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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mythology and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Italy_(books_1–6)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Italy_(books_1–6)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Journey to Italy (books 1–6)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Italy_(books_1–6)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Theme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_1:_Storm_and_refuge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_1:_Storm_and_refuge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Book 1: Storm and refuge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_1:_Storm_and_refuge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_2:_Trojan_Horse_and_sack_of_Troy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_2:_Trojan_Horse_and_sack_of_Troy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Book 2: Trojan Horse and sack of Troy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_2:_Trojan_Horse_and_sack_of_Troy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_3:_Wanderings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_3:_Wanderings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Book 3: Wanderings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_3:_Wanderings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_4:_Fate_of_Queen_Dido" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_4:_Fate_of_Queen_Dido"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Book 4: Fate of Queen Dido</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_4:_Fate_of_Queen_Dido-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_5:_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_5:_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Book 5: Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_5:_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_6:_Underworld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_6:_Underworld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Book 6: Underworld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_6:_Underworld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Italy_(books_7–12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Italy_(books_7–12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>War in Italy (books 7–12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Italy_(books_7–12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_7:_Arrival_in_Latium_and_outbreak_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_7:_Arrival_in_Latium_and_outbreak_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Book 7: Arrival in Latium and outbreak of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_7:_Arrival_in_Latium_and_outbreak_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_8:_Visit_to_Pallanteum,_site_of_future_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_8:_Visit_to_Pallanteum,_site_of_future_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Book 8: Visit to Pallanteum, site of future Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_8:_Visit_to_Pallanteum,_site_of_future_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_9:_Turnus'_siege_of_Trojan_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_9:_Turnus'_siege_of_Trojan_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Book 9: Turnus' siege of Trojan camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_9:_Turnus'_siege_of_Trojan_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_10:_First_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_10:_First_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Book 10: First battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_10:_First_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_11:_Armistice_and_battle_with_Camilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_11:_Armistice_and_battle_with_Camilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Book 11: Armistice and battle with Camilla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_11:_Armistice_and_battle_with_Camilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_12:_Final_battle_and_duel_of_Aeneas_and_Turnus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_12:_Final_battle_and_duel_of_Aeneas_and_Turnus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Book 12: Final battle and duel of Aeneas and Turnus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_12:_Final_battle_and_duel_of_Aeneas_and_Turnus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virgil's_death,_and_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virgil's_death,_and_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Virgil's death, and editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virgil's_death,_and_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Style subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pietas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pietas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Pietas</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pietas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Divine intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_and_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_and_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Violence and conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_and_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Allegory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parodies_and_travesties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parodies_and_travesties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Parodies and travesties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parodies_and_travesties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Sequels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Illustrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>Commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Aeneid</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene%C3%AFde" title="Eneïde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eneïde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86neid" title="Æneid – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æneid" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الإنيادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإنيادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88n%C3%A8ida" title="Ènèida – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ènèida" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="ইনিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Энеида – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Энеида" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Энеіда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энеіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Энэіда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Энэіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Енеида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енеида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%84%E0%BC%85%E0%BC%8D%E0%BC%8D_%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="༄༅།། ཨེ་ནེ་རྡི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༄༅།། ཨེ་ནེ་རྡི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenid" title="Aenid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aenid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86neiden" title="Æneiden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Æneiden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αινειάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αινειάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneado" title="Eneado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eneado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="انئید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89n%C3%A9ide" title="Énéide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énéide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneide" title="Eneide – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Eneide" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Aein%C3%A9id" title="An Aeinéid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Aeinéid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="ईनिड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ईनिड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아이네이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이네이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Էնեական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնեական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aeneid" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneide" title="Eneide – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eneide" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneide" title="Eneide – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Eneide" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneasarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Eneasarkviða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eneasarkviða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneide" title="Eneide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eneide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אינאיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינאיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಈನಿಯಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಈನಿಯಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ენეიდა (ვირგილიუსი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენეიდა (ვირგილიუსი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Энеида – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энеида" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene%C4%ABda" title="Eneīda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eneīda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C3%A9ide" title="Enéide – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Enéide" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഈനിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈനിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enejide" title="Enejide – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Enejide" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="انياده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انياده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Энейн дуулал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энейн дуулал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အစ်နီးယစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ်နီးယစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="एनिद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एनिद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="アエネーイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アエネーイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86neiden" title="Æneiden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Æneiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene%C3%AFda" title="Eneïda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eneïda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A1" title="ਅਨੀਅਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨੀਅਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniyid" title="Eniyid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Eniyid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Энеида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энеида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneados" title="Eneados – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eneados" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneidi" title="Eneidi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eneidi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aeneid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida_(Verg%C3%ADlius)" title="Eneida (Vergílius) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eneida (Vergílius)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Енејида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енејида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eneida" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneiden" title="Aeneiden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aeneiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="อีนีอิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีนีอิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Енеїда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енеїда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88" title="اینیڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینیڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneis" title="Aeneis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aeneis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%B6%85%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%AA" title="埃涅阿斯纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃涅阿斯纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%80" title="艾尼亞斯紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾尼亞斯紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%B6%85%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%AA" title="埃涅阿斯纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃涅阿斯纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin epic poem by Virgil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style: background: #ededed;"><span class="summary"><i>Aeneid</i></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Aeneid%27%27&rft.author=%5B%5BVirgil%5D%5D&rft.date=1469&rft.place=%5B%5BRoman+Republic%5D%5D"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;"><span class="summary">by <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristoforo_Majorana_-_Leaf_from_Eclogues,_Georgics_and_Aeneid_-_Walters_W40055R_-_Open_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cristoforo_Majorana_-_Leaf_from_Eclogues%2C_Georgics_and_Aeneid_-_Walters_W40055R_-_Open_Obverse.jpg/220px-Cristoforo_Majorana_-_Leaf_from_Eclogues%2C_Georgics_and_Aeneid_-_Walters_W40055R_-_Open_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cristoforo_Majorana_-_Leaf_from_Eclogues%2C_Georgics_and_Aeneid_-_Walters_W40055R_-_Open_Obverse.jpg/330px-Cristoforo_Majorana_-_Leaf_from_Eclogues%2C_Georgics_and_Aeneid_-_Walters_W40055R_-_Open_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cristoforo_Majorana_-_Leaf_from_Eclogues%2C_Georgics_and_Aeneid_-_Walters_W40055R_-_Open_Obverse.jpg/440px-Cristoforo_Majorana_-_Leaf_from_Eclogues%2C_Georgics_and_Aeneid_-_Walters_W40055R_-_Open_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Manuscript circa 1470, <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Majorana" title="Cristoforo Majorana">Cristoforo Majorana</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span lang="la"><small>AENEIS</small></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey">Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Allen_Mandelbaum" title="Allen Mandelbaum">Allen Mandelbaum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald" title="Robert Fitzgerald">Robert Fitzgerald</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fagles" title="Robert Fagles">Robert Fagles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ahl" title="Frederick Ahl">Frederick Ahl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ruden" title="Sarah Ruden">Sarah Ruden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written</th><td class="infobox-data">29–19 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First published in</th><td class="infobox-data">19 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">Epic poem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">Meter</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication date</th><td class="infobox-data">1469</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published in English</th><td class="infobox-data">1697<span class="noprint">; 327 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1697</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscript</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lines</th><td class="infobox-data">9,896</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;"><b>Full text</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aeneid" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Aeneid">Aeneid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg/300px-Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg/450px-Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg/600px-Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption><i>Aeneas Flees Burning Troy</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Barocci" title="Federico Barocci">Federico Barocci</a> (1598). <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a>, Rome, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeneae_exsilia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aeneae_exsilia.svg/300px-Aeneae_exsilia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aeneae_exsilia.svg/450px-Aeneae_exsilia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aeneae_exsilia.svg/600px-Aeneae_exsilia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Map of Aeneas' fictional journey</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Aeneid</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ih-<span style="font-size:90%">NEE</span>-id</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Aenēĭs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ae̯ˈneːɪs]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈae̯neɪs]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> that tells the <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a> story of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> who fled the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War#Sack_of_Troy" title="Trojan War">fall of Troy</a> and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where he became the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. Written by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> between 29 and 19 BC, the <i>Aeneid</i> comprises 9,896 lines in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. </p><p>The hero Aeneas was already known to <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> legend and myth, having been a character in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Virgil took the disconnected tales of Aeneas' wanderings, his vague association with the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and his description as a personage of no fixed characteristics other than a scrupulous <i><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pietas</a></i>, and fashioned the <i>Aeneid</i> into a compelling <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> that tied Rome to the legends of Troy, explained the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, glorified traditional Roman virtues, and legitimised the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> as descendants of the founders, heroes, and gods of Rome and Troy. </p><p>The <i>Aeneid</i> is widely regarded as Virgil's masterpiece and one of the greatest works of <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Story">Story</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology_and_origins">Mythology and origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythology and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Aeneid" title="Category:Characters in the Aeneid">Category:Characters in the Aeneid</a></div> <p>The <i>Aeneid</i> can be divided into halves based on the disparate subject matter of Books 1–6 (Aeneas' journey to Latium in Italy), commonly associated with Homer's <i>Odyssey</i>, and Books 7–12 (the war in Latium), mirroring the <i>Iliad</i>. These two halves are commonly regarded as reflecting Virgil's ambition to rival <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> by treating both the <i>Odyssey</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s wandering theme and the <i>Iliad</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s warfare themes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is, however, a rough correspondence, the limitations of which should be borne in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the definitive story of Aeneas escaping the fallen Troy and finding a new home in Italy, thus eventually becoming the ancestor of the Romans, was codified by Virgil, the myth of Aeneas' post-Troy adventures predates him by centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsey2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4hlfEAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsey2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4hlfEAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Greek settlements began to expand starting in the sixth century BC, Greek colonists would often try to connect their new homes, and the native people they found there, to their pre-existing mythology;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsey2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4hlfEAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsey2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4hlfEAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> containing Odysseus's travels in many far away lands already provided such a link.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeneas's story reflects not just Roman, but rather a combination of various Greek, Etruscan, Latin and Roman elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troy provided for a very suitable narrative for the Greek colonists in Magna Graecia and Sicily who wished to link their new homelands with themselves,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Etruscans, who would have adopted the story of Aeneas in Italy first, and quickly became associated with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek vases as early as the sixth century BC provide evidence for these early Greek mythological accounts of Aeneas founding a new home in Etruria predating Virgil by a wide margin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGagarin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlNV6-HsUppsCpgPA21_21]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGagarin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlNV6-HsUppsCpgPA21_21]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was known to have been worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>, the city he founded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of thirteen large altars in Lavinium indicates early Greek influence, dating to the sixth through fourth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGagarin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlNV6-HsUppsCpgPA21_21]_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGagarin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlNV6-HsUppsCpgPA21_21]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following centuries, the Romans would come in contact with Greek colonies, conquer them and subsume the legend of Aeneas into their own mythological narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA267_267]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA267_267]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most likely that they fully became interested in Greek myths—and their incorporation into their own foundation legends concerning Rome and the Roman people—following the war against King <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a> in 280 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA268_268]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA268_268]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Troy offered a way to insert Rome into Greek historical tradition as good as the one it had in the past for Greeks to link themselves to their new lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_Italy_(books_1–6)"><span id="Journey_to_Italy_.28books_1.E2.80.936.29"></span>Journey to Italy (books 1–6)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Journey to Italy (books 1–6)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theme">Theme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virgil begins his poem with a statement of his theme (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Arma virumque cano</i></span><i> ...</i>, "Of arms and the man I sing ...") and an invocation to the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a>, falling some seven lines after the poem's inception (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Musa, mihi causas memora</i></span> ...</i>, "O Muse, recount to me the causes ..."). He then explains the reason for the principal conflict in the story: the resentment held by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> people. This is consistent with her role throughout the <a href="/wiki/Homer#Epics" title="Homer">Homeric epics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_1:_Storm_and_refuge">Book 1: Storm and refuge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Book 1: Storm and refuge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, the story proper begins <i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a></i> (into the middle of things), with the Trojan fleet in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, heading in the direction of Italy. The fleet, led by <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, is on a voyage to find a second home. It has been foretold that in Italy he will give rise to a race both noble and courageous, a race which will become known to all nations. Juno is wrathful, because she had not been chosen in the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">judgment of Paris</a>, and because her favourite city, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, will be destroyed by Aeneas' descendants. Also, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>, a Trojan prince, was chosen to be the <a href="/wiki/Cup-bearer" title="Cup-bearer">cupbearer</a> to her husband, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>—replacing Juno's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a>. Juno proceeds to <a href="/wiki/Aeolus_(son_of_Hippotes)" title="Aeolus (son of Hippotes)">Aeolus</a>, King of the Winds, and asks that he release the winds to stir up a storm in exchange for a bribe (<a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Deiopea</a>, the loveliest of all her sea nymphs, as a wife). Aeolus agrees to carry out Juno's orders (line 77, "My task is / To fulfill your commands"); the storm then devastates the fleet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1875,_C%C3%A9zanne,_Aeneas_Meeting_Dido_at_Carthage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1875%2C_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_Aeneas_Meeting_Dido_at_Carthage.jpg/220px-1875%2C_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_Aeneas_Meeting_Dido_at_Carthage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1875%2C_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_Aeneas_Meeting_Dido_at_Carthage.jpg/330px-1875%2C_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_Aeneas_Meeting_Dido_at_Carthage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1875%2C_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_Aeneas_Meeting_Dido_at_Carthage.jpg/440px-1875%2C_C%C3%A9zanne%2C_Aeneas_Meeting_Dido_at_Carthage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, <i>Aeneas Meeting Dido at Carthage</i>, c. 1875, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> takes notice: although he himself is no friend of the Trojans, he is infuriated by Juno's intrusion into his domain, and stills the winds and calms the waters, after making sure that the winds would not bother the Trojans again, lest they be punished more harshly than they were this time. The fleet takes shelter on the coast of Africa, where Aeneas rouses the spirits of his men, reassuring them that they have been through worse situations before. There, Aeneas' mother, Venus, in the form of a huntress very similar to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, encourages him and recounts to him the history of Carthage. Eventually, Aeneas ventures into the city, and in the temple of Juno he seeks and gains the favour of <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a>, queen of the city. The city has only recently been founded by refugees from <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a> and will later become a great imperial rival and enemy to Rome. </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> has her own plans. She goes to her son, Aeneas' half-brother <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>, and tells him to imitate <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a> (the son of Aeneas and his first wife Creusa). Thus disguised, Cupid goes to Dido and offers the gifts expected from a guest. As Dido cradles the boy during a banquet given in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a>, Cupid secretly weakens her sworn fidelity to the soul of her late husband <a href="/wiki/Sychaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sychaeus">Sychaeus</a>, who was murdered by her brother <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_of_Tyre" title="Pygmalion of Tyre">Pygmalion</a> back in Tyre, by inciting fresh love for Aeneas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_2:_Trojan_Horse_and_sack_of_Troy">Book 2: Trojan Horse and sack of Troy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book 2: Trojan Horse and sack of Troy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawara_Papyrus_24,_with_line_of_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_repeated_7_times,_Book_2,_line_601._Recto._Latin_language._1st_century_CE._From_Hawara,_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hawara_Papyrus_24%2C_with_line_of_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_repeated_7_times%2C_Book_2%2C_line_601._Recto._Latin_language._1st_century_CE._From_Hawara%2C_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hawara_Papyrus_24%2C_with_line_of_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_repeated_7_times%2C_Book_2%2C_line_601._Recto._Latin_language._1st_century_CE._From_Hawara%2C_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hawara_Papyrus_24%2C_with_line_of_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_repeated_7_times%2C_Book_2%2C_line_601._Recto._Latin_language._1st_century_CE._From_Hawara%2C_Egypt._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="3748" /></a><figcaption>Hawara Papyrus 24, with a line of the <i>Aeneid</i> (repeated 7 times, probably a writing exercise) that translates: "It is not the hated face of Spartan Helen..."). 1st century AD, from <a href="/wiki/Hawara" title="Hawara">Hawara</a>, Egypt; displayed at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>In books 2 and 3, Aeneas recounts to Dido the events that occasioned the Trojans' arrival. He begins the tale shortly after the war described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Cunning <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a> devised a way for <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> warriors to gain entry into the walled city of Troy by hiding in a large <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">wooden horse</a>. The Greeks pretended to sail away, leaving a warrior, <a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a>, to mislead the Trojans into believing that the horse was an offering and that if it were taken into the city, the Trojans would be able to conquer Greece. The Trojan priest <a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a> saw through the Greek plot and urged the horse's destruction, but his protests fell on deaf ears, so he hurled his spear at the horse. Then, in what would be seen by the Trojans as punishment from the gods, two serpents emerged from the sea and devoured Laocoön, along with his two sons. The Trojans then took the horse inside the fortified walls, and after nightfall the armed Greeks emerged from it, opening the city's gates to allow the returned Greek army to slaughter the Trojans. </p><p>In a dream, <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>, the fallen Trojan prince, advised Aeneas to flee with his family. Aeneas awoke and saw with horror what was happening to his beloved city. At first he tried to fight the enemy, but soon he lost his comrades and was left alone to fend off the Greeks. He witnessed the murder of <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> by Achilles' son <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Pyrrhus</a>. His mother, Venus, appeared to him and led him back to his house. Aeneas tells of his escape with his son, <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Creusa_(wife_of_Aeneas)" title="Creusa (wife of Aeneas)">Creusa</a>, and his father, <a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a>, after the occurrence of various omens (Ascanius' head catching fire without his being harmed, a clap of thunder and a shooting star). At the city gates, they notice that they have lost Creusa, and Aeneas has to re-enter the city in order to look for her. To his sorrow, he encounters only her ghost, who tells him that his destiny is to reach <a href="/wiki/Hesperia_(mythology)" title="Hesperia (mythology)">Hesperia</a>, where kingship and a royal spouse await him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_3:_Wanderings">Book 3: Wanderings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book 3: Wanderings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aeneas continues his account to Dido by telling how, rallying the other survivors, he built a fleet of ships and made landfall at various locations in the Mediterranean: <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, where they find the last remains of a fellow Trojan, <a href="/wiki/Polydorus_(son_of_Priam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydorus (son of Priam)">Polydorus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> tells them to leave and to find the land of their forefathers; <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, which they believe to be that land, and where they build their city (<a href="/wiki/Pergamea" title="Pergamea">Pergamea</a>) and promptly desert it after a plague proves this is not the place for them; the <a href="/wiki/Strophades" class="mw-redirect" title="Strophades">Strophades</a>, where they encounter the Harpy <a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a>, who tells them to leave her island and to look for Italy, though, she prophesies, they will not find it until hunger forces them to eat their tables; and <a href="/wiki/Buthrotum" class="mw-redirect" title="Buthrotum">Buthrotum</a>. This last city had been built in an attempt to replicate Troy. In Buthrotum, Aeneas meets <a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>. She is still lamenting the loss of her valiant husband and beloved child. There, too, Aeneas sees and meets Helenus, one of <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a>'s sons, who has the gift of prophecy. Through him, Aeneas learns the destiny laid out for him: he is divinely advised to seek out the land of Italy (also known as <i>Ausonia</i> or <i>Hesperia</i>), where his descendants will not only prosper, but in time rule the entire known world. In addition, Helenus also bids him to go to the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>. </p><p>Heading into the open sea, Aeneas leaves Buthrotum, rounds the south eastern tip of Italy and makes his way towards <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (Trinacria). There, they are caught in the whirlpool of <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a> and driven out to sea. Soon they come ashore at the land of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>. There they meet a Greek, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenides" title="Achaemenides">Achaemenides</a>, one of Ulysses' men, who has been left behind when his comrades escaped the cave of <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>. They take Achaemenides on board and narrowly escape Polyphemus. Shortly after, at <a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a>, Aeneas' father Anchises dies of old age. Aeneas heads on (towards Italy) and gets deflected to Carthage (by the storm described in book 1). Here, Aeneas ends his account of his wanderings to Dido. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg/220px-Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg/330px-Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg/440px-Death_Dido_Cayot_Louvre_MR1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The suicide of <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Queen Dido</a> (book 4), sculpture by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Augustin_Cayot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude-Augustin Cayot (page does not exist)">Claude-Augustin Cayot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Augustin_Cayot" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude-Augustin Cayot">fr</a>]</span> (1667–1722)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_4:_Fate_of_Queen_Dido">Book 4: Fate of Queen Dido</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Book 4: Fate of Queen Dido"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dido realises that she has fallen in love with Aeneas. Juno seizes upon this opportunity to make a deal with Venus, Aeneas' mother, with the intention of distracting Aeneas from his destiny of founding a city in Italy. Aeneas is inclined to return Dido's love, and during a hunting expedition, a storm drives them into a small cave in which Aeneas and Dido make love, after which Juno presides over what Dido considers a marriage ceremony. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Fama</a> (the personification of rumour) spreads the news of Aeneas and Dido's marriage, which eventually reaches king <a href="/wiki/Iarbas" title="Iarbas">Iarbas</a>. Iarbas, who also sought relations with Dido but was rejected, angrily prays to his father <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> to express his feeling that his worship of Jupiter has not earned him the rewards he deserves. As a result, Jupiter sends <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> to remind Aeneas of his duty, leaving him no choice but to depart. </p><p>When Aeneas attempts to leave clandestinely at the behest of Mercury, Dido discovers Aeneas' intentions. Enraged and heartbroken, she accuses Aeneas of infidelity while also imploring him to stay. Aeneas responds by attempting to explain that his duty is important and that he does not leave of his own volition, but Dido is not satisfied. Ultimately, her heart broken, Dido commits suicide by stabbing herself upon a <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a> with Aeneas' sword. Before dying, she predicts eternal strife between Aeneas' people and hers; "rise up from my bones, avenging spirit" (4.625, trans. Fitzgerald) is a possible invocation to <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_5:_Sicily">Book 5: Sicily</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Book 5: Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Looking back from the deck of his ship, Aeneas sees the smoke of Dido's funeral pyre, and although he does not understand the exact reason behind it, he understands it as a bad omen, considering the angry madness of her love. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_boxers_Getty_Villa_71.AH.106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mosaic_boxers_Getty_Villa_71.AH.106.jpg/220px-Mosaic_boxers_Getty_Villa_71.AH.106.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mosaic_boxers_Getty_Villa_71.AH.106.jpg/330px-Mosaic_boxers_Getty_Villa_71.AH.106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mosaic_boxers_Getty_Villa_71.AH.106.jpg/440px-Mosaic_boxers_Getty_Villa_71.AH.106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Boxing scene from the <i>Aeneid</i> (book 5), mosaic floor from a Gallo-Roman villa in <a href="/wiki/Villelaure" title="Villelaure">Villelaure</a> (France), c. 175 AD, <a href="/wiki/Getty_Villa" title="Getty Villa">Getty Villa</a> (71.AH.106)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hindered by bad weather from reaching Italy, the Trojans return to where they started at the beginning of book 1. Book 5 then takes place on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and centres on the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_games_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral games (antiquity)">funeral games</a> that Aeneas organises for the anniversary of his father's death. Aeneas organises celebratory games for the men—a boat race, a foot race, a boxing match, and an archery contest. In all those contests, Aeneas is careful to reward winners and losers, showing his leadership qualities by not allowing antagonism even after foul play. Each of these contests comments on past events or prefigures future events: the boxing match, for instance, is "a preview of the final encounter of Aeneas and Turnus", and the dove, the target during the archery contest, is connected to the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Polites_(Prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (Prince of Troy)">Polites</a> and King Priam in Book 2 and that of Camilla in Book 11.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Ascanius leads the boys in a military parade and mock battle, the <a href="/wiki/Lusus_Troiae" title="Lusus Troiae">Lusus Troiae</a>—a tradition he will teach the Latins while building the walls of Alba Longa. </p><p>During these events, Juno, via her messenger Iris, who disguises herself as an old woman, incites the Trojan women to burn the fleet and prevent the Trojans from ever reaching Italy, but her plan is thwarted when Ascanius and Aeneas intervene. Aeneas prays to Jupiter to quench the fires, which the god does with a torrential rainstorm. An anxious Aeneas is comforted by a vision of his father, who tells him to go to the underworld to receive a vision of his and Rome's future. In return for safe passage to Italy, the gods, by order of Jupiter, will receive one of Aeneas' men as a sacrifice: <a href="/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus">Palinurus</a>, who steers Aeneas' ship by night, is put to sleep by <a href="/wiki/Somnus" title="Somnus">Somnus</a> and falls overboard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_6:_Underworld">Book 6: Underworld</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Book 6: Underworld"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Bough (mythology)">The Golden Bough (mythology)</a></div> <p>Aeneas, with the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katabasis" title="Katabasis">descends into the underworld</a>. They pass by crowds of the dead by the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a> and are ferried across by <a href="/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a> before passing by <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a>, the three-headed guardian of the underworld. Then Aeneas is shown the fates of the wicked in <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a> and is warned by the Sibyl to bow to the justice of the gods. He also meets the shade of Dido, who remains irreconcilable. He is then brought to green fields of <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a>. There he speaks with the spirit of his father and is offered a prophetic vision of the destiny of Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Italy_(books_7–12)"><span id="War_in_Italy_.28books_7.E2.80.9312.29"></span>War in Italy (books 7–12)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War in Italy (books 7–12)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg/220px-Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg/330px-Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg/440px-Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>Roman bas-relief, 2nd century: Aeneas lands in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, leading <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a>; the sow identifies the place to found his city (book 8).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_7:_Arrival_in_Latium_and_outbreak_of_war">Book 7: Arrival in Latium and outbreak of war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Book 7: Arrival in Latium and outbreak of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon returning to the land of the living, Aeneas leads the Trojans to settle in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, where King <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a> received oracles pointing towards the arrival of strangers and bidding him to marry his daughter <a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a> to the foreigners, and not to <a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a>, the ruler of another native people, the <a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutuli</a>. Juno, unhappy with the Trojans' favourable situation, summons the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">fury</a> <a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a> from the underworld to stir up a war between the Trojans and the locals. Alecto incites <a href="/wiki/Amata" title="Amata">Amata</a>, the Queen of Latium and the wife of Latinus, to demand that Lavinia be married to noble <a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a>, brings forth anger in Turnus which spurs him to war with the Trojans, and causes Ascanius to wound a revered deer during a hunt. Hence, although Aeneas wishes to avoid a war, hostilities break out. The book closes with a catalogue of Italic warriors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_8:_Visit_to_Pallanteum,_site_of_future_Rome"><span id="Book_8:_Visit_to_Pallanteum.2C_site_of_future_Rome"></span>Book 8: Visit to Pallanteum, site of future Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Book 8: Visit to Pallanteum, site of future Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Cast_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas_-_WGA07447.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Cast_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas_-_WGA07447.jpg/200px-Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Cast_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas_-_WGA07447.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Cast_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas_-_WGA07447.jpg/300px-Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Cast_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas_-_WGA07447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Cast_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas_-_WGA07447.jpg/400px-Anthony_van_Dyck_-_Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Cast_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas_-_WGA07447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Asks_Vulcan_to_Forge_Arms_for_her_Son_Aeneas" title="Venus Asks Vulcan to Forge Arms for her Son Aeneas">Venus Asks Vulcan to Forge Arms for her Son Aeneas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, 1630–1632</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the impending war, Aeneas seeks help from the Tuscans, enemies of the Rutuli, after having been encouraged to do so in a dream by <a href="/wiki/Tiberinus_(god)" title="Tiberinus (god)">Tiberinus</a>. At the place where Rome will be, he meets a friendly Greek, King <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(son_of_Evander)" title="Pallas (son of Evander)">Pallas</a> agrees to join Aeneas and lead troops against the Rutuli. Venus urges her spouse Vulcan to create weapons for Aeneas, which she then presents to Aeneas as a gift. On the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Aeneas" title="Shield of Aeneas">shield</a>, the future history of Rome is depicted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_9:_Turnus'_siege_of_Trojan_camp"><span id="Book_9:_Turnus.27_siege_of_Trojan_camp"></span>Book 9: Turnus' siege of Trojan camp</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Book 9: Turnus' siege of Trojan camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, the Trojan camp is attacked by Turnus—spurred on by <a href="/wiki/Juno_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno (goddess)">Juno</a>, who informs him that Aeneas is away from his camp—and a midnight raid by the Trojans <a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Nisus and Euryalus</a> on Turnus' camp leads to their death. The next day, Turnus manages to breach the gates but is forced to retreat by jumping into the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_10:_First_battle">Book 10: First battle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Book 10: First battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A council of the gods is held, in which Venus and Juno speak before Jupiter, and Aeneas returns to the besieged Trojan camp accompanied by his new Arcadian and Tuscan allies. In the ensuing battle many are slain—notably Pallas, whom Evander has entrusted to Aeneas but who is killed by Turnus. <a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a>, Turnus' close associate, allows his son Lausus to be killed by Aeneas while he himself flees. He reproaches himself and faces Aeneas in <a href="/wiki/Single_combat" title="Single combat">single combat</a>—an honourable but essentially futile endeavour leading to his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_11:_Armistice_and_battle_with_Camilla">Book 11: Armistice and battle with Camilla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Book 11: Armistice and battle with Camilla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a short break in which the funeral ceremony for Pallas takes place, the war continues. Another notable native, <a href="/wiki/Camilla_(mythology)" title="Camilla (mythology)">Camilla</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazon</a> character and virgin devoted to <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, fights bravely but is killed, poisoned by the coward Arruns, who in turn is struck dead by Diana's sentinel <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Opis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg/220px-Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg/330px-Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg/440px-Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Aeneas' defeat of Turnus (book 12), painting by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_12:_Final_battle_and_duel_of_Aeneas_and_Turnus">Book 12: Final battle and duel of Aeneas and Turnus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Book 12: Final battle and duel of Aeneas and Turnus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Single combat is proposed between Aeneas and Turnus, but Aeneas is so obviously superior to Turnus that the Rutuli, urged on by Turnus' divine sister, <a href="/wiki/Juturna" title="Juturna">Juturna</a>—who in turn is instigated by Juno—break the truce. Aeneas is injured by an arrow but is soon healed with the help of his mother Venus and returns to the battle. Turnus and Aeneas dominate the battle on opposite wings, but when Aeneas makes a daring attack at the city of Latium (causing the queen of Latium to <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">hang herself</a> in despair), he forces Turnus into single combat once more. In the duel, Turnus' strength deserts him as he tries to hurl a rock, and Aeneas' spear goes through his thigh. As Turnus is on his knees, begging for his life, the epic ends with Aeneas initially tempted to obey Turnus' pleas to spare his life, but then killing him in rage when he sees that Turnus is wearing Aeneas' friend Pallas' belt over his shoulder as a trophy. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of the <i>Aeneid</i> focus on a variety of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tone of the poem as a whole is a particular matter of debate; some see the poem as ultimately pessimistic and politically subversive to the <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan</a> regime, while others view it as a celebration of the new imperial dynasty. Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime, and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas, the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome. A strong <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a>, or drive towards a climax, has been detected in the poem. The <i>Aeneid</i> is full of prophecies about the future of Rome, the deeds of Augustus, his ancestors, and famous Romans, and the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Wars">Carthaginian Wars</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Aeneas" title="Shield of Aeneas">shield of Aeneas</a> even depicts Augustus' victory at Actium in 31 BC. A further focus of study is the character of Aeneas. As the protagonist of the poem, Aeneas seems to constantly waver between his emotions and commitment to his prophetic duty to found Rome; critics note the breakdown of Aeneas' emotional control in the last sections of the poem where the "pious" and "righteous" Aeneas mercilessly slaughters the Latin warrior Turnus. </p><p>The <i>Aeneid</i> appears to have been a great success. Virgil is said to have recited Books 2, 4 and 6 to Augustus;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mention of her son, <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a>, in book 6 apparently caused Augustus' sister <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a> to faint. The poem was unfinished when Virgil died in 19 BC. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Virgil's_death_and_editing"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virgil's_death,_and_editing"><span id="Virgil.27s_death.2C_and_editing"></span>Virgil's death, and editing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Virgil's death, and editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_mosaic_BardoMuseum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_mosaic_BardoMuseum.JPG/220px-A_mosaic_BardoMuseum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_mosaic_BardoMuseum.JPG/330px-A_mosaic_BardoMuseum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_mosaic_BardoMuseum.JPG/440px-A_mosaic_BardoMuseum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Virgil, holding a manuscript of the <i>Aeneid</i>, flanked by the muses <a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a> (history) and <a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a> (tragedy). <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a>, third century AD, from <a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardo Museum">Bardo Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to tradition, Virgil traveled to Greece around 19 BC to revise the <i>Aeneid</i>. After meeting Augustus in Athens and deciding to return home, Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town near <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>. Virgil crossed to Italy by ship, weakened with disease, and died in <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a> harbour on 21 September 19 BC, leaving a wish that the manuscript of the <i>Aeneid</i> was to be burned. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Varius_Rufus" title="Lucius Varius Rufus">Lucius Varius Rufus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plotius_Tucca" title="Plotius Tucca">Plotius Tucca</a>, to disregard that wish, instead ordering the <i>Aeneid</i> to be published with as few editorial changes as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> As a result, the existing text of the <i>Aeneid</i> may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e., not a complete line of <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>). Other alleged "imperfections" are subject to scholarly debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VaticanVergilFol22rFlightFromTroy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/VaticanVergilFol22rFlightFromTroy.jpg/220px-VaticanVergilFol22rFlightFromTroy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/VaticanVergilFol22rFlightFromTroy.jpg/330px-VaticanVergilFol22rFlightFromTroy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/VaticanVergilFol22rFlightFromTroy.jpg/440px-VaticanVergilFol22rFlightFromTroy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Folio 22 from the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a>—flight from Troy</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Aeneid</i> was written in a time of major political and social change in Rome, with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman republic">Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Final War of the Roman Republic">Final War of the Roman Republic</a> having torn through society and many Romans' faith in the "Greatness of Rome" severely faltering. However, the new emperor, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</a>, began to institute a new era of prosperity and peace, specifically through the re-introduction of traditional Roman moral values. The <i>Aeneid</i> was seen as reflecting this aim, by depicting the heroic Aeneas as a man devoted and loyal to his country and its prominence, rather than his own personal gains. In addition, the <i>Aeneid</i> gives mythic legitimisation to the rule of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and, by extension, to his adopted son Augustus, by immortalising the tradition that renamed Aeneas' son, Ascanius (called Ilus from <i>Ilium</i>, meaning Troy), <i>Iulus</i>, thus making him an ancestor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gens_Julia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Julia">gens Julia</a></i>, the family of Julius Caesar, and many other great imperial descendants as part of the prophecy given to him in the Underworld. (The meter shows that the name "Iulus" is pronounced as three syllables, not as "Julus".) </p><p>The perceived deficiency of any account of Aeneas' marriage to Lavinia or his founding of the Roman race led some writers, such as the 15th-century Italian poet <a href="/wiki/Maffeo_Vegio" title="Maffeo Vegio">Maffeo Vegio</a> (through his <i>Thirteenth Book of the Aeneid</i> widely printed in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Candido_Decembrio" title="Pietro Candido Decembrio">Pier Candido Decembrio</a> (whose attempt was never completed), Claudio Salvucci (in his 1994 epic poem <i>The Laviniad</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (in her 2008 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a></i>) to compose their own supplements. </p><p>Despite the polished and complex nature of the <i>Aeneid</i> (legend stating that Virgil wrote only three lines of the poem each day), the number of half-complete lines and the abrupt ending are generally seen as evidence that Virgil died before he could finish the work. Some legends state that Virgil, fearing that he would die before he had properly revised the poem, gave instructions to friends (including the current emperor, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>) that the <i>Aeneid</i> should be burned upon his death, owing to its unfinished state and because he had come to dislike one of the sequences in Book VIII, in which <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a> made love, for its nonconformity to Roman moral virtues. The friends did not comply with Virgil's wishes and Augustus himself ordered that they be disregarded. After minor modifications, the <i>Aeneid</i> was published. Because it was composed and preserved in writing rather than orally, the text exhibits less variation than other classical epics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other classical Latin poetry, the meter is based on the length of syllables rather than the stress, though the interplay of meter and stress is also important. Virgil also incorporated such poetic devices as <a href="/wiki/Alliteration_(Latin)" title="Alliteration (Latin)">alliteration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a>. Furthermore, he uses <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">simile</a> in his work, usually to add drama and tension to the scene. An example of a simile can be found in book II when Aeneas is compared to a shepherd who stood on the high top of a rock unaware of what is going on around him.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be seen that just as the shepherd is a protector of his sheep, so too is Aeneas to his people. </p><p>As was the rule in classical antiquity, an author's style was seen as an expression of his personality and character. Virgil's Latin has been praised for its evenness, subtlety and dignity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Aeneid</i>, like other classical epics, is written in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameters</a>: each line consists of six metrical feet made up of <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">dactyls</a> (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) and <a href="/wiki/Spondee" title="Spondee">spondees</a> (two long syllables). This epic consists of twelve books, and the narrative is broken up into three sections of four books each, respectively addressing Dido; the Trojans' arrival in Italy; and the war with the Latins. Each book has roughly 700–900 lines. The <i>Aeneid</i> comes to an abrupt ending, and scholars have speculated that Virgil died before he could finish the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pietas"><i>Pietas</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pietas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman ideal of <i><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pietas</a></i> ("piety, dutiful respect"), which can be loosely translated from the Latin as a selfless sense of duty toward one's filial, religious, and societal obligations, was a crux of ancient Roman morality. Throughout the <i>Aeneid</i>, Aeneas serves as the embodiment of <i>pietas</i>, with the phrase "pious Aeneas" occurring 20 times throughout the poem,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby fulfilling his capacity as the father of the Roman people.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in Book 2 Aeneas describes how he carried his father Anchises from the burning city of Troy: "No help/ Or hope of help existed./ So I resigned myself, picked up my father,/ And turned my face toward the mountain range."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Aeneas ventures into the underworld, thereby fulfilling Anchises' wishes. His father's gratitude is presented in the text by the following lines: "Have you at last come, has that loyalty/ Your father counted on conquered the journey?"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Aeneas' <i>pietas</i> extends beyond his devotion to his father: we also see several examples of his religious fervour. Aeneas is consistently subservient to the gods, even in actions opposed to his own desires, as he responds to one such divine command, "I sail to Italy not of my own free will."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his religious and familial <i>pietas</i>, Aeneas also displays fervent patriotism and devotion to his people, particularly in a military capacity. For instance, as he and his followers leave Troy, Aeneas swears that he will "take up/ The combat once again. We shall not all/ Die this day unavenged."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aeneas is a symbol of <i>pietas</i> in all of its forms, serving as a moral paragon to whom a Roman should aspire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_intervention">Divine intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Divine intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most recurring themes in the <i>Aeneid</i> is that of <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine intervention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the poem, the gods are constantly influencing the main characters and trying to change and impact the outcome, regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a> that they all know will occur.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Juno comes down and acts as a phantom Aeneas to drive Turnus away from the real Aeneas and all of his rage from the death of Pallas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Juno knows in the end that Aeneas will triumph over Turnus, she does all she can to delay and avoid this outcome. </p><p>Divine intervention occurs multiple times, in Book 4 especially. Aeneas falls in love with Dido, delaying his ultimate fate of travelling to Italy. However, it is actually the gods who inspired the love, as Juno plots: </p> <blockquote> <p>Dido and the Trojan captain [will come]<br /> To one same cavern. I shall be on hand,<br /> And if I can be certain you are willing,<br /> There I shall marry them and call her his.<br /> A wedding, this will be.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p>Juno is speaking to Venus, making an agreement and influencing the lives and emotions of both Dido and Aeneas. Later in the same book, Jupiter steps in and restores what is the true fate and path for Aeneas, sending Mercury down to Aeneas' dreams, telling him that he must travel to Italy and leave his new-found lover. As Aeneas later pleads with Dido: </p> <blockquote> <p>The gods' interpreter, sent by Jove himself –<br /> I swear it by your head and mine – has brought<br /> Commands down through the racing winds!...<br /> I sail for Italy not of my own free will.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p>Several of the gods try to intervene against the powers of fate, even though they know what the eventual outcome will be. The interventions are really just distractions to continue the conflict and postpone the inevitable. If the gods represent humans, just as the human characters engage in conflicts and power struggles, so too do the gods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate">Fate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">Fate</a>, described as a preordained destiny that men and gods have to follow, is a major theme in the <i>Aeneid</i>. One example is when Aeneas is reminded of his fate through Jupiter and Mercury while he is falling in love with Dido. Mercury urges, "Think of your expectations of your heir,/ Iulus, to whom the whole Italian realm, the land/ Of Rome, are due."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercury is referring to Aeneas' preordained fate to found Rome, as well as Rome's preordained fate to rule the world: </p> <blockquote> <p>He was to be ruler of Italy,<br /> Potential empire, armorer of war;<br /> To father men from Teucer's noble blood<br /> And bring the whole world under law's dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p>It is important to recognise that there is a marked difference between fate and divine intervention, as even though the gods might remind mortals of their eventual fate, the gods themselves are not in control of it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the opening lines of the poem specify that Aeneas "came to Italy by destiny", but is also harassed by the separate force of "baleful Juno in her sleepless rage".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Juno might intervene, Aeneas' fate is set in stone and cannot be changed. </p><p>Later in Book 6, when Aeneas visits the underworld, his father Anchises introduces him to the larger fate of the Roman people, as contrasted against his own personal fate to found Rome: </p> <blockquote> <p>So raptly, everywhere, father and son<br /> Wandered the airy plain and viewed it all.<br /> After Anchises had conducted him<br /> To every region and had fired his love<br /> Of glory in the years to come, he spoke<br /> Of wars that he might fight, of Laurentines,<br /> And of Latinus' city, then of how<br /> He might avoid or bear each toil to come.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_and_conflict">Violence and conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Violence and conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the very beginning of the <i>Aeneid</i>, violence and conflict are used as a means of survival and conquest. Aeneas' voyage is caused by the Trojan War and the destruction of Troy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeneas describes to Dido in Book 2 the massive amount of destruction that occurs after the Greeks sneak into Troy. He recalls that he asks his men to "defend/ A city lost in flames. Come, let us die,/ We'll make a rush into the thick of it."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the first demonstrations of the way in which violence begets violence: even though the Trojans know they have lost the battle, they continue to fight for their country. </p><p>This violence continues as Aeneas makes his journey. Dido kills herself in order to end and escape her worldly problem: being heartbroken over the departure of Aeneas and now left alone, surrounded by violent rulers who desire her and her throne. Queen Dido's suicide is a double edged sword. While releasing herself from the burden of her pain through violence, her last words implore her people to view Aeneas' people with hate for all eternity: </p> <blockquote> <p>This is my last cry, as my last blood flows.<br /> Then, O my Tyrians, besiege with hate<br /> His progeny and all his race to come:<br /> Make this your offering to my dust. No love,<br /> No pact must be between our peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p>Furthermore, her people, hearing of their queen's death, have only one avenue on which to direct the blame: the already-departed Trojans. Thus, Dido's request of her people and her people's only recourse for closure align in their mutual hate for Aeneas and his Trojans. In effect, Dido's violent suicide leads to the violent nature of the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">later relationship between Carthage and Rome.</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, when Aeneas arrives in Latium, conflict inevitably arises.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juno sends <a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Furies</a>, to cause Turnus to go against Aeneas. In the ensuing battles, Turnus kills Pallas, who is supposed to be under Aeneas' protection. This act of violence causes Aeneas to be consumed with fury. Although Turnus asks for mercy in their final encounter, when Aeneas sees that Turnus has taken Pallas' sword belt, Aeneas proclaims: </p> <blockquote> <p>You in your plunder, torn from one of mine,<br /> Shall I be robbed of you? This wound will come<br /> From Pallas: Pallas makes this offering<br /> And from your criminal blood exacts his due.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p>This final act of violence shows how Turnus' violence—the act of killing Pallas—inevitably leads to more violence and his own death. </p><p>It is possible that the recurring theme of violence in the <i>Aeneid</i> is a subtle commentary on the bloody violence contemporary readers would have just experienced during the Late Republican <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">civil wars</a>. The <i>Aeneid</i> potentially explores whether the violence of the civil wars was necessary to establish a lasting peace under Augustus, or whether it would just lead to more violence in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_commentary_of_the_Aeneid" title="Political commentary of the Aeneid">Political commentary of the Aeneid</a></div> <p>Written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the <i>Aeneid</i> presents the hero Aeneas as a strong and powerful leader. The favourable representation of Aeneas parallels Augustus in that it portrays his reign in a progressive and admirable light, and allows Augustus to be positively associated with the portrayal of Aeneas.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Virgil's patron <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Maecenas</a> was obviously not Augustus himself, he was still a high figure within Augustus' administration and could have personally benefitted from representing Aeneas in a positive light. </p><p>In the <i>Aeneid</i>, Aeneas is portrayed as the singular hope for the rebirth of the Trojan people. Charged with the preservation of his people by divine authority, Aeneas is symbolic of Augustus' own accomplishments in establishing order after the long period of chaos of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">Roman civil wars</a>. Augustus as the light of savior and the last hope of the Roman people is a parallel to Aeneas as the savior of the Trojans. This parallel functions as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> in support of Augustus,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it depicts the Trojan people, future Romans themselves, as uniting behind a single leader who will lead them out of ruin: </p> <blockquote> <p>New refugees in a great crowd: men and women<br /> Gathered for exile, young-pitiful people<br /> Coming from every quarter, minds made up,<br /> With their belongings, for whatever lands<br /> I'd lead them to by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p>Later in Book 6, Aeneas travels to the underworld where he sees his father Anchises, who tells him of his own destiny as well as that of the Roman people. Anchises describes how Aeneas' descendant <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> will found the great city of Rome, which will eventually be ruled by Caesar Augustus: </p> <blockquote> <p>Turn your two eyes<br /> This way and see this people, your own Romans.<br /> Here is Caesar, and all the line of Iulus,<br /> All who shall one day pass under the dome<br /> Of the great sky: this is the man, this one,<br /> Of whom so often you have heard the promise,<br /> Caesar Augustus, son of the deified,<br /> Who shall bring once again an Age of Gold<br /> To Latium, to the land where Saturn reigned<br /> In early times.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p>Virgil writes about the fated future of <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>, the city that Aeneas will found, which will in turn lead directly to the golden reign of Augustus. Virgil is using a form of literary propaganda to demonstrate the Augustan regime's destiny to bring glory and peace to Rome. Rather than use Aeneas indirectly as a positive parallel to Augustus as in other parts of the poem, Virgil outright praises the emperor in Book 6, referring to Augustus as a harbinger for the glory of Rome and new levels of prosperity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegory">Allegory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Allegory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poem abounds with smaller and greater allegories. Two of the debated allegorical sections pertain to the exit from the underworld and to Pallas' belt. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are two gates of Sleep, one said to be of horn, whereby the true shades pass with ease, the other <i>all white ivory agleam without a flaw, and yet false dreams are sent</i> through this one by the ghost to the upper world. Anchises now, his last instructions given, took son and Sibyl and let them <i>go by the Ivory Gate</i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book VI, lines 1211–1218, Fitzgerald trans. (emphasis added)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Aeneas' leaving the underworld through the gate of false dreams has been variously interpreted: one suggestion is that the passage simply refers to the time of day at which Aeneas returned to the world of the living; another is that it implies that all of Aeneas' actions in the remainder of the poem are somehow "false". In an extension of the latter interpretation, it has been suggested that Virgil is conveying that the history of the world since the foundation of Rome is but a lie. Other scholars claim that Virgil is establishing that the theological implications of the preceding scene (an apparent system of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>) are not to be taken as literal.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second section in question is </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then to his glance appeared the accurst swordbelt surmounting Turnus' shoulder, shining with its familiar studs—the strap Young Pallas wore when Turnus wounded him and left him dead upon the field; now Turnus bore that enemy token on his shoulder—enemy still. For when the sight came home to him, Aeneas <i>raged</i> at the relic of his anguish worn by this man as trophy. <i>Blazing up and terrible in his anger</i>, he called out: "You in your plunder, torn from one of mine, shall I be robbed of you? This wound will come from Pallas: Pallas makes this offering, and from your criminal blood exacts his due." <i>He sank his blade in fury</i> in Turnus' chest ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book XII, lines 1281–1295, Fitzgerald trans. (emphasis added)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>This section has been interpreted to mean that for the entire passage of the poem, Aeneas, who symbolises <i>pietas</i> (piety or morality), in a moment becomes <i>furor</i> (fury), thus destroying what is essentially the primary theme of the poem itself. Many have argued over these two sections. Some claim that Virgil meant to change them before he died, while others find that the location of the two passages, at the very end of the so-called Volume I (Books 1–6, the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>), and Volume II (Books 7–12, the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>), and their short length, which contrasts with the lengthy nature of the poem, are evidence that Virgil placed them purposefully there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VirgilAeneidVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VirgilAeneidVI.jpg/220px-VirgilAeneidVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VirgilAeneidVI.jpg/330px-VirgilAeneidVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VirgilAeneidVI.jpg/440px-VirgilAeneidVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4613" data-file-height="4231" /></a><figcaption><i>Virgil Reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Taillasson" title="Jean-Joseph Taillasson">Jean-Joseph Taillasson</a>, 1787, an early <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> painting (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a>, London)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Aeneid</i> is a cornerstone of the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>, and early (at least by the 2nd century AD) became one of the essential elements of a Latin education,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually required to be memorised.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decline of the Roman Empire</a>, it "remained central to a Latin education".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin-Christian culture, the <i>Aeneid</i> was one of the canonical texts, subjected to <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(philology)" title="Commentary (philology)">commentary</a> as a philological and educational study,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the most complete commentary having been written by the 4th-century grammarian <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was widely held to be the pinnacle of Latin literature, much in the same way that the <i>Iliad</i> was seen to be supreme in Greek literature. </p><p>The strong influence of the <i>Aeneid</i> has been identified in the development of European vernacular literatures—some English works that show its influence being <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Layamon's <i>Brut</i></a> (through the source text <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>. The Italian poet <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> was himself profoundly influenced by the <i>Aeneid</i>, so much so that his magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i>, itself widely considered central to the western canon, includes a number of quotations from and allusions to the <i>Aeneid</i> and features the author Virgil as a major character—the guide of Dante through the realms of the Inferno and Purgatorio. Another continental work displaying the influence of the <i>Aeneid</i> is the 16th-century Portuguese epic <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a> and dealing with <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s voyage to India. </p><p>The importance of Latin education itself was paramount in Western culture: "from 1600 to 1900, the Latin school was at the centre of European education, wherever it was found"; within that Latin school, Virgil was taught at the advanced level and, in 19th-century England, special editions of Virgil were awarded to students who distinguished themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, Virgil and specifically the <i>Aeneid</i> were taught in the fourth year of a Latin sequence, at least until the 1960s;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the current (2011) <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> curriculum in Latin continues to assign a central position to the poem: "The AP Latin: Virgil Exam is designed to test the student's ability to read, translate, understand, analyze, and interpret the lines of the <i>Aeneid</i> that appear on the course syllabus in Latin."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many phrases from this poem entered the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language, much as passages from <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> have entered the English language. One example is from Aeneas' reaction to a painting of the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Troy">sack of Troy</a>: <i>Sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt</i>—"These are the tears of things, and our mortality cuts to the heart" (<i>Aeneid</i> I, 462). The influence is also visible in very modern work: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Translations_(play)" title="Translations (play)">Translations</a></i> (a play written in the 1980s, set in 19th-century Ireland), makes references to the classics throughout and ends with a passage from the <i>Aeneid</i>: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Urbs antiqua fuit</i>—there was an ancient city which, 'tis said, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> loved above all the lands. And it was the goddess' aim and cherished hope that here should be the capital of all nations—should the fates perchance allow that. Yet in truth she discovered that a race was springing from Trojan blood to overthrow some day these Tyrian towers—a people <i>late regem belloque superbum</i>—kings of broad realms and proud in war who would come forth for Libya's downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first full and faithful rendering of the poem in an <a href="/wiki/Anglic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic language">Anglic language</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Scots</a> translation by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Douglas" title="Gavin Douglas">Gavin Douglas</a>—his <i><a href="/wiki/Eneados" title="Eneados">Eneados</a></i>, completed in 1513, which also included Maffeo Vegio's supplement. Even in the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> considered this still to be the best <i>Aeneid</i> translation, praising the "richness and fervour" of its language and its hallmark fidelity to the original.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English translation by the 17th-century poet <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> is another important version. Most classic translations, including both Douglas and Dryden, employ a rhyme scheme; most more modern attempts do not. </p><p>Recent English verse translations include those by <a href="/wiki/Patric_Dickinson" title="Patric Dickinson">Patric Dickinson</a> (1961); British <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis" title="Cecil Day-Lewis">Cecil Day-Lewis</a> (1963), who strove to render Virgil's original <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameter</a> line; <a href="/wiki/Allen_Mandelbaum" title="Allen Mandelbaum">Allen Mandelbaum</a> (honoured by a 1973 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a>); <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_Consultant_in_Poetry_to_the_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress">Library of Congress Poet Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald" title="Robert Fitzgerald">Robert Fitzgerald</a> (1981); David West (1990); <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lombardo" title="Stanley Lombardo">Stanley Lombardo</a> (2005); <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fagles" title="Robert Fagles">Robert Fagles</a> (2006); <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ahl" title="Frederick Ahl">Frederick Ahl</a> (2007); <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ruden" title="Sarah Ruden">Sarah Ruden</a> (2008); <a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Powell" title="Barry B. Powell">Barry B. Powell</a> (2015); <a href="/wiki/David_Ferry_(poet)" title="David Ferry (poet)">David Ferry</a> (2017); <a href="/wiki/Len_Krisak" title="Len Krisak">Len Krisak</a> (2020); and <a href="/wiki/Shadi_Bartsch" title="Shadi Bartsch">Shadi Bartsch</a> (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fagles' translation was generally well received. On <i><a href="/wiki/Bookmarks_(magazine)" title="Bookmarks (magazine)">Bookmarks Magazine</a></i> Mar/Apr 2007 issue, a magazine that aggregates critic reviews of books, the book received a <span role="img" style="white-space:nowrap" title="5/5 stars"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="5/5 stars"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/11px-Star_full.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/17px-Star_full.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Star_full.svg/22px-Star_full.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="110" /></span></span></span> (5.0 out of 5) based on critic reviews with the critical summary stating, "<i>The Aeneid</i> will remain fresh for generations fortunate enough to be guided by Fagles’s talents".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been partial translations, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey">Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey</a> (Book 2 and Book 4), and <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> (Book 6). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/310px--Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="174" data-durationhint="279" data-mwtitle="Henry_Purcell_"Dido_&_Aeneas"_(extrait)_-_Les_Arts_Florissants,_William_Christie.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_(extrait)_-_Les_Arts_Florissants,_William_Christie.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm/Henry_Purcell_%22Dido_%26_Aeneas%22_%28extrait%29_-_Les_Arts_Florissants%2C_William_Christie.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lea_Desandre" title="Lea Desandre">Lea Desandre</a> performs the "<a href="/wiki/Dido%27s_Lament" title="Dido's Lament">Dido's Lament</a>" aria from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Purcell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Les_Arts_Florissants_(ensemble)" title="Les Arts Florissants (ensemble)">Les Arts Florissants</a> in 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first operas based on the story of the <i>Aeneid</i> was the English composer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688). The opera is famous for its aria "<a href="/wiki/Dido%27s_Lament" title="Dido's Lament">Dido's Lament</a>" ('When I am laid in earth'), of which the first line of the melody is inscribed on the wall by the door of the <a href="/wiki/Purcell_Room" title="Purcell Room">Purcell Room</a>, a concert hall in London. </p><p>The story of the <i>Aeneid</i> was made into the grand opera <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1856–1858) by the French composer <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>. </p><p>The <i>Aeneid</i> was the basis for the 1962 Italian film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avenger_(1962_film)" title="The Avenger (1962 film)">The Avenger</a></i> and the 1971–1972 television serial <i><a href="/wiki/Eneide_(TV_serial)" title="Eneide (TV serial)">Eneide</a></i>. </p><p>In the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_Awakening_(musical)" title="Spring Awakening (musical)">Spring Awakening</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Awakening_(play)" title="Spring Awakening (play)">play of the same title</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a>, schoolboys study the Latin text, and the first verse of Book 1 is incorporated into the number "All That's Known". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula Le Guin</a>'s 2008 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a></i> is a free prose retelling of the last six books of the <i>Aeneid</i> narrated by and centred on Aeneas' Latin wife <a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a>, a minor character in the epic poem. It carries the action forward to the crowning of Aeneas' younger son <a href="/wiki/Silvius_(mythology)" title="Silvius (mythology)">Silvius</a> as king of Latium. </p><p>A 17th-century popular <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadside (music)">broadside</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballad</a> also appears to recount events from books 1–4 of the <i>Aeneid,</i> focusing mostly on the relationship between Aeneas and Dido. The ballad, "<a href="/wiki/The_Wandering_Prince_of_Troy" title="The Wandering Prince of Troy">The Wandering Prince of Troy</a>", presents many similar elements as Virgil's epic, but alters Dido's final sentiments toward Aeneas, as well as presenting an interesting end for Aeneas himself.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parodies_and_travesties">Parodies and travesties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Parodies and travesties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">travesties</a> of the <i>Aeneid</i> have been made.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>One of the earliest was written in Italian by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Batista_Lalli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Batista Lalli (page does not exist)">Giovanni Batista Lalli</a> in 1635, titled <i>L'Eneide travestita del Signor Gio</i>.</li> <li>A French parody by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scarron" title="Paul Scarron">Paul Scarron</a> became famous in France in the mid-17th century, and spread rapidly through Europe, accompanying the growing French influence. Its influence was especially strong in Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotton" title="Charles Cotton">Charles Cotton</a>'s 17th-century work <i>Scarronides</i> included a travestied <i>Aeneid</i>.</li> <li>In 1791, the Russian poet <a href="/wiki/N._P._Osipov" title="N. P. Osipov">N. P. Osipov</a> published <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eneida_travestied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eneida travestied (page does not exist)"><i>Eneida travestied</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Вергилиева Энеида, вывороченная наизнанку">ru</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Виргилиева Энеида, вывороченная наизнанку</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Vergil's Aeneid, turned inside out').</li> <li>In 1798, <i><a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a></i>, a Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Mock-heroic" title="Mock-heroic">mock-heroic</a> <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> poem, was written by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kotliarevsky" title="Ivan Kotliarevsky">Ivan Kotliarevsky</a>. It is considered to be the first literary work published wholly in the modern <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kotliarevsky's epic poem was adapted into an animated feature film of the same name, in 1991, by Ukranimafilm.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some time between 1812 and the 1830s, the Belarusian poet Vikientsi Ravinski wrote the burlesque poem <i>Eneida inside-out</i> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Энеіда навыварат</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work was inspired by the Russian and Ukrainian parodies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franciade_(poem)" title="Franciade (poem)">Franciade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero%27s_journey" title="Hero's journey">Hero's journey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">List of literary cycles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_31" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Prosody (Latin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_Bran" title="The Voyage of Bran">The Voyage of Bran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaskell1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gaskell" title="Philip Gaskell">Gaskell, Philip</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wx2JHE_7j0C&pg=PA161"><i>Landmarks in Classical Literature</i></a>. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-192-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-192-7"><bdi>1-57958-192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+in+Classical+Literature&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-57958-192-7&rft.aulast=Gaskell&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wx2JHE_7j0C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAloy2008" class="citation news cs1">Aloy, Daniel (22 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2008/05/new-translation-aeneid-restores-originals-humor-meter">"New translation of 'Aeneid' restores Virgil's wordplay and original meter"</a>. <i>Cornell Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Chronicle&rft.atitle=New+translation+of+%27Aeneid%27+restores+Virgil%27s+wordplay+and+original+meter&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft.aulast=Aloy&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cornell.edu%2Fstories%2F2008%2F05%2Fnew-translation-aeneid-restores-originals-humor-meter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamen2004" class="citation web cs1">Damen, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320anclit/chapters/11verg.htm">"Chapter 11: Vergil and The Aeneid"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+11%3A+Vergil+and+The+Aeneid&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Damen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usu.edu%2Fmarkdamen%2F1320anclit%2Fchapters%2F11verg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1">Gill, N. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024172304/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/latinvergil/a/whyaeneid.htm">"Why Read the Aeneid in Latin?"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/latinvergil/a/whyaeneid.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Read+the+Aeneid+in+Latin%3F&rft.pub=About.com&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancienthistory.about.com%2Fod%2Flatinvergil%2Fa%2Fwhyaeneid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.G. Knauer, "Vergil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer", <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i> 5 (1964) 61–84. Originating in <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>'s observation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053&query=book%3D%237">tufts.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The majority of the <i>Odyssey</i> is devoted to events on Ithaca, not to Odysseus' wanderings, so that the second half of the <i>Odyssey</i> very broadly corresponds to the second half of the <i>Aeneid</i> (the hero fights to establish himself in his new/renewed home). Joseph Farrell has observed, "... let us begin with the traditional view that Virgil's epic divides into 'Odyssean' and 'Iliadic' halves. Merely accepting this idea at face value is to mistake for a destination what Virgil clearly offered as the starting-point of a long and wondrous journey" ("The Virgilian Intertext", <i>Cambridge Companion to Virgil</i>, p. 229).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsey2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4hlfEAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsey2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4hlfEAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsey2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4hlfEAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsey2012">Kinsey 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hlfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZQaQDwAAQBAJpgPT54_54]_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019">Schultz et al. 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQaQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54">54</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeel2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhIibDgAAQBAJpgPA19_18–19]_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeel2017">Neel 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIibDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">18–19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGagarin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlNV6-HsUppsCpgPA21_21]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGagarin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlNV6-HsUppsCpgPA21_21]_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGagarin2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlNV6-HsUppsCpgPA21_21]_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGagarin2010">Gagarin 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=PA21">21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA267_267]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA267_267]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomigliano1977">Momigliano 1977</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWAVgI1UKQC&pg=PA267">267</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA268_268]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidykWAVgI1UKQCpgPA268_268]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomigliano1977">Momigliano 1977</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWAVgI1UKQC&pg=PA268">268</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Publius Vergilius Maro</a> (2006). <i>The Aeneid, translated by Robert Fagles, introduction by Bernard Knox</i> (deluxe ed.). New York, New York: Viking Penguin. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310513-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310513-8"><bdi>978-0-14-310513-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aeneid%2C+translated+by+Robert+Fagles%2C+introduction+by+Bernard+Knox&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=deluxe&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310513-8&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazewski1972" class="citation journal cs1">Glazewski, Johanna (1972). "The Function of Vergil's Funeral Games". <i>The Classical World</i>. <b>66</b> (2): 85–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4347751">10.2307/4347751</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4347751">4347751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=The+Function+of+Vergil%27s+Funeral+Games&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-96&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4347751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4347751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Glazewski&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, "Virgil", in Hornblower and Spawnforth (eds), <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, 3rd edition, 1996, pp. 1605–06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, pg.1603</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellarGlover1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Young_Sellar" title="William Young Sellar">Sellar, William Young</a>; <a href="/wiki/Terrot_Reaveley_Glover" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrot Reaveley Glover">Glover, Terrot Reaveley</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virgil"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Virgil">"Virgil" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=111-116&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Sellar&rft.aufirst=William+Young&rft.au=Glover%2C+Terrot+Reaveley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/VirgilAeneidII.htm#_Toc536009313">"Virgil:Aeneid II"</a>. Poetryintranslation.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virgil%3AAeneid+II&rft.pub=Poetryintranslation.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryintranslation.com%2FPITBR%2FLatin%2FVirgilAeneidII.htm%23_Toc536009313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1990, 416–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Search of the Latin from perseus.tufts.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn, E. Adelaide. "Pietas versus Violentia in the Aeneid." <i>The Classical Weekly</i>, 25.2 (1931): 9–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 2.1043–1047.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 6.921–923.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 4.499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeish, Kenneth. "Dido, Aeneas, and the Concept of 'Pietas'." <i>Greece and Rome</i> 19.2 (1972): 127–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 2.874–876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coleman, Robert. "The Gods in the <i>Aeneid</i>." <i>Greece and Rome</i> 29.2 (Oct 1982): 143–168; also see Block, E. <i>The Effects of Divine Manifestation on the Reader's Perspective in Vergil's </i>Aeneid<i> </i> (Salem, NH), 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duckworth, George E. "Fate and Free Will in Vergil's <i>Aeneid</i>". <i>The Classical Journal</i> 51.8 (1956): 357–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 10.890–966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 4.173–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 4.492–499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 4.373–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 4.312–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, Robert, translator and postscript. <i>Virgil's </i>The Aeneid<i>.</i> New York: Vintage Books (1990). 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 1.3–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 6.1203–1210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scully, Stephen. "Refining Fire in "Aeneid" 8." <i>Vergilius (1959–)</i> 46 (2000): 93–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 4.469–471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 4.864–868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, Robert, translator and postscript. "Virgil's The Aeneid". New York: Vintage Books (1990). 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn, E. Adelaide. "Pietas versus Violentia in the Aeneid." <i>The Classical Weekly</i>, 25.2 (1931): 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 12.1291–1294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pogorselski, Randall J. "The "Reassurance of Fratricide" in <i>The Aeneid</i>." <i>The American Journal of Philology</i> 130.2 (Summer 2009): 261–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, Robert, translator and postscript. "Virgil's The Aeneid". New York: Vintage Books (1990). 412–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grebe, Sabine. "Augustus' Divine Authority and Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i>." <i>Vergilius (1959–)</i> 50 (2004): 35–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scully, Stephen. "Refining Fire in <i>Aeneid</i> 8." <i>Vergilius (1959–)</i> 46 (2000): 91–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 2.1036–1040.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald 1983, 6.1058–1067.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trans. David West, "The Aeneid" (1991) xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The anecdote, in which the poet read the passage in Book VI in praise of Octavia's late son <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(Julio-Claudian_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)">Marcellus</a>, and Octavia fainted with grief, was recorded in the late fourth-century <i><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">vita</a></i> of Virgil by <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Kleinberg, Aviad M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9SFs9Tvm1UC&pg=PA68"><i>Flesh Made Word: Saints' Stories and the Western Imagination</i></a>. Harvard UP. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02647-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02647-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02647-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flesh+Made+Word%3A+Saints%27+Stories+and+the+Western+Imagination&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02647-6&rft.aulast=Kleinberg&rft.aufirst=Aviad+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9SFs9Tvm1UC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaner2003" class="citation book cs1">Montaner, Carlos Alberto (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eybIGmuny64C&pg=PA118"><i>Twisted Roots: Latin America's Living Past</i></a>. Algora. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-260-6"><bdi>978-0-87586-260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twisted+Roots%3A+Latin+America%27s+Living+Past&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Algora&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-260-6&rft.aulast=Montaner&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeybIGmuny64C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsfall2000" class="citation book cs1">Horsfall, Nicholas (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontostudy0005hors"><i>A Companion to the Study of Virgil</i></a></span>. Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontostudy0005hors/page/303">303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11951-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11951-2"><bdi>978-90-04-11951-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Study+of+Virgil&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11951-2&rft.aulast=Horsfall&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontostudy0005hors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurman2009" class="citation book cs1">Burman, Thomas E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtHfRxmCPesC&pg=PA84"><i>Reading the Qur'ān in Latin Christendom, 1140–1560</i></a>. U of Pennsylvania Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2062-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-2062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Qur%27%C4%81n+in+Latin+Christendom%2C+1140%E2%80%931560&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=U+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2062-9&rft.aulast=Burman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtHfRxmCPesC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1932" class="citation journal cs1">Savage, John J.H. (1932). "The Manuscripts of the Commentary of Servius Danielis on Virgil". <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>. <b>43</b>: 77–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F310668">10.2307/310668</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/310668">310668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Manuscripts+of+the+Commentary+of+Servius+Danielis+on+Virgil&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=77-121&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F310668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F310668%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=John+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraftonMostSettis2010" class="citation book cs1">Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA297"><i>The Classical Tradition</i></a>. Harvard UP. pp. 294–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.pages=294-297&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Most%2C+Glenn+W.&rft.au=Settis%2C+Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbqF8z2bq3sC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner2010" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Marilyn B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2buHe449NoAC&pg=PT448"><i>A Companion to Catullus</i></a>. John Wiley. pp. 448–449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3925-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3925-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-3925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Catullus&rft.pages=448-449&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3925-3&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2buHe449NoAC%26pg%3DPT448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap-latin-course-description.pdf">"Latin : Virgil; Course Description"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a>. 2011. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap-latin-course-description.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+%3A+Virgil%3B+Course+Description&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=College+Board&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapcentral.collegeboard.com%2Fapc%2Fpublic%2Frepository%2Fap-latin-course-description.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1990" class="citation journal cs1">McGrath, F. C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2808&context=cq&sei-redir=1">"Brian Friel and the Politics of the Anglo-Irish Language"</a>. <i>Colby Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colby+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Brian+Friel+and+the+Politics+of+the+Anglo-Irish+Language&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=247&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.colby.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2808%26context%3Dcq%26sei-redir%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pound and Spann; <i>Confucius to Cummings: An Anthology of Poetry</i>, New Directions, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powells.com/review/2007_01_11.html">Emily Wilson <i>Passions and a Man</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914044446/http://www.powells.com/review/2007_01_11.html">Archived</a> 14 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Republic Online (11 January 2007), which cites Pound's claim that the translation even improved on the Virgil because Douglas had "heard the sea".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://athenaeumreview.org/review/aeneid-wars/">"Aeneid Wars"</a>. <i>Athenaeum Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum+Review&rft.atitle=Aeneid+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fathenaeumreview.org%2Freview%2Faeneid-wars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909213747/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/aeneid/virgil">"The Aeneid By Virgil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bookmarks_(magazine)" title="Bookmarks (magazine)">Bookmarks Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/aeneid/virgil">the original</a> on 9 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bookmarks+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Aeneid+By+Virgil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookmarksmagazine.com%2Fbook-review%2Faeneid%2Fvirgil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20276/xml">Ballad Full Text</a> at the English Broadside Ballad Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~tarn/projects/rr51-b.html">Ukrainian Literature in English: Articles in Journals and Collections, 1840-1965</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414155455/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~tarn/projects/rr51-b.html">Archived</a> 14 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11805/">"The Aeneid"</a>. <i>V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. 1798<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V.+I.+Vernadsky+National+Library+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=The+Aeneid&rft.date=1798&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11805%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_film&fid=6704">"Russian animation in letters and figures | Films | ╚ENEIDA╩"</a>. Animator.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+animation+in+letters+and+figures+%26%23124%3B+Films+%26%23124%3B+%E2%95%9AENEIDA%E2%95%A9&rft.pub=Animator.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animator.ru%2Fdb%2F%3Fver%3Deng%26p%3Dshow_film%26fid%3D6704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlinava2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blinava, E. (12 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mowaznaustwa.ru/2009/04/12/e-blinava-lingvistychny-analiz-paemy-%E2%80%9Ceneida-navyvarat%E2%80%9D/">"ЛІНГВІСТЫЧНЫ АНАЛІЗ ПАЭМЫ "ЭНЕІДА НАВЫВАРАТ"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Linguistic analysis of the poem "Eneida inside-out"]. <i>Мовазнаўства</i> (in Belarusian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%92%D0%86%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%AB%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%AB+%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%97+%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%9C%D0%AB+%22%D0%AD%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%86%D0%94%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2%22&rft.date=2009-04-12&rft.aulast=Blinava&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmowaznaustwa.ru%2F2009%2F04%2F12%2Fe-blinava-lingvistychny-analiz-paemy-%25E2%2580%259Ceneida-navyvarat%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Aeneid</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Aeneid&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Aeneid">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Aeneid&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagarin2010" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Celia E.; Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, F. M.; Yeo, C. A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQaQDwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of the Roman People</i></a> (7th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-70889-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-70889-1"><bdi>978-1-138-70889-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-70889-1&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Celia+E.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Allen+M.&rft.au=Heichelheim%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQaQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Kinsey, Brian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hlfEAAAQBAJ"><i>Heroes and Heroines of Greece and Rome</i></a>. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7952-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-7952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+and+Heroines+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7952-9&rft.aulast=Kinsey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hlfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1977" class="citation book cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWAVgI1UKQC"><i>Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53385-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53385-8"><bdi>978-0-226-53385-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Historiography&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53385-8&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykWAVgI1UKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeel2017" class="citation book cs1">Neel, Jaclyn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIibDgAAQBAJ"><i>Early Rome: Myth and Society</i></a>. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119083795" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119083795"><bdi>978-1119083795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Rome%3A+Myth+and+Society&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1119083795&rft.aulast=Neel&rft.aufirst=Jaclyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIibDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buckham, Philip Wentworth; Spence, Joseph; Holdsworth, Edward; Warburton, William; Jortin, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellaneavirg00jortgoog"><i>Miscellanea Virgiliana: In Scriptis Maxime Eruditorum Virorum Varie Dispersa, in Unum Fasciculum Collecta</i></a>, Cambridge: Printed for W. P. Grant; 1825.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaronis1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Maronis, P. Vergili</a> (1969), Mynors, R .A. B. (ed.), <i>Opera</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814653-7"><bdi>978-0-19-814653-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814653-7&rft.aulast=Maronis&rft.aufirst=P.+Vergili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgil2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (2001), Fairclough, H. R.; Goold, G. P. (eds.), <i>Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid 1–6</i>, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99583-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99583-X"><bdi>0-674-99583-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclogues%2C+Georgics%2C+Aeneid+1%E2%80%936&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-674-99583-X&rft.au=Virgil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgil2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (2001), Fairclough, H. R.; Goold, G. P. (eds.), <i>Aeneid Books 7–12, Appendix Vergiliana</i>, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99586-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99586-4"><bdi>0-674-99586-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeneid+Books+7%E2%80%9312%2C+Appendix+Vergiliana&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-674-99586-4&rft.au=Virgil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgilAhl2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>; Ahl, Frederick (trans.) (2007), <i>The Aeneid</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283206-1"><bdi>978-0-19-283206-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aeneid&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283206-1&rft.au=Virgil&rft.au=Ahl%2C+Frederick+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgilFitzgerald1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>; Fitzgerald, Robert (trans.) (1983), <i>The Aeneid</i>, New York: Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52827-4"><bdi>978-0-394-52827-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aeneid&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52827-4&rft.au=Virgil&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+Robert+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span> Paperback reprint: Vintage Books, 1990.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGransdenHarrison2003" class="citation cs2">Gransden, K. W.; Harrison, Stephen J. (2003), <i>Virgil: The Aeneid</i>, Landmarks of World Literature (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83213-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83213-6"><bdi>0-521-83213-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgil%3A+The+Aeneid&rft.series=Landmarks+of+World+Literature&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-83213-6&rft.aulast=Gransden&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardie1986" class="citation cs2">Hardie, Philip R. (1986), <i>Virgil's </i>Aeneid<i>: Cosmos and Imperium</i>, Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814036-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814036-3"><bdi>0-19-814036-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgil%27s+Aeneid%3A+Cosmos+and+Imperium&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-814036-3&rft.aulast=Hardie&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinze1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinze" title="Richard Heinze">Heinze, Richard</a> (1993), <i>Virgil's Epic Technique</i>, Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06444-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06444-5"><bdi>0-520-06444-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgil%27s+Epic+Technique&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-520-06444-5&rft.aulast=Heinze&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1979" class="citation cs2">Johnson, W. R. (1979), <i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_Visible:_A_Study_of_Vergil%27s_Aeneid" title="Darkness Visible: A Study of Vergil's Aeneid">Darkness Visible: A Study of Vergil's Aeneid</a></i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03848-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03848-7"><bdi>0-520-03848-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darkness+Visible%3A+A+Study+of+Vergil%27s+Aeneid&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-520-03848-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAeneid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Otis" title="Brooks Otis">Brooks Otis</a>, <i>Virgil: A Study in Civilized Poetry</i>, Oxford, 1964</li> <li>Lee Fratantuono, <i>Madness Unchained: A Reading of Virgil's Aeneid</i>, Lexington Books, 2007.</li> <li>Joseph Reed, <i>Virgil's Gaze</i>, Princeton, 2007.</li> <li>Kenneth Quinn, <i>Virgil's Aeneid: A Critical Description</i>, London, 1968.</li> <li>Francis Cairns, <i>Virgil's Augustan Epic</i>, Cambridge, 1989.</li> <li>Gian Biagio Conte, <i>The Poetry of Pathos: Studies in Vergilian Epic</i>, Oxford, 2007.</li> <li>Karl Gransden, <i>Virgil's Iliad</i>, Cambridge, 1984.</li> <li>Richard Jenkyns, <i>Virgil's Experience</i>, Oxford, 1998.</li> <li>Michael Burden, <i>A woman scorned; responses to the Dido myth</i>, London, Faber and Faber, 1998, especially Andrew Pinnock, 'Book IV in plain brown paper wrappers', on the Dido travesties.</li> <li>Wolfgang Kofler, <i>Aeneas und Vergil. Untersuchungen zur poetologischen Dimension der Aeneis</i>, Heidelberg 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Adler" title="Eve Adler">Eve Adler</a>, <i>Vergil's Empire</i>, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.</li> <li>Nurtantio, Yoneko (2014), <i>Le silence dans l'</i>Énéide, Brussels: EME & InterCommunications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8066-2928-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8066-2928-9">978-2-8066-2928-9</a></li> <li>Markus Janka, <i>Vergils Aeneis: Dichter, Werk und Wirkung</i>, Munich, 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aeneid" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Aeneid"><i>Aeneid</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Virgil#Aeneid_.2829.E2.80.9319_BC.29" class="extiw" title="q:Virgil">Aeneid</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aeneid" class="extiw" title="commons:Aeneid"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Aeneid</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aeneid" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Aeneid">Aeneid</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/virgil/the-aeneid/john-dryden">The Aeneid</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+A.+1.1">A.1.1</a> – Latin text, Dryden translation, and T.C. Williams translation (from the Perseus Project)</li> <li>Gutenberg Project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/228">John Dryden translation (1697)</a></li> <li>Gutenberg Project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22456">J. W. Mackail translation (1885)</a></li> <li>Gutenberg Project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18466">E. F. Taylor translation (1907)</a></li> <li>Gutenberg Project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61596">Rolfe Humphries translation (1951)</a></li> <li>Fairclough's Loeb Translation (1916) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary-aeneid">StoicTherapy.com</a> (Complete)</li> <li>Fairclough's Loeb Translation (1916) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilAeneid1.html">Theoi.com</a> (Books 1–6 only)</li> <li>The Online Library of Liberty Project from <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Fund, Inc.">Liberty Fund, Inc.</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1175">The <i>Aeneid</i> (Dryden translation, New York: P.F. Collier and Son, 1909)</a> (PDF and HTML)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Aeneid&author=VIRGIL&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Aeneid</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406150447/http://bibliotecas.reduaz.mx/libros-e/libros/P._Vergilii_Maronis-Aeneidos.pdf"><i>Aeneidos Libri XII</i></a> Latin text by Publius Vergilius Maro, PDF format</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/227">Menu Page</a> The <i>Aeneid</i> in several formats at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/verg.html">Latin Text Online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequels">Sequels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sequels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virgil.org/supplementa/decembrio.htm">The Thirteenth Book of the <i>Aeneid</i>: a fragment by Pier Candido Decembrio, translated by David Wilson-Okamura</a></li> <li>Supplement to the twelfth book of the <i>Aeneid</i> by <a href="/wiki/Maffeo_Vegio" title="Maffeo Vegio">Maffeo Vegio</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virgil.org/supplementa/vegio-latin.htm">Latin text</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virgil.org/supplementa/vegio-twyne.htm">English translation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=8&cat_2=15&cat_3=626&cat_4=970">Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (about 900 images related to the <i>Aeneid</i>)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary">Commentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeneid&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcc.dickinson.edu/vergil-aeneid/preface">Commentary on selections from the Latin text</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College_Commentaries" title="Dickinson College Commentaries">Dickinson College Commentaries</a></li> <li>Four talks by scholars on aspects of the <i>Aeneid</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051655/https://mainehumanities.org/blog/podcasts/virgil-and-history/">Virgil's relationship to Roman history</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051700/https://mainehumanities.org/blog/podcasts/the-rome-of-augustus/">the Rome of Caesar Augustus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051641/https://mainehumanities.org/blog/podcasts/translating-virgil/">the challenges of translating Latin poetry</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051648/https://mainehumanities.org/blog/podcasts/didos-lament-virgilian-epic-and-17th-century-english-opera/">Purcell's opera <i>Dido and Aeneas</i></a>, delivered at the Maine Humanities Council's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705051809/http://mainehumanities.org/programs/winter.html">Winter Weekend</a> program.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=aeneid">Notes on the political context of the <i>Aeneid</i>.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Serv.+A.+toc">Perseus/Tufts: Maurus Servius Honoratus. Commentary on the <i>Aeneid</i> of Vergil. (Latin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9c1">The <i>Aeneid</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virgil&#039;s_Aeneid_(19_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeneid</a></i> (19 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crinisus" title="Crinisus">Crinisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberinus_(god)" title="Tiberinus (god)">Tiberinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achates_(Aeneid)" title="Achates (Aeneid)">Achates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneads" title="Aeneads">Aeneads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletes_(Aeneid_character)" title="Aletes (Aeneid character)">Aletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caieta" title="Caieta">Caieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capys" title="Capys">Capys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonius" title="Clonius">Clonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynaeus" title="Corynaeus">Corynaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(wife_of_Aeneas)" title="Creusa (wife of Aeneas)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Dardanus (son of Zeus)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymus_(mythology)" title="Elymus (mythology)">Elymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entellus" title="Entellus">Entellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyas" title="Gyas">Gyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocoon" title="Hippocoon">Hippocoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(Aeneid)" title="Mimas (Aeneid)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misenus" title="Misenus">Misenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnestheus" title="Mnestheus">Mnestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornytus" title="Ornytus">Ornytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus">Palinurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(Prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (Prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripheus" title="Ripheus">Ripheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergestus" title="Sergestus">Sergestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theona" title="Theona">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymoetes" title="Thymoetes">Thymoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phoenicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acerbas" title="Acerbas">Acerbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belus_(Tyre)" title="Belus (Tyre)">Belus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattan_I" title="Mattan I">Mattan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_of_Tyre" title="Pygmalion of Tyre">Pygmalion of Tyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acestes" title="Acestes">Acestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenides" title="Achaemenides">Achaemenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actor_(mythology)" title="Actor (mythology)">Actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amata" title="Amata">Amata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgeus_(Aeneid)" title="Androgeus (Aeneid)">Androgeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventinus_(mythology)" title="Aventinus (mythology)">Aventinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butes" title="Butes">Butes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_(mythology)" title="Camilla (mythology)">Camilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catillus" title="Catillus">Catillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydon" title="Cydon">Cydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonians">Cydonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erulus" title="Erulus">Erulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander of Pallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaesus" title="Halaesus">Halaesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iarbas" title="Iarbas">Iarbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juturna" title="Juturna">Juturna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausus" title="Lausus">Lausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macar" title="Macar">Macar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapus" title="Messapus">Messapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabus" title="Metabus">Metabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(son_of_Evander)" title="Pallas (son of Evander)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salius" title="Salius">Salius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufens" title="Ufens">Ufens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbro_(priest)" title="Umbro (priest)">Umbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venulus" title="Venulus">Venulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Avenger_(1962_film)" title="The Avenger (1962 film)">The Avenger</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneide_(TV_serial)" title="Eneide (TV serial)">Eneide</a></i> (1971–2)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eneyida_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eneyida (film) (page does not exist)">Eneyida</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 828</span> history of Britain)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27En%C3%A9as" title="Roman d'Enéas">Roman d'Enéas</a></i> (1160 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(play)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1593</span> play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(novel)" title="Amelia (novel)">Amelia</a></i> (1751 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad" title="The Dunciad">The Dunciad</a></i> (1729 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a></i> (1798 mock epic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a></i> (2008 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_(opera)" title="Didone (opera)">Didone</a></i> (1641 Cavalli)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achille_et_Polyx%C3%A8ne" title="Achille et Polyxène">Achille et Polyxène</a></i> (1687 Lully/Collasse)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688 Purcell)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Desmarets)" title="Didon (Desmarets)">Didon</a></i> (1693 Desmarets)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata" title="Didone abbandonata">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 libretto Metastasio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarro)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarro)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Sarro)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)" title="Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Albinoni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Vinci)" title="Didone abbandonata (Vinci)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1726 Vinci)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarti)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarti)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1762 Sarti)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Piccinni)" title="Didon (Piccinni)">Didon</a></i> (1783 Piccinni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(opera)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (opera)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (1792 Storace)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1858 Berlioz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote" title="Book of Ballymote">Book of Ballymote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_31" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_astra_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad astra (phrase)">Ad astra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experto_crede" title="Experto crede">Experto crede</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_bold" title="Fortune favours the bold">Fortune favours the bold</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacrimae_rerum" title="Lacrimae rerum">Lacrimae rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_over_matter" title="Mind over matter">Mind over matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obscuris_vera_involvens" title="Obscuris vera involvens">Obscuris vera involvens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quos_ego" title="Quos ego">Quos ego</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beware_of_Greeks_bearing_gifts" title="Beware of Greeks bearing gifts">Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (25 BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneas,_Anchises,_and_Ascanius" title="Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius">Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius</a></i> (1619)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Aeneas_(Salvator_Rosa)" title="The Dream of Aeneas (Salvator Rosa)">The Dream of Aeneas</a></i> (1660–65)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Ascanius_Shooting_the_Stag_of_Sylvia" title="Landscape with Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia">Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia</a></i> (1689)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(painting)" title="The Golden Bough (painting)">The Golden Bough</a></i> (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Was_Silence" title="And Then There Was Silence">And Then There Was Silence</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Fire_(album)" title="Gates of Fire (album)">Gates of Fire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aposiopesis" title="Aposiopesis">Aposiopesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneados" title="Eneados">Eneados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Bough (mythology)">The Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commentary_of_the_Aeneid" title="Political commentary of the Aeneid">Political commentary of the <i>Aeneid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Apollinaris" title="Sulpicius Apollinaris">Sulpicius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virgil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgil" title="Template:Virgil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgil" title="Template talk:Virgil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virgil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eclogue_1" title="Eclogue 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_2" title="Eclogue 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_3" title="Eclogue 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_5" title="Eclogue 5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_6" title="Eclogue 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_7" title="Eclogue 7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_8" title="Eclogue 8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_9" title="Eclogue 9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_10" title="Eclogue 10">10</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeneid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Appendix Vergiliana</a></i> (spurious)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_interpretations_of_Virgil%27s_Eclogue_4" title="Christian interpretations of Virgil's Eclogue 4">Christian interpretations of <i>Eclogue</i> 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgilian_Progression" title="The Virgilian Progression">The Virgilian Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante" title="The Barque of Dante">Dante and Virgil in Hell</a></i> (1822 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_in_Hell" title="Dante in Hell">Dante, led by Virgil, Consoles the Souls of the Envious</a></i> (1835 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_and_Paolo_Malatesta_Appraised_by_Dante_and_Virgil" title="Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil">Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil</a></i> (1835 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_and_Virgil" title="Dante and Virgil">Dante and Virgil</a></i> (1850 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante_(Manet)" title="The Barque of Dante (Manet)">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (1858 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virgil" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Virgil"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virgil" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Virgil"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Virgil" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Virgil"><b>Wikisource texts</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #F0ACAC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_religion" title="Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_religion" title="Template talk:Roman religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Dido_and_Aeneas&quot;_from_Virgil&#039;s_Aeneid" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Template:Dido and Aeneas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Template talk:Dido and Aeneas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dido and Aeneas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Dido_and_Aeneas&quot;_from_Virgil&#039;s_Aeneid" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"Dido and Aeneas" from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeneid</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_(opera)" title="Didone (opera)">Didone</a></i> (1641, Cavalli)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688, Purcell) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas_discography" title="Dido and Aeneas discography">discography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dido%27s_Lament" title="Dido's Lament">Dido's Lament</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Desmarets)" title="Didon (Desmarets)">Didon</a></i> (1693, Desmarets)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata" title="Didone abbandonata">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724, Metastasio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarro)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarro)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724, Sarro)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)" title="Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724, Albinoni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarti)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarti)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1762, Sarti)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Piccinni)" title="Didon (Piccinni)">Didon</a></i> (1783, Piccinni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(opera)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (opera)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (1792, Storace)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1863, Berlioz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(play)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (c. 1593)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27En%C3%A9as" title="Roman d'Enéas">Roman d'Enéas</a></i> (1160)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Simple_Man_(Klaus_Nomi_album)" title="Simple Man (Klaus Nomi album)">Simple Man</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Ham_Roman_Villa" title="Low Ham Roman Villa">Low Ham Roman Villa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(novel)" title="Amelia (novel)">Amelia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_epic_poems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_epic_poems" title="Template talk:National epic poems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_epic_poems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epic poems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fierro" title="Martín Fierro">Martín Fierro</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/La_Araucana" title="La Araucana"><i>La Araucana</i>/<i>The Araucaniad</i></a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/O_Uraguai" title="O Uraguai">O Uraguai</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Caramuru_(epic_poem)" title="Caramuru (epic poem)">Caramuru</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_(poem)" title="Tabaré (poem)">Tabaré (poem)</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Sasna Dzrer</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Trai_Bhet" title="Trai Bhet">Trai Bhet</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Vepkhistkaosani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vepkhistkaosani">Vepkhistkaosani</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Epic of Manas</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Lak Phra Lam">Phra Lak Phra Lam</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah" title="Hikayat Hang Tuah">Hikayat Hang Tuah</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Sejarah Melayu</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">La Chanson de Roland</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Sziget" title="The Siege of Sziget">The Siege of Sziget</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis" title="Lāčplēsis">Lāčplēsis</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></dt> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeneid</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata">Sundiata</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60220#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/313680866">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/426145858118823022313">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9505154387403930970005">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6897156811383245390003">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/471159477680727990008">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2943159478324727990005">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1723159477753027990000">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/313801165">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4860159477941427990003">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64158790633938852049">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/293524797">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2046170292141477690008">12</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099391-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81013510">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008287t">France</a></span></li><li><span 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