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</a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leslie Groves</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B2" title="ليزلي غروفز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليزلي غروفز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Лесли Гроувс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лесли Гроувс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لسلی گرووز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لسلی گرووز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Richard_Groves" title="Leslie Richard Groves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leslie Richard Groves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%AC%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="레슬리 그로브스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레슬리 그로브스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1" title="לסלי גרובס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לסלי גרובס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Richard_Groves" title="Leslie Richard Groves – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leslie Richard Groves" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%B9" title="レズリー・グローヴス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レズリー・グローヴス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гровс, Лесли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гровс, Лесли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Richard_Groves" title="Leslie Richard Groves – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leslie Richard Groves" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Richard_Groves" title="Leslie Richard Groves – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leslie Richard Groves" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7" title="Леслі Гровз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леслі Гровз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لیزلی گرووز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیزلی گرووز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leslie Groves" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF" title="莱斯利·理查德·格罗夫斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莱斯利·理查德·格罗夫斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q314675#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Leslie Groves</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LTG_Leslie_R._Groves_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LTG_Leslie_R._Groves_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-LTG_Leslie_R._Groves_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LTG_Leslie_R._Groves_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-LTG_Leslie_R._Groves_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LTG_Leslie_R._Groves_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-LTG_Leslie_R._Groves_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Groves in 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Leslie Richard Groves Jr.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1896-08-17</span>)</span>17 August 1896<br /><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1970<span style="display:none">(1970-07-13)</span> (aged 73)<br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Place of burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, Virginia, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1918–1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/25px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/38px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/50px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Weapons_Project" title="Armed Forces Special Weapons Project">Armed Forces Special Weapons Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Nicaragua">Occupation of Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Groves_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leslie_Groves_Signature.png/100px-Leslie_Groves_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leslie_Groves_Signature.png/150px-Leslie_Groves_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leslie_Groves_Signature.png/200px-Leslie_Groves_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="206" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leslie Richard Groves Jr.</b> (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> officer who oversaw the construction of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> and directed the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Top_secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Top secret">top secret</a> research project that developed the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The son of a <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Chaplain Corps (United States Army)">U.S. Army chaplain</a>, Groves lived at various Army posts during his childhood. In 1918, he graduated fourth in his class at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> and was commissioned into the United States Army Corps of Engineers. In 1929, he went to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> as part of an expedition to conduct a survey for the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Oceanic_Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal">Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1931 Nicaragua earthquake">1931 Nicaraguan earthquake</a>, Groves took over <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>'s water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. He attended the <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff School">Command and General Staff School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a> in 1938 and 1939, after which he was posted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> General Staff. Groves developed "a reputation as a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty".<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._158-159_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._158-159-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940 he became special assistant for construction to the <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartermaster General (United States)">Quartermaster General</a>, tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress. In August 1941, he was appointed to create the gigantic office complex for the War Department's 40,000 staff that would ultimately become the Pentagon. </p><p>In September 1942, Groves took charge of the Manhattan Project. He was involved in most aspects of the atomic bomb's development: he participated in the selection of sites for research and production at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, New Mexico</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford, Washington</a>. He directed the enormous construction effort, made critical decisions on the various methods of isotope separation, acquired raw materials, directed the collection of <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> on the <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear energy project">German nuclear energy project</a> and helped select the cities in Japan that were chosen as targets. Groves wrapped the Manhattan Project in security, but <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">spies</a> working within the project were able to pass some of its most important secrets to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>After the war, Groves remained in charge of the Manhattan Project until responsibility for nuclear weapons production was handed over to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> in 1947. He then headed the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Weapons_Project" title="Armed Forces Special Weapons Project">Armed Forces Special Weapons Project</a>, which had been created to control the military aspects of nuclear weapons. He was given a dressing down by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, on the basis of various complaints, and told that he would never be appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Engineers">Chief of Engineers</a>. Three days later, Groves announced his intention to leave the Army. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a> just before his retirement on 29 February 1948 in recognition of his leadership of the bomb program. By a special act of Congress, his date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a>. He went on to become a vice president at <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leslie Richard Groves Jr. was born in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, on 17 August 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-Ancell&Miller_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancell&Miller-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the third son of four children of a <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>, Leslie Richard Groves Sr., and his wife Gwen née Griffith.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._25–28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._25–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was half Welsh and half English, with some French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> ancestors who came to the United States in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leslie Groves Sr. resigned as pastor of the Sixth <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> church in Albany in December 1896 to become a <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Chaplain Corps (United States Army)">United States Army chaplain</a>. He was posted to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="14th Infantry Regiment (United States)">14th Infantry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Barracks" title="Vancouver Barracks">Vancouver Barracks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._25–28_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._25–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898, Chaplain Groves was sent to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> with the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th Infantry</a>. On returning to Vancouver Barracks, he was ordered to rejoin the 14th Infantry in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Service in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> followed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14th Infantry returned to the United States in 1901 and moved to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Snelling, Minnesota">Fort Snelling, Minnesota</a>. The family relocated to there from Vancouver, then moved to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hancock,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Hancock, New Jersey">Fort Hancock, New Jersey</a>, and returned to Vancouver in 1905. Chaplain Groves was hospitalized with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bayard_Historic_District" title="Fort Bayard Historic District">Fort Bayard</a> in 1905. He decided to settle in southern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and bought a house in <a href="/wiki/Altadena,_California" title="Altadena, California">Altadena</a>. His next posting was to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache_(military_post)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Apache (military post)">Fort Apache, Arizona</a>. The family spent their summers there and returned to Altadena where the children attended school.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, Chaplain Groves was ordered to return to the 14th Infantry, which was now stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_Henry_Harrison" title="Fort William Henry Harrison">Fort William Henry Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. At Fort Harrison, the younger Groves met Grace (Boo) Wilson, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> Richard Hulbert Wilson, a career Army officer who had served with Chaplain Groves during the 8th Infantry's posting to Cuba. In 1913, the 14th Infantry moved once more, this time to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawton" title="Fort Lawton">Fort Lawton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves entered <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Anne High School (Seattle, Washington)">Queen Anne High School</a> in 1913, and graduated in 1914. While completing high school, he enrolled in courses at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, in anticipation of attempting to gain an appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>. He earned a nomination from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, which allowed him to compete for a vacancy, but did not score a high enough mark on the examination to be admitted. <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bell" title="Charles W. Bell">Charles W. Bell</a> from <a href="/wiki/California%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="California's 9th congressional district">California's 9th congressional district</a> nominated Groves as an alternate, but the principal nominee accepted. Instead, Groves enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) and planned to re-take the West Point entrance exam. In 1916, Groves tested again, attained a passing score, and was accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later said "Entering West Point fulfilled my greatest ambition. I had been brought up in the Army, and in the main had lived on Army posts all my life."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Richard_Groves_Jr._(1896%E2%80%931970)_at_West_Point_in_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leslie_Richard_Groves_Jr._%281896%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/150px-Leslie_Richard_Groves_Jr._%281896%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leslie_Richard_Groves_Jr._%281896%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/225px-Leslie_Richard_Groves_Jr._%281896%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Leslie_Richard_Groves_Jr._%281896%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/300px-Leslie_Richard_Groves_Jr._%281896%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>At West Point in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Groves's class entered West Point on 15 June 1916. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">United States declaration of war on Germany</a> in April 1917 led to their program of instruction being shortened as the War Emergency Course (WEC), which graduated on 1 November 1918, a year and a half ahead of schedule. Groves finished fourth in his class, which earned him a commission as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a>, the first choice of most high ranking cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._87-90_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._87-90-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At MIT he had played tennis informally, but at West Point he could not skate for ice hockey, did not like basketball, and was not good enough for baseball or track. So football was his only sport. He said that "I was the number two center but was on the bench most of the time as in those days you didn't have substitutes and normally the number one played the whole game. I was not very heavy, and today would be considered too light to play at all".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErmenc1989208,_209_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmenc1989208,_209-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Between the wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the traditional month's leave following graduation from West Point, Groves reported to <a href="/wiki/Camp_A._A._Humphreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp A. A. Humphreys">Camp A. A. Humphreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, in December 1918, where he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> on 1 May 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent to France in June on an educational tour of the European battlefields of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._87-90_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._87-90-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After returning from Europe, Groves became a student officer at the Engineer School at Camp Humphreys in September 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On graduation he was posted to the 7th Engineers at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He returned to Camp Humphreys in February 1921 for the Engineer Basic Officers' Course.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._96-98_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._96-98-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On graduation in August 1921, he was posted to the 4th Engineers, stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)" title="Fort Lewis (Washington)">Camp Lewis</a>, Washington. He was then posted to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worden" title="Fort Worden">Fort Worden</a> in command of a survey detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was close to Seattle, so he was able to pursue his courtship of Grace Wilson, who had become a kindergarten teacher. They were married in St. Clement's Episcopal Church in Seattle on 10 February 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._96-98_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._96-98-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their marriage produced two children: a son, Richard Hulbert, born in 1923, and a daughter, Gwen, born in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._100-105_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._100-105-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1922, Groves received his first overseas posting, as a company commander with the 3rd Engineers at the <a href="/wiki/Schofield_Barracks" title="Schofield Barracks">Schofield Barracks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1930-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a commendation for his work there, constructing a trail from <a href="/wiki/Kahuku" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahuku">Kahuku</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pupukea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupukea">Pupukea</a>. In November 1925 he was posted to <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>, as an assistant to the District Engineer, <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schley" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schley">Julian Schley</a>. Groves's duties included opening the channel at <a href="/wiki/Port_Isabel,_Texas" title="Port Isabel, Texas">Port Isabel</a> and supervising dredging operations in <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a>. In 1927 he became commander of Company D, <a href="/wiki/1st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="1st Engineer Battalion (United States)">1st Engineers</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Fort_DuPont" title="Fort DuPont">Fort DuPont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._100-105_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._100-105-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_the_United_States:_1901%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods in the United States: 1901–2000">New England Flood of November 1927</a> he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ethan_Allen" title="Fort Ethan Allen">Fort Ethan Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, to assist with a detachment of the 1st Engineers. After a <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridge</a> they constructed was swamped and swept away by the flood waters, Groves was accused of negligence. A month later Groves and several of his men were seriously injured, one fatally, when a block of <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> prematurely detonated. Groves's superior wrote a critical report on him, but the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Engineers">Chief of Engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jadwin" title="Edgar Jadwin">Edgar Jadwin</a>, interceded, attributing blame to Groves's superiors instead. Groves was returned to Fort DuPont.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._100-105_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._100-105-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, Groves departed for <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> in charge of a company of the 1st Engineers as part of an expedition whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Oceanic_Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal">Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1931 Nicaragua earthquake">1931 Nicaragua earthquake</a>, Groves took over responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>'s water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. Groves was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(US_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (US Army)">captain</a> on 20 October 1934. He attended the <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff School">Command and General Staff School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, in 1935 and 1936, after which he was posted to <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, as assistant to the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_Division" title="Mississippi Valley Division">Missouri River Division</a>. In 1938 and 1939 he attended the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a>. On 1 July 1939, he was posted to the War Department <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1940_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1940-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_Division">Construction Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagon_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Expansive view of a construction site with lots of parked cars, scaffolding and cranes. There are a number of demountables in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pentagon_construction.jpg/220px-Pentagon_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pentagon_construction.jpg/330px-Pentagon_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pentagon_construction.jpg/440px-Pentagon_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Northwest exposure showing construction of the Pentagon, 1 July 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Groves was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> on 1 July 1940. Three weeks later, he became special assistant for construction to the <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartermaster General (United States)">Quartermaster General</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_B._Gregory" title="Edmund B. Gregory">Edmund B. Gregory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1950-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men had known each other a long time, as Groves's father was a close friend of Gregory's. At this point, the US Army was about to embark on a national mobilization, and it was the task of the Construction Division of the <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartermaster Corps">Quartermaster Corps</a> to prepare the necessary accommodations and training facilities for the vast army that would be created. The enormous construction program had been dogged by bottlenecks, shortages, delays, spiralling costs, and poor living conditions at the construction sites. Newspapers began publishing accounts charging the Construction Division with incompetence, ineptitude, and inefficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._241-243-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves, who "had a reputation as a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty",<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._158-159_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._158-159-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of a number of engineer officers brought in to turn the project around. He was tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._158-159_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._158-159-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 12 November 1940, Gregory asked Groves to take over command of the <a href="/wiki/Cost-plus_contract" title="Cost-plus contract">Fixed Fee</a> Branch of the Construction Division as soon as his promotion to colonel came through. Groves assumed his new rank and duties on 14 November 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._241-243-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves later recalled:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the first week that I was on duty there, I could not walk out of my office down the corridor to Hartman's office without being literally assailed by the officers or civilian engineers with liaison responsibility for various camps. It is no exaggeration to state that during this period decisions involving up to $5,000,000 [$109,000,000 with inflation<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] were made at the rate of about one every 100 feet of corridor walked.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._241-243-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>First, General Groves is the biggest S.O.B. I have ever worked for. He is most demanding. He is most critical. He is always a driver, never a praiser. He is abrasive and sarcastic. He disregards all normal organizational channels. He is extremely intelligent. He has the guts to make difficult, timely decisions. He is the most egotistical man I know. He knows he is right and so sticks by his decision. He abounds with energy and expects everyone to work as hard or even harder than he does. Although he gave me great responsibility and adequate authority to carry out his mission-type orders, he constantly meddled with my subordinates. However, to compensate for that he had a small staff, which meant that we were not subject to the usual staff-type heckling. He ruthlessly protected the overall project from other government agency interference, which made my task easier. He seldom accepted other agency cooperation and then only on his own terms. During the war and since I have had the opportunity to meet many of our most outstanding leaders in the Army, Navy and Air Force as well as many of our outstanding scientific, engineering and industrial leaders. And in summary, if I had to do my part of the atomic bomb project over again and had the privilege of picking my boss I would pick General Groves. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth D. Nichols</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Groves instituted a series of reforms. He installed phone lines for the Supervising Construction Quartermasters, demanded weekly reports on progress, ordered that reimbursement vouchers be processed within a week, and sent expediters to sites reporting shortages. He ordered his contractors to hire whatever special equipment they needed and to pay premium prices if necessary to guarantee quick delivery. Instead of allowing construction of camps to proceed in whatever order the contractors saw fit, Groves laid down priorities for completion of camp facilities, so that the troops could begin moving in even while construction was still under way.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._241-243-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-December, the worst of the crisis was over. Over half a million men had been mobilized and essential accommodations and facilities for two million men were 95 per cent complete.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_pp._241-243-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1 July 1940 and 10 December 1941, the Construction Division let contracts worth $1,676,293,000 ($34,724,300,000 with inflation<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), of which $1,347,991,000 ($27,923,500,000 with inflation<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or about 80 per cent, were fixed-fee contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 August 1941, Groves was summoned to a meeting with the head of the Construction Division, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Brehon_B._Somervell" title="Brehon B. Somervell">Brehon B. Somervell</a>. In attendance were Captain Clarence Renshaw, one of Groves's assistants; Major <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Casey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh J. Casey">Hugh J. Casey</a>, the chief of the Construction Division's Design and Engineering Section; and <a href="/wiki/George_Bergstrom" title="George Bergstrom">George Bergstrom</a>, a former president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a>. Casey and Bergstrom had designed an enormous office complex to house the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department's</a> 40,000 staff together in one building, a five-story, five-sided structure, which would ultimately become <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine_1972_431–439_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine_1972_431–439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pentagon had a total square footage of 5,100,000 square feet (470,000 m<sup>2</sup>) – twice that of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> – making it the largest office building in the world. The estimated cost was $35 million ($725,000,000 with inflation<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Somervell wanted 500,000 square feet (46,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of floor space available by 1 March 1942. Bergstrom became the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">architect-engineer</a> with Renshaw in charge of construction, reporting directly to Groves.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine_1972_431–439_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine_1972_431–439-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak the project employed 13,000 persons. By the end of April, the first occupants were moving in and 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of space was ready by the end of May.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the project cost some $63 million ($1,305,000,000 with inflation<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves steadily overcame one crisis after another, dealing with strikes, shortages, competing priorities and engineers who were not up to their tasks. He worked six days a week in his office in Washington, D.C. During the week he would determine which project was in the greatest need of personal attention and pay it a visit on Sunday. Groves later recalled that he was "hoping to get to a war theater so I could find a little peace."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattan_Project">Manhattan Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manhattan Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Department_of_State_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Columned facade of a building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/United_States_Department_of_State_headquarters.jpg/220px-United_States_Department_of_State_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/United_States_Department_of_State_headquarters.jpg/330px-United_States_Department_of_State_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/United_States_Department_of_State_headquarters.jpg/440px-United_States_Department_of_State_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Groves ran the Manhattan Project from the fifth floor of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">New War Department Building</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Engineer_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Engineer District">Manhattan Engineer District</a> (MED) was formally established by the Chief of Engineers, Major General <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Reybold" title="Eugene Reybold">Eugene Reybold</a> on 16 August 1942. The name was chosen by Groves and MED's district engineer, Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James C. Marshall</a>. Like other engineer districts, it was named after the city where its headquarters was located, at <a href="/wiki/Tower_270" title="Tower 270">270 Broadway</a>. Unlike the others, it had no geographic boundaries, only a mission: to develop an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. Marshall had the authority of a division engineer head and reported directly to Reybold.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Reybold was satisfied with the progress being made, <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> was less so. He felt that aggressive leadership was required, and suggested the appointment of a prestigious officer as overall project director. Somervell, now Chief of <a href="/wiki/Army_Service_Forces" title="Army Service Forces">Army Service Forces</a>, recommended Groves.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somervell met Groves outside the hearing room where Groves had been testifying before a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> committee on military housing and informed him that "The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> has selected you for a very important assignment, and the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President</a> has approved the selection ... If you do the job right, it will win the war." Groves could not hide his disappointment at not receiving a combat assignment: "Oh, that thing," he replied.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves,_pp._3-4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves,_pp._3-4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groves_Oppenheimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in shirt and tie and another wearing a suit stand behind a writing desk. On the wall behind is a map of the Pacific." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Groves_Oppenheimer.jpg/170px-Groves_Oppenheimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Groves_Oppenheimer.jpg/255px-Groves_Oppenheimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Groves_Oppenheimer.jpg/340px-Groves_Oppenheimer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Groves (left) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Groves met with Major General <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_D._Styer" title="Wilhelm D. Styer">Wilhelm D. Styer</a> in his office at the Pentagon to discuss the details. They agreed that in order to avoid suspicion, Groves would continue to supervise the Pentagon project. He would be promoted to brigadier general, as it was felt that the title "general" would hold more sway with the academic scientists working on the Manhattan Project.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves,_pp._4-5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves,_pp._4-5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves therefore waited until his promotion came through on 23 September 1942 before assuming his new command. His orders placed him directly under Somervell rather than Reybold, with Marshall now answerable to Groves.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves was given authority to sign contracts for the project from 1 September 1942. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under Secretary of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a>, retrospectively delegated his authority from the President under the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Act_of_1941" title="War Powers Act of 1941">War Powers Act of 1941</a> in a memorandum to Groves dated 17 April 1944. Groves delegated the authority to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a>, except for contracts of $5 million or more that required his authority. The written authority was only given in 1944 when Nichols was about to sign a contract with Du Pont, and it was found that Nichols's original authority to sign project contracts for Marshall was based on a verbal authority from Styer, and Nichols only had the low delegated authority of a divisional engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987132_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987132-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves soon decided to establish his project headquarters on the fifth floor of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">New War Department Building</a>, now known as the Harry S Truman Building, in Washington, D.C., where Marshall had maintained a liaison office.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1943, the MED headquarters moved to <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, but the name of the district did not change.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction accounted for roughly 90 percent of the Manhattan Project's total cost.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day after Groves took over, he and Marshall took a train to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> to inspect the site that Marshall had chosen for the proposed production plant at Oak Ridge. Groves was suitably impressed with the site,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and steps were taken to <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">condemn</a> the land. Protests, legal appeals, and congressional inquiries were to no avail. By mid-November <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marshal">U.S. Marshals</a> were tacking notices to vacate on farmhouse doors, and construction contractors were moving in.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._663-664_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._663-664-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Major_General_Leslie_R._Groves,_in_charge_of_the_Manhattan_Project.)_-_NARA_-_535931.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%28Major_General_Leslie_R._Groves%2C_in_charge_of_the_Manhattan_Project.%29_-_NARA_-_535931.tif/lossy-page1-170px-%28Major_General_Leslie_R._Groves%2C_in_charge_of_the_Manhattan_Project.%29_-_NARA_-_535931.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%28Major_General_Leslie_R._Groves%2C_in_charge_of_the_Manhattan_Project.%29_-_NARA_-_535931.tif/lossy-page1-255px-%28Major_General_Leslie_R._Groves%2C_in_charge_of_the_Manhattan_Project.%29_-_NARA_-_535931.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%28Major_General_Leslie_R._Groves%2C_in_charge_of_the_Manhattan_Project.%29_-_NARA_-_535931.tif/lossy-page1-340px-%28Major_General_Leslie_R._Groves%2C_in_charge_of_the_Manhattan_Project.%29_-_NARA_-_535931.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Groves at his desk, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Groves had met with <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, a physicist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and discussed the creation of a laboratory where the bomb could be designed and tested. Groves was impressed with the breadth of Oppenheimer's knowledge. He had a long conversation on a train after a meeting in Chicago on October 15, when Groves invited Oppenheimer to join Marshall and Nichols on the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Limited" title="20th Century Limited">20th Century Limited</a> train returning to New York. After dinner on the train they discussed the project while squeezed into Nichols's one-person roomette, and when Oppenheimer left the train at Buffalo, Nichols had no doubt that he should direct the new lab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198773_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198773-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves saw that Oppenheimer thoroughly understood the issues involved in setting up a laboratory in a remote area. These were features that Groves found lacking in other scientists, and he knew that broad knowledge would be vital in an interdisciplinary project that would involve not just <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, ordnance, and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1942 Groves and Oppenheimer inspected sites in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, where they selected a suitable location for the laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos</a>. Unlike Oak Ridge, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Ranch_School" title="Los Alamos Ranch School">ranch school</a> at Los Alamos, along with 54,000 acres (22,000 ha) of surrounding forest and grazing land, was soon acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._664-665_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._664-665-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves also detected in Oppenheimer something that many others did not, an "overweening ambition" which Groves reckoned would supply the drive necessary to push the project to a successful conclusion. Groves became convinced that Oppenheimer was the best and only man to run the laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K25_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oblique aerial view of an enormous U-shaped building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/K25_Aerial.jpg/220px-K25_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/K25_Aerial.jpg/330px-K25_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/K25_Aerial.jpg/440px-K25_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">Oak Ridge K-25 Plant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Few agreed with him in 1942. Oppenheimer had little administrative experience and, unlike other potential candidates, no <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. There was also concern about whether Oppenheimer was a security risk, as many of his associates were <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a>, including his brother <a href="/wiki/Frank_Oppenheimer" title="Frank Oppenheimer">Frank Oppenheimer</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Oppenheimer" title="Katherine Oppenheimer">Katherine Oppenheimer</a>, and his girlfriend <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tatlock" title="Jean Tatlock">Jean Tatlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppenheimer's <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> connections soon came to light,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Groves personally waived the security requirements and issued Oppenheimer a clearance on 20 July 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves's faith in Oppenheimer was ultimately justified. Oppenheimer's inspirational leadership fostered practical approaches to designing and building bombs. Asked years later why Groves chose him, Oppenheimer replied that the general "had a fatal weakness for good men."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Rabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidor Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> considered the appointment "a real stroke of genius on the part of General Groves, who was not generally considered to be a genius ..."<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groves_and_Farrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in shirts and a ties. One is sitting at a desk and the other standing. Both are talking on telephones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Groves_and_Farrel.jpg/170px-Groves_and_Farrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Groves_and_Farrel.jpg/255px-Groves_and_Farrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Groves_and_Farrel.jpg/340px-Groves_and_Farrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="2756" /></a><figcaption>Groves and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Farrell (general)">Thomas Farrell</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Groves made critical decisions on prioritizing the various methods of <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">isotope separation</a> and acquiring raw materials needed by the scientists and engineers. By the time he assumed command of the project, it was evident that the AA-3 priority rating that Marshall had obtained was insufficient. The top ratings were AA-1 through AA-4 in descending order, although there was also a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies. Ratings AA-1 and AA-2 were for essential weapons and equipment, so Colonel <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a>, the deputy chief of staff at Services and Supply for requirements and resources, felt that the highest rating he could assign was AA-3, although he was willing to provide an AAA rating on request for critical materials to remove bottlenecks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves went to <a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald M. Nelson">Donald M. Nelson</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> and, after threatening to take the matter to the President, obtained a AAA priority for the Manhattan project. It was agreed that the AA-3 priority would still be used where possible.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Combined Development Trust was established by the governments of the United Kingdom, United States and Canada in June 1944, with Groves as its chairman, to procure <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> ores on international markets. In 1944, the trust purchased 3,440,000 pounds (1,560,000 kg) of uranium oxide ore from companies <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II#Uranium" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">operating mines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>. In order to avoid briefing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a>, on the project, a special account not subject to the usual auditing and controls was used to hold Trust monies. Between 1944 and the time he resigned from the Trust in 1947, Groves deposited a total of $37.5 million into the Trust's account.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worried by the heavy losses occurring during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, in late December 1944 President Roosevelt requested atomic bombs be dropped on Germany during his only meeting with Groves during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves informed him the first workable bomb was months away. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man smiling in a suit in suit and one in a uniform chat around a pile of twisted metal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_002.jpg/170px-Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_002.jpg/255px-Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_002.jpg/340px-Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Groves and Oppenheimer at the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity test</a> site in September 1945. The white <a href="/wiki/Galoshes" title="Galoshes">overshoes</a> were to prevent <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">fallout</a> from sticking to the soles of their shoes.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1943, the Manhattan District became responsible for collecting <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> on Axis atomic research. Groves created <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Alsos">Operation Alsos</a>, special intelligence teams that would follow in the wake of the advancing armies, rounding up enemy scientists and collecting what technical information and technology they could. Alsos teams ultimately operated in Italy, France and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The security system resembled that of other engineer districts. The Manhattan District organized its own counterintelligence which gradually grew in size and scope,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but strict security measures failed to prevent the Soviets from conducting a successful espionage program that stole some of its most important secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves met with <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a>, the Chief of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a>, in March 1944 to discuss the delivery of the finished bombs to their targets. Groves was hoping that the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> would be able to carry the finished bombs. The <a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a> was duly activated on 17 December 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Wendover_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendover Army Air Field">Wendover Army Air Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Tibbets" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul W. Tibbets">Paul W. Tibbets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A joint Manhattan District – USAAF targeting committee was established to determine which cities in Japan should be targets. It recommended <a href="/wiki/Kokura" title="Kokura">Kokura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves_1962_268–276_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves_1962_268–276-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> intervened, announcing that he would be making the targeting decision, and that he would not authorize the bombing of Kyoto. Groves attempted to get him to change his mind several times and Stimson refused every time. Kyoto had been the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Japan" title="Capital of Japan">capital of Japan</a> for centuries, and was of great cultural and religious significance. In the end, Groves asked Arnold to remove Kyoto not just from the list of nuclear targets, but from targets for conventional bombing as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves_1962_268–276_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves_1962_268–276-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> was substituted for Kyoto as a target.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Groves was promoted to temporary <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">major general</a> on 9 March 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1950-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> became public knowledge, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a>. His citation read:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Major General Leslie Richard Groves, as Commanding General, Manhattan Engineer District, Army Service Forces, from June 1942 to August 1945 coordinated, administered and controlled a project of unprecedented, world-wide significance—the development of the Atomic Bomb. His was the responsibility for procuring materiel and personnel, marshalling the forces of government and industry, erecting huge plants, blending the scientific efforts of the United States and foreign countries, and maintaining completely secret the search for a key to release atomic energy. He accomplished his task with such outstanding success that in an amazingly short time the Manhattan Engineer District solved this problem of staggering complexity, defeating the Axis powers in the race to produce an instrument whose peacetime potentialities are no less marvellous than its wartime application is awesome. The achievement of General Groves is of unfathomable importance to the future of the nation and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_p._443_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_p._443-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Groves had previously been nominated for the Distinguished Service Medal for his work on the Pentagon, but to avoid drawing attention to the Manhattan Project, it had not been awarded at the time. After the war, the Decorations Board decided to change it to a <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_p._443_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_p._443-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of his work on the project, the Belgian government made him a Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown</a> and the British government made him an honorary <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1950-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army-Navy_E_Award_Ceremony_68997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men in suits and uniforms stand on a dais decorated with bunting and salute." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Army-Navy_E_Award_Ceremony_68997.jpg/220px-Army-Navy_E_Award_Ceremony_68997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Army-Navy_E_Award_Ceremony_68997.jpg/330px-Army-Navy_E_Award_Ceremony_68997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Army-Navy_E_Award_Ceremony_68997.jpg/440px-Army-Navy_E_Award_Ceremony_68997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Army-Navy_%22E%22_Award" title="Army-Navy "E" Award">Army-Navy "E" Award</a> at Los Alamos on 16 October 1945. Standing, left to right: <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a>, unidentified, unidentified, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a>, Groves, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_Sproul" title="Robert Gordon Sproul">Robert Sproul</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">William Parsons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> was transferred from the Manhattan District to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> on 1 January 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 January 1947, the Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_V._Forrestal" class="mw-redirect" title="James V. Forrestal">James V. Forrestal</a>, issued a joint directive creating the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Weapons_Project" title="Armed Forces Special Weapons Project">Armed Forces Special Weapons Project</a> (AFSWP) to control the military aspects of nuclear weapons. Groves was appointed its chief on 28 February 1947. In April, AFSWP moved from the New War Department Building to the fifth floor of the Pentagon. Groves had already made a start on the new mission by creating <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Base" title="Sandia Base">Sandia Base</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, met with Groves on 30 January 1948 to evaluate his performance. Eisenhower recounted a long list of complaints about Groves pertaining to his rudeness, arrogance, insensitivity, contempt for the rules, and maneuvering for promotion out of turn. Eisenhower made it clear that Groves would never become <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Chiefs_of_Engineers" title="List of United States Army Corps of Engineers Chiefs of Engineers">Chief of Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_2002_502–504_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris_2002_502–504-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves realized that in the rapidly shrinking postwar military he would not be given any assignment similar in importance to the one he had held in the Manhattan Project, as such posts would go to combat commanders returning from overseas, and he decided to leave the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_2002_502–504_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris_2002_502–504-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of his leadership of the Manhattan Project, he received an honorary promotion to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a> by special Act of Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-Groves_biography_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves_biography-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effective 24 January 1948, just before his retirement on 29 February 1948. His date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullum_1950-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_Pioneers_Awards_Washington_DC_(7649993674).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Atomic_Pioneers_Awards_Washington_DC_%287649993674%29.jpg/220px-Atomic_Pioneers_Awards_Washington_DC_%287649993674%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Atomic_Pioneers_Awards_Washington_DC_%287649993674%29.jpg/330px-Atomic_Pioneers_Awards_Washington_DC_%287649993674%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Atomic_Pioneers_Awards_Washington_DC_%287649993674%29.jpg/440px-Atomic_Pioneers_Awards_Washington_DC_%287649993674%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="2270" /></a><figcaption>From left to right in a November 1969 photo: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and the three awardees of the Atomic Pioneers Award: <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a>, and Groves</figcaption></figure> <p>Groves went on to become a vice president at <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a>, an equipment and electronics firm, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Darien,_Connecticut" title="Darien, Connecticut">Darien, Connecticut</a>, in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retired at age 65 in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._517-519_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._517-519-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as president of the <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> alumni organization, the <i>Association of Graduates</i>. He presented <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award" title="Sylvanus Thayer Award">Sylvanus Thayer Award</a> in 1962, which was the occasion of MacArthur's famous <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Duty,_honor,_country" class="extiw" title="s:Duty, honor, country"><i>Duty, Honor, Country</i></a> speech to the U.S. Military Academy Corps of Cadets. In retirement, Groves wrote an account of the Manhattan Project entitled <i>Now It Can Be Told</i>, originally published in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris,_pp._517-519_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris,_pp._517-519-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, he moved back to Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves suffered a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by chronic <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> on 13 July 1970. He was rushed to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed Army Medical Center">Walter Reed Army Medical Center</a> in Washington D.C., where he died that night at age 73.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A funeral service was held in the chapel at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myer,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Myer, Virginia">Fort Myer, Virginia</a>, after which Groves was interred in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> next to his brother Allen, who had died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groves is memorialized at a namesake park along the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richland,_Washington" title="Richland, Washington">Richland, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the United States Military Academy, the LTG Leslie R. Groves Award is awarded to the cadet with the highest <a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the_United_States" title="Academic grading in the United States">GPA</a> in major classes associated with nuclear engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(TV_series)" title="Oppenheimer (TV series)">Oppenheimer</a></i>, featured Manning Redwood as Groves. The same year, he was played by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Herd" title="Richard Herd">Richard Herd</a> in the American television movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay:_The_Men,_the_Mission,_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb">Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb</a></i>. In the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man_and_Little_Boy_(film)" title="Fat Man and Little Boy (film)">Fat Man and Little Boy</a></i>, he was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the made-for-TV movie of the same year, <i><a href="/wiki/Day_One_(1989_film)" title="Day One (1989 film)">Day One</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dennehy" title="Brian Dennehy">Brian Dennehy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, Groves was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Masur" title="Richard Masur">Richard Masur</a> in the Japanese-Canadian made-for-television movie <i><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_(1995_film)" title="Hiroshima (1995 film)">Hiroshima</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Owens_(bass-baritone)" title="Eric Owens (bass-baritone)">Eric Owens</a> in the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago" title="Lyric Opera of Chicago">Lyric Opera of Chicago</a>'s work <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></i>. The opera follows Oppenheimer, Groves, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> and others in the days preceding the Trinity test.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves is played by <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>'s 2023 film <i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Component</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">No insignia</td> <td>Cadet</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></td> <td>15 June 1916<sup id="cite_ref-1948_Register_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1948_Register-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O1_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/12px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/18px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/24px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second lieutenant (United States)">Second Lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>1 November 1918<sup id="cite_ref-1918_Insignia_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1918_Insignia-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/12px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/18px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/24px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>1 May 1919<sup id="cite_ref-1948_Register_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1948_Register-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/35px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/53px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/70px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>20 October 1934<sup id="cite_ref-1948_Register_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1948_Register-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/35px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/53px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/70px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>1 July 1940<sup id="cite_ref-1948_Register_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1948_Register-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/30px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/45px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/60px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>11 December 1942<sup id="cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arlington_National_Cemetery-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/55px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/83px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/110px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel (temporary)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a></td> <td>14 November 1940<sup id="cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arlington_National_Cemetery-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/35px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/53px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/70px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General (temporary)</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>6 September 1942<sup id="cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arlington_National_Cemetery-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/70px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/105px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/140px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General (temporary)</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>9 March 1944<sup id="cite_ref-1950_Register_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950_Register-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/35px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/53px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/70px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td>Brigadier General</td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>6 December 1945<sup id="cite_ref-1948_Register_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1948_Register-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/100px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/150px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/200px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td>Lieutenant General (honorary)</td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>24 January 1948 (with effect from 16 July 1945, per Private Law 394-A of the 80th Congress)<sup id="cite_ref-1950_Register_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950_Register-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/70px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/105px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/140px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td>Major General</td> <td>Retired</td> <td>29 February 1948<sup id="cite_ref-1950_Register_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950_Register-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/100px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/150px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/200px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td>Lieutenant General (honorary)</td> <td>Retired</td> <td>29 February 1948<sup id="cite_ref-1950_Register_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1950_Register-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fine,_pp._158-159-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._158-159_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._158-159_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._158-159_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 158–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancell&Miller-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancell&Miller_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAncellMiller1996">Ancell & Miller 1996</a>, pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris,_pp._25–28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._25–28_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._25–28_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 25–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/general-leslie-grovess-interview-part-2">"General Leslie Groves's Interview – Part 2"</a>. Voices of the Manhattan Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Leslie+Groves%27s+Interview+%E2%80%93+Part+2&rft.pub=Voices+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanhattanprojectvoices.org%2Foral-histories%2Fgeneral-leslie-grovess-interview-part-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 34–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 43–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 51–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 61–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, pp. 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullum_1930-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1930_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1930">Cullum 1930</a>, pp. 1337–1338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris,_pp._87-90-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._87-90_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._87-90_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 87–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmenc1989208,_209-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErmenc1989208,_209_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErmenc1989">Ermenc 1989</a>, pp. 208, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris,_pp._96-98-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._96-98_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._96-98_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 96–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris,_pp._100-105-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._100-105_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._100-105_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_pp._100-105_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 100–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullum_1940-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1940_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1940">Cullum 1940</a>, p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullum_1950-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullum_1950_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1950">Cullum 1950</a>, p. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine,_pp._241-243-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_pp._241-243_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 241–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 430–431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine_1972_431–439-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine_1972_431–439_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine_1972_431–439_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 431–439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 511–512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 608–609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, p. 513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._659-661_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 659–661</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves,_pp._3-4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groves,_pp._3-4_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves,_pp._4-5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groves,_pp._4-5_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987132-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987132_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, p. 663</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._663-664-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._663-664_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 663–664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198773-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198773_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird_&_Sherwin,_pp_185-187_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirdSherwin2005">Bird & Sherwin 2005</a>, pp. 185–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine&Remington,_pp._664-665-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fine&Remington,_pp._664-665_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFineRemington1972">Fine & Remington 1972</a>, pp. 664–665</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 260–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 57–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 80–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 90, 299–306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2014" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Robert S. (21 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xy51EAAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+the+bulge+leslie+groves&pg=PT289"><i>Racing for the Bomb: The True Story of General Leslie R. Groves, the Man behind the Birth of the Atomic Age</i></a>. Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63220-101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63220-101-0"><bdi>978-1-63220-101-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+for+the+Bomb%3A+The+True+Story+of+General+Leslie+R.+Groves%2C+the+Man+behind+the+Birth+of+the+Atomic+Age&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.isbn=978-1-63220-101-0&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXy51EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbulge%2Bleslie%2Bgroves%26pg%3DPT289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 189–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 254–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 265–266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2012">Herman 2012</a>, pp. 313–315, 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 253–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves_1962_268–276-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groves_1962_268–276_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groves_1962_268–276_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, pp. 268–276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, p. 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris,_p._443-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_p._443_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris,_p._443_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, p. 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 596–601</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 490–491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris_2002_502–504-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_2002_502–504_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris_2002_502–504_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, pp. 502–504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves_biography-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groves_biography_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/leslie-r-groves/">"Biographies: Leslie R. Groves"</a>. <i>National Museum of the United States Army</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chicago, IL: Chicago Daily News Company. 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguishing+Marks+of+the+Army-Navy&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=Chicago+Daily+News+Company&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.rootsweb.com%2F~worldwarone%2Fmilitary%2FWWI%2FUniforms%2Findex.html%23Table%2520of%2520Contents%2520-%2520WWI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arlington_National_Cemetery-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_National_Cemetery_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2023" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Michael (4 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/lggroves.htm">"Leslie Richard Groves - Lieutenant General, United States Army"</a>. <i>Arlington National Cemetery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Army+Register%2C+Volume+I+%28United+States+Army%3A+Active+and+Retired+Lists%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialarmyregi1950unit%2Fpage%2F726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAncellMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine (1996). <i>The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The US Armed Forces</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29546-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29546-8"><bdi>0-313-29546-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33862161">33862161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+World+War+II+Generals+and+Flag+Officers%3A+The+US+Armed+Forces&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33862161&rft.isbn=0-313-29546-8&rft.aulast=Ancell&rft.aufirst=R.+Manning&rft.au=Miller%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdSherwin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Bird" title="Kai Bird">Bird, Kai</a>; Sherwin, Martin J. (2005). <a href="/wiki/American_Prometheus" title="American Prometheus"><i>American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41202-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41202-6"><bdi>0-375-41202-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56753298">56753298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Prometheus%3A+The+Triumph+and+Tragedy+of+J.+Robert+Oppenheimer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56753298&rft.isbn=0-375-41202-6&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Sherwin%2C+Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum, George W.</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/24660/rec/8"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VII 1920–1930</i></a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+US+Military+Academy+at+West+Point+New+York+Since+Its+Establishment+in+1802%3A+Supplement+Volume+VII+1920%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons%2C+The+Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.usma.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16919coll3%2Fid%2F24660%2Frec%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum, George W.</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/19424/rec/9"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930–1940</i></a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+US+Military+Academy+at+West+Point+New+York+Since+Its+Establishment+in+1802%3A+Supplement+Volume+VIII+1930%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons%2C+The+Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.usma.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16919coll3%2Fid%2F19424%2Frec%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum, George W.</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/22314/rec/10"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950</i></a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+US+Military+Academy+at+West+Point+New+York+Since+Its+Establishment+in+1802%3A+Supplement+Volume+IX+1940%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons%2C+The+Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.usma.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16919coll3%2Fid%2F22314%2Frec%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmenc1989" class="citation book cs1">Ermenc, Joseph J., ed. (1989). <i>Atomic Bomb Scientists: Memoirs, 1939–1945</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Meckler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88736-267-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88736-267-2"><bdi>0-88736-267-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708445679">708445679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Bomb+Scientists%3A+Memoirs%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Meckler&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F708445679&rft.isbn=0-88736-267-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineRemington1972" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Lenore; Remington, Jesse A. (1972). <i>The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834187">834187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corps+of+Engineers%3A+Construction+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834187&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Lenore&rft.au=Remington%2C+Jesse+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1962" class="citation book cs1">Groves, Leslie (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowitcanbetolds00grov"><i>Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project</i></a></span>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1"><bdi>0-306-70738-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/537684">537684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+It+Can+Be+Told%3A+The+Story+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F537684&rft.isbn=0-306-70738-1&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowitcanbetolds00grov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomsforgehow00herm"><i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-6964-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/756377562">756377562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Forge%3A+How+American+Business+Produced+Victory+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F756377562&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomsforgehow00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Vincent (1985). <i>Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875">10913875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan%3A+The+Army+and+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10913875&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lawren" class="citation book cs1">Lawren, William (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalbomb00lawr"><i>The General and the Bomb: A Biography of General Leslie R. Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project</i></a>. New York: Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08761-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08761-2"><bdi>0-396-08761-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6868107">6868107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+and+the+Bomb%3A+A+Biography+of+General+Leslie+R.+Groves%2C+Director+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6868107&rft.isbn=0-396-08761-2&rft.aulast=Lawren&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralbomb00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_D._Nichols" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth D. Nichols">Nichols, Kenneth D.</a> (1987). <i>The Road to Trinity</i>. New York: William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-06910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-06910-X"><bdi>0-688-06910-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15223648">15223648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Trinity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15223648&rft.isbn=0-688-06910-X&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2002" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Robert S. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racingforbombgen00norr"><i>Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indispensable Man</i></a></span>. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58642-039-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58642-039-9"><bdi>1-58642-039-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48544060">48544060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+for+the+Bomb%3A+General+Leslie+R.+Groves%2C+the+Manhattan+Project%27s+Indispensable+Man&rft.place=South+Royalton%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Steerforth+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48544060&rft.isbn=1-58642-039-9&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracingforbombgen00norr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard L.</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb"><i>The Making of the Atomic Bomb</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7"><bdi>0-671-44133-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436">13793436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13793436&rft.isbn=0-671-44133-7&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Groves&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leslie_Groves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Leslie_Groves" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/general-leslie-grovess-interview-part-1">"1965 Audio Interviews with General Leslie R. Groves by Stephane Groueff"</a>. <i>Voices of the Manhattan Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voices+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.atitle=1965+Audio+Interviews+with+General+Leslie+R.+Groves+by+Stephane+Groueff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanhattanprojectvoices.org%2Foral-histories%2Fgeneral-leslie-grovess-interview-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span> 11 hours of interviews with Groves on the Manhattan Project.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911070321/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-bombtest/">"The First Nuclear Test in New Mexico"</a>. WGBH American Experience. 18 July 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-bombtest/">the original</a> on 11 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Nuclear+Test+in+New+Mexico&rft.pub=WGBH+American+Experience&rft.date=1945-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fprimary-resources%2Ftruman-bombtest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Groves" class="Z3988"></span> Memorandum for the Secretary of War, Groves describes the first <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity (nuclear test)</a> in New Mexico.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568610">Papers of Leslie Groves at the National Archives and Records Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126204804/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568610">Archived</a> 26 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZncm92ZXMSBmxlc2xpZQ--/">Arlington National Cemetery</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project" title="Category:Manhattan Project">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Template:New Mexico during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:New Mexico during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Mexico during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Aeby" title="Jack Aeby">Jack Aeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_C._Begay" title="Jerry C. Begay">Jerry C. Begay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Dempsey" title="John J. Dempsey">John J. Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Farrell (general)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Miles" title="John E. Miles">John E. Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Nez" title="Chester Nez">Chester Nez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Oliver" title="Lloyd Oliver">Lloyd Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Varnell_Oliver" title="Willard Varnell Oliver">Willard Varnell Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merril_Sandoval" title="Merril Sandoval">Merril Sandoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tsosie_Thompson" title="Frank Tsosie Thompson">Frank Tsosie Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg/150px-Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg/225px-Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg/300px-Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military installations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Alamogordo Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordsburg,_New_Mexico#World_War_II" title="Lordsburg, New Mexico">Camp Lordsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Cannon Air Force Base">Clovis Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_City_Air_Terminal#History" title="Cavern City Air Terminal">Carlsbad Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deming_Municipal_Airport#World_War_II" title="Deming Municipal Airport">Deming Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanton" title="Fort Stanton">Fort Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner_Municipal_Airport#History" title="Fort Sumner Municipal Airport">Fort Sumner Army Aifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbs_Army_Airfield" title="Hobbs Army Airfield">Hobbs Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Walker Air Force Base">Roswell Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Proving Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/200th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="200th Coast Artillery (United States)">200th Coast Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">American Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_bomb" title="Bat bomb">Bat bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker">Code talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Fort_Stanton" title="Escape from Fort Stanton">Escape from Fort Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordsburg_killings" title="Lordsburg killings">Lordsburg Killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_World_War_II_Army_Airfields" title="New Mexico World War II Army Airfields">New Mexico World War II Army Airfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Riot">Santa Fe Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314675#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110382442">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10777493">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103893/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxJ4Y97rCTY9Y6hCyfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124362370">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82207782">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00441851">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35154573">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p238482995">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p133896587">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90157096">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000292852&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262153505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14484205">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02385755?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/844586">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124362370.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079352723">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568610">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63z8z4t">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xp76c5">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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