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searchaux" style="display:none">Term used to categorize types or levels of sanitation for monitoring purposes</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_2020.png/220px-Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_2020.png/330px-Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_2020.png/440px-Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Improved sanitation</b> (related to but distinct from a "<b><a href="/wiki/Safely_managed_sanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Safely managed sanitation">safely managed sanitation</a> service</b>") is a term used to categorize types of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> for monitoring purposes. It refers to the management of human feces at the household level. The term was coined by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> of <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDGs). The opposite of "<a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved sanitation</a>" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the JMP definitions. The same terms are used to monitor progress towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">Sustainable Development Goal 6</a> (Target 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1) from 2015 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, they are a component of the definition for "safely managed sanitation service". </p><p>The Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation has been publishing updates on the global sanitation situation on an annual basis. For example, in 2015 it was reported that 68% of the world's population had access to improved sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 this goal was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">Sustainable Development Goal 6</a>, in which Target 6.2 states: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations." Indicator 6.2.1 is the "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a handwashing facility with soap and water".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improved_sanitation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg/220px-Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg/330px-Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg/440px-Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>"Sanitation value chain" which starts with toilets</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_rural_population_with_improved_sanitation_faciltities,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Share_of_rural_population_with_improved_sanitation_faciltities%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Share_of_rural_population_with_improved_sanitation_faciltities%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Share_of_rural_population_with_improved_sanitation_faciltities%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Share_of_rural_population_with_improved_sanitation_faciltities%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Share_of_rural_population_with_improved_sanitation_faciltities%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Share_of_rural_population_with_improved_sanitation_faciltities%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Share of rural population with improved sanitation facilities in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_people_without_access_to_improved_sanitation,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Number_of_people_without_access_to_improved_sanitation%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Number_of_people_without_access_to_improved_sanitation%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Number_of_people_without_access_to_improved_sanitation%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Number_of_people_without_access_to_improved_sanitation%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Number_of_people_without_access_to_improved_sanitation%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Number_of_people_without_access_to_improved_sanitation%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Number of people without access to improved sanitation in 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Improved_version_of_a_traditional_toilet_(showroom)_(6908550969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Improved_version_of_a_traditional_toilet_%28showroom%29_%286908550969%29.jpg/220px-Improved_version_of_a_traditional_toilet_%28showroom%29_%286908550969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Improved_version_of_a_traditional_toilet_%28showroom%29_%286908550969%29.jpg/330px-Improved_version_of_a_traditional_toilet_%28showroom%29_%286908550969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Improved_version_of_a_traditional_toilet_%28showroom%29_%286908550969%29.jpg/440px-Improved_version_of_a_traditional_toilet_%28showroom%29_%286908550969%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Improved sanitation example: <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrine</a> with a slab covering the drop hole and <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">handwashing</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_latrines_to_improve_sanitation_(7554222218).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Building_latrines_to_improve_sanitation_%287554222218%29.jpg/220px-Building_latrines_to_improve_sanitation_%287554222218%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Building_latrines_to_improve_sanitation_%287554222218%29.jpg/330px-Building_latrines_to_improve_sanitation_%287554222218%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Building_latrines_to_improve_sanitation_%287554222218%29.jpg/440px-Building_latrines_to_improve_sanitation_%287554222218%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A mason building latrines to slabs which can be used for toilets to achieve improved sanitation in <a href="/wiki/Dadaab" title="Dadaab">Dadaab</a>, Kenya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_(3233256285).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg/220px-Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg/330px-Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg/440px-Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Unimproved sanitation example: <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrine</a> without slab in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_SDG_period_(2015_to_2030)"><span id="During_SDG_period_.282015_to_2030.29"></span>During SDG period (2015 to 2030)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improved_sanitation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: During SDG period (2015 to 2030)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, the JMP defined a new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to the use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households. A higher level of service is called "safely managed sanitation". This is basic sanitation service where excreta is safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definition of improved sanitation facilities is: Those facilities designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>The ladder of sanitation services includes (from lowest to highest): <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a>, unimproved, limited, basic, safely managed.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_MDG_period_(2000_to_2015)"><span id="During_MDG_period_.282000_to_2015.29"></span>During MDG period (2000 to 2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improved_sanitation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During MDG period (2000 to 2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An improved sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not necessarily identical with <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">sustainable sanitation</a>. The opposite of "improved sanitation" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the JMP definitions. </p><p>To allow for international comparability of estimates for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> defines "improved" sanitation as the following kind of toilets:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li>Connection to a piped <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer</a> system</li> <li>Connection to a <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic system</a></li> <li>Flush / pour-flush to a <a href="/wiki/Pit_toilet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit toilet">pit latrine</a></li> <li>Pit latrine with slab</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilated_improved_pit_latrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilated improved pit latrine">Ventilated improved pit latrine</a> (abbreviated as VIP latrine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting toilet</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> facilities that are not considered as "improved" (also called "unimproved") are: </p> <ul><li>Public or shared latrine (meaning a toilet that is used by more than one household)</li> <li>Flush/pour flush to elsewhere (not into a pit, septic tank, or sewer)</li> <li>Pit latrine without slab</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">Bucket latrines</a></li> <li>Hanging toilet / latrine</li> <li>No facilities / bush / field/ <a href="/wiki/Flying_toilet" title="Flying toilet">flying toilets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a>)</li></ul> <p>Whilst "shared" toilets are not counted as improved sanitation, data about usage of shared toilets is nevertheless reported in the annual progress reports of the JMP.<sup id="cite_ref-sanitation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanitation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improved_sanitation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation">"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)</a> <i>SDG-Tracker.org, website</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMP2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMP2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMP2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMP2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMP2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">WHO and UNICEF (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washdata.org/reports">Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines</a>. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMP2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JMP2015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2332"><i>Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2015 Update</i></a>. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241507240" title="Special:BookSources/9789241507240"><bdi>9789241507240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+on+drinking+water+and+sanitation%2C+2015+Update&rft.pub=WHO%2FUNICEF+Joint+Monitoring+Programme+for+Water+Supply+and+Sanitation+%28JMP%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789241507240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.susana.org%2Fen%2Fknowledge-hub%2Fresources-and-publications%2Flibrary%2Fdetails%2F2332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImproved+sanitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation">"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)</a> <i>SDG-Tracker.org, website</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">WHO and UNICEF (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/">Improved and unimproved water and sanitation facilities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003014620/http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/">Archived</a> 2015-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, accessed on 15 June 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanitation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sanitation_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WHO and UNICEF <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/">Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update</a></i>, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Improved_sanitation&oldid=1134570467">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Improved_sanitation&oldid=1134570467</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanitation" title="Category:Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 January 2023, at 09:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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