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href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ancient editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Surviving poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Social context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ancient reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Modern reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sappho</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" > 108 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88" title="صافو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صافو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safu" title="Safu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Safu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B" title="স্যাফো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্যাফো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сапфо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сапфо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сапфо – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сапфо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сафо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сафо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho_(magbabalak)" title="Sappho (magbabalak) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sappho (magbabalak)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapf%C3%B3" title="Sapfó – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sapfó" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88" title="صافو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صافو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%86%CF%8E" title="Σαπφώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαπφώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safu" title="Safu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Safu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88" title="سافو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سافو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saf%C3%B3" title="Safó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Safó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%8F%AC_(%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%B8)" title="사포 (시인) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사포 (시인)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BA%D6%83%D5%B8" title="Սապփո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սապփո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B" title="साफ़ो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साफ़ो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfa" title="Sapfa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sapfa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saff%C3%B3" title="Saffó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saffó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffo" title="Saffo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saffo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%95" title="סאפפו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאפפו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="საფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffo" title="Saffo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Saffo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szapph%C3%B3" title="Szapphó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szapphó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сафо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сафо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B" title="സാഫോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഫോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B" title="साफो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साफो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%88" title="سابفو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سابفو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psappho" title="Psappho – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psappho" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сапфо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сапфо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဆက်ဖို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆက်ဖို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B" title="सफो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सफो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC" title="サッポー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サッポー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B" title="ਸਾਫ਼ੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਫ਼ੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88" title="سیفو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیفو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safona" title="Safona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Safona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сапфо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сапфо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffu" title="Saffu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saffu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%81%D9%88" title="سئفو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سئفو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapf%C5%AF" title="Sapfů – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sapfů" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%86" title="سافۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سافۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Сапфа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сапфа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B" title="சாஃபோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாஃபோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сапфо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сапфо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%BE" title="Сапфо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сапфо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88" title="صافو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صافو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sappho" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%A6%8F" title="萨福 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨福" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E5%AD%9A" title="莎孚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莎孚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safo" title="Safo – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Safo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapfo" title="Sapfo – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sapfo" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E5%AD%9A" title="莎孚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莎孚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek lyric poet (c. 630–c. 570 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sappho_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sappho (disambiguation)">Sappho (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vase painting of a woman holding a lyre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg/220px-Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg/330px-Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg/440px-Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalpis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpis">Kalpis</a> painting of Sappho by the <a href="/wiki/Sappho_Painter" title="Sappho Painter">Sappho Painter</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 510 BC), currently held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum, Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> Sappho (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsæfoʊ/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Σαπφώ Sapphṓ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[sap.pʰɔ̌ː]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a> Ψάπφω Psápphō; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 630 – c. 570 BC) was an <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek">Archaic Greek</a> poet from <a href="/wiki/Eresos" title="Eresos">Eresos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> Sappho is known for her <a href="/wiki/Greek_lyric" title="Greek lyric">lyric poetry</a>, written to be sung while accompanied by music. In ancient times, Sappho was widely regarded as one of the greatest lyric poets and was given names such as the "Tenth <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muse</a>" and "The Poetess". Most of <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Sappho" title="Poetry of Sappho">Sappho's poetry</a> is now lost, and what is extant has mostly survived in fragmentary form; only the <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Aphrodite" title="Ode to Aphrodite">Ode to Aphrodite</a> is certainly complete. As well as lyric poetry, ancient commentators claimed that Sappho wrote <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iambus_(genre)" title="Iambus (genre)">iambic</a> poetry. Three <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrams</a> formerly attributed to Sappho are extant, but these are actually <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> imitations of Sappho's style. Little is known of Sappho's life. She was from a wealthy family from Lesbos, though her parents' names are uncertain. Ancient sources say that she had three brothers: Charaxos, Larichos and Eurygios. Two of them, Charaxos and Larichos, are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Poem" title="Brothers Poem">Brothers Poem</a> discovered in 2014. She was exiled to Sicily around 600 BC, and may have continued to work until around 570 BC. According to legend, she killed herself by leaping from the <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Leucadian cliffs</a> due to her unrequited love for the ferryman <a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a>. Sappho was a prolific poet, probably composing around 10,000 lines. She was best-known in antiquity for her love poetry; other themes in the surviving fragments of her work include family and religion. She probably wrote poetry for both individual and choral performance. Most of her best-known and best-preserved fragments explore personal emotions and were probably composed for solo performance. Her works are known for their clarity of language, vivid images, and immediacy. The context in which she composed her poems has long been the subject of scholarly debate; the most influential suggestions have been that she had some sort of educational or religious role, or wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>. Sappho's poetry was well-known and greatly admired through much of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, and she was among the canon of <a href="/wiki/Nine_Lyric_Poets" title="Nine Lyric Poets">Nine Lyric Poets</a> most highly esteemed by scholars of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> Alexandria. Sappho's poetry is still considered extraordinary and her works continue to influence other writers. Beyond her poetry, she is well known as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">love and desire between women</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20142–9-2">[1]</a> with the English words <a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">sapphic</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lesbian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lesbian">lesbian</a> deriving from her name and that of her home island, respectively. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Sappho_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marble head of a woman with the nose broken off" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Head_Sappho_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/220px-Head_Sappho_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Head_Sappho_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/330px-Head_Sappho_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Head_Sappho_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg/440px-Head_Sappho_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>Head of a woman from the <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a> in Munich, possibly a copy of <a href="/wiki/Silanion" title="Silanion">Silanion</a>'s fourth-century BC imaginative portrait of Sappho<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrioux2020234–235-3">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> Modern knowledge of Sappho comes both from what can be inferred from her own poetry and from mentions of her in other ancient texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois201581-4">[3]</a> Her poetry – which, with the exception of a single complete poem, survives only in fragments<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147-5">[4]</a> – is the only contemporary source for her life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20142-6">[5]</a> The earliest surviving biography of Sappho dates to the late second or early third century AD, approximately eight centuries after her own lifetime; the next is the <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>, a tenth-century Byzantine encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202111-7">[6]</a> Other sources that mention details of her life were written much closer to her own era, beginning in the fifth century BC;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202111-7">[6]</a> one of the earliest is <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' account of the relationship between the Egyptian courtesan <a href="/wiki/Rhodopis" title="Rhodopis">Rhodopis</a> and Sappho's brother Charaxos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4-8">[7]</a> The information about her life recorded in ancient sources was derived from statements in her own poetry that ancient authors assumed were autobiographical, along with local traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202111-7">[6]</a> Some of the ancient traditions about her, such as those about her sexuality and appearance, may derive from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">ancient Athenian comedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefkowitz201242-9">[8]</a> Until the 19th century, ancient biographical accounts of archaic poets' lives were largely accepted as factual. In the 19th century, classicists began to be more sceptical of these traditions, and instead tried to derive biographical information from the poets' own works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo20102–3-10">[9]</a> In the latter half of the 20th century, scholars became increasingly sceptical of Greek lyric poetry as a source of autobiographical information, questioning whether the <a href="/wiki/First_person_narrator" class="mw-redirect" title="First person narrator">first person narrator</a> in the poems was meant to express the experiences and feelings of the poets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo20103–4-11">[10]</a> Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Mary Lefkowitz</a>, argue that almost nothing can be known about the lives of early Greek poets such as Sappho; most scholars believe that ancient testimonies about poets' lives contain some truth but must be treated with caution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo20104-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simonet_-_Safo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simonet_-_Safo.jpg/220px-Simonet_-_Safo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simonet_-_Safo.jpg/330px-Simonet_-_Safo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simonet_-_Safo.jpg/440px-Simonet_-_Safo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4209" data-file-height="3013" /></a><figcaption>Sappho, by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Simonet" title="Enrique Simonet">Enrique Simonet</a>.</figcaption></figure> Little is known about Sappho's life for certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20141-13">[12]</a> She was from the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001139-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> and lived at the end of the seventh and beginning of the sixth centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010198n.174-18">[16]</a> This is the date given by most ancient sources, who considered her a contemporary of the poet <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a> and the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Pittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittacus">Pittacus</a>, both also from Lesbos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010198n.174-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[c]</a> She therefore may have been born in the third quarter of the seventh century – Franco Ferrari infers a date of around 650 or 640 BC;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrari20108–9-21">[18]</a> David Campbell suggests around or before 630 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1982xi-22">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Hutchinson_(classicist)" title="Gregory Hutchinson (classicist)">Gregory Hutchinson</a> suggests she was active until around 570 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001140-23">[20]</a> Tradition names Sappho's mother as Cleïs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202113-24">[21]</a> This may derive from a now-lost poem or record,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010175-25">[22]</a> though ancient scholars may simply have guessed this name, assuming that Sappho's daughter was named Cleïs after her mother.<a href="#cite_note-26">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20144-15">[14]</a> Ancient sources record ten different names for Sappho's father;<a href="#cite_note-28">[e]</a> this proliferation of possible names suggests that he was not explicitly named in any of her poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20143–4-29">[24]</a> The earliest and most commonly attested name for him is Scamandronymus.<a href="#cite_note-30">[f]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heroides" title="Heroides">Heroides</a>, Sappho's father died when she was six.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202113-24">[21]</a> He is not mentioned in any of her surviving works, but Campbell suggests that this detail may have been based on a now-lost poem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198215n.1-31">[25]</a> Her own name is found in numerous variant spellings;<a href="#cite_note-33">[g]</a> the form that appears in her own extant poetry is Psappho (Ψάπφω).<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201498-35">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a woman dressed in dark robes, with her breasts bare. She holds a lyre in one hand and stands on a rock over the sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg/220px-1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg/330px-1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg/440px-1877_Charles_Mengin_-_Sappho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sappho (1877) by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mengin" title="Charles Mengin">Charles Mengin</a> (1853–1933). One tradition claims that Sappho committed suicide by jumping off the Leucadian cliff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidov2002205–6n.7-36">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> Sappho was said to have three brothers: Eurygios, Larichos, and Charaxos. According to <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, she praised Larichos for being a cupbearer in the town hall of Mytilene,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202113-24">[21]</a> an office held by boys of the best families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1982xi,_189-37">[30]</a> This indication that Sappho was born into an aristocratic family is consistent with the sometimes-rarefied environments that her verses record. One ancient tradition tells of a relationship between Charaxos and the Egyptian courtesan <a href="/wiki/Rhodopis_(hetaera)" title="Rhodopis (hetaera)">Rhodopis</a>. In the fifth century BC <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the oldest source of the story,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidov2002203-38">[31]</a> reports that Charaxos ransomed Rhodopis for a large sum and that Sappho wrote a poem rebuking him for this.<a href="#cite_note-40">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a> The names of two of the brothers, Charaxos and Larichos, are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Poem" title="Brothers Poem">Brothers Poem</a>, discovered in 2014; the final brother, Eurygios, is mentioned in three ancient sources but nowhere in the extant works of Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2021172-42">[34]</a> Sappho may have had a daughter named Cleïs, who is referred to in two fragments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20143-43">[35]</a> Not all scholars accept that Cleïs was Sappho's daughter. Fragment 132 describes Cleïs as "pais", which, as well as meaning "child", can also refer to the "youthful beloved in a male homosexual liaison".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett198222-44">[36]</a> It has been suggested that Cleïs was one of her younger lovers, rather than her daughter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett198222-44">[36]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Judith_Hallett" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Hallett">Judith Hallett</a> argues that the description of Cleis as "agapata" ("beloved") in fragment 132 suggests that Sappho was referring to Cleïs as her daughter, as in other Greek literature the word is used for familial but not sexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett198222–23-45">[37]</a> According to the Suda, Sappho was married to Kerkylas of <a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20144-15">[14]</a> This name appears to have been invented by a comic poet: the name Kerkylas appears to be a diminutive of the word kerkos, a possible meaning of which is "penis", and which is not otherwise attested as a name,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993309-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[i]</a> while "Andros", as well as being the name of a Greek island, is a form of the Greek word aner, which means "man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn2015-49">[40]</a> Thus the name, for which an English equivalent could be "Prick (of the isle) of Man", is likely to have originated from a comic play.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010178-50">[41]</a> One tradition said that Sappho was exiled from Lesbos around 600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001139-14">[13]</a> The only ancient source for this story is the <a href="/wiki/Parian_Chronicle" title="Parian Chronicle">Parian Chronicle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010182-51">[42]</a> which records her going into exile in Sicily some time between 604 and 595.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrari201018–19-52">[43]</a> This may have been as a result of her family's involvement with the conflicts between political elites on Lesbos in this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201410-53">[44]</a> It is unknown which side Sappho's family took in these conflicts, but most scholars believe that they were in the same faction as her contemporary Alcaeus, who was exiled when Myrsilus took power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010182-51">[42]</a> A tradition going back at least to <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a> (Fr. 258 K) suggested that Sappho killed herself by jumping off the <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Leucadian cliffs</a> due to her unrequited love of <a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a>, a ferryman. This story is related to two myths about the goddess Aphrodite. In one, Aphrodite rewarded the elderly ferryman Phaon with youth and good looks as a reward for taking her in his ferry without asking for payment; in the other, Aphrodite was cured of her grief at the death of her lover <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> by throwing herself off the Leucadian cliffs on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010179–182-54">[45]</a> The story of Sappho's leap is regarded as ahistorical by modern scholars, perhaps invented by the comic poets or originating from a misreading of a first-person reference in a non-biographical poem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidov2002205n.7-55">[46]</a> It was used to reassure ancient audiences of Sappho's heterosexuality, and became particularly important in the nineteenth century to writers who saw homosexuality as immoral and wished to construct Sappho as heterosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448–449DeJean198952–53Walen1999238-56">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of a fragment of papyrus with Greek text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg/220px-P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg/330px-P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg/440px-P.Sapph.Obbink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>P. Sapph. Obbink: the fragment of papyrus on which Sappho's <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Poem" title="Brothers Poem">Brothers Poem</a> was discovered</figcaption></figure> Sappho probably wrote around 10,000 lines of poetry; today, only about 650 survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147-5">[4]</a> She is best known for her <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>, written to be accompanied by music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147-5">[4]</a> The Suda also attributes to her <a href="/wiki/Epigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigrams">epigrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elegiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegiacs">elegiacs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iambus_(genre)" title="Iambus (genre)">iambics</a>; three of these epigrams are extant, but are in fact later Hellenistic poems inspired by Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148-57">[48]</a> The iambic and elegiac poems attributed to her in the Suda may also be later imitations.<a href="#cite_note-60">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148-57">[48]</a> Ancient authors claim that she primarily wrote love poetry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1982xii-61">[51]</a> and the indirect transmission of her work supports this notion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierlLardinois20163-62">[52]</a> However, the papyrus tradition suggests that this may not have been the case: a series of papyri published in 2014 contains fragments of ten consecutive poems from an ancient edition of Sappho, of which only two are certainly love poems, while at least three and possibly four are primarily concerned with family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierlLardinois20163-62">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_editions">Ancient editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient editions">edit</a>]</div> It is uncertain when Sappho's poetry was first written down. Some scholars believe that she wrote her own poetry down for future readers; others that if she wrote her works down it was as an aid to reperformance rather than as a work of literature in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois200879–80-63">[53]</a> In the fifth century BC, Athenian book publishers probably began to produce copies of <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_verse" title="Aeolic verse">Lesbian lyric poetry</a>, some including explanatory material and glosses as well as the poems themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolling1961152-64">[54]</a> Some time in the second or third century BC, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Alexandrian scholars</a> produced a critical edition of her poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Kreij201528-65">[55]</a> There may have been more than one Alexandrian edition – <a href="/wiki/John_J._Winkler" title="John J. Winkler">John J. Winkler</a> argues for two, one edited by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> and another by his pupil <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samothrace" title="Aristarchus of Samothrace">Aristarchus of Samothrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler1990166-66">[56]</a> This is not certain – ancient sources tell us that Aristarchus' edition of Alcaeus replaced the edition by Aristophanes, but are silent on whether Sappho's work also went through multiple editions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis1999180n.4-67">[57]</a> The Alexandrian edition of Sappho's poetry may have been based on an Athenian text of her poems, or one from her native Lesbos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrauscello2021220–221-68">[58]</a> and was divided into at least eight books, though the exact number is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis1999181-69">[59]</a> Many modern scholars have followed <a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Denys Page</a>, who conjectured a ninth book in the standard edition;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis1999181-69">[59]</a> Dimitrios Yatromanolakis doubts this, noting that though ancient sources refer to an eighth book of her poetry, none mention a ninth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis1999184-70">[60]</a> The Alexandrian edition of Sappho probably grouped her poems by their metre: ancient sources tell us that each of the first three books contained poems in a single specific metre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidov2011-71">[61]</a> Book one of the Alexandrian edition, made up of poems in Sapphic stanzas, seems to have been ordered alphabetically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrauscello2021222–223-72">[62]</a> Even after the publication of the standard Alexandrian edition, Sappho's poetry continued to circulate in other poetry collections. For instance, the Cologne Papyrus on which the <a href="/wiki/Tithonus_poem" title="Tithonus poem">Tithonus poem</a> is preserved was part of a Hellenistic anthology of poetry, which contained poetry arranged by theme, rather than by metre and incipit, as it was in the Alexandrian edition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayman2011-73">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surviving_poetry">Surviving poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surviving poetry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:P.K%C3%B6ln_XI_429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fragments of papyrus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/P.K%C3%B6ln_XI_429.jpg/168px-P.K%C3%B6ln_XI_429.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/P.K%C3%B6ln_XI_429.jpg/252px-P.K%C3%B6ln_XI_429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/P.K%C3%B6ln_XI_429.jpg/336px-P.K%C3%B6ln_XI_429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1628" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrakon_PSI_XIII_1300,_II_sec._ac,_frammento_di_un%27ode_di_saffo_sul_culto_di_afrodite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A fragment of teracotta pottery, written on with black ink." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ostrakon_PSI_XIII_1300%2C_II_sec._ac%2C_frammento_di_un%27ode_di_saffo_sul_culto_di_afrodite.JPG/136px-Ostrakon_PSI_XIII_1300%2C_II_sec._ac%2C_frammento_di_un%27ode_di_saffo_sul_culto_di_afrodite.JPG" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ostrakon_PSI_XIII_1300%2C_II_sec._ac%2C_frammento_di_un%27ode_di_saffo_sul_culto_di_afrodite.JPG/204px-Ostrakon_PSI_XIII_1300%2C_II_sec._ac%2C_frammento_di_un%27ode_di_saffo_sul_culto_di_afrodite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ostrakon_PSI_XIII_1300%2C_II_sec._ac%2C_frammento_di_un%27ode_di_saffo_sul_culto_di_afrodite.JPG/272px-Ostrakon_PSI_XIII_1300%2C_II_sec._ac%2C_frammento_di_un%27ode_di_saffo_sul_culto_di_afrodite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2080" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Most of Sappho's poetry is preserved in manuscripts of other ancient writers or on papyrus fragments, but part of one poem survives on a potsherd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148-57">[48]</a> The papyrus pictured (left) preserves the <a href="/wiki/Tithonus_poem" title="Tithonus poem">Tithonus poem</a> (fragment 58); the potsherd (right) preserves <a href="/wiki/Sappho_2" title="Sappho 2">fragment 2</a>.</div></div></div></div> The earliest surviving manuscripts of Sappho, including the potsherd on which <a href="/wiki/Sappho_2" title="Sappho 2">fragment 2</a> is preserved, date to the third century BC, and thus might predate the Alexandrian edition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler1990166-66">[56]</a> The latest surviving copies of her poems transmitted directly from ancient times are written on parchment <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> pages from the sixth and seventh centuries AD, and were surely reproduced from ancient papyri now lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200181–2-74">[64]</a> Manuscript copies of her works may have survived a few centuries longer, but around the ninth century her poetry appears to have disappeared,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200181-75">[65]</a> and by the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a> could write that "the passage of time has destroyed Sappho and her works".<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois2015111-77">[67]</a> According to legend, Sappho's poetry was lost because the church disapproved of her morals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn2015-49">[40]</a> These legends appear to have originated in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> – around 1550, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Cardan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Cardan">Jerome Cardan</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory Nazianzen</a> had her work publicly destroyed, and at the end of the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Justus Scaliger</a> claimed that her works were burned in Rome and Constantinople in 1073 on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200181-75">[65]</a> In reality, Sappho's work was probably lost as the demand for it was insufficiently great for it to be copied onto parchment when codices superseded papyrus scrolls as the predominant form of book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200118-78">[68]</a> A contributing factor to the loss of her poems may have been her <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolic dialect">Aeolic dialect</a>, considered provincial in a period where the <a href="/wiki/Attic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic dialect">Attic dialect</a> was seen as the true classical Greek,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200118-78">[68]</a> and had become the standard for literary compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson199541-79">[69]</a> Consequently, many readers found her dialect difficult to understand: in the second century AD, the Roman author <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> specifically remarks on its "strangeness",<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> and several commentaries on the subject demonstrate the difficulties that readers had with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson199541–42-81">[71]</a> This was part of a more general decline in interest in the archaic poets;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson199542-82">[72]</a> indeed, the surviving papyri suggest that Sappho's poetry survived longer than that of her contemporaries such as Alcaeus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinglass2021232,_239-83">[73]</a> Only approximately 650 lines of Sappho's poetry still survive, of which just one poem – the Ode to Aphrodite – is complete, and more than half of the original lines survive in around ten more fragments. Many of the surviving fragments of Sappho contain only a single word<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147-5">[4]</a> – for example, fragment 169A is simply a word meaning "wedding gifts" (ἀθρήματα, athremata),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201485-84">[74]</a> and survives as part of a dictionary of rare words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois2014148-85">[75]</a> The two major sources of surviving fragments of Sappho are quotations in other ancient works, from a whole poem to as little as a single word, and fragments of papyrus, many of which were rediscovered at <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147–8-86">[76]</a> Other fragments survive on other materials, including parchment and potsherds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148-57">[48]</a> The oldest surviving fragment of Sappho currently known is the Cologne papyrus that contains the Tithonus poem, dating to the third century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinglass2021237-87">[77]</a> Until the last quarter of the 19th century, Sappho's poetry was known only through quotations in the works of other ancient authors. In 1879, the first new discovery of a fragment of Sappho was made at <a href="/wiki/Fayum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayum">Fayum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001289-88">[78]</a> By the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pyne_Grenfell" title="Bernard Pyne Grenfell">Bernard Pyne Grenfell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Surridge_Hunt" title="Arthur Surridge Hunt">Arthur Surridge Hunt</a> had begun to excavate an ancient rubbish dump at Oxyrhynchus, leading to the discoveries of many previously unknown fragments of Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois2015114-89">[79]</a> Fragments of Sappho continue to be rediscovered. Major discoveries were made in 2004 (the "Tithonus poem" and a new, previously unknown fragment)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinner2011-90">[80]</a> and 2014 (fragments of nine poems: five already known but with new readings, four, including the "<a href="/wiki/Brothers_Poem" title="Brothers Poem">Brothers Poem</a>", not previously known).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois2014155-91">[81]</a> Additionally, in 2005 a commentary on her poems on a papyrus from the second or third century AD was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinglass2021238-92">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> He seems like a god to me the man who is near you, Listening to your sweet voice and exquisite laughter That makes my heart so wildly beat in my breast. If I but see you for a moment, then all my words Leave me, my tongue is broken and a sudden fire Creeps through my blood. No longer can I see. My ears are full of noise. In all my body I Shudder and sweat. I am pale as the sun-scorched Grass. In my fury I seem like a dead woman, But I would dare... </div> — Sappho 31, trans. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Storer" title="Edward Storer">Edward Storer</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldingtonStorer191915-93">[83]</a> </blockquote> </div> Sappho worked within a well-developed tradition of poetry from Lesbos, which had evolved its own poetic diction, metres, and conventions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn1960229-94">[84]</a> Prior to Sappho and her contemporary Alcaeus, Lesbos was associated with poetry and music through the mythical <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arion" title="Arion">Arion</a>, and through the seventh-century BC poet <a href="/wiki/Terpander" title="Terpander">Terpander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas202135-95">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_verse" title="Aeolic verse">Aeolic metrical tradition</a> in which she composed her poetry was distinct from that of the rest of Greece as its lines always contained a fixed number of syllables – in contrast to other traditions that allowed for the substitution of two short syllables for one long or vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021121-96">[86]</a> Sappho was one of the first Greek poets to adopt the "lyric 'I'" – to write poetry adopting the viewpoint of a specific person, in contrast to the earlier poets <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, who present themselves more as "conduits of divine inspiration".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois19956-97">[87]</a> Her poetry explores individual identity and personal emotions – desire, jealousy, and love; it also adopts and reinterprets the existing imagery of epic poetry in exploring these themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois19957-98">[88]</a> Much of her poetry focuses on the lives and experiences of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022266-99">[89]</a> Along with the love poetry for which she is best known, her surviving works include poetry focused on the family, epic-influenced narrative, wedding songs, cult hymns, and invective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudelmann2019113–114-100">[90]</a> With the exception of a few songs, where the performance context can be deduced from the surviving fragments with some degree of confidence, scholars disagree on how and where Sappho's works were performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrari2021107-101">[91]</a> They seem to have been composed for a variety of occasions both public and private, and probably encompassed both solo and <a href="/wiki/Choral" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral">choral</a> works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke202195-102">[92]</a> Most of her best-preserved fragments, such as the Ode to Aphrodite, are usually thought to be written for solo performance<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke202194-103">[93]</a> – though some scholars, such as André Lardinois, believe that most or all of her poems were originally composed for choral performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrari2021108-104">[94]</a> These works, which <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Kurke" title="Leslie Kurke">Leslie Kurke</a> describes as "private and informal compositions" in contrast to the public ritual nature of cultic hymns and wedding songs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke202196-105">[95]</a> tend to avoid giving details of a specific chronological, geographical, or occasional setting, which Kurke suggests facilitated their reperformance by performers outside Sappho's original context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke202197–99-106">[96]</a> Sappho's poetry is known for its clear language and simple thoughts, sharply-drawn images, and use of direct quotation that brings a sense of immediacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1967262-107">[97]</a> Unexpected word-play is a characteristic feature of her style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZellner2008435-108">[98]</a> An example is from <a href="/wiki/Sappho_96" title="Sappho 96">fragment 96</a>: "now she stands out among Lydian women as after sunset the rose-fingered moon exceeds all stars",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201466-109">[99]</a> a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric epithet">Homeric epithet</a> "rosy-fingered Dawn".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZellner2008439-110">[100]</a> Her poetry often uses <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbole</a>, according to ancient critics "because of its charm":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZellner2008438-111">[101]</a> for example, in fragment 111 she writes that "The groom approaches like Ares [...] Much bigger than a big man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201473-112">[102]</a> Kurke groups Sappho with those archaic Greek poets from what has been called the "élite" ideological tradition,<a href="#cite_note-114">[k]</a> which valued luxury (habrosyne) and high birth. These elite poets tended to identify themselves with the worlds of Greek myths, gods, and heroes, as well as the wealthy East, especially <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke2007147–148-115">[104]</a> Thus in fragment 2 she has Aphrodite "pour into golden cups nectar lavishly mingled with joys",<a href="#cite_note-116">[105]</a> while in the Tithonus poem she explicitly states that "I love the finer things [habrosyne]".<a href="#cite_note-117">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke2007150-118">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[l]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Page_duBois" title="Page duBois">Page duBois</a>, the language, as well as the content, of Sappho's poetry evokes an aristocratic sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois1995176–7-121">[109]</a> She contrasts Sappho's "flowery,[...] adorned" style with the "austere, decorous, restrained" style embodied in the works of later classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois1995176–7-121">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_(07).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red-figure vase painting of a woman holding a barbitos. On the left, a bearded man with a barbitos is partially visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2807%29.jpg/220px-Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2807%29.jpg/330px-Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2807%29.jpg/440px-Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4720" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest surviving images of Sappho, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470 BC. She is shown holding a <a href="/wiki/Barbitos" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbitos">barbitos</a> and plectrum, and turning to listen to <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._2-32">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Sappho's poetry was written to be sung, but its musical content is largely uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021129-122">[110]</a> As it is unlikely that any system of <a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">musical notation</a> existed in Ancient Greece before the fifth century, the original music that accompanied her songs probably did not survive until the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021129-122">[110]</a> and no ancient musical scores to accompany her poetry survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2002xii-123">[111]</a> Sappho reportedly wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode#Greek_Mixolydian" title="Mixolydian mode">mixolydian mode</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021130-124">[112]</a> which was considered sorrowful; it was commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a> believed that the tragedians learned it from Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1992182-125">[113]</a> Aristoxenus attributed to Sappho the invention of this mode, but this is unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001-126">[114]</a> While there are no attestations that she used other <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modes</a>, she presumably varied them depending on the poem's character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021130-124">[112]</a> When originally sung, each syllable of her text likely corresponded to one note as the use of lengthy <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismata</a> developed in the later classical period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> Sappho wrote both songs for solo and choral performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> With Alcaeus, she pioneered a new style of sung <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a> (single-line melody) that departed from the multi-part choral style that largely defined earlier Greek music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001-126">[114]</a> This style afforded her more opportunities to individualize the content of her poems; the historian <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> noted that she "speaks words mingled truly with fire, and through her songs, she draws up the heat of her heart".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001-126">[114]</a> Some scholars theorize that the Tithonus poem was among her works meant for a solo singer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> Only fragments of Sappho's choral works are extant; of these, her <a href="/wiki/Epithalamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithalamia">epithalamia</a> (wedding songs) survive better than her cultic hymns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001-126">[114]</a> The later compositions were probably meant for <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">antiphonal</a> performance between either a male and female choir or a soloist and choir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> In Sappho's time, sung poetry was usually accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>, which usually <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)#Doubling" title="Voicing (music)">doubled</a> the voice in <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> or played <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophonically</a> an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> higher or lower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021130-124">[112]</a> Her poems mention numerous instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps#Pektis,_trigonus" title="Ancient Greek harps">pektis</a>, a harp of <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydian</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-129">[m]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> Sappho is most closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Barbitos" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbitos">barbitos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001-126">[114]</a> a lyre-like string instrument that was deep in pitch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Euphorion_of_Chalcis" title="Euphorion of Chalcis">Euphorion of Chalcis</a> reports that she referred to it in her poetry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._3-128">[116]</a> and a fifth-century <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure vase">red-figure vase</a> by either the <a href="/wiki/Dokimasia_Painter" title="Dokimasia Painter">Dokimasia Painter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brygos_Painter" title="Brygos Painter">Brygos Painter</a> includes Sappho and Alcaeus with barbitoi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> Sappho mentions the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, a wind instrument with two pipes, in <a href="/wiki/Sappho_44" title="Sappho 44">fragment 44</a> as accompanying the song of the Trojan women at <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a>'s wedding, but not as accompanying her own poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021132-132">[118]</a> Later Greek commentators wrongly believed that she had invented the <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199265-133">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_context">Social context</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social context">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spence_disciples_of_Sappho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An oil painting of Sappho, accompanied by a lyre-player and an aulos-player, performing for a group of men and women." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spence_disciples_of_Sappho.jpg/330px-Spence_disciples_of_Sappho.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spence_disciples_of_Sappho.jpg/495px-Spence_disciples_of_Sappho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spence_disciples_of_Sappho.jpg/660px-Spence_disciples_of_Sappho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>The Disciples of Sappho (1896) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ralph_Spence" title="Thomas Ralph Spence">Thomas Ralph Spence</a>. The original performance context of Sappho's works has been a major concern of scholars.</figcaption></figure> One of the major focuses of scholars studying Sappho has been to attempt to determine the cultural context in which Sappho's poems were composed and performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009216-134">[120]</a> Various cultural contexts and social roles played by Sappho have been suggested:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009216-134">[120]</a> primarily teacher, priestess, chorus leader, and <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposiast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022272-135">[121]</a> However, the performance contexts of many of Sappho's fragments are not easy to determine, and for many more than one possible context is conceivable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009216–218-136">[122]</a> One longstanding suggestion of a social role for Sappho is that of "Sappho as schoolmistress".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993310-137">[123]</a> This view, popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022273-138">[124]</a> was advocated by the German classicist <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff" title="Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff">Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff</a>, to "explain away Sappho's passion for her 'girls'" and defend her from accusations of homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993313-139">[125]</a> More recently the idea has been criticised by historians as anachronistic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201415-140">[126]</a> and has been rejected by several prominent classicists as unjustified by the evidence. In 1959, Denys Page, for example, stated that Sappho's extant fragments portray "the loves and jealousies, the pleasures and pains, of Sappho and her companions"; and he adds, "We have found, and shall find, no trace of any formal or official or professional relationship between them... no trace of Sappho the principal of an academy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage1959139–140-141">[127]</a> Campbell in 1967 judged that Sappho may have "presided over a literary coterie", but that "evidence for a formal appointment as priestess or teacher is hard to find".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1967261-142">[128]</a> None of Sappho's own poetry mentions her teaching, and the earliest source to support the idea of Sappho as a teacher comes from Ovid, six centuries after Sappho's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993314–316-143">[129]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> So you hate me now, Atthis, and Turn towards Andromeda. </div> — Sappho 131, trans. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Storer" title="Edward Storer">Edward Storer</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldingtonStorer191916-144">[130]</a> </blockquote> </div> In the second half of the twentieth century, scholars began to interpret Sappho as involved in the ritual education of girls,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993316-145">[131]</a> for instance as a trainer of choruses of girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009216-134">[120]</a> Though not all of her poems can be interpreted in this light, Lardinois argues that this is the most plausible social context to site Sappho in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022272–273-146">[132]</a> Another interpretation which became popular in the twentieth century was of Sappho as a priestess of Aphrodite. However, though Sappho wrote hymns, including some dedicated to Aphrodite, there is no evidence that she held a priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022273-138">[124]</a> More recent scholars have proposed that Sappho was part of a circle of women who took part in symposia, for which she composed and performed poetry, or that she wrote her poetry to be performed at men's symposia. Though her songs were certainly later performed at symposia, there is no external evidence for archaic Greek women's symposia, and even if some of her works were composed for a sympotic context, it is doubtful that the cultic hymns or poems about family would have been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022273–274-147">[133]</a> Despite scholars' best attempts to find one, Yatromanolakis argues that there is no single performance context to which all of Sappho's poems can be attributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009218-148">[134]</a> Camillo Neri argues that it is unnecessary to assign all of her poetry to one context, and suggests that she could have composed poetry both in a pedogogic role and as part of a circle of friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri202118–21-149">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema,_R.A.,_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man plays the lyre in front of an audience of five women, in a Greek-style theatre. The names of women associated with Sappho are inscribed on the seats." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/288px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/432px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/576px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7628" data-file-height="4172" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:250px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two seated women embrace. A lyre is propped up beside them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene.jpg/288px-Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene.jpg/432px-Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene.jpg/576px-Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Sappho's sexuality has long been the subject of debate. Sir <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sappho_and_Alcaeus" title="Sappho and Alcaeus">Sappho and Alcaeus</a> (above) portrays her staring rapturously at Alcaeus; images of a lesbian Sappho, such as <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a>'s painting of <a href="/wiki/Sappho_and_Erinna_in_a_Garden_at_Mytilene" title="Sappho and Erinna in a Garden at Mytilene">Sappho and Erinna in a Garden at Mytilene</a> (below), were much less common in the 19th century.</div></div></div></div> The word lesbian is an allusion to Sappho, originating from the name of the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, where she was born.<a href="#cite_note-151">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199515-150">[136]</a> However, though in modern culture Sappho is seen as a lesbian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199515-150">[136]</a> she has not always been considered so. In classical Athenian comedy (from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Comedy" title="Old Comedy">Old Comedy</a> of the fifth century to Menander in the late fourth and early third centuries BC), Sappho was caricatured as a promiscuous heterosexual woman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199517-152">[137]</a> and the earliest surviving sources to explicitly discuss Sappho's homoeroticism come from the Hellenistic period. The earliest of these is a fragmentary biography written on papyrus in the late third or early second century BC,<a href="#cite_note-153">[138]</a> which states that Sappho was "accused by some of being irregular in her ways and a woman-lover".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19823-154">[139]</a> Denys Page comments that the phrase "by some" implies that even the full corpus of Sappho's poetry did not provide conclusive evidence of whether she described herself as having sex with women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage1959142-155">[140]</a> These ancient authors do not appear to have believed that Sappho did, in fact, have sexual relationships with other women, and as late as the 10th century the Suda records that Sappho was "slanderously accused" of having sexual relationships with her "female pupils".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448-156">[141]</a> Among modern scholars, Sappho's sexuality is still debated: André Lardinois has described it as the "Great Sappho Question".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois201415-157">[142]</a> Early translators of Sappho sometimes heterosexualised her poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar198444-158">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Philips" title="Ambrose Philips">Ambrose Philips</a>' 1711 translation of the <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Aphrodite" title="Ode to Aphrodite">Ode to Aphrodite</a> portrayed the object of Sappho's desire as male, a reading that was followed by virtually every other translator of the poem until the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeJean1989319-159">[144]</a> while in 1781 Alessandro Verri interpreted <a href="/wiki/Sappho_31" title="Sappho 31">fragment 31</a> as being about Sappho's love for Phaon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199527–28-160">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Welcker" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker">Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker</a> argued that Sappho's feelings for other women were "entirely idealistic and non-sensual",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199526-161">[146]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Otfried Müller">Karl Otfried Müller</a> wrote that fragment 31 described "nothing but a friendly affection":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199527-162">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Most" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Most">Glenn Most</a> comments that "one wonders what language Sappho would have used to describe her feelings if they had been ones of sexual excitement", if this theory were correct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199527-162">[147]</a> By 1970, the psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/George_Devereux" title="George Devereux">George Devereux</a> argued that the same poem contained "proof positive of [Sappho's] lesbianism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevereux1970-163">[148]</a> Today, it is generally accepted that Sappho's poetry portrays homoerotic feelings:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinck2005194-164">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller202136-165">[150]</a> as Sandra Boehringer puts it, her works "clearly celebrate <a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">eros</a> between women".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2014151-166">[151]</a> Toward the end of the 20th century, though, some scholars began to reject the question of whether Sappho was a lesbian — Glenn Most wrote that Sappho herself "would have had no idea what people mean when they call her nowadays a homosexual",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199527-162">[147]</a> André Lardinois stated that it is "nonsensical" to ask whether Sappho was a lesbian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois201430-167">[152]</a> and Page duBois calls the question a "particularly obfuscating debate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois199567-168">[153]</a> Some scholars argue that although Sappho would not have understood modern conceptions of sexuality, lesbianism has always existed and she was fundamentally a lesbian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller202136-165">[150]</a> Others, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>'s work on the history of sexuality, believe that it is incoherent to project the concept of lesbianism onto an ancient figure like Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller202136-165">[150]</a> Melissa Mueller argues that Sappho's poetry can be read as queer even if the question of her lesbianism is undecidable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller202147–52-169">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_reputation">Ancient reputation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient reputation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red-figure vase, depicting a seated woman reading, surrounded by three standing women, one holding a lyre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/220px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/330px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/440px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Sappho inspired ancient poets and artists, including the vase painter from the Group of Polygnotos who depicted her on this red-figure hydria.</figcaption></figure> In antiquity, Sappho's poetry was highly admired, and several ancient sources refer to her as the "tenth <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muse</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979447-170">[155]</a> The earliest surviving text to do so is a third-century BC epigram by <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides_(poet)" title="Dioscorides (poet)">Dioscorides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200628–29-172">[157]</a> but poems are preserved in the Greek Anthology by Antipater of Sidon<a href="#cite_note-173">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200633-174">[159]</a> and attributed to Plato<a href="#cite_note-175">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200632-176">[161]</a> on the same theme. She was sometimes referred to as "The Poetess", just as Homer was "The Poet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993312-177">[162]</a> The scholars of Alexandria included her in the canon of nine lyric poets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993340-178">[163]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, the Athenian lawmaker and poet <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> asked to be taught a song by Sappho "so that I may learn it and then die".<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a> This story may well be apocryphal, especially as <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> tells a similar story about Socrates and a song of <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a>, but it is indicative of how highly Sappho's poetry was considered in the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009221-180">[165]</a> Sappho's poetry also influenced other ancient authors. Plato cites Sappho in his <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>' second speech on love in that dialogue appears to echo Sappho's descriptions of the physical effects of desire in fragment 31.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois199585–6-181">[166]</a> Many Hellenistic poets alluded to or adapted Sappho's works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2021280-182">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locrian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Nossis" title="Nossis">Nossis</a> was described by <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_B._Skinner" title="Marilyn B. Skinner">Marilyn B. Skinner</a> as an imitator of Sappho, and Kathryn Gutzwiller argues that Nossis explicitly positioned herself as an inheritor of Sappho's position as a female poet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200627–28-183">[168]</a> Several of <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a>' poems allude to Sappho, including Idyll 28, which imitates both her language and meter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2021282–283-184">[169]</a> Poems such as <a href="/wiki/Erinna" title="Erinna">Erinna</a>'s Distaff and <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>' Lock of Berenice are Sapphic in theme, being concerned with separation – Erinna from her childhood friend; the lock of Berenice's hair from Berenice herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2021283–284-185">[170]</a> In the first century BC, the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> established the themes and metres of Sappho's poetry as a part of Latin literature, adopting the Sapphic stanza, believed in antiquity to have been invented by Sappho,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> giving his lover in his poetry the name "<a href="/wiki/Lesbia" title="Lesbia">Lesbia</a>" in reference to Sappho,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200172-187">[172]</a> and adapting and translating Sappho's 31st fragment in his <a href="/wiki/Catullus_51" title="Catullus 51">poem 51</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois2014108-188">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199530-189">[174]</a> Fragment 31 is widely referenced in Latin literature: as well as by Catullus, it is alluded to by authors including <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miles_Gloriosus_(play)" title="Miles Gloriosus (play)">Miles Gloriosus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in book 12 of the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021292-190">[175]</a> Latin poets also referenced other fragments: the section on Eppia in <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Satire_VI" title="Satire VI">sixth satire</a> references fragment 16,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021290-191">[176]</a> a poem in Sapphic stanzas from <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>' <a href="/wiki/Silvae" title="Silvae">Silvae</a> may reference the Ode to Aphrodite,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021292n._17-192">[177]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s Ode 3.27 alludes to fragment 94.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021299–300-193">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sappho_coin_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sappho_coin_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Sappho_coin_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sappho_coin_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Sappho_coin_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sappho_coin_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Sappho_coin_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>Coin from Mytilene depicting the head of Sappho. Second century AD.</figcaption></figure> Other ancient poets wrote about Sappho's life. She was a popular character in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">ancient Athenian comedy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199517-152">[137]</a> and at least six separate comedies called Sappho are known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993309–310n._2-194">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[p]</a> The earliest known ancient comedy to take Sappho as its main subject was the early-fifth or late-fourth century BC Sappho by <a href="/wiki/Ameipsias" title="Ameipsias">Ameipsias</a>, though nothing is known of it apart from its name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._1-198">[182]</a> As these comedies survive only in fragments, it is uncertain exactly how they portrayed Sappho, but she was likely characterised as a promiscuous woman. In Diphilos' play, she was the lover of the poets <a href="/wiki/Anacreon" title="Anacreon">Anacreon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010190-199">[183]</a> Sappho was also a favourite subject in the visual arts. She was the most commonly depicted poet on sixth and fifth-century Attic red-figure vase paintings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> – though unlike male poets such as Anacreon and Alcaeus, in the four surviving vases in which she is identified by an inscription she is never shown singing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1997114-200">[184]</a> She was also shown on coins from Mytilene and Eresos from the first to third centuries AD, and reportedly depicted in a sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Silanion" title="Silanion">Silanion</a> at Syracuse, statues in Pergamon and Constantinople, and a painting by the Hellenistic artist Leon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter196570-201">[185]</a> From the fourth century BC, ancient works portray Sappho as a tragic heroine, driven to suicide by her unrequited love for Phaon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448-156">[141]</a> A fragment of a play by Menander says that Sappho threw herself off of the cliff at Leucas out of her love for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448n._3-202">[186]</a> Ovid's Heroides 15 is written as a letter from Sappho to Phaon, and when it was first rediscovered in the 15th century was thought to be a translation of an authentic letter by Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199519-203">[187]</a> Sappho's suicide was also depicted in classical art, for instance on the first-century BC <a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448n._3-202">[186]</a> While Sappho's poetry was admired in the ancient world, her character was not always so well considered. In the Roman period, critics found her lustful and perhaps even homosexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200173-204">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> called her "mascula Sappho" ("masculine Sappho") in his Epistles, which the later <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Porphyrion" title="Pomponius Porphyrion">Porphyrio</a> commented was "either because she is famous for her poetry, in which men more often excel, or because she is maligned for having been a <a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">tribad</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200172–3-205">[189]</a> By the third century AD, the difference between Sappho's literary reputation as a poet and her moral reputation as a woman had become so significant that the suggestion that there were in fact two Sapphos began to develop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200173–4-206">[190]</a> In his Historical Miscellanies, Aelian wrote that there was "another Sappho, a courtesan, not a poetess".<a href="#cite_note-207">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SapphoWoodcut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A seated woman playing a lute; more instruments are on the floor and there is a pile of books behind her" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/SapphoWoodcut.jpg/220px-SapphoWoodcut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/SapphoWoodcut.jpg/330px-SapphoWoodcut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/SapphoWoodcut.jpg/440px-SapphoWoodcut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>In the medieval period, Sappho had a reputation as an educated woman and talented poet. In this woodcut, illustrating an early <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunable</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_mulieribus_claris" class="mw-redirect" title="De mulieribus claris">De mulieribus claris</a>, she is portrayed surrounded by books and musical instruments.</figcaption></figure> By the medieval period, Sappho's works had been lost, though she was still quoted in later authors. Her work became more accessible in the 16th century through printed editions of those authors who had quoted her. In 1508 <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> printed an edition of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, which contained Sappho 1, the Ode to Aphrodite, and the first printed edition of <a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">Longinus' On the Sublime</a>, complete with his quotation of Sappho 31, appeared in 1554. In 1566, the French printer Robert Estienne produced an edition of the Greek lyric poets that contained around 40 fragments attributed to Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200184-208">[192]</a> In 1652, the first English translation of a poem by Sappho was published, in <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(poet)" title="John Hall (poet)">John Hall</a>'s translation of On the Sublime. In 1681 <a href="/wiki/Anne_Le_F%C3%A8vre" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Le Fèvre">Anne Le Fèvre</a>'s French edition of Sappho made her work even more widely known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2012501-209">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Bergk" title="Theodor Bergk">Theodor Bergk</a>'s 1854 edition became the standard edition of Sappho in the second half of the 19th century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001229-210">[194]</a> in the first part of the 20th century, the papyrus discoveries of new poems by Sappho led to editions and translations by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Marion_Cox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Marion Cox (page does not exist)">Edwin Marion Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_Edmonds" title="John Maxwell Edmonds">John Maxwell Edmonds</a>, and culminated in the 1955 publication of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lobel" title="Edgar Lobel">Edgar Lobel</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Denys Page</a>'s Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001337-211">[195]</a> Like the ancients, modern critics have tended to consider Sappho's poetry "extraordinary".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979449-212">[196]</a> As early as the ninth century, Sappho was referred to as a talented female poet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> and in works such as <a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_Claris_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Claris Mulieribus">De Claris Mulieribus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine de Pisan">Christine de Pisan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the City of Ladies">Book of the City of Ladies</a> she gained a reputation as a learned lady.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200182–3-213">[197]</a> Even after Sappho's works had been lost, the Sapphic stanza continued to be used in medieval lyric poetry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> and with the rediscovery of her work in the Renaissance, she began to increasingly influence European poetry. In the 16th century, members of <a href="/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a>, a circle of French poets, were influenced by her to experiment with Sapphic stanzas and with writing love-poetry with a first-person female voice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem">     Thy soul Grown delicate with satieties, Atthis.                         O Atthis, I long for thy lips. I long for thy narrow breasts, Thou restless, ungathered. </div> — Ezra Pound, "ἰμέρρω":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPound191755-214">[198]</a> adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Sappho_96" title="Sappho 96">Sappho 96</a> </blockquote> </div> From the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era">Romantic era</a>, Sappho's work – especially her Ode to Aphrodite – has been a key influence of conceptions of what lyric poetry should be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke2007165–166-215">[199]</a> Poets such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lord_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Lord Tennyson">Alfred Lord Tennyson</a> in the 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a> in the 20th century, have been influenced by her poetry. Tennyson based poems including "Eleanore" and "Fatima" on Sappho's fragment 31,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1994123-216">[200]</a> while three of Housman's works are adaptations of the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Midnight Poem">Midnight Poem</a>, long thought to be by Sappho though the authorship is now disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanford1942223–4-217">[201]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Imagists" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagists">Imagists</a> – especially <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._D." class="mw-redirect" title="H. D.">H. D.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Richard Aldington</a> – were influenced by Sappho's fragments; a number of Pound's poems in his early collection Lustra were adaptations of Sapphic poems, while H. D.'s poetry frequently echoed Sappho stylistically and thematically, and in some cases, such as "Fragment 40", more specifically invoke Sappho's writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001310–312-218">[202]</a> Western classical composers have also been inspired by Sappho. The story of Sappho and Phaon began to appear in opera in the late 18th century, for example in <a href="/wiki/Simon_Mayr" title="Simon Mayr">Simon Mayr</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saffo_(Mayr)" title="Saffo (Mayr)">Saffo</a>; in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sapho_(Gounod)" title="Sapho (Gounod)">Sapho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Giovanni Pacini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saffo_(Pacini)" title="Saffo (Pacini)">Saffo</a> portrayed a Sappho involved in political revolts. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Glanville-Hicks" title="Peggy Glanville-Hicks">Peggy Glanville-Hicks</a>' opera Sappho was based on the play by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell" title="Lawrence Durrell">Lawrence Durrell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> Instrumental works inspired by Sappho include Chant sapphique by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> and the percussion piece <a href="/wiki/Psappha_(Xenakis)" title="Psappha (Xenakis)">Psappha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2019§_"Early_Modern_and_Modern_Reception"-219">[203]</a> Composers have also set Sappho's own poetry to music: for example Xenakis' <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFs_(Xenakis)" title="Aïs (Xenakis)">Aïs</a>, which uses text from fragment 95, and Charaxos, Eos and Tithonos (2014) by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Antoniou" title="Theodore Antoniou">Theodore Antoniou</a>, based on the 2014 discoveries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2019§_"Early_Modern_and_Modern_Reception"-219">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_image_of_Sappho_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman seated on a rock, holding a lyre in one hand and a scroll with the word "Sappho" in the other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cropped_image_of_Sappho_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg/220px-Cropped_image_of_Sappho_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cropped_image_of_Sappho_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg/330px-Cropped_image_of_Sappho_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cropped_image_of_Sappho_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg/440px-Cropped_image_of_Sappho_from_Raphael%27s_Parnassus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Detail_(work_of_art)" title="Detail (work of art)">Detail</a> of Sappho from <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">Parnassus</a> (1510–11), shown alongside other poets. In her left hand, she holds a scroll with her name written on it, and in her right a lyre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a></figcaption></figure> It was not long after the rediscovery of Sappho that her sexuality once again became the focus of critical attention. In the early 17th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> wrote "Sapho to Philaenis", returning to the idea of Sappho as a hypersexual lover of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200185–6-220">[204]</a> The modern debate on Sappho's sexuality began in the 19th century, with Welcker publishing, in 1816, an article defending Sappho from charges of prostitution and lesbianism, arguing that she was <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chaste</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> – a position that was later taken up by Wilamowitz at the end of the 19th and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Thornton_Wharton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Thornton Wharton (page does not exist)">Henry Thornton Wharton</a> at the beginning of the 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001295-221">[205]</a> In the 19th century Sappho was co-opted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> in France and later <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a> in England for the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Decadent Movement">Decadent Movement</a>. The critic <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bush" title="Douglas Bush">Douglas Bush</a> characterised Swinburne's sadomasochistic Sappho as "one of the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">de Sade</a>", the French author known for his violent pornographic books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001231–2-222">[206]</a> By the late 19th century, lesbian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Field_(author)" title="Michael Field (author)">Michael Field</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[q]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Levy" title="Amy Levy">Amy Levy</a> became interested in Sappho for her sexuality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001261-223">[207]</a> and by the turn of the 20th century she was considered a "patron saint of lesbians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001294-225">[208]</a> From the beginning of the 19th century, women poets such as <a href="/wiki/Felicia_Hemans" title="Felicia Hemans">Felicia Hemans</a> (The Last Song of Sappho) and <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> (Sketch the First. Sappho, and in Ideal Likenesses) took Sappho as one of their progenitors. Sappho also began to be regarded as a role model for campaigners for women's rights, beginning with works such as <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Norton" title="Caroline Norton">Caroline Norton</a>'s The Picture of Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">[171]</a> Later in that century, she became a model for the so-called <a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">New Woman</a> – independent and educated women who desired social and sexual autonomy –<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001258–9-226">[209]</a> and by the 1960s, the feminist Sappho was – along with the hypersexual, often but not exclusively lesbian Sappho – one of the two most important cultural perceptions of her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001359-227">[210]</a> The discoveries of new poems by Sappho in 2004 and 2014 excited both scholarly and media attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn2015-49">[40]</a> The announcement of the Tithonus poem was the subject of international news coverage, and was described by Marilyn Skinner as "the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trouvaille" class="extiw" title="wikt:trouvaille">trouvaille</a> of a lifetime".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinner2011-90">[80]</a> The publication of the Brothers Poem a decade later saw further news coverage and discussion on social media, while <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">M. L. West</a> described the 2014 discoveries as "the greatest for 92 years".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinglass2021238–239-228">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_7" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 7">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 7</a> – papyrus preserving Sappho fr. 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1231" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1231">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1231</a> – papyrus preserving Sappho fr. 15–30</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets_portraying_sexual_relations_between_women" title="List of poets portraying sexual relations between women">Lesbian poetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The fragments of Sappho's poetry are conventionally referred to by fragment number, though some also have one or more common names. The most commonly used numbering system is that of <a href="/wiki/Eva-Maria_Voigt" title="Eva-Maria Voigt">Eva-Maria Voigt</a>, which in most cases matches the older Lobel-Page system. Unless otherwise specified, the numeration in this article is from Diane Rayor and André Lardinois' Sappho: A New Translation of the Complete Works, which uses Voigt's numeration with some variations to account for the fragments of Sappho discovered since Voigt's edition was published. References to ancient authors commenting on Sappho give both the conventional reference, and the numeration given in Campbell's Greek Lyric I: Sappho and Alcaeus. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> she was from <a href="/wiki/Eresos" title="Eresos">Eresos</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20144-15">[14]</a> most testimonia and some of Sappho's own poetry point to Mytilene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001140n.1-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> says that she was a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 620 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Pittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittacus">Pittacus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 645 BC – c. 570 BC); <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> that she was a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes</a>, king of Lydia (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 610 BC – c. 560 BC). The Suda says that she was active during the 42nd Olympiad (612–608 BC), while <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> says that she was famous by the 45th Olympiad (600–599 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1982x–xi-19">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> In ancient Greece children were commonly named after a grandparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010175-25">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Two in the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1800" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1800">Oxyrhynchus biography (P.Oxy. 1800)</a>, seven more in the Suda, and one in a <a href="/wiki/Scholion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholion">scholion</a> on Pindar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4_n._65-27">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Given as Sappho's father in the Oxyrhynchus biography, Suda, a scholion on Plato's Phaedrus, and Aelian's Historical Miscellanies, and as Charaxos' father in Herodotus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Inscriptions on Attic vase paintings read ΦΣΑΦΟ, ΣΑΦΟ, ΣΑΠΠΩΣ, and ΣΑΦΦΟ; on coins ΨΑΠΦΩ, ΣΑΠΦΩ, and ΣΑΦΦΩ all survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._2-32">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Other sources say that Charaxos' lover was called Doricha, rather than Rhodopis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198215,_187-39">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Though similar names including Kerkylos are attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch.4_n.36-47">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Scholars such as Alexander Dale and Richard Martin have suggested that some of Sappho's surviving fragments may have been considered iambic in genre, even though they were not composed in iambic trimeter, by ancient sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale201147–55-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2016115–118-59">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Though the word "élite" is used as a shorthand for a particular ideological tradition within Archaic Greek poetic thought, it is highly likely that all Archaic poets in fact were part of the elite, both by birth and wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke2007152-113">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> M. L. West comments on the translation of this word, "'Loveliness' is an inadequate translation of habrosyne, but I have not found an adequate one. Sappho does not mean 'elegance' or 'luxury'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest20057-119">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps#Pektis,_trigonus" title="Ancient Greek harps">pektis</a> harp, also known as the plēktron or plectrum, may be the same as the <a href="/wiki/Magadis" title="Magadis">magadis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._3-128">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Sappho names both the lyra and chelynna (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'tortoise');<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattezzato2021131-127">[115]</a> both refer to <a href="/wiki/Bowl_lyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowl lyre">bowl lyres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest199250-130">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Similarly the adjective sapphic derives from Sappho's name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199515-150">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Plays named Sappho by <a href="/wiki/Ameipsias" title="Ameipsias">Ameipsias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphis" title="Amphis">Amphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiphanes_(comic_poet)" title="Antiphanes (comic poet)">Antiphanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphilos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphilos">Diphilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephippus_of_Athens" title="Ephippus of Athens">Ephippus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timocles" title="Timocles">Timocles</a> are attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch._4-195">[180]</a> Two plays titled Phaon, four titled Leukadia, and one Leukadios may also have featured Sappho.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch._4,_n._57-196">[181]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Michael Field was the shared pseudonym of the poets and lovers Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001261-223">[207]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20142–9-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20142–9_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, pp. 2–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrioux2020234–235-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrioux2020234–235_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrioux2020">Prioux 2020</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois201581-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEduBois201581_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFduBois2015">duBois 2015</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20147_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20142-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20142_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202111-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo202111_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo202111_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo202111_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2021">Kivilo 2021</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2008">Yatromanolakis 2008</a>, ch. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELefkowitz201242-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefkowitz201242_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLefkowitz2012">Lefkowitz 2012</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo20102–3-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo20102–3_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo20103–4-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo20103–4_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo20104-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo20104_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20141-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20141_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001139-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001139_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001139_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutchinson2001">Hutchinson 2001</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20144-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20144_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20144_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20144_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001140n.1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001140n.1_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutchinson2001">Hutchinson 2001</a>, p. 140, n.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010198n.174-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010198n.174_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010198n.174_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, p. 198, n.174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1982x–xi-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1982x–xi_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1982">Campbell 1982</a>, pp. x–xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrari20108–9-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrari20108–9_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerrari2010">Ferrari 2010</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1982xi-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1982xi_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1982">Campbell 1982</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001140-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001140_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutchinson2001">Hutchinson 2001</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo202113-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo202113_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo202113_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo202113_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2021">Kivilo 2021</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010175-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010175_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010175_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4_n._65-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._4_n._65_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2008">Yatromanolakis 2008</a>, ch. 4 n. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20143–4-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20143–4_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198215n.1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198215n.1_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1982">Campbell 1982</a>, p. 15, n.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._2-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._2_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2008">Yatromanolakis 2008</a>, ch. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Sappho, frr. 1.20, 65.5, 94.5, 133b </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201498-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201498_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELidov2002205–6n.7-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELidov2002205–6n.7_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLidov2002">Lidov 2002</a>, pp. 205–6, n.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1982xi,_189-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1982xi,_189_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1982">Campbell 1982</a>, pp. xi, 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELidov2002203-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELidov2002203_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLidov2002">Lidov 2002</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198215,_187-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198215,_187_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1982">Campbell 1982</a>, pp. 15, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Herodotus, Histories, 2.135 = Sappho 254a </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2021172-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELardinois2021172_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLardinois2021">Lardinois 2021</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20143-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20143_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett198222-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett198222_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett198222_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallett1982">Hallett 1982</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett198222–23-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett198222–23_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallett1982">Hallett 1982</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993309-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1993309_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1993">Parker 1993</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch.4_n.36-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch.4_n.36_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2008">Yatromanolakis 2008</a>, Ch.4 n.36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn2015-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn2015_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn2015_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn2015_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMendelsohn2015">Mendelsohn 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010178-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010178_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010182-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010182_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010182_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrari201018–19-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrari201018–19_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerrari2010">Ferrari 2010</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201410-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois201410_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010179–182-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010179–182_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, pp. 179–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELidov2002205n.7-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELidov2002205n.7_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLidov2002">Lidov 2002</a>, p. 205, n.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448–449DeJean198952–53Walen1999238-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448–449DeJean198952–53Walen1999238_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallett1979">Hallett 1979</a>, pp. 448–449; <a href="#CITEREFDeJean1989">DeJean 1989</a>, pp. 52–53; <a href="#CITEREFWalen1999">Walen 1999</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois20148_57-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale201147–55-58"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1967261_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1967">Campbell 1967</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993314–316-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1993314–316_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1993">Parker 1993</a>, pp. 314–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldingtonStorer191916-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldingtonStorer191916_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldingtonStorer1919">Aldington & Storer 1919</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993316-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1993316_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1993">Parker 1993</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022272–273-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELardinois2022272–273_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLardinois2022">Lardinois 2022</a>, pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois2022273–274-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELardinois2022273–274_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLardinois2022">Lardinois 2022</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009218-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009218_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2009">Yatromanolakis 2009</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeri202118–21-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeri202118–21_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeri2021">Neri 2021</a>, pp. 18–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199515-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199515_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199515_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199515_150-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMost1995">Most 1995</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199517-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199517_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199517_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMost1995">Most 1995</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> P.Oxy. 1800 fr. 1 = T 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19823-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell19823_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1982">Campbell 1982</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage1959142-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage1959142_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPage1959">Page 1959</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448_156-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallett1979">Hallett 1979</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois201415-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELardinois201415_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLardinois2014">Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar198444-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar198444_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar1984">Gubar 1984</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeJean1989319-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeJean1989319_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeJean1989">DeJean 1989</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199527–28-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199527–28_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMost1995">Most 1995</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199526-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199526_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMost1995">Most 1995</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199527-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199527_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199527_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199527_162-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMost1995">Most 1995</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevereux1970-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevereux1970_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevereux1970">Devereux 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinck2005194-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinck2005194_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlinck2005">Klinck 2005</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller202136-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller202136_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller202136_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller202136_165-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMueller2021">Mueller 2021</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2014151-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehringer2014151_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoehringer2014">Boehringer 2014</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELardinois201430-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELardinois201430_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLardinois2014">Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois199567-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEduBois199567_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFduBois1995">duBois 1995</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller202147–52-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller202147–52_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMueller2021">Mueller 2021</a>, pp. 47–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979447-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett1979447_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallett1979">Hallett 1979</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> AP 7.407 = T 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200628–29-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200628–29_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGosetti-Murrayjohn2006">Gosetti-Murrayjohn 2006</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> AP 7.14 = T 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200633-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200633_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGosetti-Murrayjohn2006">Gosetti-Murrayjohn 2006</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> AP 9.506 = T 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200632-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200632_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGosetti-Murrayjohn2006">Gosetti-Murrayjohn 2006</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993312-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1993312_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1993">Parker 1993</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993340-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1993340_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1993">Parker 1993</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Aelian, quoted by Stobaeus, Anthology 3.29.58 = T 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009221-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2009221_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2009">Yatromanolakis 2009</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEduBois199585–6-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEduBois199585–6_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFduBois1995">duBois 1995</a>, pp. 85–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2021280-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2021280_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter2021">Hunter 2021</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200627–28-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosetti-Murrayjohn200627–28_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGosetti-Murrayjohn2006">Gosetti-Murrayjohn 2006</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2021282–283-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2021282–283_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter2021">Hunter 2021</a>, pp. 282–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2021283–284-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2021283–284_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter2021">Hunter 2021</a>, pp. 283–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesier2015_186-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlesier2015">Schlesier 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200172-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200172_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois2014108-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayorLardinois2014108_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRayorLardinois2014">Rayor & Lardinois 2014</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199530-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199530_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMost1995">Most 1995</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021292-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021292_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2021">Morgan 2021</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021290-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021290_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2021">Morgan 2021</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021292n._17-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021292n._17_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2021">Morgan 2021</a>, p. 292, n. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021299–300-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2021299–300_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2021">Morgan 2021</a>, pp. 299–300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993309–310n._2-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1993309–310n._2_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1993">Parker 1993</a>, pp. 309–310, n. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch._4-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch._4_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2008">Yatromanolakis 2008</a>, Ch. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch._4,_n._57-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008Ch._4,_n._57_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2008">Yatromanolakis 2008</a>, Ch. 4, n. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._1-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2008ch._1_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2008">Yatromanolakis 2008</a>, ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010190-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKivilo2010190_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKivilo2010">Kivilo 2010</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1997114-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1997114_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder1997">Snyder 1997</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter196570-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter196570_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichter1965">Richter 1965</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448n._3-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448n._3_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett1979448n._3_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallett1979">Hallett 1979</a>, p. 448, n. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199519-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199519_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMost1995">Most 1995</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200173-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200173_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200172–3-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200172–3_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 72–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200173–4-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200173–4_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 73–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Aelian, Historical Miscellanies 12.19 = T 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200184-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200184_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2012501-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2012501_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2012">Wilson 2012</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001229-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001229_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001337-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001337_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallett1979449-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallett1979449_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHallett1979">Hallett 1979</a>, p. 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200182–3-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200182–3_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 82–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPound191755-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPound191755_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPound1917">Pound 1917</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurke2007165–166-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurke2007165–166_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurke2007">Kurke 2007</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1994123-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson1994123_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson1994">Peterson 1994</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanford1942223–4-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanford1942223–4_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanford1942">Sanford 1942</a>, pp. 223–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001310–312-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001310–312_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 310–312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2019§_"Early_Modern_and_Modern_Reception"-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2019§_"Early_Modern_and_Modern_Reception"_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYatromanolakis2019§_"Early_Modern_and_Modern_Reception"_219-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYatromanolakis2019">Yatromanolakis 2019</a>, § "Early Modern and Modern Reception". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200185–6-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200185–6_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 85–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001295-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001295_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001231–2-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001231–2_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 231–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001261-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001261_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001261_223-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001294-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001294_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001258–9-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001258–9_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp. 258–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001359-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001359_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinglass2021238–239-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinglass2021238–239_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinglass2021">Finglass 2021</a>, pp. 238–239. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldingtonStorer1919" class="citation book cs1">The Poems of Anyte of Tegea with Poems and Fragments of Sappho. Translated by Aldington, Richard; Storer, Edward. London: The Egoist. 1919. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/556498375">556498375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+Anyte+of+Tegea+with+Poems+and+Fragments+of+Sappho&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Egoist&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F556498375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonMathiesen2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anderson, Warren (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000024571">"Sappho"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Mathiesen" title="Thomas J. Mathiesen">Thomas J. Mathiesen</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.24571">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sappho&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.24571&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000024571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattezzato2021" class="citation book cs1">Battezzato, Luigi (2021). "Sappho's Metres and Music". In <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Finglass" title="Patrick Finglass">Finglass, P. J.</a>; Kelly, Adrian (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Sappho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-63877-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-63877-4"><bdi>978-1-316-63877-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sappho%27s+Metres+and+Music&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Sappho&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=121-134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-316-63877-4&rft.aulast=Battezzato&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierlLardinois2016" class="citation book cs1">Bierl, Anton; Lardinois, André (2016). "Introduction". In Bierl, Anton; Lardinois, André (eds.). The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, frs.1–4. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31483-2"><bdi>978-90-04-31483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Newest+Sappho%3A+P.+Sapph.+Obbink+and+P.+GC+inv.+105%2C+frs.1%E2%80%934&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31483-2&rft.aulast=Bierl&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft.au=Lardinois%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehringer2014" class="citation book cs1">Boehringer, Sandra (2014). "Female Homoeroticism". In Hubbard, Thomas K. (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9572-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-9572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Female+Homoeroticism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+Sexualities&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9572-0&rft.aulast=Boehringer&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolling1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bolling" title="George Bolling">Bolling, George Melville</a> (1961). "Textual Notes on the Lesbian Poets". The American Journal of Philology. 82 (2): 151–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F292403">10.2307/292403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/292403">292403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Textual+Notes+on+the+Lesbian+Poets&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-163&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F292403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F292403%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bolling&rft.aufirst=George+Melville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudelmann2019" class="citation book cs1">Budelmann, Felix (2019). Greek Lyric: A Selection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63387-1"><bdi>978-0-521-63387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric%3A+A+Selection&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63387-1&rft.aulast=Budelmann&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurn1960" class="citation book cs1">Burn, A. R. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_8cAAAAYAAJ">The Lyric Age of Greece</a>. New York: St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331549123">1331549123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lyric+Age+of+Greece&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331549123&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_8cAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1967" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, D. A. (1967). Greek Lyric Poetry: A Selection of Early Greek Lyric, Elegiac and Iambic Poetry. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867865631">867865631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric+Poetry%3A+A+Selection+of+Early+Greek+Lyric%2C+Elegiac+and+Iambic+Poetry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867865631&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1982" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, D. A., ed. (1982). Greek Lyric 1: Sappho and Alcaeus. Loeb Classical Library No. 142. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99157-6"><bdi>978-0-674-99157-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric+1%3A+Sappho+and+Alcaeus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library+No.+142&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99157-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayman2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dee_L._Clayman" title="Dee L. Clayman">Clayman, Dee</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210418/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3408">"The New Sappho in a Hellenistic Poetry Book"</a>. Classics@. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3408">the original</a> on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classics%40&rft.atitle=The+New+Sappho+in+a+Hellenistic+Poetry+Book&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Clayman&rft.aufirst=Dee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2FCHS%2Farticle%2Fdisplay%2F3408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dale, Alexander (2011). "Sapphica". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 106: 47–74. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23621995">23621995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Sapphica&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=47-74&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23621995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeJean1989" class="citation book cs1">DeJean, Joan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fictionsofsappho00deje">Fictions of Sappho: 1546–1937</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14135-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14135-0"><bdi>978-0-226-14135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fictions+of+Sappho%3A+1546%E2%80%931937&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14135-0&rft.aulast=DeJean&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffictionsofsappho00deje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Kreij2015" class="citation book cs1">de Kreij, Mark (2015). "Transmissions and Textual Variants: Divergent Fragments of Sappho's Songs Examined". In Lardinois, André; Levie, Sophie; Hoeken, Hans; Lüthy, Christoph (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/edcollbook-oa/title/25329">Texts, Transmissions, Receptions: Modern Approaches to Narratives</a>. 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"The Nature of Sappho's Seizure in Fr. 31 LP as Evidence of Her Inversion". The Classical Quarterly. 20 (1): 17–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800044542">10.1017/S0009838800044542</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/637501">637501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11620360">11620360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3193720">3193720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Sappho%27s+Seizure+in+Fr.+31+LP+as+Evidence+of+Her+Inversion&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-31&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11620360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3193720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F637501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800044542&rft.aulast=Devereux&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFduBois1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Page_DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="Page DuBois">duBois, Page</a> (1995). 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Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-784-53361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-784-53361-8"><bdi>978-1-784-53361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho&rft.place=London&rft.series=Understanding+Classics&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-784-53361-8&rft.aulast=duBois&rft.aufirst=Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrari2010" class="citation book cs1">Ferrari, Franco (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7893820">Sappho's Gift: The Poet and Her Community</a>. Translated by Acosta-Hughes, Benjamin; <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Prauscello" title="Lucia Prauscello">Prauscello, Lucia</a>. Ann Arbor: Michigan Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9799713-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9799713-3-4"><bdi>978-0-9799713-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho%27s+Gift%3A+The+Poet+and+Her+Community&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=Michigan+Classical+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9799713-3-4&rft.aulast=Ferrari&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7893820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrari2021" class="citation book cs1">Ferrari, Franco (2021). "Performing Sappho". In Finglass, P. J.; Kelly, Adrian (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Sappho. 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The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90123-9"><bdi>978-0-415-90123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constraints+of+Desire%3A+The+Anthropology+of+Sex+and+Gender+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90123-9&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatromanolakis1999" class="citation journal cs1">Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios (1999). "Alexandrian Sappho Revisited". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 99: 179–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F311481">10.2307/311481</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311481">311481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Alexandrian+Sappho+Revisited&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=179-195&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F311481&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311481%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yatromanolakis&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatromanolakis2008" class="citation book cs1">Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chs.harvard.edu/book/yatromanolakis-dimitrios-sappho-in-the-making-the-early-reception/">Sappho in the Making: the Early Reception</a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02686-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02686-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02686-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho+in+the+Making%3A+the+Early+Reception&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02686-5&rft.aulast=Yatromanolakis&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2Fbook%2Fyatromanolakis-dimitrios-sappho-in-the-making-the-early-reception%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatromanolakis2009" class="citation book cs1">Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios (2009). "Alcaeus and Sappho". In Budelmann, Felix (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Greek Lyric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00247-9"><bdi>978-1-139-00247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcaeus+and+Sappho&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Greek+Lyric&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00247-9&rft.aulast=Yatromanolakis&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatromanolakis2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios (27 February 2019) [10 May 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0074.xml">"Sappho"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies_Online" title="Oxford Bibliographies Online">Oxford Bibliographies</a>: Classics. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195389661-0074">10.1093/OBO/9780195389661-0074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538966-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sappho&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies%3A+Classics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195389661-0074&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538966-1&rft.aulast=Yatromanolakis&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195389661%2Fobo-9780195389661-0074.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZellner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zellner, Harold (Summer 2008). "Sappho's Sparrows". The Classical World. 101 (4): 435–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fclw.0.0026">10.1353/clw.0.0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25471966">25471966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162301196">162301196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=Sappho%27s+Sparrows&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-442&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162301196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25471966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fclw.0.0026&rft.aulast=Zellner&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Balmer" title="Josephine Balmer">Balmer, Josephine</a> (2018). Sappho: Poems and Fragments (2 ed.). Hexham: Bloodaxe Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78037-457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78037-457-4"><bdi>978-1-78037-457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho%3A+Poems+and+Fragments&rft.place=Hexham&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Bloodaxe+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78037-457-4&rft.aulast=Balmer&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehringer2021" class="citation book cs1">Boehringer, Sandra (2021). Female Homosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome. Translated by Preger, Anna. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-74476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-74476-2"><bdi>978-0-367-74476-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Homosexuality+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-367-74476-2&rft.aulast=Boehringer&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Carson, Anne</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ifnotwinterfragm00sapp">If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41067-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41067-3"><bdi>978-0-375-41067-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+Not%2C+Winter%3A+Fragments+of+Sappho&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41067-3&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fifnotwinterfragm00sapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2016" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Philip (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchingforsapp0000free">Searching for Sappho: The Lost Songs and World of the First Woman Poet</a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24223-2"><bdi>978-0-393-24223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Sappho%3A+The+Lost+Songs+and+World+of+the+First+Woman+Poet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24223-2&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchingforsapp0000free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1996" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Ellen, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3199n81q/">Reading Sappho</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20603-8"><bdi>978-0-520-20603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Sappho&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20603-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft3199n81q%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobelPage1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lobel" title="Edgar Lobel">Lobel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Page, D. L.</a>, eds. (1955). Poetarum Lesbiorum fragmenta. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814137-2"><bdi>978-0-19-814137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetarum+Lesbiorum+fragmenta&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814137-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Powell_(poet)" title="Jim Powell (poet)">Powell, Jim</a> (2019). The Poetry of Sappho. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093738-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093738-6"><bdi>978-0-19-093738-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetry+of+Sappho&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-093738-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1997b" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Jane McIntosh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesbiandesireinl00snyd">Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-09994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-09994-3"><bdi>978-0-231-09994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesbian+Desire+in+the+Lyrics+of+Sappho&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-231-09994-3&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Jane+McIntosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesbiandesireinl00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Tucker" title="Thomas George Tucker">Tucker, Thomas George</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60906">Sappho</a>. Melbourne: Thomas C. Lothian. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/261327474">261327474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Thomas+C.+Lothian&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F261327474&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Thomas+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F60906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoigt1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eva-Maria_Voigt" title="Eva-Maria Voigt">Voigt, Eva-Maria</a> (1971). Sappho et Alcaeus. Fragmenta. Amsterdam: Polak & van Gennep. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/848526203">848526203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sappho+et+Alcaeus.+Fragmenta&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Polak+%26+van+Gennep&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F848526203&rft.aulast=Voigt&rft.aufirst=Eva-Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASappho" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappho&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Sappho <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sappho&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sappho">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sappho&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Sappho <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Sappho&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Sappho">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Sappho&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalsappho.org/title-page/">The Digital Sappho</a> – Texts and Commentary on Sappho's works</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoidoi.org/poets/sappho/">Commentaries on Sappho's fragments</a>, William Annis.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/sappho-sb/">Fragments of Sappho</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a> and Julia Dubnoff</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05pqsk4">Sappho</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, In Our Time.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tbhbc">Sappho</a>, BBC Radio 4, Great Lives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rhapsodoi.org/index-of-ancient-greek-recitations/">Ancient Greek literature recitations</a>, hosted by the Society for the Oral Reading of Greek and Latin Literature. 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fragments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Aphrodite" title="Ode to Aphrodite">Ode to Aphrodite</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho_2" title="Sappho 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho_16" title="Sappho 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho_31" title="Sappho 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho_44" title="Sappho 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonus_poem" title="Tithonus poem">Tithonus poem</a> (58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho_94" title="Sappho 94">94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho_96" title="Sappho 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_poem" title="Midnight poem">Midnight poem</a> (168B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Poem" title="Brothers Poem">Brothers Poem</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_(09).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head of a woman painted on a red-figure vase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2809%29.jpg/55px-Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2809%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2809%29.jpg/83px-Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2809%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2809%29.jpg/110px-Brygos_Painter_ARV_385_228_Alkaios_and_Sappho_-_Dionysos_and_maenad_%2809%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5154" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papyri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_7" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 7">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1231" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1231">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1231</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors and translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Barnard" title="Mary Barnard">Mary Barnard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sappho:_A_New_Translation" title="Sappho: A New Translation">Sappho: A New Translation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Bergk" title="Theodor Bergk">Theodor Bergk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Anne Carson</a> (<a href="/wiki/If_Not,_Winter" title="If Not, Winter">If Not, Winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dacier" title="Anne Dacier">Anne Dacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_Edmonds" title="John Maxwell Edmonds">John Maxwell Edmonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lobel" title="Edgar Lobel">Edgar Lobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Denys Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva-Maria_Voigt" title="Eva-Maria Voigt">Eva-Maria Voigt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anactoria" title="Anactoria">Anactoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic stanza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sappho" title="Category:Sappho">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nine_Lyric_Poets_—_Ancient_Greek_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyric_poets" title="Template:Lyric poets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyric_poets" title="Template talk:Lyric poets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyric_poets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyric poets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nine_Lyric_Poets_—_Ancient_Greek_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lyric_Poets" title="Nine Lyric Poets">Nine Lyric Poets</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacreon" title="Anacreon">Anacreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17892#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000400331045">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78770488">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/259641020">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/217158790510938850256">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/58145856997522921107">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/389159474048627660296">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/775154380921930290380">6</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7411159248206604870001">7</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2855156811371545390004">8</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/266249734">9</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/288699863">10</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19684122">11</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/83986675">12</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100172612">13</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/266066864">14</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/101765701">15</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3164959943924022849">16</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/471144647722259873943">17</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76159999802030112212">18</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8079147270527935700000">19</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93160307239957740360">20</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309816328">21</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16361/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjwYXCDvtWQ4CJfhwfFWcK">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118605534">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047921">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923688w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923688w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455319">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV085446">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35900260">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981002113&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1155921">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/54815">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069035091">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90057408">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000045661&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000107946&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000081338">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=28794">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046869">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201731572">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq46714b0x207nx">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810602796705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/10012">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267656405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000058342">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060405234306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14827032">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00907554?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500337096">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/aa987704-922c-448f-9268-6231e552ee8a">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1137678">Trove</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/966599">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118605534.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118605534">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027122611">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sq90z5">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30101088">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/21px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/42px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/19px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/29px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/38px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Sappho at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sappho" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sappho">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sappho" class="extiw" title="q:Sappho">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Sappho" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Sappho">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17892" class="extiw" title="d:Q17892">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sappho&oldid=1253679142">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sappho&oldid=1253679142</a>"</div></div> <div 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[\"CITEREFFreeman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGosetti-Murrayjohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGubar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallett1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallett1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKivilo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKivilo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLardinois2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLardinois2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLardinois2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLardinois2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefkowitz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobelPage1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelsohn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMost1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMueller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPound1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrauscello2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrioux2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayorLardinois2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanford1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder1997b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoigt1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatromanolakis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatromanolakis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatromanolakis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYatromanolakis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZellner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Kreij2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFduBois1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFduBois2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Br\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 17,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 4,\n [\"Grove Music subscription\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-el\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Lyric poets\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 37,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotebox\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sappho\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 264,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 13,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sappho","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sappho","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17892","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17892","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-04T15:17:15Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T08:55:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e3\/Malarz_Safony_-_Kalpis_wykonana_technik%C4%85_Six.jpg","headline":"Ancient Greek poet from Lesbos (c. 630-c. 570\u00a0BC)"}</script> </body> </html>