CINXE.COM
Women Archives | HistoryNet
<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Oswald:wght@500&family=Poppins:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,700&display=optional" rel="stylesheet"> <script> window.googletag = { cmd: [] }; window.pbjs = { que: [] } </script> <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.9 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Women Archives | HistoryNet</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Women Archives" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="HistoryNet" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@HistoryNet" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "CollectionPage", "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/", "url": "https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/", "name": "Women Archives | HistoryNet", "isPartOf": { "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/#website" }, "primaryImageOfPage": { "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/#primaryimage" }, "image": { "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/#primaryimage" }, "thumbnailUrl": "https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled.jpg", "breadcrumb": { "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/#breadcrumb" }, "inLanguage": "en-US" }, { "@type": "ImageObject", "inLanguage": "en-US", "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/#primaryimage", "url": "https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled.jpg", "contentUrl": "https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled.jpg", "width": 1755, "height": 2560, "caption": "Robinson (1845–71) grew up in a family of stage performers. Known in childhood as the “Fairy Star” or “La Petite Susan,” she was soon receiving top billing in their tours of Gold Rush California. Against the odds and certain Victorian-era mores, Sue went on to nationwide theatrical success. But her fame came at a cost." }, { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/#breadcrumb", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.historynet.com/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Women" } ] }, { "@type": "WebSite", "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/#website", "url": "https://www.historynet.com/", "name": "HistoryNet", "description": "The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet.", "publisher": { "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/#organization" }, "potentialAction": [ { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": { "@type": "EntryPoint", "urlTemplate": "https://www.historynet.com/?s={search_term_string}" }, "query-input": { "@type": "PropertyValueSpecification", "valueRequired": true, "valueName": "search_term_string" } } ], "inLanguage": "en-US" }, { "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/#organization", "name": "HistoryNet", "url": "https://www.historynet.com/", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "inLanguage": "en-US", "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/#/schema/logo/image/", "url": "https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Historynet-favicon.png", "contentUrl": "https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Historynet-favicon.png", "width": 192, "height": 192, "caption": "HistoryNet" }, "image": { "@id": "https://www.historynet.com/#/schema/logo/image/" }, "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/HistoryNet", "https://x.com/HistoryNet" ] } ] }</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ak.sail-horizon.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//run.adrizer.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//sb.scorecardresearch.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.outbrain.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="HistoryNet » Feed" href="https://www.historynet.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="HistoryNet » Women Topic Feed" href="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-homepage-articles-css' href='https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/homepage-articles/view.css?ver=1.44.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.historynet.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='coblocks-frontend-css' href='https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/coblocks/dist/style-coblocks-1.css?ver=2.24.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--body: #fff;--wp--preset--color--base: #f1ede7;--wp--preset--color--text: #202020;--wp--preset--color--primary: #c4132a;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #ffb900;--wp--preset--color--border: #e5e5e5;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{--wp--preset--color--primary: #c4132a;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #ffb900;}p{--wp--preset--color--highlight: rgba(255, 185, 0, 0.1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 840px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1360px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-body-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--body) !important;}.has-base-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-text-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--text) !important;}.has-primary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.has-border-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--border) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-body-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--body) !important;}.has-base-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-text-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text) !important;}.has-primary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.has-border-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-body-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--body) !important;}.has-base-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-text-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text) !important;}.has-primary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.has-border-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-primary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-secondary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-primary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-secondary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-primary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.has-secondary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}p.has-highlight-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--highlight) !important;}p.has-highlight-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--highlight) !important;}p.has-highlight-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--highlight) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-block-styles-stylesheet-css' href='https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/block_styles.css?ver=1.44.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='taxopress-frontend-css-css' href='https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/plugins/taxopress-pro/assets/frontend/css/frontend.css?ver=3.30.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='styles-css' href='https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/themes/historynet/dist/css/style.css?ver=1685983050' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="tenup_ads_config_frontend-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var tacAdConfig = {"settings":{"prebid":true},"config":[{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/top","sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[320,50],[320,100]],"[768, 200]":[[728,90]],"[1050, 200]":[[728,90],[970,90]]},"location":"Top_LeaderBoard","lazyLoad":false,"prebid":{"code":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/top","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100]]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"sizes":[[728,90]]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"sizes":[[728,90],[970,90]]}]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":12523051}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"17856","siteId":"182734","zoneId":"892696"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10278","siteId":"210096","zoneId":"1142680"}},{"bidder":"nobid","params":{"siteId":"20006"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596736"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-728x90-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003957]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596738"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]}]}},{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","prebid":{"code":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100],[300,250]]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"sizes":[[728,90]]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"sizes":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]]}]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":12523051}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"17856","siteId":"182734","zoneId":"892696"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10278","siteId":"210096","zoneId":"1142680"}},{"bidder":"nobid","params":{"siteId":"20006"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596736"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596731"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-300x250-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003985]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-728x90-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003957]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596738"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596730"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-video-970x250","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2004140]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]}]},"sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[300,250],[320,50],[320,100]],"[768, 200]":[[728,90]],"[1050, 200]":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"location":"Inline_1","lazyLoad":true},{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","prebid":{"code":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100],[300,250]]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"sizes":[[728,90]]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"sizes":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]]}]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":12523051}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"17856","siteId":"182734","zoneId":"892696"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10278","siteId":"210096","zoneId":"1142680"}},{"bidder":"nobid","params":{"siteId":"20006"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596736"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596731"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-300x250-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003985]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-728x90-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003957]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596738"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596730"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-video-970x250","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2004140]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]}]},"sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[300,250],[320,50],[320,100]],"[768, 200]":[[728,90]],"[1050, 200]":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"location":"Inline_2","lazyLoad":true},{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","prebid":{"code":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100],[300,250]]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"sizes":[[728,90]]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"sizes":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]]}]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":12523051}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"17856","siteId":"182734","zoneId":"892696"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10278","siteId":"210096","zoneId":"1142680"}},{"bidder":"nobid","params":{"siteId":"20006"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596736"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596731"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-300x250-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003985]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-728x90-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003957]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596738"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596730"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-video-970x250","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2004140]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]}]},"sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[300,250],[320,50],[320,100]],"[768, 200]":[[728,90]],"[1050, 200]":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"location":"Inline_3","lazyLoad":true},{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","prebid":{"code":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100],[300,250]]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"sizes":[[728,90]]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"sizes":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]]}]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":12523051}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"17856","siteId":"182734","zoneId":"892696"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10278","siteId":"210096","zoneId":"1142680"}},{"bidder":"nobid","params":{"siteId":"20006"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596736"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596731"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-300x250-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003985]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-728x90-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003957]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596738"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596730"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-video-970x250","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2004140]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]}]},"sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[300,250],[320,50],[320,100]],"[768, 200]":[[728,90]],"[1050, 200]":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"location":"Inline_4","lazyLoad":true},{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","prebid":{"code":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/inline","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100],[300,250]]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"sizes":[[728,90]]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"sizes":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]]}]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":12523051}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"17856","siteId":"182734","zoneId":"892696"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10278","siteId":"210096","zoneId":"1142680"}},{"bidder":"nobid","params":{"siteId":"20006"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596736"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596731"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-300x250-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003985]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-audio-728x90-slider","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2003957]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596738"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596730"},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]},{"bidder":"consumable","params":{"unitId":"8565","unitName":"cnsmbl-video-970x250","siteId":"2001051","networkId":"9969","zoneIds":[2004140]},"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["none"]},{"minViewPort":[1050,0],"relevantMediaTypes":["banner"]}]}]},"sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[300,250],[320,50],[320,100]],"[768, 200]":[[728,90]],"[1050, 200]":[[970,250],[970,90],[728,90]]},"location":"Inline_5","lazyLoad":true},{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/footer","sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[320,50],[320,100]],"[768, 200]":[[0,0]]},"location":"Footer","lazyLoad":false,"prebid":{"code":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/footer","mediaTypes":{"banner":{"sizeConfig":[{"minViewPort":[0,0],"sizes":[[320,50],[320,100]]},{"minViewPort":[768,0],"sizes":[]}]}},"bids":[{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":12523051}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"17856","siteId":"182734","zoneId":"892696"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":"10278","siteId":"210096","zoneId":"1142680"}},{"bidder":"nobid","params":{"siteId":"20006"}},{"bidder":"sovrn","params":{"tagid":"596736"}}]}},{"name":"\/114235265\/HistoryNet\/wild-west\/sponsored","sizes":{"[0, 0]":[[180,90]]},"location":"Sponsorship","lazyLoad":false,"prebid":false}],"pageLevelTargeting":{"category":"","page_type":"","postID":"","environment":"production","magazine":"Women"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/ads-boilerplate/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=0.1.1" id="tenup_ads_config_frontend-js"></script> <script src='//ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js?ver=6.7.1' type='text/javascript' async></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/plugins/taxopress-pro/assets/frontend/js/frontend.js?ver=3.30.0" id="taxopress-frontend-js-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/sailthru-widget/js/widget.subscribe.js?ver=6.7.1" id="sailthru-subscribe-script-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.historynet.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.historynet.com/wp-json/wp/v2/topic/8987" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.historynet.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <!-- Custom Logo: hide header text --> <style id="custom-logo-css" type="text/css"> .site-title { position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); } </style> <style> .tabs{font-size:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.tabs>input[type=radio]{display:none}.tabs>div{display:none;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;padding:10px 15px;font-size:16px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}#tab-btn-1:checked~#content-1,#tab-btn-2:checked~#content-2,#tab-btn-3:checked~#content-3,#tab-btn-4:checked~#content-4,#tab-btn-5:checked~#content-5,#tab-btn-6:checked~#content-6{display:block}.tabs>label{display:inline-block;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;user-select:none;background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;padding:2px 8px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer;position:relative;top:1px}.tabs>label:not(:first-of-type){border-left:none}.tabs>input[type=radio]:checked+label{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff} </style> <meta property="fb:pages" content="121405527876395,573675576000506,182621215167157,53701340689,344098975712130,100098802896,147622671919995,89747064880,57407314207,247643275382511" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Women","url":"http:\/\/www.historynet.com\/topic\/women\/"} </script> <script type="text/javascript">var sailthru_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}</script><link rel="icon" href="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Historynet-favicon-50x50.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Historynet-favicon.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Historynet-favicon.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Historynet-favicon.png" /> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); </script> <script async type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-56SRRTV"></script> </head> <body class="archive tax-topic term-women term-8987 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive Version_1_0_0 hfeed hide-site-tagline h-nsub h-sb h-cl h-dh has-tertiary-menu has-sidebar feature-latest" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-56SRRTV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><aside id="mobile-sidebar-fallback" class="mobile-sidebar"> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-cta-header" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-13776362" class="button button--secondary menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776362"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/subscribe/?utm_source=historynet&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=header">Subscribe Now</a></li> </ul> </nav> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.historynet.com/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary-navigation" class="main-menu"><li id="menu-item-13776349" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776349"><a href="/today-in-history/">Today In History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776351" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776351"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Wars & Events</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13781304" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13781304"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/weapons-russia-ukraine-war/">The Russia–Ukraine War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776425" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776425"><a href="/event/american-revolution/">American Revolution</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776426" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776426"><a href="/event/americas-civil-war/">The Civil War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776421" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776421"><a href="/event/world-war-i">World War I</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776420"><a href="/event/world-war-ii/">World War II</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776424"><a href="/event/cold-war">Cold War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776423" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776423"><a href="/event/korean-war">Korean War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776422" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776422"><a href="/event/vietnam-war">Vietnam War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776352" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776352"><a href="/event/global-war-on-terror/">Global War on Terror</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776427"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Movements</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13776428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-13776428"><a href="/topic/women/" aria-current="page">Women’s Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776429"><a href="/event/civil-rights-movement/">Civil Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776430"><a href="/event/abolition-of-slavery/">Abolition of Slavery</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13776353" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776353"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Famous People</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13776354" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776354"><a href="/people/u-s-presidents/">U.S. Presidents</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776432" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776432"><a href="/people/world-leaders/">World Leaders</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776431" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776431"><a href="/people/military-leaders/">Military Leaders</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776688" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-people menu-item-13776688"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/people/outlaws-lawmen/">Outlaws & Lawmen</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-people menu-item-13776676"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/people/activists/">Activists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13777238" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-people menu-item-13777238"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/people/artists-writers/">Artists & Writers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776433" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776433"><a href="/people/celebrities/">Celebrities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776434" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776434"><a href="/people/scientists/">Scientists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776435"><a href="/people/philosophers/">Philosophers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13776355" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776355"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Eras</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13776356" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776356"><a href="/era/modern-era/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Modern Era</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13776436" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776436"><a href="/era/2000s/">2000s</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776437" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776437"><a href="/era/1900s/">1900s</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776438" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776438"><a href="/era/1800s/">1800s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13776439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776439"><a href="/era/early-modern/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Early Modern</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13776440" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776440"><a href="/era/1700s/">1700s</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776441"><a href="/era/1600s/">1600s</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776442" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776442"><a href="/era/1500s/">1500s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13776443" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776443"><a href="/era/the-middle-ages/">The Middle Ages</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776444"><a href="/era/classical-era/">Classical Era</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776445"><a href="/era/prehistory/">Prehistory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13776357" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776357"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Topics</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13776359" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776359"><a href="/topic/black-history/">Black History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776447" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776447"><a href="/topic/slavery/">Slavery</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-13776446"><a href="/topic/women/" aria-current="page">Women’s History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776448"><a href="/tag/prisoners-of-war-pows/">Prisoners of War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776449" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776449"><a href="/topic/firsthand-accounts/">Firsthand Accounts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776450" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776450"><a href="/topic/technology-weaponry/">Technology & Weaponry</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776451"><a href="/topic/aviation-spaceflight/">Aviation & Spaceflight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776452"><a href="/topic/naval-maritime/">Naval & Maritime</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776454"><a href="/topic/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776453" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776453"><a href="/topic/military-history/">Military History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776455"><a href="/topic/art-literature/">Art & Literature</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776456"><a href="/topic/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776457"><a href="/topic/entertainment-culture/">Entertainment & Culture</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776458"><a href="/topic/historical-figures/">Historical Figures</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776459"><a href="/topic/photography/">Photography</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776460"><a href="/topic/wild-west/">Wild West</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776461"><a href="/topic/social-history/">Social History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776462"><a href="/topic/native-americans/">Native American History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13776463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776463"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Magazines</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13776464" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776464"><a href="/magazine/american-history/">American History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776465" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776465"><a href="/magazine/americas-civil-war/">America’s Civil War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776466"><a href="/magazine/aviation-history/">Aviation History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776467"><a href="/magazine/civil-war-times/">Civil War Times</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776468"><a href="/magazine/military-history-mag/">Military History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776469" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776469"><a href="/magazine/military-history-quarterly/">Military History Quarterly</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776470" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776470"><a href="/magazine/vietnam/">Vietnam</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776471" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776471"><a href="/magazine/wild-west/">Wild West</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776472" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776472"><a href="/magazine/world-war-ii/">World War II</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13776623" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776623"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13795596" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13795596"><a href="/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)" toolbar-target="social-nav-contain"> <ul id="menu-social-links" class="social-links-menu"><li id="menu-item-13776363" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776363"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/HistoryNet/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776364" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776364"><a href="https://twitter.com/historynet"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776365" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776365"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/history_net/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776483"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzdWdL_xC5qk07WWOtnXSWA"><span class="screen-reader-text">YouTube</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> </aside> <aside id="desktop-sidebar-fallback" class="desktop-sidebar dir-left"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> </aside> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header hide-header-search" [class]="searchVisible ? 'show-header-search site-header ' : 'hide-header-search site-header'"> <script type="module" src="https://d1voyiv1eh2vzr.cloudfront.net/historynet-login/index.mjs"></script> <hn-subscriber-status expired-href="/validate-subscription" subscribe-href="/subscribe"> <hn-admiral-user-provider style="display: block;"> <div class="middle-header-contain"> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="social-nav-contain" class="desktop-only"> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)" toolbar-target="social-nav-contain"> <ul id="menu-social-links-1" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776363"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/HistoryNet/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776364"><a href="https://twitter.com/historynet"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776365"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/history_net/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776483"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzdWdL_xC5qk07WWOtnXSWA"><span class="screen-reader-text">YouTube</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> </div> <div class="site-branding"> <div class="desktop-only"> <style> .site-header .custom-logo { height: 93px; max-height: 373px; max-width: 600px; width: 404px; } @media (max-width: 781px) { .site-header .custom-logo { max-width: 175px; max-height: 40px; } } @media (min-width: 782px) { .h-stk .site-header .custom-logo { max-width: 391px; max-height: 90px; } .h-sub .site-header .custom-logo { max-width: 200px; max-height: 46px; } } </style><a href="https://www.historynet.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="1621" height="373" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo.png" class="custom-logo image-13776740" alt="HistoryNet" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo.png 1621w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-300x69.png 300w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1024x236.png 1024w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-768x177.png 768w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1536x353.png 1536w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1200x276.png 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1568x361.png 1568w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-400x92.png 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-50x12.png 50w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /></a> </div> <div class="small-logo"> <a href="/"> <img class=site-logo src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Historynet-favicon.png" /> </a> </div> <div class="site-identity"> <p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/" rel="home">HistoryNet</a></p> <p class="site-description"> The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. </p> </div><!-- .site-identity --> </div><!-- .site-branding --> <div class="nav-wrapper"> <style> hn-account-controls::part(link-btn) { --fg: var(--yellow, yellow); --bg: transparent; } hn-account-controls { line-height: 1.25; font-size: clamp(0.75rem, 1rem, 3.75vw); } element.style { flex-direction: row-reverse; } @media only screen and (min-width: 60rem) { .header-search-contain { display: flex; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .header-search-contain #header-search#header-search { position: static; } } </style> <!-- <hn-account-controls subscribe-href="/subscribe-to-historynet-com" renew-href="https://shop.historynet.com/" link-href="/validate-subscription" manage-href="javascript:admiral('show', 'transact.manage')" login-href="javascript:admiral('show', 'transact.login')"> <span slot="login">Login</span> <span slot="between-login"> / </span> <span slot="subscribe">Subscribe</span> <span slot="manage">My Account</span> <span slot="between-manage"> / </span> <span slot="link">Link Subscription</span> <span slot="renew">Renew Today</span> </hn-account-controls> --> <div class="header-search-contain"> <button id="search-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState( { searchVisible: !searchVisible } ), search-form-2.focus" aria-controls="search-menu" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="searchVisible ? 'Close Search' : 'Open Search'"> Open Search </span> <span class="search-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> <span class="close-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> </button> <div id="header-search" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.historynet.com/"> <label for="search-form-2"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-2" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> </div><!-- #header-search --> </div><!-- .header-search-contain --> </div><!-- .nav-wrapper --> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle" on="tap:mobile-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Menu</span> </button> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .middle-header-contain --> <div class="bottom-header-contain desktop-only"> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="site-navigation"> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary-navigation-1" class="main-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776349"><a href="/today-in-history/">Today In History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776351"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Wars & Events</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13781304"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/weapons-russia-ukraine-war/">The Russia–Ukraine War</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776425"><a href="/event/american-revolution/">American Revolution</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776426"><a href="/event/americas-civil-war/">The Civil War</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776421"><a href="/event/world-war-i">World War I</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776420"><a href="/event/world-war-ii/">World War II</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776424"><a href="/event/cold-war">Cold War</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776423"><a href="/event/korean-war">Korean War</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776422"><a href="/event/vietnam-war">Vietnam War</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776352"><a href="/event/global-war-on-terror/">Global War on Terror</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776427"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Movements</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-13776428"><a href="/topic/women/" aria-current="page">Women’s Rights</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776429"><a href="/event/civil-rights-movement/">Civil Rights</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776430"><a href="/event/abolition-of-slavery/">Abolition of Slavery</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776353"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Famous People</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776354"><a href="/people/u-s-presidents/">U.S. Presidents</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776432"><a href="/people/world-leaders/">World Leaders</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776431"><a href="/people/military-leaders/">Military Leaders</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-people menu-item-13776688"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/people/outlaws-lawmen/">Outlaws & Lawmen</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-people menu-item-13776676"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/people/activists/">Activists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-people menu-item-13777238"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/people/artists-writers/">Artists & Writers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776433"><a href="/people/celebrities/">Celebrities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776434"><a href="/people/scientists/">Scientists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776435"><a href="/people/philosophers/">Philosophers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776355"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Eras</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776356"><a href="/era/modern-era/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Modern Era</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776436"><a href="/era/2000s/">2000s</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776437"><a href="/era/1900s/">1900s</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776438"><a href="/era/1800s/">1800s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776439"><a href="/era/early-modern/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Early Modern</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776440"><a href="/era/1700s/">1700s</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776441"><a href="/era/1600s/">1600s</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776442"><a href="/era/1500s/">1500s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776443"><a href="/era/the-middle-ages/">The Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776444"><a href="/era/classical-era/">Classical Era</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776445"><a href="/era/prehistory/">Prehistory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776357"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Topics</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776359"><a href="/topic/black-history/">Black History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776447"><a href="/topic/slavery/">Slavery</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-13776446"><a href="/topic/women/" aria-current="page">Women’s History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776448"><a href="/tag/prisoners-of-war-pows/">Prisoners of War</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776449"><a href="/topic/firsthand-accounts/">Firsthand Accounts</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776450"><a href="/topic/technology-weaponry/">Technology & Weaponry</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776451"><a href="/topic/aviation-spaceflight/">Aviation & Spaceflight</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776452"><a href="/topic/naval-maritime/">Naval & Maritime</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776454"><a href="/topic/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776453"><a href="/topic/military-history/">Military History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776455"><a href="/topic/art-literature/">Art & Literature</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776456"><a href="/topic/news/">News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776457"><a href="/topic/entertainment-culture/">Entertainment & Culture</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776458"><a href="/topic/historical-figures/">Historical Figures</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776459"><a href="/topic/photography/">Photography</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776460"><a href="/topic/wild-west/">Wild West</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776461"><a href="/topic/social-history/">Social History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776462"><a href="/topic/native-americans/">Native American History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13776463"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Magazines</a><button class="submenu-expand" tabindex="-1" role="presentation"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776464"><a href="/magazine/american-history/">American History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776465"><a href="/magazine/americas-civil-war/">America’s Civil War</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776466"><a href="/magazine/aviation-history/">Aviation History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776467"><a href="/magazine/civil-war-times/">Civil War Times</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776468"><a href="/magazine/military-history-mag/">Military History</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776469"><a href="/magazine/military-history-quarterly/">Military History Quarterly</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776470"><a href="/magazine/vietnam/">Vietnam</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776471"><a href="/magazine/wild-west/">Wild West</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776472"><a href="/magazine/world-war-ii/">World War II</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776623"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13795596"><a href="/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .bottom-header-contain --> </hn-admiral-user-provider> </hn-subscriber-status> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div class="ad-container" data-location="Top_LeaderBoard"> <div class="ad-container__inner"> <div id="Top_LeaderBoard" class="advertisement"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('Top_LeaderBoard'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area"> <header class="page-header"> <span> <h1 class="page-title"><span class="page-subtitle">Topic Archives:</span><span class="page-description">Women</span></h1> </span> </header><!-- .page-header --> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-13796484" class="post-13796484 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-feature-story tag-actors tag-entertainment tag-wild-west-spring-2024 era-1800s topic-entertainment-culture topic-historical-figures topic-women magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/sue-robinson-actress/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13796482 { max-height: 100%; --left: 44.44%; --top: 22.81%; } </style> <img width="1200" height="900" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image-large size-newspack-archive-image-large image-13796482 wp-post-image" alt="Sue Robinson" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/sue-robinson-ww-spring-2024-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/sue-robinson-actress/" rel="bookmark">This Victorian-Era Performer Learned that the Stage Life in the American West Wasn’t All Applause and Bouquets</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/carolyn-grattan-eichin/">Carolyn Grattan Eichin</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/sue-robinson-actress/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-03-29T08:58:00-04:00">3/29/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-08T13:59:01-05:00">2/8/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Sue Robinson rose from an itinerant life as a touring child performer to become an acclaimed dramatic actress.</p> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13796297" class="post-13796297 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-stories tag-mysteries tag-sundance-kid tag-wild-bunch tag-wild-west-spring-2024 people-butch-cassidy people-the-sundance-kid era-1800s era-1900s topic-historical-figures topic-wild-west topic-women magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/etta-place-sundance-kid/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13796296 { max-height: 100%; --left: 49.74%; --top: 16.52%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/etta-place-sundance-kid-ww-spring-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13796296 wp-post-image" alt="The “Sundance Kid” and Etta Place" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/etta-place-sundance-kid-ww-spring-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/etta-place-sundance-kid-ww-spring-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/etta-place-sundance-kid-ww-spring-2024-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/etta-place-sundance-kid-ww-spring-2024-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/etta-place-sundance-kid/" rel="bookmark">She Was Romantically Linked to the ‘Sundance Kid’ — But Much About Her Remains a Mystery</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/chuck-lyons/">Chuck Lyons</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/etta-place-sundance-kid/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-02-27T08:58:00-05:00">2/27/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-08T12:59:16-05:00">2/8/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13795005" class="post-13795005 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-feature-story tag-dakota-territory tag-deadwood tag-prostitution tag-wild-west-winter-2024 people-calamity-jane era-1800s topic-american-expansion topic-wild-west topic-women magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/deadwood-dakota-brothels/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13795003 { max-height: 100%; --left: 26.47%; --top: 68.41%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gem-theater-deadwood-ww-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13795003 wp-post-image" alt="Gem Theater, Deadwood" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gem-theater-deadwood-ww-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gem-theater-deadwood-ww-winter-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gem-theater-deadwood-ww-winter-2024-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/gem-theater-deadwood-ww-winter-2024-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/deadwood-dakota-brothels/" rel="bookmark">Deadwood’s Brothels Were Wide Open, But Their Purveyors Were Pariahs</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/linda-wommack/">Linda Wommack</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/deadwood-dakota-brothels/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-02-16T08:48:00-05:00">2/16/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-07T10:20:13-05:00">2/7/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13795035" class="post-13795035 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-feature-story tag-california tag-crime tag-murder tag-prostitution tag-wild-west-winter-2024 era-1800s topic-crime topic-women magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/belle-cora-vs-vigilance-committee/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13795034 { max-height: 100%; --left: 43.98%; --top: 40.46%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/vigilantes-san-francisco-jail-ww-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13795034 wp-post-image" alt="Vigilantes at San Francisco jail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/vigilantes-san-francisco-jail-ww-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/vigilantes-san-francisco-jail-ww-winter-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/vigilantes-san-francisco-jail-ww-winter-2024-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/vigilantes-san-francisco-jail-ww-winter-2024-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/vigilantes-san-francisco-jail-ww-winter-2024-scaled-50x39.jpg 50w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/belle-cora-vs-vigilance-committee/" rel="bookmark">This Madam Would Stop at Nothing to Save Her Man</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/john-boessenecker/">John Boessenecker</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/belle-cora-vs-vigilance-committee/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-02-09T08:26:00-05:00">2/9/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2023-11-03T16:27:49-04:00">11/3/2023</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13795095" class="post-13795095 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-feature-story tag-indian-wars tag-texas tag-wild-west-winter-2024 tag-women era-1800s era-1900s topic-historical-figures topic-women magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/olive-dixon-widow-billy-dixon/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13795093 { max-height: 100%; --left: 59.06%; --top: 29.62%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/olive-dixon-ww-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13795093 wp-post-image" alt="Olive Dixon" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/olive-dixon-ww-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/olive-dixon-ww-winter-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/olive-dixon-ww-winter-2024-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/olive-dixon-ww-winter-2024-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/olive-dixon-widow-billy-dixon/" rel="bookmark">Sharpshooter Billy Dixon Owes His Legacy to His Widow</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/ron-j-jackson-jr/">Ron J. Jackson Jr.</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/olive-dixon-widow-billy-dixon/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-02-02T08:55:00-05:00">2/2/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2023-11-07T12:55:34-05:00">11/7/2023</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13795533" class="post-13795533 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-stories tag-british-army tag-churchill tag-egypt tag-eighth-army tag-el-alamein tag-erwin-rommel tag-espionage tag-north-africa tag-spies-and-spying tag-women-in-history tag-world-war-ii event-alamein event-world-war-ii people-celebrities people-erwin-rommel people-military-leaders people-winston-churchill people-world-leaders era-1900s era-modern-era topic-art-literature topic-entertainment-culture topic-historical-figures topic-military-history topic-women magazine-military-history-quarterly region-africa region-middle-east entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/ww2-egypt-belly-dancers/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13795523 { max-height: 100%; --left: 68.53%; --top: 12.70%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/belly-dancer-troops-scaled-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13795523 wp-post-image" alt="belly-dancer-troops-ww2" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/belly-dancer-troops-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/belly-dancer-troops-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/belly-dancer-troops-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/belly-dancer-troops-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/ww2-egypt-belly-dancers/" rel="bookmark">Did Egyptian Belly Dancers Act As Spies in World War II?</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/zita-ballinger-fletcher/">Zita Ballinger Fletcher</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/ww2-egypt-belly-dancers/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-01-22T13:21:41-05:00">1/22/2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-01-22T13:21:49-05:00">1/22/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13794930" class="post-13794930 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-stories tag-crime tag-free tag-free-french tag-murder tag-wild-west-winter-2024 tag-women era-1800s topic-crime topic-women magazine-wild-west region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/femme-fatale-laura-fair/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13794929 { max-height: 100%; --left: 55.27%; --top: 40.08%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/laura-fair-ww-winter-2024-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13794929 wp-post-image" alt="Laura Fair" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/laura-fair-ww-winter-2024-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/laura-fair-ww-winter-2024-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/laura-fair-ww-winter-2024-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/laura-fair-ww-winter-2024-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/femme-fatale-laura-fair/" rel="bookmark">After Shooting Her Lover, This Widowmaker Pleaded Insanity</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/chuck-lyons/">Chuck Lyons</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/femme-fatale-laura-fair/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-12-28T09:00:36-05:00">12/28/2023</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-05T20:13:21-05:00">2/5/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13794385" class="post-13794385 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-excerpts tag-americas-revolutionary-war tag-american-history-tag tag-british-army tag-first-hand-accounts tag-free tag-germany tag-saratoga tag-women-in-combat event-american-revolution people-john-burgoyne people-military-leaders era-1700s era-early-modern topic-historical-figures topic-military-history topic-women magazine-military-history-quarterly region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/baroness-saratoga/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13794387 { max-height: 100%; --left: 40.69%; --top: 30.79%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/baroness-von-riedesel-woodcut-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13794387 wp-post-image" alt="baroness-fredericka-von-riedesel" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/baroness-von-riedesel-woodcut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/baroness-von-riedesel-woodcut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/baroness-von-riedesel-woodcut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/baroness-von-riedesel-woodcut-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/baroness-saratoga/" rel="bookmark">This German Baroness Dodged Cannonballs During the American Revolution</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/frederika-von-riedesel/">Frederika von Riedesel</a></span> and <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/zita-ballinger-fletcher/">Zita Ballinger Fletcher</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/baroness-saratoga/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-12-27T14:08:43-05:00">12/27/2023</time><time class="updated" datetime="2023-12-28T14:50:45-05:00">12/28/2023</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13794855" class="post-13794855 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-feature-story tag-civil-war-letters tag-civil-war-times-winter-2024 tag-nurses tag-primary-sources tag-war-in-their-words event-americas-civil-war people-philip-sheridan era-1800s topic-firsthand-accounts topic-social-history topic-women magazine-civil-war-times region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/letters-from-sheridan-field-hospital/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13794852 { max-height: 100%; --left: 69.28%; --top: 35.59%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/nurse-transcribing-soldier-letter-cwt-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13794852 wp-post-image" alt="Nurse transcribing soldier's letter" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/nurse-transcribing-soldier-letter-cwt-winter-2024-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/nurse-transcribing-soldier-letter-cwt-winter-2024-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/nurse-transcribing-soldier-letter-cwt-winter-2024-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/nurse-transcribing-soldier-letter-cwt-winter-2024-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/nurse-transcribing-soldier-letter-cwt-winter-2024-scaled-50x38.jpg 50w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/letters-from-sheridan-field-hospital/" rel="bookmark">‘Weary of So Much Suffering’: Letters from the Sheridan Field Hospital</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/jonathan-a-noyalas/">Jonathan A. Noyalas</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/letters-from-sheridan-field-hospital/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-12-21T09:09:00-05:00">12/21/2023</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-05T20:51:30-05:00">2/5/2024</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <article id="post-13795609" class="post-13795609 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-stories tag-civil-war tag-civil-war-art tag-infantry tag-music tag-songs tag-the-union-army tag-women-in-history event-americas-civil-war people-abraham-lincoln people-activists people-john-brown people-u-s-presidents era-1800s era-modern-era topic-art-literature topic-funny topic-military-history topic-women magazine-military-history-quarterly region-americas entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://www.historynet.com/battle-hymn-republic-ward-howe/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <style> .image-13795569 { max-height: 100%; --left: 48.98%; --top: 14.95%; } </style> <img width="800" height="600" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/battle-hymn-republic-civil-war-scaled-800x600.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image image-13795569 wp-post-image" alt="battle-hymn-republic-civil-war" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/battle-hymn-republic-civil-war-scaled-800x600.jpg 800w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/battle-hymn-republic-civil-war-scaled-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/battle-hymn-republic-civil-war-scaled-400x300.jpg 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/battle-hymn-republic-civil-war-scaled-200x150.jpg 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/battle-hymn-republic-ward-howe/" rel="bookmark">A Pacifist Scribbled A Song When She Was Half-Asleep. It Became A Famous Union Battle March</a></h2> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="byline"><span>by </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.historynet.com/author/zita-ballinger-fletcher/">Zita Ballinger Fletcher</a></span></span><span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/battle-hymn-republic-ward-howe/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-12-15T12:07:19-05:00">12/15/2023</time><time class="updated" datetime="2023-12-15T12:07:26-05:00">12/15/2023</time></a></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> </div><!-- .entry-container --> </article><!-- #post-${ID} --> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts pagination"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts pagination</h2> <div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/page/2/">2</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/page/3/">3</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/page/63/">63</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://www.historynet.com/topic/women/page/2/"><span class="nav-next-text">Older posts</span> <svg class="svg-icon" width="22" height="22" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a></div> </nav> </main><!-- #main --> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"> <section id="block-56" class="widget widget_block"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Listen to Our Podcast</h2> </section><section id="block-54" class="widget widget_block"><div class="podcastdotco-wrapper"><iframe data-target="the-historynet-podcast" src="https://play.pod.co/the-historynet-podcast" frameborder="0" width="100%" scrolling="no" style="overflow:hidden;max-width:750px;height:500px;"class="podcastdotco-player podcastdotco-player--podcast"></iframe><script src="https://play.pod.co/embed/frame-v1.js"></script></div></section><section id="block-41" class="widget widget_block"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity"/> </section><section id="block-29" class="widget widget_block"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">About Us</h2> </section><section id="block-30" class="widget widget_block"> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="/contact-historynet-and-world-history-group">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/about-historynet">What Is HistoryNet.com?</a></li> <li><a href="/advertise-with-historynet-and-world-history-group">Advertising Inquiries</a></li> </ul> </section></aside><!-- #secondary --> </section><!-- #primary --> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="footer-branding"> <div class="wrapper"> <style> .site-header .custom-logo { height: 93px; max-height: 373px; max-width: 600px; width: 404px; } @media (max-width: 781px) { .site-header .custom-logo { max-width: 175px; max-height: 40px; } } @media (min-width: 782px) { .h-stk .site-header .custom-logo { max-width: 391px; max-height: 90px; } .h-sub .site-header .custom-logo { max-width: 200px; max-height: 46px; } } </style><a href="https://www.historynet.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="1621" height="373" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo.png" class="custom-logo image-13776740" alt="HistoryNet" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo.png 1621w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-300x69.png 300w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1024x236.png 1024w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-768x177.png 768w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1536x353.png 1536w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1200x276.png 1200w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-1568x361.png 1568w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-400x92.png 400w, https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cropped-Historynet-main-logo-50x12.png 50w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /></a> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu"> <ul id="menu-social-links-2" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776363"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/HistoryNet/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776364"><a href="https://twitter.com/historynet"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776365"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/history_net/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776483"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzdWdL_xC5qk07WWOtnXSWA"><span class="screen-reader-text">YouTube</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .footer-branding --> <aside class="widget-area footer-widgets" role="complementary" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="text-74" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><div class="footer-widget--quote"> <blockquote><p>“History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.”</p> <p><cite>David McCullough, author of “1776”</cite></p></blockquote> </div> <div class="footer-widget--details"> <p>HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the world’s largest publisher of <a href="https://shop.historynet.com/?utm_source=historynet&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=footer">history magazines</a>. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines.</p> </div> </div> </section><section id="nav_menu-4" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h2 class="widget-title">Our Magazines</h2><div class="menu-our-magazines-container"><ul id="menu-our-magazines" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-13776370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776370"><a href="/magazine/american-history/">American History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776371"><a href="/magazine/americas-civil-war-magazine/">America’s Civil War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776372"><a href="/magazine/aviation-history/">Aviation History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776373"><a href="/magazine/civil-war-times/">Civil War Times</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776374"><a href="/magazine/military-history/">Military History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776375" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776375"><a href="/magazine/military-history-quarterly/">Military History Quarterly</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776376"><a href="/magazine/vietnam/">Vietnam</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776377" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776377"><a href="/magazine/wild-west/">Wild West</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776378" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776378"><a href="/magazine/world-war-ii/">World War II</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-5" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h2 class="widget-title">About Us</h2><div class="menu-about-us-container"><ul id="menu-about-us" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-13776366" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776366"><a href="/about-historynet">What Is HistoryNet.com?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776367"><a href="/advertise-with-historynet-and-world-history-group">Advertise With Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776368"><a href="/work-for-historynet">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13780240" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13780240"><a href="https://www.historynet.com/meet-the-team/">Meet Our Staff!</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="text-75" class="widget widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">Stay Curious</h2> <div class="textwidget"><div class="widget--subscribe"> <p>Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians.</p> <p><a class="button button--secondary" href="https://www.historynet.com/newsletters">sign me up!</a></p> </div> </div> </section> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </aside><!-- .widget-area --> <div class="site-info"> <div class="wrapper site-info-contain"> <span class="copyright">© 2025 HistoryNet.</span> <div class="menu-copyright-container"><ul id="menu-copyright" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-13776360" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776360"><a href="/historynet-privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776361" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13776361"><a href="/historynet-terms-service">Terms of Service</a></li> </ul></div> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .site-info --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> <div id="ad-sticky-footer" class="ad-sticky-footer"> <button id="close-ad" class="ad-sticky-footer-close"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1000 1000" xml:space="preserve" fill="#323232"><path d="M22.3 81.9C6.1 65.8 6 39 22.5 22.5c16.6-16.6 43.1-16.6 59.4-.2l418.1 418 418.1-418c16.1-16.1 43-16.3 59.5.2 16.6 16.6 16.6 43.1.2 59.5L559.7 500l418.1 418.1c16.1 16.1 16.3 43-.2 59.5-16.6 16.6-43.1 16.6-59.5.2L500 559.7l-418.1 418c-16.1 16.1-43 16.3-59.5-.2-16.6-16.6-16.6-43.1-.2-59.5l418.1-418-418-418.1z"/></svg> </button> <div class="ad-container" data-location="Footer"> <div class="ad-container__inner"> <div id="Footer" class="advertisement"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('Footer'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- #page --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js?ver=0.1.1" id="tenup_ads_config_gpt-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/themes/historynet/js/prebid/prebid6.10.0.js?ver=0.1.1" id="tenup_ads_prebid_js-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-animation.js?ver=2.24.1" id="coblocks-animation-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/coblocks/dist/js/vendors/tiny-swiper.js?ver=2.24.1" id="coblocks-tiny-swiper-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-tinyswiper-initializer.js?ver=2.24.1" id="coblocks-tinyswiper-initializer-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-post-carousel.js?ver=2.24.1" id="coblocks-post-carousel-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-events.js?ver=2.24.1" id="coblocks-events-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-counter.js?ver=2.24.1" id="coblocks-counter-script-js"></script> <script defer defer type="text/javascript" src="https://run.adrizer.com/track.min.js" id="ADRIZER_JS" data-domain="historynet.com"></script><script defer type="text/javascript" data-cookieconsent="statistics">var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "20782744" });</script><script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js" defer></script><script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="frontend-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var historynet = {"tih":{"baseURL":"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/today-in-history\/","randomURL":"https:\/\/www.historynet.com\/today-in-history\/february-16"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/themes/historynet/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=ba454ab3cf7f560fac34" id="frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.historynet.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=1.0.0" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js"></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> </body> </html>