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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="خطوط توريس فيدراس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطوط توريس فيدراس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linien_von_Torres_Vedras" title="Linien von Torres Vedras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linien von Torres Vedras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADneas_de_Torres_Vedras" title="Líneas de Torres Vedras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Líneas de Torres Vedras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignes_de_Torres_Vedras" title="Lignes de Torres Vedras – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lignes de Torres Vedras" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linee_di_Torres_Vedras" title="Linee di Torres Vedras – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linee di Torres Vedras" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="خطوط توريس فيدراس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خطوط توريس فيدراس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linies_van_Torres_Vedras" title="Linies van Torres Vedras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linies van Torres Vedras" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres-linjene" title="Torres-linjene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Torres-linjene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linhas_de_Torres_Vedras" title="Linhas de Torres Vedras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linhas de Torres Vedras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Peninsular_War_(1810%E2%80%931811)" title="Template:Campaignbox Peninsular War (1810–1811)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Peninsular_War_(1810%E2%80%931811)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Peninsular War (1810–1811)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Peninsular_War_(1810%E2%80%931811)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Peninsular War (1810–1811)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peninsular_WarInvasion_of_Portugal,_1810–18111934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a><br />Invasion of Portugal, 1810–1811</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)"><b>1st Ciudad Rodrigo</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">1st Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trant%27s_raid" title="Trant's raid">Trant's raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco"><b>Bussaco</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobral" title="Battle of Sobral">Sobral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Vedras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oliven%C3%A7a" title="Siege of Olivença">Olivença</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Condeixa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Condeixa (page does not exist)">Condeixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Foz_de_Arouce" title="Battle of Foz de Arouce">Foz de Arouce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro"><b>Fuentes de Oñoro</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">2nd Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Bod%C3%B3n" title="Battle of El Bodón">El Bodón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Aldeia_da_Ponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Aldeia da Ponte (page does not exist)">Aldeia da Ponte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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style="top:63.75%;left:17.105%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lisbon"><img alt="Lisbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/12px-Brown_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/18px-Brown_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/24px-Brown_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Lisbon</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.393%;left:16.221%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Roliça"><img alt="Roliça" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.714%;left:12.632%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vimeiro"><img alt="Vimeiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.926%;left:61.265%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chaves"><img alt="Chaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/24px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaves" title="Siege of Chaves">Chaves</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.571%;left:36.316%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Braga"><img alt="Braga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/24px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Braga_(1809)" title="Battle of Braga (1809)">Braga</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.679%;left:32.105%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grijó"><img alt="Grijó" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/24px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.357%;left:31.053%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Porto"><img alt="Porto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/24px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">Porto</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.036%;left:76.053%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Almeida"><img alt="Almeida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/18px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/24px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.179%;left:38.684%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bussaco"><img alt="Bussaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/18px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/24px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.393%;left:14.211%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="TorresVedras"><img alt="TorresVedras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/18px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/24px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><b>TorresVedras</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.179%;left:30.789%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Redinha"><img alt="Redinha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/18px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/24px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.821%;left:71.579%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sabugal"><img alt="Sabugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/18px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/24px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.714%;left:78.421%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FuentesDeOñoro"><img alt="FuentesDeOñoro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/18px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/24px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">FuentesDeOñoro</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefkarte_Portugal.png" title="File:Reliefkarte Portugal.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Peninsular War: Portugal <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/12px-Brown_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/18px-Brown_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/24px-Brown_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span>1807 <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span>1808 <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/24px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span>1809 <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/18px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/24px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span>1810 <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/18px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/24px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span>1811</div></div></div> <p>The <b>Lines of Torres Vedras</b> were lines of <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">forts</a> and other military defences built in secrecy to defend <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. Named after the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>, they were ordered by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Wellington</a>, constructed by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Fletcher,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Fletcher, 1st Baronet">Colonel Richard Fletcher</a> and his Portuguese workers between November 1809 and September 1810, and used to stop <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">Marshal Masséna's</a> 1810 offensive. The Lines were declared a National Heritage by the Portuguese Government in March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the Peninsular War (1807–14) France and Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(October_1807)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (October 1807)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> in October 1807. This provided for the invasion and subsequent division of Portuguese territory into three kingdoms. Subsequently, French troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">General Junot</a> entered Portugal, which requested support from the British. In July 1808 troops commanded by Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>, the later Duke of Wellington, landed in Portugal and defeated French troops at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a>. This forced Junot to negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Convention of Cintra</a>, which led to the evacuation of the French army from Portugal. In March 1809, <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Marshal Soult</a> led a new French expedition that advanced south to the city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> before being repulsed by Portuguese-British troops and forced to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-Noivo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noivo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this retreat, Wellesley's forces advanced into Spain to join 33,000 Spanish troops under General <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Garc%C3%ADa_de_la_Cuesta" title="Gregorio García de la Cuesta">Cuesta</a>. At Talavera, some 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Madrid, they encountered and defeated 46,000 French soldiers under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Belluno">Claude Victor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lines1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lines1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Battle of Talavera</a>, Wellington realised that he was seriously outnumbered by the French army, giving rise to the possibility that he could be forced to retreat to Portugal and possibly evacuate. He decided to strengthen the proposed evacuation area around the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Juli%C3%A3o_da_Barra" title="Fort of São Julião da Barra">Fort of São Julião da Barra</a> on the estuary of the River <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a>, near Lisbon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_linhas_de_torres_vedras_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mapa_linhas_de_torres_vedras_cropped.png/220px-Mapa_linhas_de_torres_vedras_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mapa_linhas_de_torres_vedras_cropped.png/330px-Mapa_linhas_de_torres_vedras_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mapa_linhas_de_torres_vedras_cropped.png/440px-Mapa_linhas_de_torres_vedras_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Lines of Torres Vedras</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1809, Wellington, drawing on topographical maps prepared by José Maria das Neves Costa, and making use of a report that was prepared for General Junot in 1807, surveyed the area north of Lisbon with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Fletcher,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Fletcher, 1st Baronet">Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Fletcher</a>. Eventually they chose the terrain from Torres Vedras to Lisbon because of its mountainous characteristics. From north to south, great undulations created peaks that straddled deep valleys, great <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gullies</a> and wide <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravines</a>. The rugged and inhospitable area offered numerous possibilities for a stubborn <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a> fight from forts on many of the peaks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the decision on the location, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Fletcher ordered the work to begin on a network of interlocking fortifications, <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a>, dams that flooded large areas, and other defences. Roads were also built to enable troops to move rapidly between forts. The work was supervised by Fletcher, assisted by Major <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Jones" title="John Thomas Jones">John Thomas Jones</a>, and 11 other British Officers, four <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portuguese Army</a> Engineers, and two <a href="/wiki/King%27s_German_Legion" title="King's German Legion">KGL</a> officers. The cost was less than £200,000 according to the Royal Engineers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889267_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889267-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the least expensive but most productive military investments in history. </p><p>When the results of the surveys by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> were completed, it was possible, in February 1810, to begin work on 150 smaller interlinking defensive positions, using, wherever possible, the natural features of the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889Chapter_XI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889Chapter_XI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work received a boost after the loss to the French of the fortress at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Siege of Almeida</a> in August 1810 led to the public conscription of Portuguese labourers. The works were sufficiently complete to halt the advance of the French troops, who arrived in October of the same year. Even after the French had retreated from Portugal, construction of the lines continued in expectation of their return, and in 1812 34,000 men were still working on them. On completion there were 152 fortifications with a total of 648 cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-Lines1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lines1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fortalezas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortalezas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_of_the_Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="List of forts of the Lines of Torres Vedras">List of forts of the Lines of Torres Vedras</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortZambujalMoat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FortZambujalMoat.jpg/220px-FortZambujalMoat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FortZambujalMoat.jpg/330px-FortZambujalMoat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FortZambujalMoat.jpg/440px-FortZambujalMoat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Dry moat at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Zambujal" title="Fort of Zambujal">Fort of Zambujal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The work began on the main defensive works on 3 November 1809, initially at the Fort of São Julião da Barra and almost immediately afterwards at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Fort of São Vicente">Fort of São Vicente</a> (St. Vincent) overlooking the town of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Alqueid%C3%A3o" title="Fort of Alqueidão">Fort of Alqueidão</a> on top of Monte Agraço.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grehan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grehan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lines1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lines1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fortalezas_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortalezas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire construction was carried out in great secrecy and the French never became aware of it. Only one report appeared in the London newspapers, a major source of information for Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that the British government did not know about the forts and was stunned when Wellington first said in dispatches that he had retreated to them. Even the British Ambassador in Lisbon appears to have been unaware of what was happening.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defences were accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy to their north in which the inhabitants were told to leave their farms, destroying all food they could not take and anything else that may be useful to the French. Although ultimately contributing to the success of the defence, this policy led to high rates of mortality among the Portuguese who had retreated south of the lines. By some estimates 40,000 died.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grehan_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grehan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labour for construction of the forts was supplied by Portuguese regiments from Lisbon, by hired Portuguese and, ultimately, through conscription of the whole district. The 152 works were supervised by just 18 engineers. The Lines were not continuous, as in the case of a defensive wall, but consisted of a series of mutually supporting forts and other defences that both guarded roads that the French could take and also covered each other’s flanks. The majority of the defences were redoubts holding 200 to 300 troops and three to six cannon, normally 12-pounders, which could fire <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">cannonballs</a>. Each redoubt was protected by a ditch or dry moat, with parapets, and was palisaded. By the time the French reached the First Line in October 1810, 126 works had been completed and were manned by 29,750 men with 247 heavy guns. Wellington did not use his front-line troops to man the forts: instead, manpower was mainly provided by the Portuguese. Construction continued after the withdrawal of the French and was not fully completed until 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grehan_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grehan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally the Second Line was intended to be the main line of defence, 30 km (19 mi) north of Lisbon. The First Line, or Outer Line, was approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) to north of the Second Line. The original purpose of the First Line was to only delay the French. In fact, the First Line was not the original plan, the work was only carried out because the defenders were given extra time due to the slow advance of the French Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Lines1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lines1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the First Line succeeded in holding the French and the Second Line was never required. A Third Line, surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Juli%C3%A3o_da_Barra" title="Fort of São Julião da Barra">Fort of São Julião da Barra</a> near Lisbon, was built to protect Wellington’s evacuation by sea from the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grehan_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grehan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fourth line, of which little remains, was built south of the Tagus opposite Lisbon to prevent a French invasion of the city by boat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_line">First line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linhas_de_Torres_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Linhas_de_Torres_II.jpg/220px-Linhas_de_Torres_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Linhas_de_Torres_II.jpg/330px-Linhas_de_Torres_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Linhas_de_Torres_II.jpg/440px-Linhas_de_Torres_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a redoubt at the lines of Torres Vedras.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wellington's first idea had been to construct the first line from <a href="/wiki/Alhandra_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhandra (Portugal)">Alhandra</a> on the banks of the Tagus to Rio São Lourenço on the Atlantic coast, with advanced works at Torres Vedras, <a href="/wiki/Sobral_de_Monte_Agra%C3%A7o" title="Sobral de Monte Agraço">Sobral de Monte Agraço</a>, and other commanding points. The delays to the French arrival, however, enabled him to strengthen the first line sufficiently to warrant aiming to hold it permanently rather than just using it for delaying purposes. Surveying this line from east to west, the first section from Alhandra to <a href="/wiki/Arruda_dos_Vinhos" title="Arruda dos Vinhos">Arruda</a> was about 5 miles (8.0 km) long, of which 1 mile (1.6 km) towards the Tagus had been inundated; another 1 mile (1.6 km) or more had been scarped into a <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">precipice</a>, and the most vulnerable point had been obstructed by a huge <a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">abatis</a>. The additional defences included 23 <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a> mounting 96 guns, besides a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> to guard the right flank on the Tagus. This area was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Hill's</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defences still visible in this section include the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Subserra" title="Fort of Subserra">Fort of Subserra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortalezas_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortalezas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rota_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rota-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortedesubserra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fortedesubserra.jpg/220px-Fortedesubserra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fortedesubserra.jpg/330px-Fortedesubserra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fortedesubserra.jpg/440px-Fortedesubserra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Fort of Subserra. No 114 of the forts in the Lines. Also known as the Fort of Alhandra</figcaption></figure> <p>The second section extended from Arruda to the west of Monte Agraço, which was crowned by the very large fort now known as the Fort of Alqueidão, mounting twenty-five guns, with three smaller forts to support it. Monte Agraço itself was held by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pack" title="Denis Pack">Pack's</a> brigade with <a href="/wiki/British_5th_Division#Peninsular_War" class="mw-redirect" title="British 5th Division">Anglo-Portuguese 5th Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Leith_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Leith (British Army officer)">Leith's</a>) in reserve behind it, while the less completely fortified country to the east was entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/Light_Division_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Division (UK)">British Light Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541–542_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541–542-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third section stretched from the west of Monte Agraço for nearly 8 miles (13 km) to the gorge of the river Sizandro, a little to south of Torres Vedras. This was strengthened by two redoubts which commanded the road from <a href="/wiki/Sobral_de_Monte_Agra%C3%A7o" title="Sobral de Monte Agraço">Sobral</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montachique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montachique (page does not exist)">Montachique</a>. Here, therefore, were concentrated the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_between_1809%E2%80%931909" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British 1st Division between 1809–1909">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_4th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="British 4th Division">4th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">6th</a> divisions, under the eye of Wellington himself, who established his headquarters at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fltv.weebly.com/wellingtons-headquarters---perl-negro.html">Pero Negro</a>, where he remained from approximately 16 October 1810 to 15 November 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last and most westerly section of the first line ran from the gorge of the Sizandro to the sea, a distance of nearly 12 miles (19 km), more than half of which, however, on the western side had been rendered impassable by the damming of the Sizandro and by the conversion of its lower reaches into one huge inundation. The chief defence consisted of the entrenched camp of the Fort of São Vicente, a little to the north of Torres Vedras, which dominated the paved road leading from <a href="/wiki/Leiria" title="Leiria">Leiria</a> to Lisbon. The force assigned to this part of the Line was Picton's division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_line">Second line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second line of defence was still more formidable. It can broadly be divided into three sections, from the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Casa" title="Fort of Casa">Fort of Casa</a> on the Tagus to <a href="/wiki/Bucelas" title="Bucelas">Bucelas</a>, from Bucelas to <a href="/wiki/Mafra,_Portugal" title="Mafra, Portugal">Mafra</a>, and from Mafra to the sea, a total distance of 22 miles (35 km).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main forts along this line that remain identifiable are three forts on the <a href="/wiki/Forts_of_Serra_da_Aguieira" title="Forts of Serra da Aguieira">Serra da Aguieira</a> that served to support the Fort of Casa in its defence of the River Tagus as well as covering the Bucelas Gorge. They also exchanged crossfire with the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Arpim" title="Fort of Arpim">Fort of Arpim</a> to their north, which was a link between the first and second lines as it was close to three other forts designed to protect the road from Bucelas to <a href="/wiki/Alverca_do_Ribatejo" title="Alverca do Ribatejo">Alverca do Ribatejo</a>. To the west of Bucelas was a line of hill-top forts dominated by the Montachique mountain. The mountain, at an altitude of 408 metres, was not fortified but was defended by what are today known as the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Mosqueiro" title="Fort of Mosqueiro">Fort of Mosqueiro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Ribas" title="Fort of Ribas">Fort of Ribas</a> and others. Closer to Mafra, overlooking the town of Malveira, was the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Feira" title="Fort of Feira">Fort of Feira</a>, which was at the centre of a complex of 19 strongholds in the second Line.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mafra was one of the principle positions on the second line, with its defences being centred around the <a href="/wiki/Tapada_Nacional_de_Mafra" title="Tapada Nacional de Mafra">Tapada</a> or royal park.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_and_fourth_lines">Third and fourth lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third and fourth lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the event of failure even in the face of all these precautions, a very powerful line, 2 miles (3.2 km) long, was thrown up around the Fort of São Julião da Barra on the Tagus estuary to cover a retreat and any embarkation if it became necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was considered to be the third line. </p><p>British ships dominated the Portuguese coast and the Tagus estuary, so a waterborne invasion by the French was unlikely. However, to guard against the possibility that the French would try to bypass the lines to the north of Lisbon by heading south along the left bank of the Tagus and then approaching Lisbon by boat, a fourth line was built south of the Tagus in the Almada area. The line was 7.3 kilometres (4.5 mi) long. It had 17 redoubts and covered trenches, 86 pieces of artillery, and was defended by marines and orderlies from Lisbon, with a total of 7,500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holding_the_Lines">Holding the Lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Holding the Lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army" title="Anglo-Portuguese Army">Anglo-Portuguese Army</a> was forced to retreat to the first line after winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bu%C3%A7aco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buçaco">Battle of Buçaco</a> on 27 September 1810. The French army under Marshal Masséna discovered a barren land (under the <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy) and an enemy behind an almost impenetrable defensive position. Masséna's forces arrived at the lines on 11 October and took <a href="/wiki/Sobral_de_Monte_Agra%C3%A7o" title="Sobral de Monte Agraço">Sobral de Monte Agraço</a> the following day. On 14 October the <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="VIII Corps (Grande Armée)">VIII Corps</a> tried to push forward but at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobral" title="Battle of Sobral">Battle of Sobral</a> they were repelled in an attempt to assault a strong British outpost. After attempting to wait out the enemy, the lack of food and fodder in the area north of the lines meant that Masséna was forced to order a French retreat northwards, starting on the night of 14/15 November 1810, to find an area that had not been subjected to the scorched earth policy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WellingtonHQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/WellingtonHQ.jpg/220px-WellingtonHQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/WellingtonHQ.jpg/330px-WellingtonHQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/WellingtonHQ.jpg/440px-WellingtonHQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Duke of Wellington's Headquarters at Pero Negro</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1810, fearing a French attempt on the left of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a>, a chain of 17 redoubts was constructed from <a href="/wiki/Almada" title="Almada">Almada</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trafaria" title="Trafaria">Trafaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889266_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889266-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the French made no movement, and after holding out through February, when starvation really set in, Marshal Masséna ordered a retreat at the beginning of March 1811, taking a month to get to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889266_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889266-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshal Masséna had begun his <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaign</a> with his 65,000 strong army (l'Armée de Portugal). After losing 4,000 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bu%C3%A7aco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buçaco">Battle of Buçaco</a>, he arrived at Torres Vedras with 61,000 men in October 1810 facing <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare_against_Napoleon" title="Attrition warfare against Napoleon">attrition warfare</a>. When he eventually returned to Spain in April 1811, he had lost a further 21,000 men, mostly from starvation, severe illness and disease. Casualties had not been helped by the fact that the Iberian peninsula had suffered one of the coldest winters it had ever known. </p><p>When the Allies renewed their offensive in 1811, they were reinforced with fresh British troops. The advance started from the Lines of Torres Vedras shortly after the French retreat. Although work continued on certain sections of the lines, they saw no further action during rest of the Peninsular War.<sup id="cite_ref-Grehan_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grehan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garrisons">Garrisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Garrisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lines were divided up into districts by Wellington in a letter dated 6 October 1810. Each district was allocated one Captain and one Lieutenant of Engineers:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889265_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889265-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>From <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a> to the sea. HQ at <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>.</li> <li>From <a href="/wiki/Sobral_de_Monte_Agra%C3%A7o" title="Sobral de Monte Agraço">Sobral de Monte Agraço</a> to the valley of Calhandriz. HQ at <a href="/wiki/Sobral_de_Monte_Agra%C3%A7o" title="Sobral de Monte Agraço">Sobral de Monte Agraço</a>.</li> <li>From <a href="/wiki/Alhandra,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhandra, Portugal">Alhandra</a> to the valley of Calhandriz. HQ at <a href="/wiki/Alhandra,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhandra, Portugal">Alhandra</a>.</li> <li>From the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Alverca" class="mw-redirect" title="Alverca">Alverca</a>, to the Pass of Bucelas, inclusive. HQ at <a href="/wiki/Bucelas" title="Bucelas">Bucelas</a>.</li> <li>From the Pass of Freixal, near Bucelas to the right of the Pass of Mafra. HQ at Montachique.</li> <li>From the Pass of Mafra to the sea. HQ at Mafra.</li></ol> <p>The total number of troops available to Wellington amounted, exclusive of two battalions of marines around the Fort of São Julião, to 42,000 British, of whom 35,000 were <a href="/wiki/Combat_readiness" title="Combat readiness">combat ready</a> together with over 27,000 Portuguese regulars, of whom 24,000 were combat ready; about 12,000 Portuguese militia; and 20–30,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Ordenan%C3%A7as" title="Ordenanças">ordenanças</a></i>, a Portuguese militia force used mainly for <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. Lastly, the <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Caro,_3rd_Marquis_of_la_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana">Marquis of la Romana</a> contributed 8,000 Spanish troops to the lines around Mafra. Altogether, therefore, Wellington had some 60,000 regular frontline troops whom he could depend upon, and 20,000 more who could be trusted to man the lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542–543_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542–543-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortStVincent4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FortStVincent4.jpg/220px-FortStVincent4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FortStVincent4.jpg/330px-FortStVincent4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FortStVincent4.jpg/440px-FortStVincent4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A model of the communications system</figcaption></figure> <p>The redoubts of the First Line did not require more than 20,000 men to defend them, which left the whole of the true field-army free not only to reinforce any threatened point but also to make counter-attacks. To facilitate such movements a chain of five signal stations was established from one end of the First Line to the other, which allowed a message to be sent along the lines in 7 minutes, or from the HQ to any point in 4 minutes. The signal stations on the First Line were: </p> <ul><li>Redoubt n.30 close to the ocean (Ponte do Rol)</li> <li>Fort of São Vicente at Torres Vedras</li> <li>Monte do Socorro close to Pêro Negro, Wellington's headquarters.</li> <li>Monte Agraço</li> <li>Sobralinho, by the River Tagus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899543_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899543-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>while on the Second Line, five stations have been identified at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forts_of_Serra_da_Aguieira" title="Forts of Serra da Aguieira">Forts of Serra da Aguieira</a></li> <li>Fort of Sunivel</li> <li>Montachique mountain (<i>Cabeço de Montachique</i>)</li> <li>Fort of Chipre</li> <li>Fort of São Julião at Ericeira<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Napier_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napier-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial">Memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg/220px-Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg/330px-Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg/440px-Monument_LinhasdeTorresVedras2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Defenders of the Lines of Torres Vedras at Alhandra</figcaption></figure> <p>A monument commemorating the victory of the Anglo-Portuguese troops over the French armies and the construction of the Torres Vedras Lines was approved in 1874 and finished in 1883. Somewhat reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Nelson%E2%80%99s_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson’s Column">Nelson’s Column</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the column is topped by a statue of the Classical Greek figure of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>. This was executed by the sculptor Simões de Almeida who was also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Restorers" title="Monument to the Restorers">Monument to the Restorers</a> in Lisbon. The column used marble from the parish of <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%AAro_Pinheiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pêro Pinheiro (page does not exist)">Pêro Pinheiro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a> municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-Museu_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monument was constructed near the village of Alhandra in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Vila_Franca_de_Xira" title="Vila Franca de Xira">Vila Franca de Xira</a>, on the site of the Boavista redoubt (originally numbered as work Number 3). It is close to work Number 114, the Fort of Subserra (also known as the Fort of Alhandra), which can be visited. In 1911, two plaques were added to acknowledge the contributions of Richard Fletcher and of José Maria das Neves Costa, on whose original <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic maps</a> Wellington based his plans for the Lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Museu_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_and_restoration">Preservation and restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Preservation and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortStVincent5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FortStVincent5.jpg/220px-FortStVincent5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FortStVincent5.jpg/330px-FortStVincent5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FortStVincent5.jpg/440px-FortStVincent5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Visitors' Centre at Fort St. Vincent</figcaption></figure> <p>Substantial portions of the Lines survive today, albeit in most cases in a heavily decayed condition due to past removal of stones. Apart from some limited restoration of Fort St. Vincent in the 1960s the Lines had effectively lain abandoned from the end of the Peninsular War to the beginning of this millennium. In 2001 the six municipalities covered by the Lines (Torres Vedras, Mafra, Sobral de Monte Agraço, Arruda dos Vinhos, Loures and Villa Franca de Xira), together with agencies of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Dire%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Geral_do_Patrim%C3%B3nio_Cultural" title="Direção-Geral do Património Cultural">Direção-Geral do Património Cultural</a> (Directorate-General for Cultural Heritage - DGPC), and the Direção dos Serviços de Engenharia (Directorate of Military Engineering) signed a protocol to protect, restore and sustain the Lines. However, initial work was limited due to lack of resources. With the bicentennial of the Lines fast approaching the six municipalities set up an inter-municipal platform to move things forward and decided to apply for funding through the <a href="/wiki/EEA_and_Norway_Grants" title="EEA and Norway Grants">EEA and Norway Grants</a> programme. Funding was granted in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-BHSP_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHSP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EEA grants met the costs of 110 projects, while the municipalities funded the work at another 140 sites. Work involved included removal of excess vegetation, creation or restoration of access, archaeological studies, setting up of information boards, establishment of walking routes, and a Visitors' Centre in each municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-BHSP_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHSP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conservation work was awarded the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Prize_for_Cultural_Heritage_/_Europa_Nostra_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards">European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBvba2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBvba2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortOlheiros1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FortOlheiros1.jpg/220px-FortOlheiros1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FortOlheiros1.jpg/330px-FortOlheiros1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FortOlheiros1.jpg/440px-FortOlheiros1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View of gun emplacements at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Olheiros" title="Fort of Olheiros">Fort of Olheiros</a>, Torres Vedras</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Leonel_Trindade_Municipal_Museum,_Torres_Vedras" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonel Trindade Municipal Museum, Torres Vedras">Leonel Trindade Municipal Museum, Torres Vedras</a> in the centre of the town has a room dedicated to "The Lines" with a display of information boards and artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short distance from the museum just outside of the town, <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Fort of São Vicente">Fort of São Vicente</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Olheiros" title="Fort of Olheiros">Fort of Olheiros</a> have been well conserved, with the former having a visitors' centre open Tue-Sun 10-1pm and 2-6pm. The visitors' centre has well-produced historic wall displays and a 20 min video.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other information centres along the lines are: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cm-loures.pt/AreaConteudo.aspx?DisplayId=770">Lines of Torres Interpretation Centre at Bucelas Wine museum.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Casa" title="Fort of Casa">Fort of Casa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cm-sobral.pt/cilt/">Interpretation Centre at Sobral de Monte Agraço</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cm-arruda.pt/centro-cultural-do-morgado">Centro Cultural do Morgado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arruda_dos_Vinhos" title="Arruda dos Vinhos">Arruda dos Vinhos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cm-mafra.pt/pt/municipio/cultura/centro-interpretativo-de-mafra">Centro de Interpretação das Linhas de Torres de Mafra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503061447/http://www.cm-mafra.pt/pt/municipio/cultura/centro-interpretativo-de-mafra">Archived</a> 3 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_to_the_French" title="Death to the French">Death to the French</a></i>, novel by C. S. Forester,</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Gold_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpe's Gold (novel)">Sharpe's Gold</a></i>, novel by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Escape_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpe's Escape (novel)">Sharpe's Escape</a></i>, novel by Bernard Cornwell</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Wellington" title="Lines of Wellington">Lines of Wellington</a></i>, film by <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Ruiz_(director)" title="Raúl Ruiz (director)">Raúl Ruiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Sarmiento" title="Valeria Sarmiento">Valeria Sarmiento</a></li> <li><i>How the Brigadier Saved An Army</i>, short story by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><i>Beyond the Sunrise,</i> novel by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Balogh" title="Mary Balogh">Mary Balogh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observador.pt/2019/03/14/governo-classifica-linhas-de-torres-vedras-como-monumento-nacional/">"Governo classifica Linhas de Torres Vedras como monumento nacional"</a>. <i>Observador</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observador&rft.atitle=Governo+classifica+Linhas+de+Torres+Vedras+como+monumento+nacional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservador.pt%2F2019%2F03%2F14%2Fgoverno-classifica-linhas-de-torres-vedras-como-monumento-nacional%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noivo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noivo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoivo2010" class="citation book cs1">Noivo, Marco António do Carmo Gomes (February 2010). <i>A 1ª E A 2ª LINHAS DE TORRES: A VALORIZAÇÃO DO PATRIMÓNIO E O TURISMO CULTURAL</i>. Lisbon: University of Lisbon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+1%C2%AA+E+A+2%C2%AA+LINHAS+DE+TORRES%3A+A+VALORIZA%C3%87%C3%83O+DO+PATRIM%C3%93NIO+E+O+TURISMO+CULTURAL&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=University+of+Lisbon&rft.date=2010-02&rft.aulast=Noivo&rft.aufirst=Marco+Ant%C3%B3nio+do+Carmo+Gomes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorrisBremner1986" class="citation book cs1">Norris, A. H.; Bremner, R. W. (1986). <i>The Lines of Torres Vedras</i>. Lisbon: British Historical Society, Portugal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=British+Historical+Society%2C+Portugal&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.au=Bremner%2C+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lines1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lines1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lines1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lines1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lines1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva2011" class="citation book cs1">Da Silva, Carlos Guardado (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180611/https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf"><i>The Story of the Lines, in Lines of Torres Vedras Historical Trail : Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Torres Vedras: PILT – Plataforma Intermunicipal para as Linhas de Torres. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-8398-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-8398-16-1"><bdi>978-989-8398-16-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Lines%2C+in+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras+Historical+Trail+%3A+Guide&rft.place=Torres+Vedras&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=PILT+%E2%80%93+Plataforma+Intermunicipal+para+as+Linhas+de+Torres&rft.date=2011-11&rft.isbn=978-989-8398-16-1&rft.aulast=Da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Guardado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm-mafra.pt%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fguide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889267-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889267_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter1889">Porter 1889</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889Chapter_XI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889Chapter_XI_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter1889">Porter 1889</a>, Chapter XI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortalezas-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortalezas_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortalezas_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortalezas_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortalezas.org/?ct=fortaleza&id_fortaleza=1996&muda_idioma=PT">"Linhas de Torres Vedras"</a>. <i>Fortalezas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortalezas.org&rft.atitle=Linhas+de+Torres+Vedras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortalezas.org%2F%3Fct%3Dfortaleza%26id_fortaleza%3D1996%26muda_idioma%3DPT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grehan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grehan_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grehan_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grehan_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grehan_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grehan_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrehan2015" class="citation book cs1">Grehan, John (2015). <i>The lines of Torres Vedras : the cornerstone of Wellington's strategy in the Peninsular War, 1809-1812</i>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473852747" title="Special:BookSources/9781473852747"><bdi>9781473852747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lines+of+Torres+Vedras+%3A+the+cornerstone+of+Wellington%27s+strategy+in+the+Peninsular+War%2C+1809-1812&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781473852747&rft.aulast=Grehan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf">https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180611/https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf">Archived</a> 9 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rota-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rota_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhlt.pt/en/portfolio/first-fort-at-subserra/">"First fort at Subserra"</a>. <i>Rota Histórica das Linhas de Torres</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rota+Hist%C3%B3rica+das+Linhas+de+Torres&rft.atitle=First+fort+at+Subserra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhlt.pt%2Fen%2Fportfolio%2Ffirst-fort-at-subserra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541–542-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899541–542_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, pp. 541–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorrisBremner1986" class="citation book cs1">Norris, A. H.; Bremner, R. W. (1986). <i>The Lines of Torres Vedras</i>. Lisbon: British Historical Society, Portugal. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=British+Historical+Society%2C+Portugal&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.au=Bremner%2C+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortalezas.org/?ct=fortaleza&id_fortaleza=1757&muda_idioma=PT">"Forte da Malveira"</a>. <i>Fortalezas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortalezas.org&rft.atitle=Forte+da+Malveira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortalezas.org%2F%3Fct%3Dfortaleza%26id_fortaleza%3D1757%26muda_idioma%3DPT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889266-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889266_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889266_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter1889">Porter 1889</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889265-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889265_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter1889">Porter 1889</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542–543-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899542–543_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, pp. 542–543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899543-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1899543_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1899">Fortescue 1899</a>, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Napier-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Napier_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNapier" class="citation web cs1">Napier, G.W.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fltv.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/6/9/19695765/rej_final_lines_of_torres_vedras.pdf">"The Lines of Torres Vedras – An Impregnable Citadel?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Friends of the Lines of Torres Vedras</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+the+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras&rft.atitle=The+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras+%E2%80%93+An+Impregnable+Citadel%3F&rft.aulast=Napier&rft.aufirst=G.W.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffltv.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F9%2F6%2F9%2F19695765%2Frej_final_lines_of_torres_vedras.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museu-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Museu_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museu_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414082003/https://www.cm-vfxira.pt/pages/3135">"Monumento comemorativo das Linhas de Torres"</a>. <i>Museu Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cm-vfxira.pt/pages/3135">the original</a> on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museu+Municipal+de+Vila+Franca+de+Xira&rft.atitle=Monumento+comemorativo+das+Linhas+de+Torres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm-vfxira.pt%2Fpages%2F3135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHSP-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BHSP_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHSP_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Clive (2012). "The Lines of Torres Vedras: A Remarkable Restoration Project". <i>British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report</i>. <b>39</b>: 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Historical+Society+of+Portugal+Annual+Report&rft.atitle=The+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras%3A+A+Remarkable+Restoration+Project&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBvba2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBvba2014_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBvba2014">Bvba 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Commission2014_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEuropean_Commission2014">European Commission 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portugalin.eu/oeste/en/patrimonio-torres-vedras/#!">Municipal Museum visited 18 October 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rota Historica das Linhas de Torres brochure. Retrieved 18 October 2018</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBvba2014" class="citation web cs1">Bvba, D'Artagnan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europanostra.org/awards/132/">"Historical route of the Lines of Torres Vedras"</a>. <i>Europa Nostra</i>. Lisbon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa+Nostra&rft.atitle=Historical+route+of+the+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bvba&rft.aufirst=D%27Artagnan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europanostra.org%2Fawards%2F132%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-283_en.htm">"Press release – Winners of 2014 EU Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards announced"</a>. <i>European Commission</i>. 20 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Press+release+%E2%80%93+Winners+of+2014+EU+Prize+for+Cultural+Heritage+%2F+Europa+Nostra+Awards+announced&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-14-283_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2021" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mark S. (2021). <i>Wellington and the Lines of Torres Vedras</i>. Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-914059-85-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-914059-85-8"><bdi>978-1-914059-85-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+and+the+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-914059-85-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter1889" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Major General Whitworth (1889). <i>History of the Corps of Royal Engineers</i>. Vol. I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Corps+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.place=Chatham&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Major+General+Whitworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGates2009" class="citation book cs1">Gates, David (2009). <i>The Spanish Ulcer: A History of Peninsular War</i>. Da Capo Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqtaVb1QkkwC&pg=PA237">237–238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786747320" title="Special:BookSources/9780786747320"><bdi>9780786747320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Ulcer%3A+A+History+of+Peninsular+War&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780786747320&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrehan2016" class="citation book cs1">Grehan, John (20 January 2016). <i>The Lines of Torres Vedras: The Cornerstone of Wellington's Strategy in the Peninsular War 1809–1812</i>. Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473852747" title="Special:BookSources/9781473852747"><bdi>9781473852747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lines+of+Torres+Vedras%3A+The+Cornerstone+of+Wellington%27s+Strategy+in+the+Peninsular+War+1809%E2%80%931812&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.isbn=9781473852747&rft.aulast=Grehan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongford1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (1972). <i>Wellington: The years of the sword</i>. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+The+years+of+the+sword&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPivkaRoffe2013" class="citation book cs1">Pivka, Otto Von; Roffe, Michael (2013). <i>The King's German Legion</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472801692" title="Special:BookSources/9781472801692"><bdi>9781472801692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+German+Legion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781472801692&rft.aulast=Pivka&rft.aufirst=Otto+Von&rft.au=Roffe%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fortescue" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Fortescue">Fortescue, Sir John William</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish07fortuoft"><i>A history of the British army</i></a>. Vol. 7. London: Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish07fortuoft/page/541">541</a>–544.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+British+army&rft.place=London&rft.pages=541-544&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbritish07fortuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2000" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Ian C. (2000). <i>Wellington at War in the Peninsula 1808–1814: An overview and guide</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+at+War+in+the+Peninsula+1808%E2%80%931814%3A+An+overview+and+guide&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Ian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraikMacFarlane1844" class="citation book cs1">Craik, G.L.; MacFarlane, C. (1844). <i>The Pictorial History of England During the Reign of George the Third </i>. Vol. 4. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYDgajByhEIC&pg=PA448">448</a>–454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+History+of+England+During+the+Reign+of+George+the+Third+..&rft.pages=448-454&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Craik&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rft.au=MacFarlane%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALines+of+Torres+Vedras" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lines_of_Torres_Vedras&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@38.986017,-9.3794104,11z/data=!4m3!11m2!2sFhbNfORSRkisAMWYM3HEjw!3e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTIwOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D">Lines 1 and 2 mapped on Google Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fltv.weebly.com/">Friends of the Lines of Torres Vedras</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortalezas.org/?ct=fortaleza&id_fortaleza=1996&muda_idioma=PT">Complete list of the different military works (In Portuguese)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhsportugal.org/">British Historical Society of Portugal</a>, which organizes regular guided visits to the forts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torresvedraslines.com/">Photographs and map of fort locations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://passear.com/2010/11/05-de-dezembro-%E2%80%93-caminhada-de-sobral-de-monte-agraco-%E2%80%93-forte-do-alqueidao/">05 de Dezembro – Caminhada de Sobral de Monte Agraço – Forte do Alqueidão</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/lines_of_torres_vedras.html">More details on the military fortifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peninsularwar.org/ltv.htm#top">The construction of São Vicente</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linesoftorresvedras.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=65&Itemid=65">Semaphore Tower</a> Monte Socorro Historical Reconstruction of semaphore tower.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf">Lines of Torres Vedras Historical Trail: Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180611/https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf">Archived</a> 9 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lines of Torres Vedras">Lines of Torres Vedras</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars20299" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars20299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic era)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona_(Peninsular_War)" title="Third siege of Girona (Peninsular War)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> 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