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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shutting_down_of_wrong_engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shutting down of wrong engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shutting_down_of_wrong_engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_malfunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_malfunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Engine malfunction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_malfunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كارثة كيجوورث الجوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارثة كيجوورث الجوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_092_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%E2%80%9C" title="Полет 092 на „Бритиш Мидленд Еъруейс“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полет 092 на „Бритиш Мидленд Еъруейс“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/British-Midland-Flug_092" title="British-Midland-Flug 092 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="British-Midland-Flug 092" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_92_de_British_Midland" title="Vuelo 92 de British Midland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vuelo 92 de British Midland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="فاجعه هوایی کگ‌ورث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاجعه هوایی کگ‌ورث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_British_Midland_092" title="Vol British Midland 092 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vol British Midland 092" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volo_British_Midland_92" title="Volo British Midland 92 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volo British Midland 92" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Midland-vlucht_92" title="British Midland-vlucht 92 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="British Midland-vlucht 92" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA92%E4%BE%BF%E4%B8%8D%E6%99%82%E7%9D%80%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" title="ブリティッシュミッドランド航空92便不時着事故 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリティッシュミッドランド航空92便不時着事故" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa_lotu_British_Midland_92" title="Katastrofa lotu British Midland 92 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katastrofa lotu British Midland 92" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_British_Midland_092" title="Voo British Midland 092 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voo British Midland 092" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_Boeing_737_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Катастрофа Boeing 737 в Кегворте – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катастрофа Boeing 737 в Кегворте" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegworthin_lento-onnettomuus" title="Kegworthin lento-onnettomuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kegworthin lento-onnettomuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kegworth_air_disaster&params=52_49_55_N_1_17_57.5_W_region:GB-LEC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°49′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°17′57.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.83194°N 1.299306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.83194; -1.299306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British air accident, 1989</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn org summary" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">British Midland Airways Flight 092</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:G-OBME_Aerial_photograph_of_site_(AAIB).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The wreckage of an aircraft lies on ground between two road carriageways running left to right. The runway with landing lights lit is several hundred metres further away." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/G-OBME_Aerial_photograph_of_site_%28AAIB%29.jpg/250px-G-OBME_Aerial_photograph_of_site_%28AAIB%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/G-OBME_Aerial_photograph_of_site_%28AAIB%29.jpg/375px-G-OBME_Aerial_photograph_of_site_%28AAIB%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/G-OBME_Aerial_photograph_of_site_%28AAIB%29.jpg/500px-G-OBME_Aerial_photograph_of_site_%28AAIB%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="2852" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.3em;">The scene of the disaster, with the runway that G-OBME failed to reach at the top of the picture</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Accident</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8 January 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Summary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Engine_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine failure">Engine failure</a> followed by erroneous shut-down of operating engine, <a href="/wiki/Stall_(aerodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (aerodynamics)">stalled</a> and crashed during <a href="/wiki/Emergency_landing" title="Emergency landing">emergency landing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Site</th><td class="infobox-data flabel location" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport" title="East Midlands Airport">East Midlands Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kegworth" title="Kegworth">Kegworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, England <br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kegworth_air_disaster&params=52_49_55_N_1_17_57.5_W_region:GB-LEC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°49′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°17′57.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.83194°N 1.299306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.83194; -1.299306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Aircraft</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Midland_Boeing_737-4Y0;_G-OBME,_@LHR,_November_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/British_Midland_Boeing_737-4Y0%3B_G-OBME%2C_%40LHR%2C_November_1988.jpg/250px-British_Midland_Boeing_737-4Y0%3B_G-OBME%2C_%40LHR%2C_November_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/British_Midland_Boeing_737-4Y0%3B_G-OBME%2C_%40LHR%2C_November_1988.jpg/375px-British_Midland_Boeing_737-4Y0%3B_G-OBME%2C_%40LHR%2C_November_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/British_Midland_Boeing_737-4Y0%3B_G-OBME%2C_%40LHR%2C_November_1988.jpg/500px-British_Midland_Boeing_737-4Y0%3B_G-OBME%2C_%40LHR%2C_November_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <br />G-OBME, the aircraft involved in the accident, in November 1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Aircraft type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic#737-400" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-4Y0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/British_Midland_International" title="British Midland International">British Midland Airways</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">IATA flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">BD092</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">ICAO flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">BMA092</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Call sign</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">MIDLAND 092</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">Registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">G-OBME</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Flight origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Destination</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport" title="Belfast International Airport">Belfast International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Occupants</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">126</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Passengers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">118</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">47</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">74</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Survivors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">79</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kegworth air disaster</b> occurred when <b>British Midland Airways Flight 092</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-400" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-400">Boeing 737-400</a>, crashed onto the motorway embankment between the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a> and <a href="/wiki/A453_road" title="A453 road">A453 road</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kegworth" title="Kegworth">Kegworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, England, while attempting to make an emergency landing at <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport" title="East Midlands Airport">East Midlands Airport</a> on 8 January 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aircraft was on a scheduled flight from <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport" title="Belfast International Airport">Belfast International Airport</a>. When a fan blade broke in the left engine, smoke was drawn into the cabin through the air conditioning system. The pilots believed this indicated a fault in the right engine, since earlier models of the 737 ventilated the cabin from the right, and they were unaware that the 737-400 used a different system. The pilots retarded the right thrust lever and the symptoms of smoke and vibration cleared, leading them to believe the problem had been identified, and then the right engine was shut down. </p><p>On the final stage of the approach, thrust was increased on the left engine. The tip of the fan blade that had lodged in the cowling from the earlier event became dislodged and was drawn into the core of the engine, damaging it and causing a fire. </p><p>The fan blade had initially suffered a fracture caused by <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flutter (aeronautics)">aerodynamic flutter</a>. Those responsible for the pre-certification test programme and the issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness 'acted contrary' to the wealth of literature that was available on this subject. This knowledge made clear that static ground testing to discover the presence of flutter was unreliable and the fan blade had to be subjected to the full flight envelope to be certain of the test results. </p><p>The accident was the first <a href="/wiki/Hull_loss" title="Hull loss">hull loss</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737 Classic</a> aircraft,<sup id="cite_ref-ASN2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first fatal accident involving a Boeing 737 Classic aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 126 people aboard, 47 died and 74 sustained serious injuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_involved_and_crew">Aircraft involved and crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aircraft involved and crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aircraft was a <a href="/wiki/British_Midland_International" title="British Midland International">British Midland</a>-operated Boeing 737-4Y0,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">registration</a> G-OBME,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a scheduled flight from London Heathrow Airport to Belfast International Airport, Northern Ireland, having already flown from Heathrow to Belfast and back that day. The 737-400 was the newest design from Boeing, with the first unit entering service less than four months earlier, in September 1988. G-OBME had accumulated 521 airframe hours. The aircraft was powered by two <a href="/wiki/CFM_International_CFM56" title="CFM International CFM56">CFM International CFM56</a> turbofan engines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199011–22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199011–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cockpit_crew">Cockpit crew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cockpit crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flight was crewed by 43-year-old Captain Kevin Hunt and 39-year-old First Officer David McClelland. Hunt had been with British Midland since 1966 and had about 13,200 hours of flying experience. First Officer McClelland joined the airline in 1988 and had about 3,300 total flight hours. Between them, the pilots had close to 1,000 hours in the Boeing 737 cockpit (Hunt had 763 hours, and McClelland had 192 hours), but only 76 of these had been in Boeing 737-400 series aircraft (Hunt 23 hours and McClelland 53 hours).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19908–9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19908–9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accident">Accident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_Kegworth_aeroplane_disaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165281.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Site_of_Kegworth_aeroplane_disaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165281.jpg/220px-Site_of_Kegworth_aeroplane_disaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165281.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Site_of_Kegworth_aeroplane_disaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165281.jpg/330px-Site_of_Kegworth_aeroplane_disaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Site_of_Kegworth_aeroplane_disaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165281.jpg/440px-Site_of_Kegworth_aeroplane_disaster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_165281.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the location of the disaster in May 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>After taking off from Heathrow at 19:52,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flight BD 092 was climbing through 28,300 feet (8,600 m) to reach its cruising altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m) when a blade detached from the fan of the port (left) engine. The pilots did not know the source of the problem, but heard a pounding noise, accompanied by severe vibrations. Smoke poured into the cabin through the ventilation system, and passengers became aware of the smell of burning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19901_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19901-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several passengers sitting near the rear of the plane noticed smoke and sparks coming from the left engine.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flight was diverted to nearby <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport" title="East Midlands Airport">East Midlands Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990103_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990103-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the suggestion of British Midland Airways Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19904_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19904-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the initial blade fracture, <a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Captain</a> Kevin Hunt, the non-handling pilot, took control without first advising McClelland, and disengaged the plane's <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19903_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19903-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunt then asked <a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="First officer (aeronautics)">First Officer</a> David McClelland which engine was malfunctioning, McClelland replied: "It's the le... It's the right one".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19903_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19903-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In previous versions of the 737, the right (number 2) engine supplied air to the flight deck. The pilots had been used to the older version of the aircraft and did not realise that this aircraft was different. The captain later claimed that his perception of smoke as coming forward from the passenger cabin led them to assume the fault was in the right engine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199098_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199098-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilots throttled back the working right engine instead of the malfunctioning left engine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199098_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199098-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had no way of visually checking the engines from the cockpit, and the cabin crew – who did not hear the captain refer to the right hand engine in his cabin address – did not inform them that smoke and flames had been seen from the left engine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19905_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19905-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the pilots retarded the right engine, they could no longer smell the smoke or feel the vibration, which led them to believe that they had correctly dealt with the problem. As it turned out, this was due to a combination of the Power Management Control unit and <a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">autothrottle</a> which was disengaged prior to shutting down the right engine, the fuel flow to both engines was reduced, and the excess fuel, which had been igniting in the left engine exhaust, disappeared; therefore, the ongoing damage was reduced, the smell of smoke ceased, and the vibration reduced, although it would still have been visible on cockpit instruments which were "at best unclear and at worst misleading" according to Dr Roger Green from the RAF Institute of Air Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199099_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199099-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Midland_737_G-OBME,_Kegworth,_8_January_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/British_Midland_737_G-OBME%2C_Kegworth%2C_8_January_1989.jpg/220px-British_Midland_737_G-OBME%2C_Kegworth%2C_8_January_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/British_Midland_737_G-OBME%2C_Kegworth%2C_8_January_1989.jpg/330px-British_Midland_737_G-OBME%2C_Kegworth%2C_8_January_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/British_Midland_737_G-OBME%2C_Kegworth%2C_8_January_1989.jpg/440px-British_Midland_737_G-OBME%2C_Kegworth%2C_8_January_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Wreckage of G-OBME</figcaption></figure> <p>During the final approach to the East Midlands Airport, the pilots selected increased thrust from the operating, damaged engine. This led to an engine fire, caused by the tip of the fan blade dislodging from the cowling, going into the core of the engine and causing it to cease operating entirely. The <a href="/wiki/Ground_proximity_warning_system" title="Ground proximity warning system">ground proximity warning system</a> activated, sounding several "glideslope" warnings. The pilots attempted to restart the right engine by <a href="/wiki/Flameout#Engine_restart" title="Flameout">windmilling</a>, but the aircraft was by now only 900 feet above the ground and flying too slowly for a restart. At 20:24:33, Captain Hunt broadcast to the passengers via the aircraft's public-address system: "Prepare for crash landing", instructing passengers to take the brace position. The <a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">stick shaker</a> then activated. Just before crossing the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a> at 20:24:43, the tail and main landing gear struck the ground at a speed of 213 km/h (115 kn; 132 mph) and the aircraft bounced back into the air and over the motorway, knocking down trees and a lamp post before crashing on the far embankment around 475 metres (519 yd) short of the active runway's paved surface and about 630 metres (690 yd) from its threshold. The aircraft broke into three sections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19907–8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19907–8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was adjacent to the motorway, but no vehicles were travelling on that part of the M1 at the moment of the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the 118 passengers on board, 39 were killed outright in the crash and eight died later of their injuries, giving a total of 47 fatalities. All eight crew members survived the accident. Of the 79 survivors, 74 suffered serious injuries and five suffered minor injuries. In addition, five firefighters also suffered minor injuries during the rescue operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19907_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19907-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No-one on the motorway was injured, and all vehicles in the vicinity of the disaster were undamaged. The first person to arrive at the scene and render aid was a motorist, Graham Pearson.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marine">Royal Marine</a>, he helped passengers for over three hours, and subsequently received damages for <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aid was also given by a <a href="/wiki/Troop" title="Troop">troop</a> of eight <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a> soldiers, four of whom were regimentally qualified paramedics. Their truck had been on the motorway when the crash occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kegworth_air_disaster" title="Special:EditPage/Kegworth air disaster">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The investigation established that the wiring associated with the fire warning lights was properly connected. Initially there was a concern that the sensors in the engines and the warning lights on the flight deck may have been cross-wired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990125_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shutting_down_of_wrong_engine">Shutting down of wrong engine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shutting down of wrong engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Captain Hunt believed the right engine was malfunctioning due to the smell of smoke in the cabin because in previous Boeing 737 variants, <a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">bleed air</a> for cabin air conditioning was taken from the right engine. Starting with the Boeing 737-400 variant, Boeing had redesigned the system to use bleed air from both engines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several cabin staff and passengers noticed that the left engine had a stream of unburnt fuel igniting in the jet exhaust, but this information was not passed to the pilots because cabin staff assumed they were aware that the left engine was malfunctioning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990106_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990106-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smell of smoke disappeared when the autothrottle was disengaged and the right engine shut down due to reduction of fuel to the damaged left engine as it reverted to manual throttle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199099_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199099-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event of a malfunction, pilots were trained to check all meters and review all decisions, and Captain Hunt proceeded to do so. Whilst he was conducting the review, however, he was interrupted by a transmission from East Midlands Airport informing him he could descend further to 12,000 feet (3,700 m) in preparation for the diverted landing. He did not resume the review after the transmission ended, and instead commenced descent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The dials on the two vibration gauges (one for each engine) were smaller than on the previous versions of the 737 in which the pilots had the majority of their experience and the LED needle went around the outside of the dial as opposed to the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199069_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199069-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilots had received no simulator training on the new model, as no simulator for the 737-400 existed in the UK at that time. At the time, vibration indicators were known for being unreliable<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199069–70_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199069–70-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and normally ignored by pilots), but unknown to the pilots, this was one of the first aircraft to have a very accurate vibration readout, although it was still permitted to fly with one gauge unserviceable under Boeing's Minimum Equipment List.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine_malfunction">Engine malfunction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Engine malfunction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analysis of the engine from the crash determined that the fan blades (LP stage 1 compressor) of the uprated <a href="/wiki/CFM_International_CFM56" title="CFM International CFM56">CFM International CFM56</a> engine used on the 737-400 were subject to abnormal amounts of vibration when operating at high power settings above 10,000 feet (3,000 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990118–120_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990118–120-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was an upgrade to an existing engine, in-flight testing was not mandatory, and the engine had only been tested in the laboratory. Upon this discovery, the remaining 99 Boeing 737-400s then in service were grounded and the engines modified. Following the crash, testing all newly designed and significantly redesigned <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engines under representative flight conditions is now mandatory. </p><p>This unnoticed vibration created excessive <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">metal fatigue</a> in the fan blades, and on G-OBME this caused one of the fan blades to break off. This damaged the engine terminally and also upset its delicate balance, causing a reduction in power and an increase in vibration. The autothrottle attempted to compensate for this by increasing the fuel flow to the engine. The damaged engine was unable to burn all the additional fuel, with much of it igniting in the exhaust flow, creating a large trail of flame behind the engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Annes_Cathedral,_Belfast,_July_2010_(20).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/St_Annes_Cathedral%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2820%29.JPG/170px-St_Annes_Cathedral%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2820%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/St_Annes_Cathedral%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2820%29.JPG/255px-St_Annes_Cathedral%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2820%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/St_Annes_Cathedral%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2820%29.JPG/340px-St_Annes_Cathedral%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2820%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Memorial scroll in St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast</figcaption></figure> <p>The official report into the disaster made 31 safety recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990149–152_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990149–152-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaluation of the injuries sustained led to considerable improvements in aircraft safety and emergency instructions for passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were derived from a research programme funded by the CAA and carried out by teams from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> and Hawtal Whiting Structures (an engineering consultancy company). The study between medical staff and engineers used analytical "occupant kinematics" techniques to assess the effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">brace position</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new notice to operators revising the brace position was issued in October 1993. </p><p>The research into this accident led to the formation on 21 November 2016 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Board_for_Research_into_Aircraft_Crash_Events" title="International Board for Research into Aircraft Crash Events">International Board for Research into Aircraft Crash Events</a>, which is a joint co-operation between experts in the field for the purpose of producing an internationally agreed-upon, evidence-based set of impact bracing positions for passengers and (eventually) cabin crew members in a variety of seating configurations. These will be submitted to the International Civil Aviation Organization through its Cabin Safety Group. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kegworth_Air_Disaster_memorial_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kegworth_Air_Disaster_memorial_01.jpg/220px-Kegworth_Air_Disaster_memorial_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kegworth_Air_Disaster_memorial_01.jpg/330px-Kegworth_Air_Disaster_memorial_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kegworth_Air_Disaster_memorial_01.jpg/440px-Kegworth_Air_Disaster_memorial_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Memorial garden at Kegworth cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>A memorial was built in the village cemetery in nearby Kegworth to "those who died, those who were injured and those who took part in the rescue operation", together with a garden made using soil from the crash site.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Hunt and First Officer McClelland, both seriously injured in the crash, were dismissed following the criticisms of their actions in the <a href="/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch" title="Air Accidents Investigation Branch">Air Accidents Investigation Branch</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunt suffered injuries to his spine and legs in the crash. In April 1991, he told a BBC documentary, "We were the easy option – the cheap option if you wish. We made a mistake – we both made mistakes – but the question we would like answered is why we made those mistakes."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Midland later paid McClelland an out-of-court settlement for unfair dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alan Webb, the chief fire officer at East Midlands Airport, was made an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a> in the 1990 New Year Honours list for the co-ordination of his team in the rescue efforts that followed the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham Pearson, a passing motorist who assisted Kegworth survivors at the crash site for three hours, sued the airline for <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> and was awarded £57,000 in damages in 1998 (equivalent to £101,800 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crash was featured in a 1991 documentary, an episode of the series <i>Taking Liberties</i> named "Fatal Error". ITV aired a documentary in 1999 of the Kegworth crash. Flight 092 was also featured in an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Seconds_From_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconds From Disaster">Seconds From Disaster</a></i> called "Motorway Plane Crash". </p><p>It was also featured in the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> documentary <i>Aircrash Confidential</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the incident was featured in the episode <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#ep110" title="List of Mayday episodes">"Choosing Sides"</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#ep110" title="List of Mayday episodes">"M1 Plane Crash"</a> of the documentary television series <i><a href="/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)">Mayday</a></i>, or <i>Air Crash Investigation</i>, as it is known in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the incident was also featured on the "M1 Plane Crash" episode of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terror_at_30,000_Feet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terror at 30,000 Feet (page does not exist)">Terror at 30,000 Feet</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TransAsia_Airways_Flight_235" title="TransAsia Airways Flight 235">TransAsia Airways Flight 235</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airlink_Flight_8911" title="South African Airlink Flight 8911">South African Airlink Flight 8911</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transair_Flight_810" title="Transair Flight 810">Transair Flight 810</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Airlines_Flight_A-56" title="Azerbaijan Airlines Flight A-56">Azerbaijan Airlines Flight A-56</a> - other cases of misidentification of a failing engine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft">List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The aircraft was a Boeing 737-400 model; Boeing assigns a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Boeing_customer_codes" title="List of Boeing customer codes">unique customer code</a> for each company that buys one of its aircraft, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built. The code "Y0" was assigned to the leasing company Guinness Peat Aviation, from whom British Midland leased the aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McClelland was the pilot flying until the engine failure, after which Captain Hunt took control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19908–9_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19908–9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ASN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890108-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-4Y0 G-OBME Kegworth"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. <a href="/wiki/Flight_Safety_Foundation" title="Flight Safety Foundation">Flight Safety Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Boeing+737-4Y0+G-OBME+Kegworth&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19890108-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASN2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASN2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Boeing-737-series/losses">"Accident list: Boeing 737"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i>. Flight Safety Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=Accident+list%3A+Boeing+737&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Ftypes%2FBoeing-737-series%2Flosses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siteapps.caa.co.uk/g-info/">"G-INFO Database"</a>. <i>Civil Aviation Authority</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft.atitle=G-INFO+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapps.caa.co.uk%2Fg-info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199011–22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199011–22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 11–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19908–9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19908–9_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19908–9_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19901-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19901_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruslove2014" class="citation news cs1">Truslove, Ben (8 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-25548016">"Kegworth air disaster: Plane crash survivors' stories"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140108124833/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-25548016">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kegworth+air+disaster%3A+Plane+crash+survivors%27+stories&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.aulast=Truslove&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-25548016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span> – The content about the safety improvements is from the sidebar "The legacy of Kegworth".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990103-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990103_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19904-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19904_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19903-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19903_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19903_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199098-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199098_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199098_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19905-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19905_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199099-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199099_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199099_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19907–8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19907–8_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itv.com/news/central/2014-01-08/why-did-british-midland-plane-crash-on-the-m1-near-kegworth/">"Why did British Midland plane crash on the M1 near Kegworth?"</a>. <i>ITV News</i>. ITV. ITV Report. 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Why+did+British+Midland+plane+crash+on+the+M1+near+Kegworth%3F&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Fcentral%2F2014-01-08%2Fwhy-did-british-midland-plane-crash-on-the-m1-near-kegworth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble19907-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble19907_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/54915.stm">"UK, Air crash hero wins damages"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 February 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK%2C+Air+crash+hero+wins+damages&rft.date=1998-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F54915.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1996" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, Jack (1996). <i>SAS: The soldiers story</i>. London: Pan. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0330347500" title="Special:BookSources/0330347500"><bdi>0330347500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAS%3A+The+soldiers+story&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0330347500&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990125-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990125_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990106-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990106_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199069-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199069_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble199069–70-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble199069–70_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990118–120-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990118–120_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 118–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1990149–152-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1990149–152_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrimble1990">Trimble 1990</a>, p. 149–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKf3OX6ZkuYC&pg=PA1423"><i>Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports</i></a>. NASA, Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 1993. p. 1423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+and+Technical+Aerospace+Reports&rft.pages=1423&rft.pub=NASA%2C+Office+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Information&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaKf3OX6ZkuYC%26pg%3DPA1423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kegworthvillage.com/show_record.php?table=k_pages&&id=2">"Kegworth Village, Kegworth Air Disaster 1989"</a>. <i>www.kegworthvillage.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kegworthvillage.com&rft.atitle=Kegworth+Village%2C+Kegworth+Air+Disaster+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kegworthvillage.com%2Fshow_record.php%3Ftable%3Dk_pages%26%26id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookes1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brookes" title="Andrew Brookes">Brookes, Andrew</a> (1994). <i>Disaster in the air</i>. Ian Allan. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2037-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2037-X"><bdi>0-7110-2037-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+in+the+air&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7110-2037-X&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThis_is_Nottingham2009" class="citation news cs1">This is Nottingham (8 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/Kegworth-Sacked-pilots-claim-scapegoats/story-12186326-detail/story.html">"Kegworth: Sacked pilots claim they were 'scapegoats'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kegworth%3A+Sacked+pilots+claim+they+were+%27scapegoats%27&rft.date=2009-01-08&rft.au=This+is+Nottingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisnottingham.co.uk%2FKegworth-Sacked-pilots-claim-scapegoats%2Fstory-12186326-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette519981" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/519981/supplement/15">"No. 519981"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 29 December 1989. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+519981&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1989-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F519981%2Fsupplement%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512143233/http://www.yourdiscovery.com/video/playlists/aircrash-confidential-lethal-malfunctions/#player">"Aircrash Confidential: Lethal Malfunctions Videos at"</a>. Yourdiscovery.com. 24 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdiscovery.com/video/playlists/aircrash-confidential-lethal-malfunctions/#player">the original</a> on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircrash+Confidential%3A+Lethal+Malfunctions+Videos+at&rft.pub=Yourdiscovery.com&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdiscovery.com%2Fvideo%2Fplaylists%2Faircrash-confidential-lethal-malfunctions%2F%23player&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/mayday-aci"><i>Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayday+-+Air+Crash+Investigation+%28S01-S22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayday-aci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel5.com/show/terror-at-30-000-feet/season-1/m1-plane-crash">"M1 Plane Crash"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M1+Plane+Crash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel5.com%2Fshow%2Fterror-at-30-000-feet%2Fseason-1%2Fm1-plane-crash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macarthur_Job" title="Macarthur Job">Macarthur Job</a>, <i>Air Disaster Volume 2</i>: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-875671-19-6">1-875671-19-6</a>, p. 173–185</li> <li>David Owen, <i>Air Accident Investigation</i>: Patrick Stephens Limited, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4495-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4495-1">0-7509-4495-1</a>. (The Kegworth air disaster is given a detailed mention in Chapter 9, "Pressing the Wrong Button")</li> <li>HW Structures, <i>CAA Paper 90012 Occupant modelling in aircraft crash conditions</i>: Civil Aviation Authority, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86039-445-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86039-445-X">0-86039-445-X</a>.</li> <li>Hawtal Whiting Technology Group, <i>CAA Paper 95004 A study of aircraft passenger brace positions for impact</i>: Civil Aviation Authority, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86039-620-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86039-620-7">0-86039-620-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimble1990" class="citation web cs1">Trimble, E J (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/aaib-reports/4-1990-boeing-737-400-g-obme-8-january-1989">"Report No: 4/1990. Report on the accident to Boeing 737-400, G-OBME, near Kegworth, Leicestershire on 8 January 1989"</a>. Air Accidents Investigation Branch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+No%3A+4%2F1990.+Report+on+the+accident+to+Boeing+737-400%2C+G-OBME%2C+near+Kegworth%2C+Leicestershire+on+8+January+1989&rft.pub=Air+Accidents+Investigation+Branch&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=E+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Faaib-reports%2F4-1990-boeing-737-400-g-obme-8-january-1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5422fefeed915d13710009ed/4-1990_G-OBME.pdf">Report file</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927041039/http://www.aaib.gov.uk/cms_resources.cfm?file=/4-1990%20G-OBME.pdf">G-OBME.pdf Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5422feffe5274a131400097f/4-1990_G-OBME_Append.pdf">Appendices</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203125546/http://www.aaib.gov.uk/cms_resources.cfm?file=/4-1990%20G-OBME%20Append.pdf">G-OBME Append.pdf Archive</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegworth_air_disaster&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/250959.stm">BBC 10th anniversary page about the crash</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/8/newsid_2506000/2506665.stm">BBC 'On This Day' page about the crash</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airliners.net/search?registrationActual=G-OBME&display=detail">Pre-crash and crash pictures of the aircraft</a> from <a href="/wiki/Airliners.net" title="Airliners.net">Airliners.net</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2019" class="citation news cs1">Field, James (8 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108205646/https://airwaysmag.com/industry/kegworth-air-disaster-30-years-on/">"Op-Ed: Learning From The Kegworth Air Disaster, 30 Years On"</a>. <i>Airways International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airwaysmag.com/industry/kegworth-air-disaster-30-years-on/">the original</a> on 8 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airways+International&rft.atitle=Op-Ed%3A+Learning+From+The+Kegworth+Air+Disaster%2C+30+Years+On&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairwaysmag.com%2Findustry%2Fkegworth-air-disaster-30-years-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKegworth+air+disaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890108-0">Accident description</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_the_1980s" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1980s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_the_1980s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1980s (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_the_1980s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1980s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_the_1980s429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1980s</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Biggin_Hill_Invader_crash" title="1980 Biggin Hill Invader crash">Biggin Hill Invader crash</a> (September 1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aer_Lingus_Flight_164" title="Aer Lingus Flight 164">Aer Lingus Flight 164</a> (May 1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dan-Air_Flight_240" title="Dan-Air Flight 240">Dan-Air Flight 240</a> (June 1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Bristow_Helicopters_Westland_Wessex_crash" title="1981 Bristow Helicopters Westland Wessex crash">Bristow Helicopters Westland Wessex crash</a> (August 1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_British_Army_Gazelle_friendly_fire_incident" title="1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident">British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident</a> (June 1982)*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_British_Airways_Sikorsky_S-61_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 British Airways Sikorsky S-61 crash">British Airways Sikorsky S-61 crash</a> (July 1983)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Manchester_Airport_disaster" title="1985 Manchester Airport disaster">Manchester Airport disaster</a> (August 1985)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindawi_affair" title="Hindawi affair">Hindawi affair</a> (April 1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">British Army Lynx shootdown</a> (June 1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_British_International_Helicopters_Sikorsky_S-61N_crash" title="1988 British International Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N crash">British International Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N crash</a> (July 1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (December 1988)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Template:Pan Am Flight 103">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kegworth air disaster</a> (January 1989)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Accidents and incidents in Crown Dependencies and <i>current</i> Overseas Territories are marked with an asterisk (*).<br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_the_1970s" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1970s">1970–1979 ◄</a> 1980–1989 <a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_the_1990s" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1990s">► 1990–1999</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1989_(1989)376" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a> in 1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span> </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_air_battle_near_Tobruk" title="1989 air battle near Tobruk">Air battle near Tobruk</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kegworth air disaster</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Air_Flight_1851" title="Independent Air Flight 1851">Independent Air Flight 1851</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_66" title="Flying Tiger Line Flight 66">Flying Tiger Line Flight 66</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 24</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811" title="United Airlines Flight 811">United Airlines Flight 811</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 10</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Ontario_Flight_1363" title="Air Ontario Flight 1363">Air Ontario Flight 1363</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 18</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_International_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17">Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Transbrasil_Flight_801" title="Transbrasil Flight 801">Transbrasil Flight 801</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Apr 10</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Uni-Air_International_Flight_602" title="Uni-Air International Flight 602">Uni-Air International Flight 602</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 7</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Surinam_Airways_Flight_764" title="Surinam Airways Flight 764">Surinam Airways Flight 764</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 17</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Interflug_Flight_102" title="Interflug Flight 102">Interflug Flight 102</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Belgium_MiG-23_crash" title="1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash">Belgium MiG-23 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232" title="United Airlines Flight 232">United Airlines Flight 232</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_124" title="Philippine Airlines Flight 124">Philippine Airlines Flight 124</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_803" title="Korean Air Flight 803">Korean Air Flight 803</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Aviation_Flight_545" title="Olympic Aviation Flight 545">Olympic Aviation Flight 545</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 13</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Alice_Springs_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash">Alice Springs hot air balloon crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines_Flight_5510" title="China Eastern Airlines Flight 5510">China Eastern Airlines Flight 5510</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_404" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404">Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Flight_9046" title="Cubana de Aviación Flight 9046">Cubana de Aviación Flight 9046</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_254" title="Varig Flight 254">Varig Flight 254</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Partnair_Flight_394" title="Partnair Flight 394">Partnair Flight 394</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 20</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/USAir_Flight_5050" title="USAir Flight 5050">USAir Flight 5050</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 18</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Air_Force_Ilyushin_Il-76_crash" title="1989 Soviet Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 crash">Soviet Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/TAN-SAHSA_Flight_414" title="TAN-SAHSA Flight 414">TAN-SAHSA Flight 414</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 26</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_204" title="China Airlines Flight 204">China Airlines Flight 204</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 28</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aloha_IslandAir_Flight_1712" title="Aloha IslandAir Flight 1712">Aloha IslandAir Flight 1712</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_37577" title="Aeroflot Flight 37577">Aeroflot Flight 37577</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_175" title="Korean Air Flight 175">Korean Air Flight 175</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Flight_203" title="Avianca Flight 203">Avianca Flight 203</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1989_Angola_Lockheed_L-100_crash" title="1989 Angola Lockheed L-100 crash">Angola Lockheed L-100 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/KLM_Flight_867" title="KLM Flight 867">KLM Flight 867</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 26</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_2415" title="United Express Flight 2415">United Express Flight 2415</a></div></div> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a 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