8086_pinout.svg/450px-Intel_8086_pinout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Intel_8086_pinout.svg/600px-Intel_8086_pinout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>The 8086 pin assignments in min and max mode</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses_and_operation">Buses and operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buses and operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All internal registers, as well as internal and external data buses, are 16 bits wide, which firmly established the "16-bit microprocessor" identity of the 8086. A 20-bit external address bus provides a 1 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a> physical address space (2<sup>20</sup> = 1,048,576 x 1 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>). This address space is addressed by means of internal memory "segmentation". The data bus is <a href="/wiki/Multiplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplexed">multiplexed</a> with the address bus in order to fit all of the control lines into a standard 40-pin <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">dual in-line package</a>. It provides a 16-bit I/O address bus, supporting 64 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> of separate I/O space. The maximum linear address space is limited to 64 KB, simply because internal address/index registers are only 16 bits wide. Programming over 64 KB memory boundaries involves adjusting the segment registers (see below); this difficulty existed until the <a href="/wiki/80386" class="mw-redirect" title="80386">80386</a> architecture introduced wider (32-bit) registers (the memory management hardware in the <a href="/wiki/80286" class="mw-redirect" title="80286">80286</a> did not help in this regard, as its registers are still only 16 bits wide). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_modes_of_8086">Hardware modes of 8086</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hardware modes of 8086"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the control pins, which carry essential signals for all external operations, have more than one function depending upon whether the device is operated in <i>min</i> or <i>max</i> mode. The former mode is intended for small single-processor systems, while the latter is for medium or large systems using more than one processor (a kind of multiprocessor mode). Maximum mode is required when using an 8087 or 8089 coprocessor. The voltage on pin 33 (MN/<span style="text-decoration:overline;">MX</span>) determines the mode. Changing the state of pin 33 changes the function of certain other pins, most of which have to do with how the CPU handles the (local) bus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mode is usually hardwired into the circuit and therefore cannot be changed by software. The workings of these modes are described in terms of timing diagrams in Intel datasheets and manuals. In minimum mode, all control signals are generated by the 8086 itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registers_and_instruction">Registers and instruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Registers and instruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:88%;width:38em;"> <caption>Intel 8086 registers </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>9</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>8</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>7</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>6</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>5</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>4</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>1</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>0</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>9</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>8</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>7</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>6</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>5</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>4</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>1</sub> </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>0</sub> </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black"><i>(bit position)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21"><b>Main registers</b> <br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="4">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">AH </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">AL </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b><a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)" title="Accumulator (computing)">AX</a></b> (primary accumulator) </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">BH </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">BL </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>BX</b> (base, accumulator) </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="4">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">CH </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">CL </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>CX</b> (counter, accumulator) </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="4">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">DH </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">DL </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>DX</b> (accumulator, extended acc) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21"><b>Index registers</b> <br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Index_register" title="Index register">SI</a> </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>S</b>ource <b>I</b>ndex </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">DI </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>D</b>estination <b>I</b>ndex </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">BP </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>B</b>ase <b>P</b>ointer </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">SP</a> </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>S</b>tack <b>P</b>ointer </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21"><b>Program counter</b> <br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">IP</a> </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>I</b>nstruction <b>P</b>ointer </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21"><b>Segment registers</b> <br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">CS </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>C</b>ode <b>S</b>egment </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">DS </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>D</b>ata <b>S</b>egment </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">ES </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>E</b>xtra <b>S</b>egment </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">SS </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#DDD" colspan="4">0 0 0 0 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;"><b>S</b>tack <b>S</b>egment </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21"><b>Status register</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="4">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Overflow_flag" title="Overflow flag">O</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Direction_flag" title="Direction flag">D</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/IF_(x86_flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="IF (x86 flag)">I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Trap_flag" title="Trap flag">T</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sign_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign flag">S</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zero_flag" title="Zero flag">Z</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Adjust_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjust flag">A</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Parity_flag" title="Parity flag">P</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carry_flag" title="Carry flag">C</a> </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Flags </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 8086 has eight more-or-less general 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Stack-based_memory_allocation" title="Stack-based memory allocation">stack pointer</a> but excluding the instruction pointer, flag register and segment registers). Four of them, AX, BX, CX, DX, can also be accessed as 8-bit register pairs (see figure) while the other four, SI, DI, BP, SP, are 16-bit only. </p><p>Due to a compact encoding inspired by 8-bit processors, most instructions are one-address or two-address operations, which means that the result is stored in one of the operands. At most one of the operands can be in memory, but this memory operand can also be the <i>destination</i>, while the other operand, the <i>source</i>, can be either <i>register</i> or <i>immediate</i>. A single memory location can also often be used as both <i>source</i> and <i>destination</i> which, among other factors, further contributes to a <a href="/wiki/Code_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Code density">code density</a> comparable to (and often better than) most eight-bit machines at the time. </p><p>The degree of generality of most registers is much greater than in the 8080 or 8085. However, 8086 registers were more specialized than in most contemporary <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> and are also used implicitly by some instructions. While perfectly sensible for the assembly programmer, this makes register allocation for compilers more complicated compared to more orthogonal 16-bit and 32-bit processors of the time such as the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, <a href="/wiki/68000" class="mw-redirect" title="68000">68000</a>, <a href="/wiki/32016" class="mw-redirect" title="32016">32016</a>, etc. On the other hand, being more regular than the rather minimalistic but ubiquitous 8-bit microprocessors such as the <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">6800</a>, <a href="/wiki/6809" class="mw-redirect" title="6809">6809</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a>, <a href="/wiki/MCS-48" class="mw-redirect" title="MCS-48">MCS-48</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8051" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8051">8051</a>, and other contemporary accumulator-based machines, it is significantly easier to construct an efficient <a href="/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler)" title="Code generation (compiler)">code generator</a> for the 8086 architecture. </p><p>Another factor for this is that the 8086 also introduced some new instructions (not present in the 8080 and 8085) to better support stack-based high-level programming languages such as Pascal and <a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a>; some of the more useful instructions are <code><b>push</b> <i>mem-op</i></code>, and <b>ret</b> <i>size</i>, supporting the "Pascal <a href="/wiki/Calling_convention" title="Calling convention">calling convention</a>" directly. (Several others, such as <code><b>push</b> <i>immed</i></code> and <code><b>enter</b></code>, were added in the subsequent 80186, 80286, and 80386 processors.) </p><p>A 64 KB (one segment) <a href="/wiki/Stack_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack (data structure)">stack</a> growing towards lower addresses is supported in <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>; 16-bit words are pushed onto the stack, and the top of the stack is pointed to by SS:SP. There are 256 <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a>, which can be invoked by both hardware and software. The interrupts can cascade, using the stack to store the <a href="/wiki/Return_address_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Return address (computing)">return addresses</a>. </p><p>The 8086 has 64 K of 8-bit (or alternatively 32 K of 16-bit word) <a href="/wiki/I/O_port" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O port">I/O port</a> space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags">Flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 8086 has a 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">flags register</a>. Nine of these condition code flags are active, and indicate the current state of the processor: <a href="/wiki/Carry_flag" title="Carry flag">Carry flag</a> (CF), <a href="/wiki/Parity_flag" title="Parity flag">Parity flag</a> (PF), <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary flag">Auxiliary carry flag</a> (AF), <a href="/wiki/Zero_flag" title="Zero flag">Zero flag</a> (ZF), <a href="/wiki/Sign_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign flag">Sign flag</a> (SF), <a href="/wiki/Trap_flag" title="Trap flag">Trap flag</a> (TF), <a href="/wiki/IF_(x86_flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="IF (x86 flag)">Interrupt flag</a> (IF), <a href="/wiki/Direction_flag" title="Direction flag">Direction flag</a> (DF), and <a href="/wiki/Overflow_flag" title="Overflow flag">Overflow flag</a> (OF). Also referred to as the status word, the layout of the flags register is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bit </th> <td>15-12 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Flag </th> <td>  </td> <td>OF </td> <td>DF </td> <td>IF </td> <td>TF </td> <td>SF </td> <td>ZF </td> <td>  </td> <td>AF </td> <td>  </td> <td>PF </td> <td>  </td> <td>CF </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segmentation">Segmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Segmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">x86 memory segmentation</a></div> <p>There are also four 16-bit <a href="/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">segment</a> registers (see figure) that allow the 8086 <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> to access one <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> of memory in an unusual way. Rather than concatenating the segment register with the address register, as in most processors whose address space exceeds their register size, the 8086 shifts the 16-bit segment only four bits left before adding it to the 16-bit offset (16×segment + offset), therefore producing a 20-bit external (or effective or physical) address from the 32-bit segment:offset pair. As a result, each external address can be referred to by 2<sup>12</sup> = 4096 different segment:offset pairs. </p> <table style="margin-left:5em"> <tbody><tr> <td><code>  </code><code style="background:#DED">0110 1000 1000 0111</code><code>0000</code> </td> <td><b>Segment</b>, </td> <td>16 bits, shifted 4 bits left (or multiplied by 0x10) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>+      </code><code style="background:#DDF">1011 0100 1010 1001</code> </td> <td><b>Offset</b>, </td> <td>16 bits </td></tr> <tr style="text-decoration:line-through"> <td><code>                            </code> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>  </code><code style="background:#FDF">0111 0011 1101 0001 1001</code> </td> <td><b>Address</b>, </td> <td>20 bits </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although considered complicated and cumbersome by many programmers, this scheme also has advantages; a small program (less than 64 KB) can be loaded starting at a fixed offset (such as 0000) in its own segment, avoiding the need for <a href="/wiki/Relocation_(computing)" title="Relocation (computing)">relocation</a>, with at most 15 bytes of alignment waste. </p><p>Compilers for the 8086 family commonly support two types of <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointer</a>, <i>near</i> and <i>far</i>. Near pointers are 16-bit offsets implicitly associated with the program's code or data segment and so can be used only within parts of a program small enough to fit in one segment. Far pointers are 32-bit segment:offset pairs resolving to 20-bit external addresses. Some compilers also support <i>huge</i> pointers, which are like far pointers except that <a href="/wiki/Pointer_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer arithmetic">pointer arithmetic</a> on a huge pointer treats it as a linear 20-bit pointer, while pointer arithmetic on a far pointer <a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">wraps around</a> within its 16-bit offset without touching the segment part of the address. </p><p>To avoid the need to specify <i>near</i> and <i>far</i> on numerous pointers, data structures, and functions, compilers also support "memory models" which specify default pointer sizes. The <i>tiny</i> (max 64K), <i>small</i> (max 128K), <i>compact</i> (data > 64K), <i>medium</i> (code > 64K), <i>large</i> (code,data > 64K), and <i>huge</i> (individual arrays > 64K) models cover practical combinations of near, far, and huge pointers for code and data. The <i>tiny</i> model means that code and data are shared in a single segment, just as in most 8-bit based processors, and can be used to build <i><a href="/wiki/COM_file" title="COM file">.com</a></i> files for instance. Precompiled libraries often come in several versions compiled for different memory models. </p><p>According to Morse et al.,.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the designers actually contemplated using an 8-bit shift (instead of 4-bit), in order to create a 16 MB physical address space. However, as this would have forced segments to begin on 256-byte boundaries, and 1 MB was considered very large for a microprocessor around 1976, the idea was dismissed. Also, there were not enough pins available on a low cost 40-pin package for the additional four address bus pins. </p><p>In principle, the address space of the x86 series <i>could</i> have been extended in later processors by increasing the shift value, as long as applications obtained their segments from the operating system and did not make assumptions about the equivalence of different segment:offset pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice the use of "huge" pointers and similar mechanisms was widespread and the flat 32-bit addressing made possible with the 32-bit offset registers in the 80386 eventually extended the limited addressing range in a more general way. </p><p>The instruction stream is fetched from memory as words and is addressed internally by the processor to the byte level as necessary. An instruction stream queuing mechanism allows up to 6 bytes of the instruction stream to be queued while waiting for decoding and execution. The queue acts as a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) buffer, from which the Execution Unit (EU) extracts instruction bytes as required. Whenever there is space for at least two bytes in the queue, the BIU will attempt a word fetch memory cycle. If the queue is empty (following a branch instruction, for example), the first byte into the queue immediately becomes available to the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-8086Datasheet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8086Datasheet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Porting_older_software">Porting older software</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Porting older software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small programs could ignore the segmentation and just use plain 16-bit addressing. This allows <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> software to be quite easily ported to the 8086. The authors of most <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> implementations took advantage of this by providing an <a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Programming Interface">Application Programming Interface</a> very similar to <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> as well as including the simple <i>.com</i> executable file format, identical to CP/M. This was important when the 8086 and MS-DOS were new, because it allowed many existing CP/M (and other) applications to be quickly made available, greatly easing acceptance of the new platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_code">Example code</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following 8086 <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a> source code is for a subroutine named <code>_strtolower</code> that copies a null-terminated <a href="/wiki/ASCIIZ" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCIIZ">ASCIIZ</a> character string from one location to another, converting all alphabetic characters to lower case. The string is copied one byte (8-bit character) at a time. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <pre> 0000 0000 55 0001 89 E5 0003 56 0004 57 0005 8B 75 06 0008 8B 7D 04 000B FC 000C AC 000D 3C 41 000F 7C 06 0011 3C 5A 0013 7F 02 0015 04 20 0017 AA 0018 08 C0 001A 75 F0 001C 5F 001D 5E 001E 5D 001F C3 001F </pre> </td> <td> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-nasm mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">; _strtolower:</span> <span class="c1">; Copy a null-terminated ASCII string, converting</span> <span class="c1">; all alphabetic characters to lower case.</span> <span class="c1">; ES=DS</span> <span class="c1">; Entry stack parameters</span> <span class="c1">; [SP+4] = src, Address of source string</span> <span class="c1">; [SP+2] = dst, Address of target string</span> <span class="c1">; [SP+0] = Return address</span> <span class="c1">;</span> <span class="nf">_strtolower</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">proc</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">push</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">bp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Set up the call frame</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">mov</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">bp</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">sp</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">push</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">si</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">push</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">di</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">mov</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">si</span><span class="p">,[</span><span class="nb">bp</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Set SI = src (+2 due to push bp)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">mov</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">di</span><span class="p">,[</span><span class="nb">bp</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Set DI = dst</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">cld</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;string direction ascending</span> <span class="w"> </span> <span class="nl">loop:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">lodsb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Load AL from [si], inc si</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">cmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">al</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'A'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;If AL < 'A',</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">jl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">copy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">; Skip conversion</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">cmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">al</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'Z'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;If AL > 'Z',</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">jg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">copy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">; Skip conversion</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">al</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="s">'A'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Convert AL to lowercase</span> <span class="nl">copy:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">stosb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Store AL to [di], inc di</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">al</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">al</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;If AL <> 0,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">jne</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">; Repeat the loop</span> <span class="w"> </span> <span class="nl">done:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">pop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">di</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">; restore di and si</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">pop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">si</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">pop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">bp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Restore the prev call frame</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ret</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">;Return to caller</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">end</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">proc</span> </pre></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The example code uses the BP (base pointer) register to establish a <a href="/wiki/Call_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Call frame">call frame</a>, an area on the stack that contains all of the parameters and local variables for the execution of the subroutine. This kind of <a href="/wiki/Calling_convention" title="Calling convention">calling convention</a> supports <a href="/wiki/Reentrancy_(computing)" title="Reentrancy (computing)">reentrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursive</a> code and has been used by Algol-like languages since the late 1950s. A flat memory model is assumed, specifically, that the DS and ES segments address the same region of memory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8086_block_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Intel_8086_block_scheme.svg/405px-Intel_8086_block_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="405" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Intel_8086_block_scheme.svg/608px-Intel_8086_block_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Intel_8086_block_scheme.svg/810px-Intel_8086_block_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><i>Simplified block diagram over Intel 8088 (a variant of 8086); 1=main & index registers; 2=segment registers and IP; 3=address adder; 4=internal address bus; 5=instruction queue; 6=control unit (very simplified!); 7=bus interface; 8=internal databus; 9=ALU; 10/11/12=external address/data/control bus.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Although partly shadowed by other design choices in this particular chip, the <a href="/wiki/Multiplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplexed">multiplexed</a> address and <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data buses</a> limit performance slightly; transfers of 16-bit or 8-bit quantities are done in a four-clock memory access cycle, which is faster on 16-bit, although slower on 8-bit quantities, compared to many contemporary 8-bit based CPUs. As instructions vary from one to six bytes, fetch and execution are made <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrent</a> and decoupled into separate units (as it remains in today's x86 processors): The <i>bus interface unit</i> feeds the instruction stream to the <i>execution unit</i> through a 6-byte prefetch queue (a form of loosely coupled <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipelining</a>), speeding up operations on <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operand" title="Operand">immediates</a>, while memory operations became slower (four years later, this performance problem was fixed with the <a href="/wiki/80186" class="mw-redirect" title="80186">80186</a> and <a href="/wiki/80286" class="mw-redirect" title="80286">80286</a>). However, the full (instead of partial) 16-bit architecture with a full width <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALU</a> meant that 16-bit arithmetic instructions could now be performed with a single ALU cycle (instead of two, via internal carry, as in the 8080 and 8085), speeding up such instructions considerably. Combined with <a href="/wiki/Orthogonalization" title="Orthogonalization">orthogonalizations</a> of operations versus <a href="/wiki/Operand" title="Operand">operand</a> types and <a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">addressing modes</a>, as well as other enhancements, this made the performance gain over the 8080 or 8085 fairly significant, despite cases where the older chips may be faster (see below). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100px; height: 50px;"> <caption>Execution times for typical instructions (in clock cycles)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:3px double #999;"> <th align="left">instruction </th> <th align="left">register-register </th> <th align="left">register immediate </th> <th align="left">register-memory </th> <th align="left">memory-register </th> <th align="left">memory-immediate </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <td>mov</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>8+EA</td> <td>9+EA</td> <td>10+EA </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <td>ALU</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>9+EA,</td> <td>16+EA,</td> <td>17+EA </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <td>jump</td> <td colspan="5"><i>register</i> ≥ 11 ; <i>label</i> ≥ 15 ; <i>condition,label</i> ≥ 16 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <td>integer multiply</td> <td colspan="5">70~160 (depending on operand <i>data</i> as well as size) <i>including</i> any EA </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <td>integer divide</td> <td colspan="5">80~190 (depending on operand <i>data</i> as well as size) <i>including</i> any EA </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>EA = time to compute effective address, ranging from 5 to 12 cycles.</li> <li>Timings are best case, depending on prefetch status, instruction alignment, and other factors.</li></ul> <p>As can be seen from these tables, operations on registers and immediates were fast (between 2 and 4 cycles), while memory-operand instructions and jumps were quite slow; jumps took more cycles than on the simple <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a>, and the 8088 (used in the IBM PC) was additionally hampered by its narrower bus. The reasons why most memory related instructions were slow were threefold: </p> <ul><li>Loosely coupled fetch and execution units are efficient for instruction prefetch, but not for jumps and random data access (without special measures).</li> <li>No dedicated address calculation adder was afforded; the microcode routines had to use the main ALU for this (although there was a dedicated <i>segment</i> + <i>offset</i> adder).</li> <li>The address and data buses were <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexed</a>, forcing a slightly longer (33~50%) bus cycle than in typical contemporary 8-bit processors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The multiplexed bus is unlikely to slow things by "33~50%." The address was only delayed by the 18 nanosecond max propagation delay of the 74LS373 transparent latch. (May 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Intel_8086#Multiplexed_bus" title="Talk:Intel 8086">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>However, memory access performance was drastically enhanced with Intel's next generation of 8086 family CPUs. The <a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> both had dedicated address calculation hardware, saving many cycles, and the 80286 also had separate (non-multiplexed) address and data buses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floating_point">Floating point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Floating point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 8086/8088 could be connected to a mathematical coprocessor to add hardware/microcode-based <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> performance. The <a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">Intel 8087</a> was the standard math coprocessor for the 8086 and 8088, operating on 80-bit numbers. Manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Cyrix" title="Cyrix">Cyrix</a> (8087-compatible) and <a href="/wiki/Weitek" title="Weitek">Weitek</a> (<i>not</i> 8087-compatible) eventually came up with high-performance floating-point coprocessors that competed with the 8087. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chip_versions">Chip versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chip versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clock frequency was originally limited to 5 MHz,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the last versions in <a href="/wiki/HMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="HMOS">HMOS</a> were specified for 10 MHz. HMOS-III and <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> versions were manufactured for a long time (at least a while into the 1990s) for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, although its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">80188</a> (which includes some on-chip peripherals), has been more popular for embedded use. </p><p>The 80C86, the CMOS version of the 8086, was used in many portable computers and embedded systems, including the <a href="/wiki/GridPad" title="GridPad">GridPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba_T1200" title="Toshiba T1200">Toshiba T1200</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_110" title="HP 110">HP 110</a>, and finally the 1998–1999 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a>. </p><p>For the packaging, the Intel 8086 was available both in ceramic and plastic DIP packages. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_D8086_CS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic D8086 variant"><img alt="A ceramic D8086 variant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Intel_D8086_CS.jpg/338px-Intel_D8086_CS.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Intel_D8086_CS.jpg/507px-Intel_D8086_CS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Intel_D8086_CS.jpg/675px-Intel_D8086_CS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ceramic D8086 variant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_P8086.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A plastic P8086 variant"><img alt="A plastic P8086 variant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Intel_P8086.jpg/338px-Intel_P8086.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Intel_P8086.jpg/507px-Intel_P8086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Intel_P8086.jpg/675px-Intel_P8086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A plastic P8086 variant</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Intel_8086">List of Intel 8086</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of Intel 8086"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Model number </th> <th>Frequency </th> <th>Technology </th> <th>Temperature range </th> <th>Package </th> <th>Date of release </th> <th>Price (USD)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>list2 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>8086 </td> <td>5 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-Intel79_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel79-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>HMOS </td> <td>0 °C to 70 °C<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>June 8, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>$86.65<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8086-1 </td> <td>10 MHz </td> <td>HMOS II </td> <td>Commercial </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8086-2 </td> <td>8 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-Intel79_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel79-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>HMOS II </td> <td>Commercial </td> <td> </td> <td>January/February 1980<sup id="cite_ref-IntelPrevJan80p22_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntelPrevJan80p22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>$200<sup id="cite_ref-IntelPrevJan80p22_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntelPrevJan80p22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8086-4 </td> <td>4 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-Intel79_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel79-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>HMOS </td> <td>Commercial </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>$72.50<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>list2 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I8086 </td> <td>5 MHz </td> <td>HMOS </td> <td>Industrial −40 °C to +85 °C<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>May/June 1980<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>$173.25<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M8086 </td> <td>5 MHz </td> <td>HMOS </td> <td>Military grade −55 °C to +125 °C<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80C86<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>CMOS </td> <td> </td> <td>44 Pin <a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier#Leadless" title="Chip carrier">PLCC</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>list2 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In quantity of 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price reduced by 21% from USD $99.00, no information in quantity value listed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampling Q4 1985</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivatives_and_clones">Derivatives and clones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Derivatives and clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compatible—and, in many cases, enhanced—versions were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intersil" title="Intersil">Intersil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">OKI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">NEC V20</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEC_V30" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC V30">NEC V30</a> pair were hardware-compatible with the 8088 and 8086 even though NEC made original Intel clones μPD8088D and μPD8086D respectively, but incorporated the instruction set of the 80186 along with some (but not all) of the 80186 speed enhancements, providing a drop-in capability to upgrade both instruction set and processing speed without manufacturers having to modify their designs. Such relatively simple and low-power 8086-compatible processors in CMOS are still used in embedded systems. </p><p>The electronics industry of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was able to replicate the 8086 through <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">both <a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">industrial espionage</a> and reverse engineering</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The resulting chip, <a href="/wiki/K1810VM86" title="K1810VM86">K1810VM86</a>, was binary and pin-compatible with the 8086. </p><p>i8086 and i8088 were respectively the cores of the Soviet-made PC-compatible <a href="/w/index.php?title=EC1831&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EC1831 (page does not exist)">EC1831</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=EC1832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EC1832 (page does not exist)">EC1832</a> desktops. (EC1831 is the EC identification of IZOT 1036C and EC1832 is the EC identification of IZOT 1037C, developed and manufactured in Bulgaria. EC stands for Единая Система.) However, the EC1831 computer (IZOT 1036C) had significant hardware differences from the IBM PC prototype. The EC1831 was the first PC-compatible computer with dynamic bus sizing (US Pat. No 4,831,514). Later some of the EC1831 principles were adopted in PS/2 (US Pat. No 5,548,786) and some other machines (UK Patent Application, Publication No. GB-A-2211325, Published June 28, 1989). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_USSR_KP1810BM86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet clone K1810VM86"><img alt="Soviet clone K1810VM86" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KL_USSR_KP1810BM86.jpg/411px-KL_USSR_KP1810BM86.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KL_USSR_KP1810BM86.jpg/618px-KL_USSR_KP1810BM86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KL_USSR_KP1810BM86.jpg/822px-KL_USSR_KP1810BM86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soviet clone <a href="/wiki/K1810VM86" title="K1810VM86">K1810VM86</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oki_80c86a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="OKI M80C86A QFP-56"><img alt="OKI M80C86A QFP-56" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Oki_80c86a.jpg/289px-Oki_80c86a.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Oki_80c86a.jpg/434px-Oki_80c86a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Oki_80c86a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">OKI</a> M80C86A <a href="/wiki/QFP" class="mw-redirect" title="QFP">QFP-56</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UPD8086D-2_NEC_1984year_19week_JAPAN.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="NEC μPD8086D-2 (8 MHz) from the year 1984, week 19 JAPAN (clone of Intel D8086-2)"><img alt="NEC μPD8086D-2 (8 MHz) from the year 1984, week 19 JAPAN (clone of Intel D8086-2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/UPD8086D-2_NEC_1984year_19week_JAPAN.JPG/338px-UPD8086D-2_NEC_1984year_19week_JAPAN.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/UPD8086D-2_NEC_1984year_19week_JAPAN.JPG/507px-UPD8086D-2_NEC_1984year_19week_JAPAN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/UPD8086D-2_NEC_1984year_19week_JAPAN.JPG/675px-UPD8086D-2_NEC_1984year_19week_JAPAN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NEC μPD8086D-2 (8 MHz) from the year 1984, week 19 JAPAN (clone of Intel D8086-2)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_AMD_D8086.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The AMD D8086"><img alt="The AMD D8086" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KL_AMD_D8086.jpg/409px-KL_AMD_D8086.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KL_AMD_D8086.jpg/613px-KL_AMD_D8086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KL_AMD_D8086.jpg/817px-KL_AMD_D8086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> D8086</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_chips">Support chips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Support chips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8237" title="Intel 8237">Intel 8237</a>: direct memory access (DMA) controller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8251" title="Intel 8251">Intel 8251</a>: universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter at 19.2 kbit/s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8253" title="Intel 8253">Intel 8253</a>: programmable interval timer, 3x 16-bit max 10 MHz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8255" title="Intel 8255">Intel 8255</a>: programmable peripheral interface, 3x 8-bit I/O pins used for printer connection etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8259" title="Intel 8259">Intel 8259</a>: programmable interrupt controller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8279" title="Intel 8279">Intel 8279</a>: keyboard/display controller, scans a keyboard matrix and display matrix like <a href="/wiki/Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">7-seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8282" title="Intel 8282">Intel 8282</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intel_8283" title="Intel 8283">8283</a>: 8-bit latch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8284" title="Intel 8284">Intel 8284</a>: clock generator</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8286&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel 8286 (page does not exist)">Intel 8286</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8287&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel 8287 (page does not exist)">8287</a>: bidirectional 8-bit driver. In 1980 both Intel I8286/I8287 (industrial grade) version were available for US$16.25 in quantities of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8288" title="Intel 8288">Intel 8288</a>: bus controller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8289" title="Intel 8289">Intel 8289</a>: bus arbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy-disk_controller" title="Floppy-disk controller">NEC μPD765 or Intel 8272A</a>: floppy controller<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microcomputers_using_the_8086">Microcomputers using the 8086</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Microcomputers using the 8086"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Intel <a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a>-compatible <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computer</a> ISBC 86/12 was announced in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Xerox_NoteTaker" title="Xerox NoteTaker">Xerox NoteTaker</a> was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computer</a> designs in 1978 and used three 8086 chips (as CPU, graphics processor, and I/O processor), but never entered commercial production.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a> shipped <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a> based 8086 systems (SCP200B) as early as November 1979.</li> <li>The Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Mycron" title="Mycron">Mycron</a> 2000, introduced in 1980.</li> <li>One of the most influential microcomputers of all, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, used the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a>, a version of the 8086 with an 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data bus</a> (as mentioned above).</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Deskpro" title="Compaq Deskpro">Compaq Deskpro</a> used an 8086 running at 7.16 MHz, but was compatible with add-in cards designed for the 4.77 MHz <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_XT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC XT">IBM PC XT</a> and could switch the CPU down to the lower speed (which also switched in a memory bus buffer to simulate the 8088's slower access) to avoid software timing issues.</li> <li>An 8 MHz 8086-2 was used in the <a href="/wiki/Olivetti_M24" title="Olivetti M24">AT&T 6300 PC</a> (built by <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a>, and known globally under several brands and model numbers), an IBM PC-compatible desktop microcomputer. The M24 / PC 6300 has IBM PC/XT compatible 8-bit expansion slots, but some of them have a proprietary extension providing the full 16-bit data bus of the 8086 CPU (similar in concept to the 16-bit slots of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC AT">IBM PC AT</a>, but different in the design details, and physically incompatible), and all system peripherals including the onboard video system also enjoy 16-bit data transfers. The later Olivetti M24SP featured an 8086-2 running at the full maximum 10 MHz.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">IBM PS/2</a> models <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30</a> were built with an 8 MHz 8086.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_PC1512" title="Amstrad PC1512">Amstrad PC1512</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_PC1640" class="mw-redirect" title="Amstrad PC1640">PC1640</a>, PC2086, PC3086 and PC5086 all used 8086 CPUs at 8 MHz.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-9801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-9801">NEC PC-9801</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tandy_1000" title="Tandy 1000">Tandy 1000</a> SL-series and RL machines used 9.47 MHz 8086 CPUs.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IBM_Displaywriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Displaywriter">IBM Displaywriter</a> word processing machine<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_Aug_1982_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_Aug_1982-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Wang Professional Computer, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang Laboratories</a>, also used the 8086.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> used original 8086 CPUs on equipment for ground-based maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle Discovery</a> until the end of the space shuttle program in 2011. This decision was made to prevent <a href="/wiki/Software_regression" title="Software regression">software regression</a> that might result from upgrading or from switching to imperfect clones.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>KAMAN Process and Area Radiation Monitors<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> 4170 ran <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> and used an 8086 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitsavers.org/pdf/tektronix/4170/061-2880-00_4170_Local_Graphics_Processing_Unit_Instruction_Manual_Apr1984.pdf"><i>4170 Local Graphics Processing Unit Instruction Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=4170+Local+Graphics+Processing+Unit+Instruction+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Ftektronix%2F4170%2F061-2880-00_4170_Local_Graphics_Processing_Unit_Instruction_Manual_Apr1984.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAPX" title="IAPX">iAPX</a>, for the iAPX name</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fewer TTL buffers, latches, multiplexers (although the amount of TTL <u>logic</u> was not drastically reduced). It also permits the use of cheap 8080-family ICs, where the 8254 CTC, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8255" title="Intel 8255">8255</a> PIO, and 8259 PIC were used in the IBM PC design. In addition, it makes PCB layout simpler and boards cheaper, as well as demanding fewer (1- or 4-bit wide) DRAM chips.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">using enhancement load <a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS logic</a> (requiring 14 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>, achieving TTL compatibility by having V<sub>CC</sub> at +5 V and V<sub>DD</sub> at −9 V).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Made possible with depletion-load nMOS logic (the 8085 was later made using HMOS processing, just like the 8086).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev.0 of the instruction set and architecture was ready in about three months, according to Morse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using <a href="/wiki/Rubylith" title="Rubylith">rubylith</a>, light boards, rulers, electric erasers, and a <a href="/wiki/Digitizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitizer">digitizer</a> (according to Jenny Hernandez, member of the 8086 design team, in a statement made on Intel's webpage for its 25th birthday).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">8086 used less microcode than many competitors' designs, such as the MC68000 and others</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fast static RAMs in MOS technology (as fast as bipolar RAMs) was an important product for Intel during this period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CHMOS is Intel's name for CMOS circuits manufactured using processing steps very similar to <a href="/wiki/HMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="HMOS">HMOS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other members of the design team were Peter A.Stoll and Jenny Hernandez.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The IBM PC and PC/XT use an Intel 8088 running in maximum mode, which allows the CPU to work with an optional 8087 coprocessor installed in the math coprocessor socket on the PC or PC/XT mainboard. (The PC and PC/XT may require maximum mode for other reasons, such as perhaps to support the DMA controller.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some 80186 clones did change the shift value, but were never commonly used in desktop computers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(IBM PC used 4.77 MHz, 4/3 the standard NTSC <a href="/wiki/Color_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Color burst">color burst</a> frequency)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpushack.com/life-cycle-of-cpu.html">"The Life Cycle of a CPU"</a>. <i>www.cpushack.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cpushack.com&rft.atitle=The+Life+Cycle+of+a+CPU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpushack.com%2Flife-cycle-of-cpu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewnes, Ann, "The Intel386 Architecture Here to Stay", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, July/August 1989, page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706032836/http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist_micro/hof/">"Microprocessor Hall of Fame"</a>. Intel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist%5Fmicro/hof/">the original</a> on 2007-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microprocessor+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Intel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fmuseum%2Fonline%2Fhist%255Fmicro%2Fhof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i286-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i286_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/components/intel/80286/210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf"><i>iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intel. 1983. p. 1-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iAPX+286+Programmer%27s+Reference&rft.pages=1-1&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2F80286%2F210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212150554/https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-i7-8086k-processor/">"Happy Birthday, 8086: Limited-Edition 8th Gen Intel Core i7-8086K Delivers Top Gaming Experience"</a>. <i>Intel Newsroom</i> (Press release). Intel. 5 June 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-i7-8086k-processor/">the original</a> on 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Birthday%2C+8086%3A+Limited-Edition+8th+Gen+Intel+Core+i7-8086K+Delivers+Top+Gaming+Experience&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.intel.com%2Fnews%2Fintel-i7-8086k-processor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timeline.intel.com/1979/the-8088-processor">"The 8088 Processor"</a>. <i>timeline.intel.com</i>. Intel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeline.intel.com&rft.atitle=The+8088+Processor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimeline.intel.com%2F1979%2Fthe-8088-processor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/8080/">"8080 family"</a>. <i>CPU World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CPU+World&rft.atitle=8080+family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpu-world.com%2FCPUs%2F8080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scanlon_1988-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scanlon_1988_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon1988" class="citation book cs1">Scanlon, Leo J. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/8086808880286ass0000scan/page/12"><i>8086/8088/80286 assembly language</i></a></span>. Brady Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/8086808880286ass0000scan/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-246919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-246919-7"><bdi>978-0-13-246919-7</bdi></a>. <q>[…] The <a href="/wiki/8086" class="mw-redirect" title="8086">8086</a> is software-compatible with the <a href="/wiki/8080" class="mw-redirect" title="8080">8080</a> at the assembly-language level. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=8086%2F8088%2F80286+assembly+language&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Brady+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-13-246919-7&rft.aulast=Scanlon&rft.aufirst=Leo+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F8086808880286ass0000scan%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeigerAllenStrader1990" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Randall L.; Allen, Phillip E.; Strader, Noel R. (1990). "Random Logic vs. Structured Logic Forms". <i>VLSI design techniques for analog and digital circuits</i>. McGraw-Hill. p. 779. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-023253-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-023253-9"><bdi>0-07-023253-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Random+Logic+vs.+Structured+Logic+Forms&rft.btitle=VLSI+design+techniques+for+analog+and+digital+circuits&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-07-023253-9&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Phillip+E.&rft.au=Strader%2C+Noel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span> — Illustration of use of "random" describing CPU control logic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntel_Corporation1983" class="citation book cs1">Intel Corporation (1983). <i>IAPX 86, 88, 186, and 188 user's manual : programmer's reference</i>. Intel. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0835930352" title="Special:BookSources/978-0835930352"><bdi>978-0835930352</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11091251">11091251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IAPX+86%2C+88%2C+186%2C+and+188+user%27s+manual+%3A+programmer%27s+reference&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11091251&rft.isbn=978-0835930352&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorseRavenelMazorPohlman1980" class="citation journal cs1">Morse, Stephen P.; Ravenel, Bruce W; Mazor, Stanley; Pohlman, William B. (October 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stevemorse.org/8086history/8086history.doc">"Intel Microprocessors: 8008 to 8086"</a>. <i>IEEE Computer</i>. <b>13</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1980.1653375">10.1109/MC.1980.1653375</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206445851">206445851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer&rft.atitle=Intel+Microprocessors%3A+8008+to+8086&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1980-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.1980.1653375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206445851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft.au=Ravenel%2C+Bruce+W&rft.au=Mazor%2C+Stanley&rft.au=Pohlman%2C+William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstevemorse.org%2F8086history%2F8086history.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8086Datasheet-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8086Datasheet_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126175101/https://cdn.datasheetspdf.com/pdf-down/8/0/8/8086_Intel.pdf">"8086 16-BIT HMOS Processor datasheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.datasheetspdf.com/pdf-down/8/0/8/8086_Intel.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8086+16-BIT+HMOS+Processor+datasheet&rft.pub=Intel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.datasheetspdf.com%2Fpdf-down%2F8%2F0%2F8%2F8086_Intel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/MASM" class="mw-redirect" title="MASM"><i>Microsoft Macro Assembler 5.0 Reference Manual</i></a>. Microsoft Corporation. 1987. <q>Timings and encodings in this manual are used with permission of Intel and come from the following publications: Intel Corporation. iAPX 86, 88, 186 and 188 User's Manual, Programmer's Reference, Santa Clara, Calif. 1986.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Macro+Assembler+5.0+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span> (Similarly for iAPX 286, 80386, 80387.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel79-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intel79_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel79_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel79_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The 8086 Family User's Manual</i>. Intel Corporation. October 1979. p. B-1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65699372">65699372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+8086+Family+User%27s+Manual&rft.pages=B-1&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation&rft.date=1979-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65699372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intel_Preview_Special_Issue_1980,_page_29_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntel_Corporation1980" class="citation journal cs1">Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "8086 Available for industrial environment". <i>Intel Preview</i> (Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 29. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803251993">803251993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intel+Preview&rft.atitle=8086+Available+for+industrial+environment&rft.issue=Special+Issue%3A+16-Bit+Solutions&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1980-05%2F1980-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803251993&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickrefyr.htm">"Intel® Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide - Year"</a>. <i>www.intel.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.intel.com&rft.atitle=Intel%C2%AE+Microprocessor+Quick+Reference+Guide+-+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fpressroom%2Fkits%2Fquickrefyr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntel_Corporation1980" class="citation journal cs1">Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "The 8086 Family: Concepts and realities". <i>Intel Preview</i> (Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1041-8547">1041-8547</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10331599">10331599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intel+Preview&rft.atitle=The+8086+Family%3A+Concepts+and+realities&rft.issue=Special+Issue%3A+16-Bit+Solutions&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1980-05%2F1980-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10331599&rft.issn=1041-8547&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntelPrevJan80p22-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntelPrevJan80p22_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntelPrevJan80p22_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntel_Corporation1980" class="citation journal cs1">Intel Corporation (January–February 1980). "New Products: Faster 8086 provides 60% more performance". <i>Intel Preview</i>: 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intel+Preview&rft.atitle=New+Products%3A+Faster+8086+provides+60%25+more+performance&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1980-01%2F1980-02&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntel_Corporation1980" class="citation journal cs1">Intel Corporation (May–June 1980). "New 8086 family products boost processor performance by 50 percent". <i>Intel Preview</i> (Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions): 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intel+Preview&rft.atitle=New+8086+family+products+boost+processor+performance+by+50+percent&rft.issue=Special+Issue%3A+16-Bit+Solutions&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1980-05%2F1980-06&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntel_Corporation1979" class="citation journal cs1">Intel Corporation (May–June 1979). "Microcomputer Components: New price reductions and production improvements make the popular 8086 microprocessor even more attractive". <i>Intel Preview</i>: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intel+Preview&rft.atitle=Microcomputer+Components%3A+New+price+reductions+and+production+improvements+make+the+popular+8086+microprocessor+even+more+attractive&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1979-05%2F1979-06&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntel_Corporation1981" class="citation book cs1">Intel Corporation (August 1981). <i>Intel iAPX86, 88 User's manual</i>. Intel Corporation. p. B-25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0835930165" title="Special:BookSources/0835930165"><bdi>0835930165</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8459750">8459750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intel+iAPX86%2C+88+User%27s+manual&rft.pages=B-25&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation&rft.date=1981-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8459750&rft.isbn=0835930165&rft.au=Intel+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "NewsBit: Intel Licenses Oki on CMOS Version of Several Products", Solutions, July/August 1984, Page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.os2museum.com/wp/the-floppy-controller-evolution/">"The floppy controller evolution | OS/2 Museum"</a>. 2011-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-12</span></span>. <q>In the original IBM PC (1981) and PC/XT (1983), the FDC was physically located on a separate diskette adapter card. The FDC itself was a NEC μPD765A or a compatible part, such as the Intel 8272A.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+floppy+controller+evolution+%26%23124%3B+OS%2F2+Museum&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.os2museum.com%2Fwp%2Fthe-floppy-controller-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07X0ovA_MmEC&pg=PA86">"Intel Adds 16-Bit Single Board"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. Vol. XII, no. 50. December 11, 1978. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841">0010-4841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Intel+Adds+16-Bit+Single+Board&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1978-12-11&rft.issn=0010-4841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07X0ovA_MmEC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_Aug_1982-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_Aug_1982_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachmann1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Zachmann, Mark (August 23, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57">"Flaws in IBM Personal Computer frustrate critic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 4, no. 33. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <q>the IBM Displaywriter is noticeably more expensive than other industrial micros that use the 8086.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Flaws+in+IBM+Personal+Computer+frustrate+critic&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1982-08-23&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Zachmann&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/12/technology/ebusiness/12NASA.html?pagewanted=2">"For Old Parts, NASA Boldly Goes ... on eBay"</a></span>. <i>New York Times</i>. May 12, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Old+Parts%2C+NASA+Boldly+Goes+...+on+eBay&rft.date=2002-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F05%2F12%2Ftechnology%2Febusiness%2F12NASA.html%3Fpagewanted%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaman Tech. Manual</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8086&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Intel_8086" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/808x/datashts/8086">Intel datasheets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/8086/">List of 8086 CPUs and their clones at CPUworld.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpu-world.com/info/Pinouts/8086.html">8086 Pinouts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.8085projects.info/post/Maximum-Mode-Interface.aspx">Maximum Mode Interface</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721183206/http://www.8085projects.info/post/Maximum-Mode-Interface.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2022.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matthieu.benoit.free.fr/cross/data_sheets/Intel_8086_users_manual.htm">The 8086 User's manual October 1979 INTEL Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> document)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821053853/http://www.shubhsblog.com/category/8086-programs/">8086 program codes using emu8086 (Version 4.08) Emulator</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2020" class="citation web cs1">Jenner, Andrew (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reenigne.org/blog/8086-microcode-disassembled/">"8086 microcode disassembled"</a>. <i>Reenigne blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reenigne+blog&rft.atitle=8086+microcode+disassembled&rft.date=2020-09&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reenigne.org%2Fblog%2F8086-microcode-disassembled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2020" class="citation web cs1">Shirriff, Ken (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2020/06/a-look-at-die-of-8086-processor.html">"A look at the die of the 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+look+at+the+die+of+the+8086+processor&rft.date=2020-06&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2020%2F06%2Fa-look-at-die-of-8086-processor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2020" class="citation web cs1">— (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2020/06/die-shrink-how-intel-scaled-down-8086.html">"Die shrink: How Intel scaled down the 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+shrink%3A+How+Intel+scaled+down+the+8086+processor&rft.date=2020-06&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2020%2F06%2Fdie-shrink-how-intel-scaled-down-8086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2020" class="citation web cs1">— (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2020/07/the-intel-8086-processors-registers.html">"The Intel 8086 processor's registers: from chip to transistors"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Intel+8086+processor%27s+registers%3A+from+chip+to+transistors&rft.date=2020-07&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2020%2F07%2Fthe-intel-8086-processors-registers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2020" class="citation web cs1">— (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2020/08/reverse-engineering-adder-inside-intel.html">"Reverse-engineering the adder inside the Intel 8086"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+adder+inside+the+Intel+8086&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2020%2F08%2Freverse-engineering-adder-inside-intel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2020" class="citation web cs1">— (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2020/08/reverse-engineering-8086s.html">"Reverse-engineering the 8086's Arithmetic/Logic Unit from die photos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+8086%27s+Arithmetic%2FLogic+Unit+from+die+photos&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2020%2F08%2Freverse-engineering-8086s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2022" class="citation web cs1">— (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2022/11/the-unusual-bootstrap-drivers-inside.html">"The unusual bootstrap drivers inside the 8086 microprocessor chip"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+unusual+bootstrap+drivers+inside+the+8086+microprocessor+chip&rft.date=2022-11&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2022%2F11%2Fthe-unusual-bootstrap-drivers-inside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2022" class="citation web cs1">— (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2022/11/a-bug-fix-in-8086-microprocessor.html">"A bug fix in the 8086 microprocessor, revealed in the die's silicon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+bug+fix+in+the+8086+microprocessor%2C+revealed+in+the+die%27s+silicon&rft.date=2022-11&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2022%2F11%2Fa-bug-fix-in-8086-microprocessor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2022" class="citation web cs1">— (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2022/11/how-8086-processors-microcode-engine.html">"How the 8086 processor's microcode engine works"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+8086+processor%27s+microcode+engine+works&rft.date=2022-12&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2022%2F11%2Fhow-8086-processors-microcode-engine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/01/inside-8086-processors-instruction.html">"Inside the 8086 processor's instruction prefetch circuitry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+8086+processor%27s+instruction+prefetch+circuitry&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F01%2Finside-8086-processors-instruction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/01/the-8086-processors-microcode-pipeline.html">"The 8086 processor's microcode pipeline from die analysis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+8086+processor%27s+microcode+pipeline+from+die+analysis&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fthe-8086-processors-microcode-pipeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/01/counting-transistors-in-8086-processor.html">"Counting the transistors in the 8086 processor: it's harder than you might think"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counting+the+transistors+in+the+8086+processor%3A+it%27s+harder+than+you+might+think&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fcounting-transistors-in-8086-processor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/01/reverse-engineering-conditional-jump.html">"Reverse-engineering the conditional jump circuitry in the 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+conditional+jump+circuitry+in+the+8086+processor&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F01%2Freverse-engineering-conditional-jump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/01/reverse-engineering-intel-8086.html">"Reverse-engineering the Intel 8086 processor's HALT circuits"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+Intel+8086+processor%27s+HALT+circuits&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F01%2Freverse-engineering-intel-8086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/01/understanding-x86s-decimal-adjust-after.html">"Understanding the x86's Decimal Adjust after Addition (DAA) instruction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+x86%27s+Decimal+Adjust+after+Addition+%28DAA%29+instruction&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F01%2Funderstanding-x86s-decimal-adjust-after.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/02/silicon-reverse-engineering-intel-8086.html">"Silicon reverse-engineering: the Intel 8086 processor's flag circuitry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+reverse-engineering%3A+the+Intel+8086+processor%27s+flag+circuitry&rft.date=2023-02&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F02%2Fsilicon-reverse-engineering-intel-8086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/02/8086-interrupt.html">"Reverse-engineering the interrupt circuitry in the Intel 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+interrupt+circuitry+in+the+Intel+8086+processor&rft.date=2023-02&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F02%2F8086-interrupt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/02/8086-modrm-addressing.html">"Reverse-engineering the ModR/M addressing microcode in the Intel 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+ModR%2FM+addressing+microcode+in+the+Intel+8086+processor&rft.date=2023-02&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F02%2F8086-modrm-addressing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.righto.com/2023/02/how-8086-processor-determines-length-of.html">"How the 8086 processor determines the length of an instruction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+8086+processor+determines+the+length+of+an+instruction&rft.date=2023-03&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F02%2Fhow-8086-processor-determines-length-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/03/8086-multiplication-microcode.html">"Reverse-engineering the multiplication algorithm in the Intel 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+multiplication+algorithm+in+the+Intel+8086+processor&rft.date=2023-03&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F03%2F8086-multiplication-microcode.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/03/8086-register-codes.html">"Reverse-engineering the register codes for the 8086 processor's microcode"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+register+codes+for+the+8086+processor%27s+microcode&rft.date=2023-03&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F03%2F8086-register-codes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/04/8086-microcode-string-operations.html">"The microcode and hardware in the 8086 processor that perform string operations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+microcode+and+hardware+in+the+8086+processor+that+perform+string+operations&rft.date=2023-04&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F04%2F8086-microcode-string-operations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/04/reverse-engineering-8086-divide-microcode.html">"Reverse-engineering the division microcode in the Intel 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+division+microcode+in+the+Intel+8086+processor&rft.date=2023-04&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F04%2Freverse-engineering-8086-divide-microcode.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/05/8086-processor-group-decode-rom.html">"The Group Decode ROM: The 8086 processor's first step of instruction decoding"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Group+Decode+ROM%3A+The+8086+processor%27s+first+step+of+instruction+decoding&rft.date=2023-05&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F05%2F8086-processor-group-decode-rom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/07/8086-pins.html">"Reverse-engineering the 8086 processor's address and data pin circuits"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse-engineering+the+8086+processor%27s+address+and+data+pin+circuits&rft.date=2023-07&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F07%2F8086-pins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/07/undocumented-8086-instructions.html">"Undocumented 8086 instructions, explained by the microcode"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Undocumented+8086+instructions%2C+explained+by+the+microcode&rft.date=2023-07&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F07%2Fundocumented-8086-instructions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/08/datapoint-to-8086.html">"Tracing the roots of the 8086 instruction set to the Datapoint 2200 minicomputer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracing+the+roots+of+the+8086+instruction+set+to+the+Datapoint+2200+minicomputer&rft.date=2023-08&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F08%2Fdatapoint-to-8086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/08/intel-8086-bus-hold.html">"A close look at the 8086 processor's bus hold circuitry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+close+look+at+the+8086+processor%27s+bus+hold+circuitry&rft.date=2023-08&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F08%2Fintel-8086-bus-hold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2023" class="citation web cs1">— (October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2023/09/8086-flip-flops.html">"How flip-flops are implemented in the Intel 8086 processor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+flip-flops+are+implemented+in+the+Intel+8086+processor&rft.date=2023-10&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2023%2F09%2F8086-flip-flops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2024" class="citation web cs1">— (March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2024/03/8088-prefetch-circuitry.html">"The Intel 8088 processor's instruction prefetch circuitry: a look inside"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Intel+8088+processor%27s+instruction+prefetch+circuitry%3A+a+look+inside&rft.date=2024-03&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2024%2F03%2F8088-prefetch-circuitry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirriff2024" class="citation web cs1">— (April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.righto.com/2024/04/intel-8088-bus-state-machine.html">"Talking to memory: Inside the Intel 8088 processor's bus interface state machine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talking+to+memory%3A+Inside+the+Intel+8088+processor%27s+bus+interface+state+machine&rft.date=2024-04&rft.aulast=Shirriff&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.righto.com%2F2024%2F04%2Fintel-8088-bus-state-machine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8086" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intel_processors" title="Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intel_processors" title="Template talk:Intel processors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intel_processors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intel_processors144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Intel processors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Processors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors" title="List of Intel Atom processors">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_processors" title="List of Intel Celeron processors">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium processors">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Pro_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium Pro processors">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_II_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium II processors">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium III processors">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium 4 processors">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium D processors">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_processors" title="List of Intel Core processors">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core 2 processors">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i3_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i3 processors">i3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i5_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i5 processors">i5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i7 processors">i7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i9_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i9 processors">i9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors" title="List of Intel Xeon processors">Xeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark#List_of_Intel_Quark_processors" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_processors" title="List of Intel Itanium processors">Itanium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets" title="List of Intel chipsets">Chipsets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">P5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">P6 variant (Pentium M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_(microprocessor)" title="Yonah (microprocessor)">P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_(microarchitecture)" title="Intel Core (microarchitecture)">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penryn_(microarchitecture)" title="Penryn (microarchitecture)">Penryn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)" title="Nehalem (microarchitecture)">Nehalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westmere_(microarchitecture)" title="Westmere (microarchitecture)">Westmere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Sandy Bridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)" title="Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)">Ivy Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Broadwell (microarchitecture)">Broadwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Lake_(microprocessor)" title="Cannon Lake (microprocessor)">Cannon Lake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Cove_(microarchitecture)" title="Sunny Cove (microarchitecture)">Sunny Cove</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Cove_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress Cove (microarchitecture)">Cypress Cove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Cove" title="Willow Cove">Willow Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Cove" title="Golden Cove">Golden Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">ULV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnell_(microarchitecture)" title="Bonnell (microarchitecture)">Bonnell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltwell_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwell (microarchitecture)">Saltwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermont" title="Silvermont">Silvermont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont" title="Goldmont">Goldmont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont_Plus" title="Goldmont Plus">Goldmont Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont_(microarchitecture)" title="Tremont (microarchitecture)">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracemont_(microarchitecture)" title="Gracemont (microarchitecture)">Gracemont</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="x86-64_(64-bit)40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#12th_generation" title="Intel Core">12th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#13th_generation" title="Intel Core">13th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#14th_generation" title="Intel Core">14th gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">BCD</a> oriented (<a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">4004</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4040" title="Intel 4040">4040</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-x86 (<a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">8008</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> (<a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8086</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">80188</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X87" title="X87">x87</a> (external <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPUs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>8/16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">8087</a> (1980)</dd> <dt>16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80C187" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80C187">80C187</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80287" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80287">80287</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387SX" title="Intel 80387SX">80387SX</a></dd> <dt>32-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80387">80387DX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80487" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80487">80487</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386SX" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80376" title="Intel 80376">376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386EX" title="Intel 80386EX">EX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">i486</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I486SX" title="I486SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX2" title="Intel DX2">DX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX4" title="Intel DX4">DX4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486SL" title="I486SL">SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidCAD" title="RapidCAD">RapidCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486_OverDrive" title="I486 OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealey" title="Stealey">A100/A110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_a_chip)" title="Atom (system on a chip)">SoC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#P6-based_Mobile_Celerons" title="Celeron">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a> (2004)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Original i586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_OverDrive" title="Pentium OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_III" title="Pentium III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_P6-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel P6-based Xeon microprocessors">P6-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_NetBurst-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel NetBurst-based Xeon microprocessors">NetBurst-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core-based Xeon microprocessors">Core-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolapai" title="Tolapai">Tolapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (system on chip)">SoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Celeron_Dual-Core" title="Celeron">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4#Prescott_2M_(Extreme_Edition)" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D" title="Pentium D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D#Smithfield_XE" title="Pentium D">Extreme Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_2" title="Intel Core 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#1st_generation" title="Intel Core">1st gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#2nd_generation" title="Intel Core">2nd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#3rd_generation" title="Intel Core">3rd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#4th_generation" title="Intel Core">4th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#5th_generation" title="Intel Core">5th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#6th_generation" title="Intel Core">6th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#7th_generation" title="Intel Core">7th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#8th_generation" title="Intel Core">8th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#9th_generation" title="Intel Core">9th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Nehalem-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Nehalem-based)">Nehalem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Sandy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Sandy Bridge-based)">Sandy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Ivy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Ivy Bridge-based)">Ivy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Haswell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Haswell-based)">Haswell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Broadwell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Broadwell-based)">Broadwell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Skylake-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Skylake-based)">Skylake-based</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_iAPX_432" title="Intel iAPX 432">iAPX 432</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">i860</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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