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<span>Meaning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Meaning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Meaning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_"truth"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_"truth""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>As "truth"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_"truth"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_"existence"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_"existence""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>As "existence"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_"existence"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_"right_working"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_"right_working""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>As "right working"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_"right_working"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_comparison_to_Vedic_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_comparison_to_Vedic_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In comparison to Vedic usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_comparison_to_Vedic_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_as_the_agent_of_Truth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_as_the_agent_of_Truth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fire as the agent of Truth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_as_the_agent_of_Truth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_eschatology_and_soteriology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_eschatology_and_soteriology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In eschatology and soteriology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_eschatology_and_soteriology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_relationship_to_the_other_Amesha_Spentas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_relationship_to_the_other_Amesha_Spentas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In relationship to the other Amesha Spentas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_relationship_to_the_other_Amesha_Spentas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_divine_epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_divine_epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In divine epithets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_divine_epithets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In divine epithets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_divine_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Of_Ahura_Mazda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_Ahura_Mazda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Of Ahura Mazda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_Ahura_Mazda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_other_divinities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_other_divinities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Of other divinities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_other_divinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Zoroastrian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Zoroastrian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In the Zoroastrian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Zoroastrian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_proper_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_proper_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In proper names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_proper_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixa_(zoroastrisme)" title="Aixa (zoroastrisme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aixa (zoroastrisme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1a_(mytologie)" title="Aša (mytologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aša (mytologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha" title="Asha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%87" title="اشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_(zoroastrisme)" title="Asha (zoroastrisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asha (zoroastrisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%83%A4" title="아샤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아샤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%A1" title="Աշա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="आशा (पारसी धर्म) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आशा (पारसी धर्म)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1a" title="Aša – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aša" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Аша – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аша" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%92%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF" title="アシャ・ワヒシュタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アシャ・ワヒシュタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardibeheszt" title="Ardibeheszt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ardibeheszt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha" title="Asha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Asha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C8%99a" title="Așa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Așa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Аша (зороастризм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аша (зороастризм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha" title="Asha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Asha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_(Zoroastrism)" title="Asha (Zoroastrism) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asha (Zoroastrism)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D0%97%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Аша (Зәрдөштлек) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аша (Зәрдөштлек)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_(Zerd%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%AE_dini)" title="Arta (Zerdüştî dini) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arta (Zerdüştî dini)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fa" title="Eşa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eşa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%99%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E4%BB%80%E5%A1%94" title="阿沙·瓦希什塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿沙·瓦希什塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1375923#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Asha" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 02:44, 8 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Monkbot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Monkbot" data-mw-revid="1256079833"><bdi>Monkbot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Monkbot" class="mw-redirect mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Monkbot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Monkbot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Monkbot">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<a href="/wiki/User:Monkbot/task_20" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Monkbot/task 20">Task 20</a>: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_September_27#Replace_and_delete_lang-??_templates" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 September 27">‹See Tfd›</a> (Replaced 1);)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&diff=prev&oldid=1256079833" title="Asha">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&direction=prev&oldid=1256079833" title="Asha">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central and complex Zoroastrian theological concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a Zoroastrian principle. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" 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mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Asha</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>arta</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl">𐬀𐬴𐬀</span> <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Aṣ̌a<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic"> / </span>Arta</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> concept with a complex and highly nuanced range of meaning. It is commonly summarized in accord with its contextual implications of 'truth' and 'right' (or 'righteousness'), 'order' and 'right working'.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner_1961_34ff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner_1961_34ff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is of cardinal importance<sup id="cite_ref-DG_1963_46_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG_1963_46-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>. In the moral sphere, <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i> represents what has been called "the decisive confessional concept of Zoroastrianism".<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1987_cit_Lommel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1987_cit_Lommel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposite of <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>aṣ̌a</i> is <span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae" dir="rtl">𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘</span></span> <i><b>druj</b></i>, "deceit, falsehood". </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> equivalent is <i>arta-</i>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_OP_Artanone"><a href="#endnote_OP_Artanone">[c]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Iranian languages">Middle Iranian languages</a> the term appears as <i>ard-</i>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_MI_Ardnone"><a href="#endnote_MI_Ardnone">[a]</a></sup> </p><p>The word is also the proper name of the divinity Asha, the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spenta</a> that is the <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(linguistics)" title="Hypostasis (linguistics)">hypostasis</a> or "genius"<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_323_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1938_323-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of "Truth" or "Righteousness". In the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Avesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Younger Avesta">Younger Avesta</a>, this figure is more commonly referred to as <b>Asha Vahishta</b> (<i>Aṣ̌a Vahišta</i>, <i>Arta Vahišta</i>), "Best Truth".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Best_Possessionnone"><a href="#endnote_Best_Possessionnone">[b]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> descendant is <i>Ashawahist</i> or <i>Ardwahisht</i>; <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> <i>Ardibehesht</i> or <i>Ordibehesht</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>—the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism, thought to have been composed by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>—it is seldom possible to distinguish between moral principle and the divinity. Later texts consistently use the 'Best' epithet when speaking of the Amesha Spenta; only once in the Gathas is 'best' an adjective of <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avestan <i><span title="Avestan-language text"><i lang="ae">aṣ̌a</i></span></i> and its <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> equivalent <i><a href="/wiki/Rta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rta"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṛtá</i></span></a></i> both derive from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <i>*ṛtá-</i> "truth",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn continues <a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">h<sub>2</sub>r-to-</span></span></i> "properly joined, right, true", from the root <i>*<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">h<sub>2</sub>ar</span></span></i>. The word is attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> as <i><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo-Latn">arta</i></span></i>. </p><p>It is unclear whether the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology#sh-rt" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan variation between <i>aṣ̌a</i> and <i>arta</i></a> is merely orthographical. Benveniste suggested <i>š</i> was only a convenient way of writing <i>rt</i> and should not be considered phonetically relevant.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_1968_274_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1968_274-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gray, <i>ṣ̌</i> is a misreading, representing – not /ʃ/ - but /rr/, of uncertain phonetic value but "probably" representing a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> <i>r</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grey_1941_102_103_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grey_1941_102_103-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller suggested that <i>rt</i> was restored when a scribe was aware of the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> boundary between the /r/ and /t/ (that is, whether the writer maintained the <i>–ta</i> suffix).<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_1968_275_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1968_275-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Miller_notenone"><a href="#endnote_Miller_notenone">[h]</a></sup> </p><p>Avestan <i>druj</i>, like its <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> cousin <i>druh</i>, appears to derive from the PIE root <i>*<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">dhreugh</span></span></i>, also continued in Persian دروغ / <i>d[o]rūġ</i> "lie", Welsh <i>drwg</i> "evil", and German <i>Trug</i> "fraud, deception". <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr">draugr</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> <i>airddrach</i> mean "spectre, spook". The Sanskrit cognate <i>druh</i> means "affliction, afflicting demon".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Avestan, <i> druj-</i> has a secondary derivation, the adjective <i>drəguuaṇt-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Young_Avestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Avestan">Young Avestan</a> <i> druuaṇt-</i>), "partisan of deception, deceiver" for which the superlative <i>draojišta-</i> and perhaps the comparative <i>draoj(ii)ah-</i> are attested (Kellens, 2010, pp. 69 ff.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning">Meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Aṣ̌a</i> "cannot be precisely rendered by some single word in another tongue" <sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may be summarized as follows: </p><p>It is, first of all, 'true statement'. This 'true statement', because it is true, corresponds to an objective, material reality that embraces all of existence. Recognized in it is a great cosmic principle since all things happen according to it.<sup id="cite_ref-DG_1963_47_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG_1963_47-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_DG_originalnone"><a href="#endnote_DG_originalnone">[j]</a></sup> "This cosmic [...] force is imbued also with morality, as verbal Truth, 'la parole conforme', and Righteousness, action conforming with the moral order."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1970_29_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1970_29-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The correspondence between 'truth', reality and an all-encompassing cosmic principle is not far removed from <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus'</a> conception of <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DG_1963_48_49_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG_1963_48_49-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_"truth""><span id="As_.22truth.22"></span>As "truth"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As "truth""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg/330px-Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg/495px-Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg/660px-Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a>, with "Asha Vahishta" (ΑϷΑΕΙΧϷΟ, <i>Ashaiexsho</i>) on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Both Avestan <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i> and Vedic <i>ŗtá-</i> are commonly translated as "truth" as this best reflects both the original meaning of the term as well as the opposition to their respective <a href="/wiki/Antonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonyms">antonyms</a>. The opposite of Avestan <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i> is <i>druj-</i>, "lie." Similarly, the opposites of Vedic <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṛtá-</i></span></i> are <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ánṛta-</i></span></i> and <i>druh</i>, likewise "lie". </p><p>That "truth" is also what was commonly understood by the term as attested in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek myth</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Isis and Osiris</a></i> 47, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> calls the divinity Αλήθεια <i><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></i>, "Truth."<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch_47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch_47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_"existence""><span id="As_.22existence.22"></span>As "existence"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As "existence""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjective corresponding to the noun <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i>, "truth", is Avestan <i>haithya-</i> (<i>haiθiia-</i>), "true", the opposite of which is also <i>druj-</i>. Avestan <i>haithya-</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> <i>*sātya</i> that in turn derives from <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <i>*h<sub>1</sub>s-ṇt-</i> "being, existing". The Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">sátya</a>-</i> means "true" in the sense of "really existing." This meaning is also preserved in Avestan, for instance in the expression <i>haiθīm var</i>ə<i>z</i>, "to make true" as in "to bring to realization."<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_695_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_1987_695-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another meaning of "reality" may be inferred from the component parts of the <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i>: from (root) <i>ŗ</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Substantive" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive">substantivizing</a> <i>-ta</i> suffix. The root <i>ŗ</i> corresponds to Old Avestan <i>ar</i>ə<i>ta-</i> and Younger Avestan ə<i>r</i>ə<i>ta-</i> "established", hence <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i> "that which is established."<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_1968_274_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1968_274-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The synonymy of <i>aṣ̌a</i> and "existence" overlaps with the stock identification of Ahura Mazda as the creator (of existence itself). Truth is existence (creation) inasmuch as falsehood is non-existence (uncreated, anti-created). Also, because <i>aṣ̌a</i> is everything that <i>druj-</i> is not (or vice versa), since <i>aṣ̌a</i> is, <i>druj-</i> is not. </p><p>This notion is already expressed in the Avesta itself, such as in the first <i><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yasht</a></i>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, in which the "fifth name is the whole good existence of Mazda, the seed of Asha" ( <i>Yasht</i> 1.7). Similarly, in the mythology of <i>Gandar</i>ə<i>βa</i>, the 'yellow-heeled' dragon of the <i>druj-</i> that emerges from the deep to destroy the "living world (creation) of Aṣ̌a" (<i>Yasht</i> 19.41) </p><p>In the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism ("good thoughts, good words, good deeds"), <a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a> is active in good thoughts, <a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">Sraosha</a> in good words and Aṣ̌a in good deeds. (<i>Denkard</i> 3.13-14). Aṣ̌a is thus "represented as active and effective."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1987_390_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1987_390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_"right_working""><span id="As_.22right_working.22"></span>As "right working"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As "right working""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subject to context, <i>aṣ̌a/arta-</i> is also frequently translated as "right working" or "[that which is] right". The word then (<i>cf.</i> Bartholomae's<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholomae_1904_229_259_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomae_1904_229_259-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Geldner" title="Karl Friedrich Geldner">Geldner</a>'s<sup id="cite_ref-Geldner_1908_1ff_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geldner_1908_1ff-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translations as German language "<i>Recht</i>") has the same range of meaning of "right" as in the English language: truth, righteousness, rightfulness, lawfullness, conformity, accord, order (cosmic order, social order, moral order). </p><p>These various meanings of "right" are frequently combined, such as "the inexorable law of righteousness,"<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_510_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1938_510-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as "the eternal fitness of things that are in accord with the divine order."<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsJackson_1913_200_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsJackson_1913_200-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As (the hypostasis of) regularity and "right working", <i>aṣ̌a/arta-</i> is present when Ahura Mazda fixed the course of the sun, the moon and the stars (<i>Yasna</i> 44.3), and it is through <i>aṣ̌a</i> that plants grow (<i>Yasna</i> 48.6). </p><p>"Right working" also overlaps with both Indo-European <i>*ár-</i> "to (properly) join together" and with the notion of existence and realization (to make real). The word for "established", <i>ar</i>ə<i>ta-</i>, also means "proper". The antonymic <i>anar</i>ə<i>ta-</i> (or <i>anar</i>ə<i>θa-</i>) means "improper".<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_165_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1938_165-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Zoroastrian tradition, prayers must be enunciated with care for them to be effective. The Indo-Iranian formula <i>*sātyas mantras</i> (<i>Yasna</i> 31.6: <i>haiθīm mathrem</i>) "does not simply mean 'true Word' but formulated thought which is in conformity with the reality' or 'poetic (religious) formula with inherent fulfillment (realization)'".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_695_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_1987_695-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_comparison_to_Vedic_usage">In comparison to Vedic usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In comparison to Vedic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kinship<sup id="cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin_1963_43_47_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duchesne-Guillemin_1963_43_47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between Old Iranian <i>aṣ̌a-/arta-</i> and Vedic <i>ŗtá-</i> is evident in numerous formulaic phrases and expressions that appear in both the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/RigVeda" class="mw-redirect" title="RigVeda">RigVeda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_cit_Schlerath_1968_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_1987_cit_Schlerath_1968-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <i>*ŗtásya</i> path, "path of truth", is attested multiple times in both sources: Y 51.13, 72.11; RV 3.12.7, 7.66.3. Similarly "source of truth," Avestan <i>aṣ̌a khá</i> and Vedic <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">khâm ṛtásya</i></span></i> (Y 10.4; RV 2.28.5) </p><p>The adjective corresponding to Avestan <i>aṣ̌a/arta-</i> is <i>haiθiia-</i> "true". Similarly, the adjective corresponding to Vedic <i>ŗtá-</i> "truth" is <i>sátya-</i> "true". The opposite of both <i>aṣ̌a/arta-</i> and <i>haithya-</i> is <i>druj-</i> "lie" or "false". In contrast, in the Vedas the opposite of both <i>ŗtá-</i> and <i>sátya-</i> is <i>druh-</i> and <i>ánŗta-</i>, also "lie" or "false". </p><p>However, while the Indo-Iranian concept of truth is attested throughout Zoroastrian tradition, <i>ŗtá-</i> disappears in post-Vedic literature and is not preserved in post-Vedic texts. On the other hand, <i>sátya-</i> and <i>ánrta-</i> both survive in classical Sanskrit. </p><p>The main theme of the Rig Veda, "the truth and the gods", is not evident in the Gathas.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_694_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_1987_694-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thematic parallels between <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i> and <i>ŗtá-</i>, however, exist such as in <i>Yasht</i> 10, the Avestan hymn to <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>. There, Mithra, who is the hypostasis and the preserver of covenant, is the protector of <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_186_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1938_186-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RigVedic <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitra</a> is likewise preserver of <i>ŗtá-</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fire_as_the_agent_of_Truth">Fire as the agent of Truth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fire as the agent of Truth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asha Vahishta is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire</a>. Fire is "grandly conceived as a force informing all the <i>other</i> <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spentas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amesha Spentas">Amesha Spentas</a>, giving them warmth and the spark of life."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1987_389_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1987_389-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Yasht</i> 17.20, <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> clamours that Zoroaster burns him with Asha Vahishta. In <i>Vendidad</i> 4.54-55, speaking against the truth and violating the sanctity of promise is detected by the consumption of "water, blazing, of golden color, having the power to detect guilt." </p><p>This analogy of truth that burns and detecting truth through fire is already attested in the very earliest texts, that is, in the Gathas and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna_Haptanghaiti" title="Yasna Haptanghaiti">Yasna Haptanghaiti</a></i>. In <i>Yasna</i> 43–44, Ahura Mazda dispenses justice through radiance of His fire and the strength of aṣ̌a. Fire "detects" sinners "by hand-grasping" (<i>Yasna</i> 34.4). An individual who has passed the fiery test (<i>garmo-varah</i>, <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">ordeal by heat</a>), has attained physical and spiritual strength, wisdom, truth and love with serenity (<i>Yasna</i> 30.7). Altogether, "there are said to have been some 30 kinds of fiery tests in all."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1989_1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1989_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the post-<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan i denig</a></i> (I.31.10), at the final judgement a river of molten metal will cover the earth. The righteous, as they wade through this river, will perceive the molten metal as a bath of warm milk. The wicked will be scorched. For details on aṣ̌a's role in personal and final judgement, see <a href="#In_eschatology_and_sotereology"><i>aṣ̌a</i> in eschatology</a>, below. </p><p>Fire is moreover the "auxiliary of the truth," "and not only, as in the ordeal, of justice and of truth at the same time."<sup id="cite_ref-DG_1963_47_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG_1963_47-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Yasna</i> 31.19, "the man who thinks of <i>aṣ̌a</i>, [...] who uses his tongue in order to speak correctly, [does so] with the aid of brilliant fire". In <i>Yasna</i> 34-44 devotees "ardently desire [Mazda's] mighty fire, through aṣ̌a." In <i>Yasna</i> 43–44, Ahura Mazda "shall come to [Zoroaster] through the splendour of [Mazda's] fire, possessing the strength of (through) aṣ̌a and good mind (=Vohu Manah)." That fire "possesses strength through <i>aṣ̌a</i>" is repeated again in <i>Yasna</i> 43.4. In <i>Yasna</i> 43.9, Zoroaster, wishing to serve fire, gives his attention to <i>aṣ̌a</i>. In <i>Yasna</i> 37.1, in a list of what are otherwise all physical creations, <i>aṣ̌a</i> takes the place of fire. </p><p>Asha Vahishta's association with <i>atar</i> is carried forward in the post-Gathic texts, and they are often mentioned together. In Zoroastrian cosmogony, each of the Amesha Spentas represents one aspect of creation and one of seven primordial elements that in Zoroastrian tradition are the basis of that creation. In this matrix, <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i> is the origin of fire, Avestan <i><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">atar</a></i>, which permeates through all Creation. The correspondence then is that <i>aṣ̌a/arta</i> "penetrates all ethical life, as fire penetrates all physical being."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1970_29_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1970_29-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the liturgy Asha Vahishta is frequently invoked together with fire. (<i>Yasna</i> l.4, 2.4, 3.6, 4.9, 6.3, 7.6, 17.3, 22.6, 59.3, 62.3 etc.). In one passage, fire is a protector of <i>aṣ̌a</i>: "when the Evil Spirit assailed the creation of Good Truth, Good Thought and Fire intervened" (<i>Yasht</i> 13.77) </p><p>In later Zoroastrian tradition, Asha Vahishta is still at times identified with the fire of the household hearth.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_170_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1938_170-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_eschatology_and_soteriology">In eschatology and soteriology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In eschatology and soteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the role of fire <a href="#Fire_as_the_agent_of_Truth">as the agent of Truth</a>, fire, among its various other manifestations, is also "the fire of judicial ordeal, prototype of the fiery torrent of judgement day, when all will receive their just deserts 'by fire and by Aṣ̌a' (<i>Y</i> 31.3)."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1987_389_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1987_389-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Avesta, the "radiant quarters" of <i>aṣ̌a</i> is "the best existence", i.e. Paradise (cf. <i>Vendidad</i> 19.36), entry to which is restricted to those who are recognized as "possessing truth" (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashavan" title="Ashavan">aṣ̌avan</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gershevitch_1945_483_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershevitch_1945_483-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key to this doctrine is <i>Yasna</i> 16.7: "We worship the radiant quarters of <i>Aṣ̌a</i> in which dwell the souls of the dead, the <a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravašis</a> of the <i>aṣ̌avan</i>s; the best existence (=Paradise) of the <i>aṣ̌avan</i>s we worship, (which is) light and according all comforts."<sup id="cite_ref-Gershevitch_1945_483_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershevitch_1945_483-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'Aṣ̌a' derives from the same <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root as '<a href="/wiki/Airyaman" title="Airyaman">Airyaman</a>', the divinity of healing who is closely associated with Asha Vahishta. At the last judgement, the common noun <i>airyaman</i> is an epithet of the <i><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">saoshyans</a></i>, the saviours that bring about the final renovation of the world. The standing epithet of these saviour figures is '<i>astvat</i>ә<i>r</i>ә<i>ta</i>', which likewise has <i>arta</i> as an element of the name.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_165_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1938_165-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These saviours are those who follow Ahura Mazda's teaching "with acts inspired by aṣ̌a" (<i>Yasna</i> 48.12). Both Airyaman and Asha Vahishta (as also <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a>) are closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">Sraosha</a> "[Voice of] Conscience" and guardian of the <a href="/wiki/Chinvat_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinvat bridge">Chinvat bridge</a> across which souls must pass. </p><p>According to a lost Avestan passage that is only preserved in a later (9th century) Pahlavi text, towards the end of time and the final renovation, Aṣ̌a and Airyaman will together come upon the earth to do battle with the Az, the <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daeva</a> of greed (<i>Zatspram</i> 34.38-39). </p><p>The third <i>Yasht</i>, which is nominally addressed to Asha Vahishta, is in fact mostly devoted to the praise of the <i><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">airyaman ishya</a></i> (<i>airy</i>ә<i>mā īšyo</i>, "Longed-for <i>airyaman</i>"), the fourth of the four great Gathic prayers. In present-day Zoroastrianism it is considered to invoke Airyaman just as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></i>, is the second of the four great Gathic prayers, is dedicated to Aṣ̌a. All four prayers (the first is the <a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a>, the third is the <a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe Hatam</a>) have judgement and/or salvation as a theme, and all four call on the Truth. </p><p>It is Airyaman that – together with fire – will "melt the metal in the hills and mountains, and it will be upon the earth like a river" (<i>Bundahishn</i> 34.18). In Zoroastrian tradition, metal is the domain of <a href="/wiki/Kshatra_Vairya" title="Kshatra Vairya">Xshathra [Vairya]</a>, the Amesha Spenta of "[Desirable] Dominion", with whom Aṣ̌a is again frequently identified. Dominion is moreover "a form of truth and results from truth."<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_696_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_1987_696-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a></i> 8.37.13, Asha Vahishta actually takes over Airyaman's healer role as the healer of all spiritual ills and Airyaman then only retains the role of healer of corporeal ills. Although Airyaman has no dedication in the Siroza, the invocations to the divinities of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a>, Airyaman is twice invoked together with Aṣ̌a. (<i>Siroza</i> 1.3 and 2.3) </p><p><i>Aogemadaecha</i> 41-47 prototypes death as a journey that has to be properly prepared for: As mortals acquires material goods as they go through life, so also should they furnish themselves with spiritual stores of righteousness. They will then be well provisioned when they embark on the journey from which they will not return. </p><p>Aṣ̌a's role is not limited to judgement: In <i><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></i> 26.35, Aṣ̌a prevents daevas from exacting too great a punishment to souls consigned to the House of Lies. Here, Aṣ̌a occupies the position that other texts assign to <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, who is traditionally identified with fairness. </p><p>For the relationship between Aṣ̌a, eschatology and <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, see <a href="#In_the_Zoroastrian_calendar">in the Zoroastrian calendar</a>, below. </p><p>Although there are numerous <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> parallels between Aṣ̌a and <a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Aši</a> "recompense, reward" (most notably their respective associations with Sraosha and Vohu Manah), and are on occasion even mentioned together (<i>Yasna</i> 51.10), the two are not <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a> related. The feminine abstract noun <i>aši/arti</i> derives from <i>ar-</i>, "to allot, to grant." Aši also has no Vedic equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_relationship_to_the_other_Amesha_Spentas">In relationship to the other Amesha Spentas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In relationship to the other Amesha Spentas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmogony" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian cosmogony">Zoroastrian cosmogony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism#Cosmology:_Creation_of_the_universe" title="Zoroastrianism">cosmology</a>, which—though alluded to in the Gathas—is only systematically described in Zoroastrian tradition (e.g. <i>Bundahishn</i> 3.12), <i>aṣ̌a</i> is the second (cf. <i>Yasna</i> 47.1) of the six primeval creations realized ("created by His thought") by Ahura Mazda. It is through these six, the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a> that all subsequent creation was accomplished. </p><p>In addition to Asha Vahishta's role as an Amesha Spenta and hence one of the primordial creations through which all other creation was realized, Truth is one of the "organs, aspects or emanations" of Ahura Mazda through which the Creator acts and is immanent in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Gershevitch_1964_12_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershevitch_1964_12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Vohu Manah regularly stands first in the list of the Amesha Spenta (and of Ahura Mazda's creations), in the Gathas Asha Vahishta is the most evident of the six, and also the most commonly associated with Wisdom (Mazda). In the 238 verses of these hymns, Aṣ̌a appears 157 times. Of the other concepts, only <i><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></i> "Good Purpose" appears nearly as often (136 occurrences). In comparison, the remaining four of the great sextet appear only 121 times altogether. </p><p>Although a formal hierarchy is not evident in the Gathas, the group of six "divides naturally into three <a href="/wiki/Dyad_(sociology)" title="Dyad (sociology)">dyads</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1987_389_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1987_389-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this arrangement, Aṣ̌a is paired with Vohu Manah. This reflects the frequency in which the two appear (together) in the Gathas and is in turn reflected in Zoroastrian tradition. In <i>Bundahishn</i> 26.8, Vohu Manah stands at the left hand of God, while Aṣ̌a stands at the right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_divine_epithets">In divine epithets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In divine epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_Ahura_Mazda">Of Ahura Mazda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Of Ahura Mazda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yasht 1, the hymn dedicated to Ahura Mazda, provides a list of 74 "names" by which the Creator is invoked.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Darmesteter_Yt1none"><a href="#endnote_Darmesteter_Yt1none">[f]</a></sup> In the numbered list of <i>Yasht</i> 1.7, 'Asha Vahishta' "Best Truth" is the fourth name.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_166_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1938_166-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later verse, <i>Yasht</i> 1.12, includes 'Aṣ̌avan'<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1926_101_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1926_101-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Possessing Truth" and 'Aṣ̌avastəma' "Most Righteous".<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1926_102_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1926_102-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Yasna</i> 40.3, Ahura Mazda is <i>aṣ̌aŋāč</i> "having <i>aṣ̌a</i> following".<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1926_101_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1926_101-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_other_divinities">Of other divinities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Of other divinities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of <a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">Haoma</a>'s stock epithets is <i>aṣ̌avazah-</i> "furthering <i>aṣ̌a</i>" (<i>Yasht</i> 20.3; <i>Yasna</i> 8.9, 10.1.14, 11.10 et al.). <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a> "possesses strength through <i>aṣ̌a</i>" (<i>aṣ̌a-ahojah</i>, Yasna 43.4). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Zoroastrian_calendar">In the Zoroastrian calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the Zoroastrian calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a>, the third day of the month and the second month of the year are dedicated to and named after <i>aṣ̌a</i> and Asha Vahishta (calledارديبهشت <i>Ordibehesht</i> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Persian">Modern Persian</a> both in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Calendar">Iranian Calendar</a> and Yazdgerdi calendar). </p><p>A special service to <i>aṣ̌a</i> and Aṣ̌a, known as the '<a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna"><i>Jashan</i></a> of Ardavisht', is held on the day on which month-name and day-name dedications intersect. In the <i>Fasli</i> and <i>Bastani</i> variants of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a>, this falls on April 22. </p><p>Rapithwin, one of the five <a href="/wiki/G%C4%81h" title="Gāh"><i>gah</i>s</a> (watches) of the day, under the protection of Aṣ̌a. (<i>Bundahishn</i> 3.22) This implies that all prayers recited between noon and three invoke Aṣ̌a. Noon is considered to be the "perfect" time, at which instant the world was created and at which instant time will stop on the day of the final renovation of the world. </p><p>In the winter months, the <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva"><i>daev</i>ic</a> time of year, Rapithwin is known as the <i>Second Havan</i> (the first Havan being from dawn to noon), and with the first day of spring, March 21, Rapithwin symbolically returns. This day, March 21, is <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> </p><p>Nowruz, the holiest of all <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Zoroastrian festivals</a> is dedicated to Aṣ̌a. It follows immediately after Pateti, the day of introspection and the Zoroastrian equivalent of All-Souls Day. Nowruz, Zoroastrianism's New Year's Day, is celebrated on the first day of spring, traditionally understood to be the day of rebirth, and literally translated means "New Day". The first month of the year of the Zoroastrian calendar is Farvadin, which is dedicated to and named after the <a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravašis</a>, the ancestral higher spirits. </p><p>"The underlying idea of the dedication" of the second month of the year to Asha Vahishta "may be revivification of the earth after the death of winter."<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1904_197_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1904_197-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> coins, Asha Vahishta "appears as Aṣ̌aeixšo, with a diadem and nimbus, like Mithra in the same series."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1987_390_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1987_390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_proper_names">In proper names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In proper names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<i>Arta-</i> (Mid. Iranian <i>ard-</i>), representing either the Av. divinity Aṣ̌a or the principle <i>aṣ̌a</i>, occurs frequently as an element in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> personal names."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1987_390_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1987_390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hellenized/Latinized names include: </p> <ul><li>Artabanos (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Artabanus (disambiguation)">Artabanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Persian">Modern Persian</a> اردوان <i>Ardavān</i>), from *Artabānu "glory of <i>arta</i>".</li> <li>Artabazanes (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) a variant of either Artabazus or Artabrzana</li> <li>Artabazus, Artabazos (Greek, Latin <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artavasdes (disambiguation)">Artavasdes</a>), attested as Avestan Ashavazdah, perhaps meaning "powerful/persevering through <i>arta</i>"</li> <li>Artabrzana (Greek), from *Artabrzana "exalting <i>arta</i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaphrenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaphrenes">Artaphrenes</a> (Greek), either from Artamainyu "spirit of <i>arta</i>" (<i>phrene</i>: Greek 'spirit') or a corruption of Arta<a href="/wiki/Farnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnah">farnah</a> "[divine] Glory of <i>arta</i>"</li> <li>Artasyras (Greek), from *Artasura, "powerful through <i>arta</i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a>, Artaxiasata (Greek, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> Artashat), meaning "joy of <i>arta</i>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxias_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Artaxias (disambiguation)">Artaxias</a> (Greek, Armenian Artashes), from an Aramaic form of Artaxṣ̌acā (Artaxerxes, see below).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Artaxerxes (disambiguation)">Artaxerxes</a> (Latin, variant Artoxerxes, Greek Artaxesses, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> <i>Artaxṣ̌ast</i> or <i>Artaxṣ̌asta</i>), a compound of Arta and Xerxes, the latter not being a part of the original <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> Artaxṣ̌acā, "whose reign is through <i>arta</i>" or "dominion of <i>arta</i>."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artazostre" title="Artazostre">Artazostre</a> (Greek), from *Artazaushri "who is in favor of <i>arta</i>" or "who takes delight in <i>arta</i>"</li> <li>Artembares (Greek), from *Artempara "who encourages <i>arta</i>" or "who furthers <i>arta</i>."</li></ul> <p>Other names include: </p> <ul><li>Artavardiya (Old Persian) and Irdumardiya (<a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>), meaning "doer of Justice"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arda_Viraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda Viraf">Arda Viraz</a>, the "righteous Viraz" (having an eschatological connotation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ardeshir (disambiguation)">Ardeshir</a>, Middle Persian form of Old Persian Artaxṣ̌acā (i.e. Artaxerxes), literally "whose reign is through <i>arta</i>"; actually means "Holy Kingship".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a> <i>ard-</i> is also suggested to be the root of names of the current day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardekan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardekan">Ardekan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad-e_Ardehal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashhad-e Ardehal">Ardehal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardestan" title="Ardestan">Ardestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">a) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_MI_Ardnone"><a href="#ref_MI_Ardnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td>Middle Iranian <i>ard-</i> denoting <i>aša-/arta-</i> should not be confused with another <i>ard-</i>, denoting "fortune." The latter derives from Avestan <i>aši-</i> or <i>arti-</i>, which has a different gender. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">b) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Best_Possessionnone"><a href="#ref_Best_Possessionnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td>Avestan <i>vahišta</i> (as in <i>Asha Vahishta</i>) is a superlative of the adjective <i>vohu-</i> "good", hence "vahišta" "best". As a noun however, "vohu-" means "possession". </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">c) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_OP_Artanone"><a href="#ref_OP_Artanone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td>Aside from its use in proper names, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>ạrta</i> is only attested in one source,<sup id="cite_ref-Skjaervo_1987_696_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skjaervo_1987_696-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes'</a> "<i>daiva</i> inscription" (XPh). In this one text, the word appears in two forms: One form is as adjectival <i>ạrtavan-</i>, which corresponds<sup id="cite_ref-Gershevitch_1945_483_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershevitch_1945_483-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Avestan <i><a href="/wiki/Ashavan" title="Ashavan">ašavan-</a></i>. The other form is in a thrice-repeated phrase <i>ạrtācā brazmaniya</i>, the reading/meaning of which is not conclusively established. For a review of various interpretations, see Kent, 1945<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_1945_223_229_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_1945_223_229-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Skjærvø, 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Skjaervo_1987_696_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skjaervo_1987_696-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">d) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Ashavan_deathnone"><a href="#ref_Ashavan_deathnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td>This meaning of <i>ašavan</i> was not considered in some translations of other texts, leading to the assumption that the Avesta did not preserve all nuances of Indo-Iranian <i>*ŗtávan</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">e) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Zorspec_ashavannone"><a href="#ref_Zorspec_ashavannone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td>The doctrinal basis for this extension of meaning is uncertain, but is "probably"<sup id="cite_ref-Gnoli_1987_705_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gnoli_1987_705-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the polar opposition of <i>ašavan</i> to <i>dr</i>ə<i>gvant</i> "liar" (YAv. <i>drvant</i>). It could then also be a continuation of the principle that <i>ašavan</i> is not only an intrinsic property of divinities, but also applies to everything that pertains to the domain of Ahura Mazda and/or Aša, and thus everything that is not <i>dr</i>ə<i>gvant</i>/<i>drvant</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">f) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Darmesteter_Yt1none"><a href="#ref_Darmesteter_Yt1none"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td><i>Aša</i> appears as "holy" in <a href="/wiki/James_Darmesteter" title="James Darmesteter">Darmesteter</a>'s 1883 translation of <i>Yasht</i> 1 (in <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">SBE</a> 23). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">g) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_saoshyantnone"><a href="#ref_saoshyantnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td><i>Saoshyant</i> may have been a term originally applied to Zoroaster himself (e.g. <i>Yasna</i> 46.3)<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_234ff_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_234ff-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">h) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Miller_notenone"><a href="#ref_Miller_notenone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td>Miller maintains "/Ř/ is the normal phonological reflex of <i>*-rt-</i>, and that <i>rt</i> has been restored according to <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kury%C5%82owicz" title="Jerzy Kuryłowicz">Kuryłowicz</a>'s 'Fourth Law of Analogy' in motivating categories where there was still awareness of a morpheme boundary between the /r/ and the /t/."<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_1968_274_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1968_274-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, "<i>rt</i> passes to <i>š</i> by a regular phonological law, and <i>š</i> was then replaced morphologically by <i>rt</i> when the morpheme cut was still evident."<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_1968_275_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1968_275-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:2em; text-align:right;">j) </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_DG_originalnone"><a href="#ref_DG_originalnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> </td> <td>The source reads: "We can conclude, without entering into more detail, that Iran, as India, presents us with a term which has had to signify first of all 'true statement'; that this statement, because it was true, had to correspond to an objective, material reality; and that, as the discourse did, this reality must embrace all things; and, finally that one recognized in it a great cosmic principle since all things happen according to it."<sup id="cite_ref-DG_1963_47_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG_1963_47-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaehner_1961_34ff-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner_1961_34ff_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaehner1961">Zaehner 1961</a>, pp. 34ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG_1963_46-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DG_1963_46_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1963">Duchesne-Guillemin 1963</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1987_cit_Lommel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1987_cit_Lommel_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLommel1930">Lommel 1930</a>, p. 48 qtd. in<br />  <a href="#CITEREFBoyce1987">Boyce 1987</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1938_323-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_323_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhalla1938">Dhalla 1938</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asa-means-truth-in-avestan">"AṦA (Asha "Truth") – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. Iranicaonline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%E1%B9%A6A+%28Asha+%22Truth%22%29+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pub=Iranicaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fasa-means-truth-in-avestan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_1968_274-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1968_274_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1968_274_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1968_274_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1968">Miller 1968</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grey_1941_102_103-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grey_1941_102_103_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1941">Gray 1941</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_1968_275-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1968_275_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1968_275_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1968">Miller 1968</a>, p. 274,275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/druj">"druj-"</a>. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=druj-&rft.pub=ENCYCLOP%C3%86DIA+IRANICA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdruj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG_1963_47-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DG_1963_47_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG_1963_47_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG_1963_47_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1963">Duchesne-Guillemin 1963</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1970_29-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1970_29_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1970_29_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1970">Boyce 1970</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG_1963_48_49-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DG_1963_48_49_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1963">Duchesne-Guillemin 1963</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHH327-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniHarmatta1999">Dani & Harmatta 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA327">327–328</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch_47-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch_47_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabbitt1936">Babbitt 1936</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlerath_1987_695-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_695_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_695_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlerath1987">Schlerath 1987</a>, p. 695.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1987_390-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1987_390_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1987_390_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1987_390_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1987">Boyce 1987</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartholomae_1904_229_259-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartholomae_1904_229_259_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartholomae1904">Bartholomae 1904</a>, coll. 229-259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geldner_1908_1ff-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geldner_1908_1ff_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeldner1908">Geldner 1908</a>, p. 1ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1938_510-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_510_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhalla1938">Dhalla 1938</a>, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsJackson_1913_200-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsJackson_1913_200_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams_Jackson1913">Williams Jackson 1913</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1938_165-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_165_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_165_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhalla1938">Dhalla 1938</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchesne-Guillemin_1963_43_47-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin_1963_43_47_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1963">Duchesne-Guillemin 1963</a>, pp. 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlerath_1987_cit_Schlerath_1968-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_cit_Schlerath_1968_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlerath1987">Schlerath 1987</a>, p. 694 cit.<br />  <a href="#CITEREFSchlerath1968">Schlerath 1968</a>, pp. 168–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlerath_1987_694-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_694_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlerath1987">Schlerath 1987</a>, p. 694.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1938_186-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_186_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhalla1938">Dhalla 1938</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1987_389-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1987_389_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1987_389_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1987_389_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1987">Boyce 1987</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1989_1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1989_1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1989">Boyce 1989</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1938_170-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_170_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhalla1938">Dhalla 1938</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gershevitch_1945_483-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gershevitch_1945_483_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gershevitch_1945_483_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gershevitch_1945_483_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGershevitch1955">Gershevitch 1955</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlerath_1987_696-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_1987_696_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlerath1987">Schlerath 1987</a>, p. 696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gershevitch_1964_12-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gershevitch_1964_12_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGershevitch1964">Gershevitch 1964</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1938_166-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1938_166_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhalla1938">Dhalla 1938</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_1926_101-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_1926_101_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_1926_101_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1926">Gray 1926</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_1926_102-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_1926_102_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1926">Gray 1926</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_1904_197-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_1904_197_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1904">Gray 1904</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dehkhoda_Dictionary" title="Dehkhoda Dictionary">Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skjaervo_1987_696-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skjaervo_1987_696_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skjaervo_1987_696_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkjærvø1987">Skjærvø 1987</a>, p. 696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_1945_223_229-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1945_223_229_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1945">Kent 1945</a>, pp. 223–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnoli_1987_705-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_1987_705_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGnoli1987">Gnoli 1987</a>, p. 705.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_234ff-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_234ff_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 234ff.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabbitt1936" class="citation cs2">Babbitt, Frank Cole (ed., trans.) 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Harrassowitz</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awesta+W%C3%B6rterbuch%2C+Vorarbeiten+II%3A+Konkordanz&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Schlerath&rft.aufirst=Bernfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlerath1987" class="citation cs2">Schlerath, Bernfried (1987), "Aša: Avestan Aša", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A%C5%A1a%3A+Avestan+A%C5%A1a&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schlerath&rft.aufirst=Bernfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span>: 694-696</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjærvø1987" class="citation cs2">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (1987), "Aša: Old Persian Ạrta", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A%C5%A1a%3A+Old+Persian+%E1%BA%A0rta&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6rv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span>: 696</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams_Jackson1913" class="citation cs2">Williams Jackson, A. V. (1913), "The Ancient Persian Conception of Salvation according to the Avesta, or Bible of Zoroaster", <i>The American Journal of Theology</i>, <b>17</b> (2): 195–205, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F479172">10.1086/479172</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnnc1.cu58974733">2027/nnc1.cu58974733</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Persian+Conception+of+Salvation+according+to+the+Avesta%2C+or+Bible+of+Zoroaster&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-205&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnnc1.cu58974733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F479172&rft.aulast=Williams+Jackson&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaehner1961" class="citation cs2">Zaehner, Richard Charles (1961), <i>The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism</i>, New York: Putnam</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+and+Twilight+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Zaehner&rft.aufirst=Richard+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper1964" class="citation cs2">Kuiper, Franciscus B. J. (1964), "The Bliss of Aša", <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>, <b>8</b> (2): 96–129, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00156211">10.1007/BF00156211</a> (inactive 2024-11-02), <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167029217">167029217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Bliss+of+A%C5%A1a&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-129&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00156211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167029217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Franciscus+B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1979" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, Hans-Peter (April 1979), "Old and new perspectives in the study of the Gathas of Zarathustra", <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>, <b>21</b> (2): 83, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02350330">10.1007/BF02350330</a> (inactive 1 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162364421">162364421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Old+and+new+perspectives+in+the+study+of+the+Gathas+of+Zarathustra&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1979-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02350330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162364421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The story of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182340/http://www.avesta.org/other/ashagame.htm">The Game of Asha</a></i>, as adapted from several tales in <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Firdausi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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