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</button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pigment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Verdigris</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Verdet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Verdet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bd%C4%9Bnka" title="Měděnka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měděnka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanskgr%C3%B8nt" title="Spanskgrønt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spanskgrønt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaseroheline" title="Vaseroheline – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaseroheline" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardenillo" title="Cardenillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cardenillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigro" title="Verdigro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Verdigro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprits" title="Kuprits – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuprits" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سبز مسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبز مسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert-de-gris" title="Vert-de-gris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vert-de-gris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasar" title="Glasar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glasar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%B2%AD" title="녹청 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Verdigris" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigriso" title="Verdigriso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Verdigriso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_terusi" title="Kerak terusi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerak terusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verderame_(pigmento)" title="Verderame (pigmento) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Verderame (pigmento)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans_groen" title="Spaans groen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaans groen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E9%9D%92" title="緑青 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="緑青" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdigris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grynszpan" title="Grynszpan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grynszpan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azinhavre" title="Azinhavre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azinhavre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Verdigris" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanskgr%C3%B6nt" title="Spanskgrönt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spanskgrönt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about copper(II) acetate, used as a pigment. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Verdigris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Verdigris (disambiguation)">Verdigris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Verdigris</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#43B3AE!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#43B3AE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(67, 179, 174)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(177°, 63%, 70%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(67, 45, 187°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.colorhexa.com/43b3ae">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS descriptor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brilliant bluish green</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Liberty_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></i>, showing advanced <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patination</a>; verdigris is responsible for the statue's iconic green colour.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Verdigris</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>)/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a common name for any of a variety of somewhat toxic<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karmakar-2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karmakar-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anant-2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anant-2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Lancet-1843_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lancet-1843-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, which range in colour from green to a <a href="/wiki/Blue-green" title="Blue-green">bluish-green</a> depending on their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup> Once used as a medicine<sup id="cite_ref-co_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paris_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pharmaceutical preparation,<sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_la_Roja-2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_la_Roja-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verdigris occurs naturally, creating a <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> on copper, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, and is the main component of a historic <a href="/wiki/Green_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Green pigment">green pigment</a> used for artistic purposes from antiquity until the late 20th century, including in <a href="/wiki/Easel" title="Easel">easel painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychromatic_sculptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychromatic sculptures">polychromatic sculptures</a>, and illumination of maps.<sup id="cite_ref-De_la_Roja-2007_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_la_Roja-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 414–423">: 414–423 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to its instability, its popularity declined as other green pigments became readily available.<sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 171">: 171 </span></sup> The instability of its appearance stems from its <a href="/wiki/Hydration_number" title="Hydration number">hydration level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basicity</a>, which change as the pigment interacts with other materials over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro-2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro-2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 637">: 637 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>verdigris</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">vertegrez</i></span></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">verte grez</i></span>. According to one view, it comes from <i>vert d'aigre</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "green [made by action] of vinegar". The modern French writing of this word is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vert-de-gris</i></span></i> ("green of grey"), sounding like the older name <i>verdet gris</i> ("grey greenish"), itself a deformation of <i>verte grez</i>. It was used as a pigment in paintings and other art objects (as green color), mostly imported from Greece, and hence it is more usually given another etymology as <i>vert-de-Grèce</i> ("green of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copper(II) acetate is prepared by treatment of <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_hydroxide" title="Copper(II) hydroxide">copper(II) hydroxide</a> with <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon-2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical methods used for producing verdigris have been recorded in artistic treaties, <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> on alchemy, works in natural history, and texts on medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-De_la_Roja-2007_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_la_Roja-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 414">: 414 </span></sup> The most common ingredients used were copper and vinegar. Throughout history, recipes changed. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, copper strips were attached to a wooden block with acetic acid; the block was then buried in <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a>. A few weeks later, the block was to be dug up, and the verdigris scraped off.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another method of production was developed in 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, France, a locale which had the ideal climate to produce verdigris for <a href="/wiki/Pulverization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulverization">pulverization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> The industry there was long dominated by women, with verdigris manufactured in household cellars using copper plates stacked in clay pots that were filled with <a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">distilled</a> wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon-2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acid in the grapes caused the copper to develop crystals. The crystals ripened into verdigris and were scraped off when matured.<sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 172">: 172 </span></sup> It was a profitable business, and 80% of production was sold abroad through certified female brokers. At the height of its popularity, in the 1710s, the government had to enforce inspection systems to address growing fraudulent practices. By the 20th century, the production of verdigris had moved away from Montpellier and more cost-efficient methods of producing green pigments sent the industry into decline after <a href="/wiki/WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI">WWI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 179–182">: 179–182 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatoli_Boukreev_Memorial_at_Annapurna_Base_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Anatoli_Boukreev_Memorial_at_Annapurna_Base_Camp.jpg/220px-Anatoli_Boukreev_Memorial_at_Annapurna_Base_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Anatoli_Boukreev_Memorial_at_Annapurna_Base_Camp.jpg/330px-Anatoli_Boukreev_Memorial_at_Annapurna_Base_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Anatoli_Boukreev_Memorial_at_Annapurna_Base_Camp.jpg/440px-Anatoli_Boukreev_Memorial_at_Annapurna_Base_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An example of naturally occurring "blue verdigris" on a memorial at the base of <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> in Nepal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdigris.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Verdigris.JPG/220px-Verdigris.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Verdigris.JPG/330px-Verdigris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Verdigris.JPG/440px-Verdigris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Verdigris in <a href="/wiki/Prague_Metro" title="Prague Metro">Prague Underground</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Verdigris is a collective term for copper acetate, whose chemical varieties produce different hues. The technical literature is inconsistent in describing these variations. Some sources refer to "neutral verdigris" as <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_acetate" title="Copper(II) acetate">copper(II) acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Monohydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monohydrate">monohydrate</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>·(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)</span>) and to "blue verdigris" as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>·CuO·(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson-2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources describe the main copper salt in natural verdigris as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Brochantite" title="Brochantite">brochantite</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald_1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still other sources describe it as <a href="/wiki/Basic_copper_carbonate" title="Basic copper carbonate">basic copper carbonate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1990_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1990-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu(CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>·(Cu(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)<sub><i>n</i></sub></span> where <i>n</i> varies from 0 to 3.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In marine environments, the main copper salt is <a href="/wiki/Dicopper_chloride_trihydroxide" title="Dicopper chloride trihydroxide">tribasic copper chloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Cl</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_1998_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald_1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_1990_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_1990-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, variations of verdigris can be divided into two groups: basic verdigris and neutral verdigris.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup> The difference in colour depends on the hydration level and degrees of <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro-2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro-2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 637">: 637 </span></sup>   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicity" title="Copper toxicity">Copper toxicity</a></div> <p>Verdigris, which was once used as a medicine<sup id="cite_ref-co_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paris_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pharmaceutical preparation <sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_la_Roja-2007_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_la_Roja-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 414">: 414 </span></sup><span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">is mildly poisonous.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="'How' is it poisonous? Inhalation? Contact? Ingestion? Please clarify and expand. (February 2024)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karmakar-2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karmakar-2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anant-2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anant-2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Lancet-1843_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lancet-1843-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Of the four current citations one is a dictionary definition, one is of a non-publicly accessible journal article published in 1843, and two are two just bare references to publications inaccessible online. (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Symptoms of toxicity include nausea, anemia and death, although widespread acquired immunity has been documented, as occurred with female workers in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nontoxic substitutes have been developed for some applications, such as art pigments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirit_of_Detroit-2560x1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Spirit_of_Detroit-2560x1600.jpg/220px-Spirit_of_Detroit-2560x1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Spirit_of_Detroit-2560x1600.jpg/330px-Spirit_of_Detroit-2560x1600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Spirit_of_Detroit-2560x1600.jpg/440px-Spirit_of_Detroit-2560x1600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Verdigris on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Detroit" title="The Spirit of Detroit">The Spirit of Detroit</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Verdigris is a naturally occurring protective layer on metals such as copper, brass, and bronze. In addition to be a desirable artistic effect, it has been used primarily as a pigment and now-outdated medicinal preparations. </p><p>When burned, verdigris produces a green flame.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigment">Pigment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pigment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verdigris has been used as a pigment since antiquity, including in paintings in Rome and Pompeii. The use of verdigris continued into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup> It has been identified in <i>The Last Supper</i> (1306) by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 142">: 142 </span></sup> During the 15th and 16th centuries, it was used in paintings for its transparency and brilliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro-2014_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro-2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 637">: 637 </span></sup> It was difficult to create strong <a href="/wiki/Green_pigments" title="Green pigments">green</a> colors in paintings due to the limitations of the existing green, yellow and blue pigments. In early Italian, Netherlandish, and German paintings, verdigris was widely used to create pure green tones for <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drapery_painter" title="Drapery painter">drapery</a>, such as the green coat of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mond_Crucifixion" title="Mond Crucifixion">Mond Crucifixion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bette-2017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bette-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 46">: 46 </span></sup> Verdigris was used as both <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)" title="Glaze (painting technique)">glaze</a> and opaque paint. When verdigris glaze was combined with <a href="/wiki/Lead_white" title="Lead white">lead white</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lead-tin_yellow" title="Lead-tin yellow">lead-tin yellow</a>, it created a deeply saturated green.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132–136">: 132–136 </span></sup> It was used in oil-based house paint for French and Dutch country houses. Verdigris also was used as an imitation of 'Chinese varnish' on European <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 175–176">: 175–176 </span></sup> However, during the 19th century, the use of verdigris began to decrease as alternatives such as <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerald Green">Emerald Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viridian" title="Viridian">viridian</a> became more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stability">Stability</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a pigment, verdigris is subject to colour change. The changes are most pronounced during the first month of exposure to air. The changes also depend on the type of <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binding agent</a> and type of verdigris used. For example, changes are less pronounced with neutral verdigris in oil and <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">egg tempera</a> compared to basic verdigris.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 135">: 135 </span></sup> With aging, the green pigment in these applications will show signs of browning or darkening.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro-2014_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro-2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 637">: 637 </span></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystical_Nativity" title="The Mystical Nativity">The Mystical Nativity</a></i>, from 1500, the blue-green costumes of the angels have darkened to a dark green colour.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verdigris pigment is <a href="/wiki/Lightfastness" title="Lightfastness">lightfast</a> in oil paint, as numerous examples of 15th-century paintings show. However, its lightfastness and air resistance are very low in other media. Copper resinate, made from verdigris by boiling it in a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, is not lightfast, even in oil paint. In the presence of light and air, green copper resinate becomes stable brown copper oxide.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The browning mechanism is attributed to the transient formation of Cu(I) in the pigment and oil system. The reduction of Cu(II) into Cu(I) due to the release of a carboxylate, causes changes in the optical properties of <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>. Furthermore, linseed oil induces the transformation of the copper acetate bimetallic structure, and forms <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomeric</a> series. <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">Dioxygen</a> that reacts with partially <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">decarboxylated</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrovinylation" title="Hydrovinylation">dimers</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Peroxycarbonate" title="Peroxycarbonate">peroxy-Cu</a> dimer complex is responsible for the darkening of the pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro-2014_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro-2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 635–638">: 635–638 </span></sup> </p><p>In previous literature on painting, verdigris has been described as unstable when combined with other pigments which leads to further deterioration. Due to the fickle nature of the pigment, it required special preparation of paint, carefully layered application, and immediate sealing with <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> to avoid rapid discoloration (but not in the case of oil paint).<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, further scientific research suggests that the difficulties are less extreme than previously described. The pigment nonetheless has the ability to degrade cellulosic materials, such as paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> In terms of identification and reproduction, modern technology and reproducible synthesis procedures have been developed to be used for <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a> and collections to identify distinct verdigris phases in historical artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bette-2017_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bette-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14857">: 14857 </span></sup> Certain components of historical verdigris pigments, <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_acetate" title="Copper(II) acetate">copper(II) acetates</a>, are partially <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">irreproducible</a> based on the given historical recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bette-2017_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bette-2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14847">: 14847 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_Supper_(by_Giotto_di_Bondone)_-_Capella_degli_Scrovegni_(Padova).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the earliest uses of verdigris as a pigment in painting; Last Supper (1306) by Giotto Di Bondone"><img alt="One of the earliest uses of verdigris as a pigment in painting; Last Supper (1306) by Giotto Di Bondone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Last_Supper_%28by_Giotto_di_Bondone%29_-_Capella_degli_Scrovegni_%28Padova%29.jpg/180px-Last_Supper_%28by_Giotto_di_Bondone%29_-_Capella_degli_Scrovegni_%28Padova%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Last_Supper_%28by_Giotto_di_Bondone%29_-_Capella_degli_Scrovegni_%28Padova%29.jpg/270px-Last_Supper_%28by_Giotto_di_Bondone%29_-_Capella_degli_Scrovegni_%28Padova%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Last_Supper_%28by_Giotto_di_Bondone%29_-_Capella_degli_Scrovegni_%28Padova%29.jpg/360px-Last_Supper_%28by_Giotto_di_Bondone%29_-_Capella_degli_Scrovegni_%28Padova%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="2758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the earliest uses of verdigris as a pigment in painting; <i>Last Supper</i> (1306) by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto Di Bondone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raphael used verdigris for the green coat of Saint John, the left angel's frock, and other accents, in The Mond Crucifixion"><img alt="Raphael used verdigris for the green coat of Saint John, the left angel's frock, and other accents, in The Mond Crucifixion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg/108px-CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg/161px-CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg/215px-CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="4190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> used verdigris for the green coat of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Saint John</a>, the left angel's frock, and other accents, in <i><a href="/wiki/Mond_Crucifixion" title="Mond Crucifixion">The Mond Crucifixion</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_botticelli,_nativit%C3%A0_mistica,_1500,_02_angeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Verdigris of the angels' costumes in Nativita Mistica by Botticelli darkened from bluish green to foliage green."><img alt="The Verdigris of the angels' costumes in Nativita Mistica by Botticelli darkened from bluish green to foliage green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sandro_botticelli%2C_nativit%C3%A0_mistica%2C_1500%2C_02_angeli.jpg/180px-Sandro_botticelli%2C_nativit%C3%A0_mistica%2C_1500%2C_02_angeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sandro_botticelli%2C_nativit%C3%A0_mistica%2C_1500%2C_02_angeli.jpg/270px-Sandro_botticelli%2C_nativit%C3%A0_mistica%2C_1500%2C_02_angeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sandro_botticelli%2C_nativit%C3%A0_mistica%2C_1500%2C_02_angeli.jpg/360px-Sandro_botticelli%2C_nativit%C3%A0_mistica%2C_1500%2C_02_angeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="3090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Verdigris of the angels' costumes in <i>Nativita Mistica</i> by <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a> darkened from bluish green to foliage green.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verdigris has also been used in medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-co_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paris_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is identified in the <i>Pharmacologia</i> of John Ayrton Paris as the healing rust of the Spear of <a href="/wiki/Telephus" title="Telephus">Telephus</a> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-co_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-co-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paris_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verdigris solids were also used for <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical preparation">pharmaceutical preparations</a><sup id="cite_ref-De_la_Roja-2007_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_la_Roja-2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 414">: 414 </span></sup> in the 18th century to treat <a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">canker sores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benhamou-1984_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhamou-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_disease" title="Bronze disease">Bronze disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_pigments" title="Green pigments">Green pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors">List of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_pigments" title="List of inorganic pigments">List of inorganic pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">Patina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Its pronunciation in English is still unsettled" (<i>Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i> (4 ed.) edited by: Jeremy Butterfield). The pronunciation /-ɡriːs/ is the first one given by Merriam-Webster's dictionary, but /-ɡriː/ is first in the <i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i> (3 ed.) (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/verdigris">"verdigris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=verdigris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fverdigris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karmakar-2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karmakar-2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karmakar-2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmakar2015" class="citation book cs1">Karmakar, Rabindra N. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xi1jDAAAQBAJ&q=Verdigris"><i>Forensic medicine and toxicology: theory, oral & practical</i></a> (5th ed.). Academic Publishers. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-938342054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-938342054-4"><bdi>978-938342054-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+medicine+and+toxicology%3A+theory%2C+oral+%26+practical&rft.pages=95-96&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-938342054-4&rft.aulast=Karmakar&rft.aufirst=Rabindra+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxi1jDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DVerdigris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anant-2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anant-2018_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anant-2018_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnantInchulkarBhagat2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anant, Jagdish Kumar; Inchulkar, S. R.; Bhagat, Sangeeta (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329125485">"An overview of copper toxicity relevance to public health"</a>. <i>European Journal Pharmaceutical and Medical Research</i>. <b>5</b> (11): 236. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2394-3211">2394-3211</a>. <q>PDF download</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+Pharmaceutical+and+Medical+Research&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+copper+toxicity+relevance+to+public+health&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=236&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2394-3211&rft.aulast=Anant&rft.aufirst=Jagdish+Kumar&rft.au=Inchulkar%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Bhagat%2C+Sangeeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329125485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Lancet-1843-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Lancet-1843_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Lancet-1843_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)76992-4">"Poisoning by Verdigris"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>39</b> (1013): 663–664. January 1843. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2802%2976992-4">10.1016/s0140-6736(02)76992-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Poisoning+by+Verdigris&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1013&rft.pages=663-664&rft.date=1843-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2802%2976992-4&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2802%2976992-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kühn-1993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kühn-1993_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Kühn, Verdigris and Copper Resinate, in Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 2: A. Roy (Ed.) Oxford University Press 1993, p. 131 – 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-co-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-co_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-co_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="5" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2000/06/medicine-chest.html">"Medical Uses of Copper in Antiquity"</a>. <i>Copper Development Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Copper+Development+Association&rft.atitle=Medical+Uses+of+Copper+in+Antiquity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fpublications%2Fnewsletters%2Finnovations%2F2000%2F06%2Fmedicine-chest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paris-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paris_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paris_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paris_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paris_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1831" class="citation book cs1">Paris, John Ayrton (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62958"><i>Pharmacologia</i></a>. New York: W. E. 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Project MUSE, Indiana University Press, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFluke2015" class="citation web cs1">Fluke (July 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.numista.com/forum/topic41034.html">"Verdigris removal Via firing"</a>. <i>Numista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Numista&rft.atitle=Verdigris+removal+Via+firing&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft.au=Fluke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.numista.com%2Fforum%2Ftopic41034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bette-2017-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bette-2017_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bette-2017_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bette-2017_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetteKremerEggertTang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bette, Sebastian; Kremer, Reinhard K.; Eggert, Gerhard; Tang, Chiu C.; Dinnebier, Robert E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc7dt03288a">"On verdigris, part I: synthesis, crystal structure solution and characterisation of the 1–2–0 phase (Cu<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>)"</a>. <i>Dalton Transactions</i>. <b>46</b> (43): 14847–14858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc7dt03288a">10.1039/c7dt03288a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9226">1477-9226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29043336">29043336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dalton+Transactions&rft.atitle=On+verdigris%2C+part+I%3A+synthesis%2C+crystal+structure+solution+and+characterisation+of+the+1%E2%80%932%E2%80%930+phase+%28Cu%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28CH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3ECOO%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%28OH%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=14847-14858&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1477-9226&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29043336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc7dt03288a&rft.aulast=Bette&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Reinhard+K.&rft.au=Eggert%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Tang%2C+Chiu+C.&rft.au=Dinnebier%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252Fc7dt03288a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomfordAshok2009" class="citation book cs1">Bomford, David; Ashok, Roy (2009). <i>A Closer Look at Colour</i>. London: National Gallery, London. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8"><bdi>978-1-85709-442-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=National+Gallery%2C+London&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85709-442-8&rft.aulast=Bomford&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ashok%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerdigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/verdigris" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/verdigris">verdigris</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/npi/substances/fact-sheets/copper-and-compounds">National Pollutant Inventory – Copper and compounds fact sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colourlex.com/project/verdigris/">Verdigris</a>, ColourLex</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="background:#00B7EB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#00CCCC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2E8B57!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#007A74!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan#Sky_blue_(Crayola)" title="Shades of cyan">Sky blue (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_green" title="Spring green">Spring green</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">Teal</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Blue" title="Tiffany Blue">Tiffany Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" title="Turquoise (color)">Turquoise</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Verdigris</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sky_blue#Vivid_sky_cyan" title="Sky blue">Vivid sky blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan#Zomp" title="Shades of cyan">Zomp</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#80DAEB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#00FF80!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#006060!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#81D8D0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#40E0D0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#43B3AE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#00CCFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#39A78D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 cyan;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&oldid=1260348591">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verdigris&oldid=1260348591</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shades_of_cyan" title="Category:Shades of cyan">Shades of cyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pigments" title="Category:Pigments">Pigments</a></li><li><a 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