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class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-История" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#История"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>История</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-История-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гастроентерологична_общност" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гастроентерологична_общност"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Гастроентерологична общност</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Гастроентерологична_общност-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Гастроентерологична общност</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Гастроентерологична_общност-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Гастроентерологични_дружества" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гастроентерологични_дружества"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Гастроентерологични дружества</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гастроентерологични_дружества-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Списания" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Списания"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Списания</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Списания-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Обучение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Обучение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Обучение</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Обучение-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Обучение</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Обучение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-САЩ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#САЩ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>САЩ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-САЩ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Гастроентерология</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 71 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A" title="طب الجهاز الهضمي – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب الجهاز الهضمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolox%C3%ADa" title="Gastroenteroloxía – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gastroenteroloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qastroenterologiya" title="Qastroenterologiya – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qastroenterologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гастраэнтэралогія – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гастраэнтэралогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকান্ত্রবিজ্ঞান – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকান্ত্রবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پزیشکیی ھەرسکردن – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پزیشکیی ھەرسکردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologie" title="Gastroenterologie – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gastroenterologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologie" title="Gastroenterologie – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gastroenterologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαστρεντερολογία – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαστρεντερολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gastroenterology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologio" title="Gastroenterologio – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gastroenterologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolog%C3%ADa" title="Gastroenterología – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastroenterología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteroloogia" title="Gastroenteroloogia – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gastroenteroloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestio_aparatuaren_medikuntza" title="Digestio aparatuaren medikuntza – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Digestio aparatuaren medikuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="پزشکی گوارش – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکی گوارش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastro-ent%C3%A9rologie" title="Gastro-entérologie – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gastro-entérologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaistreintreola%C3%ADocht" title="Gaistreintreolaíocht – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaistreintreolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolox%C3%ADa" title="Gastroenteroloxía – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gastroenteroloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="גסטרואנטרולוגיה – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גסטרואנטרולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जठरांत्ररोगविज्ञान – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जठरांत्ररोगविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasztroenterol%C3%B3gia" title="Gasztroenterológia – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gasztroenterológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologio" title="Gastroenterologio – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gastroenterologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="消化器学 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消化器学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроэнтерология – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гастроэнтерология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗ್ಯಾಸ್ಟ್ರೊಎಂಟೊರಾಲಾಜಿ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ಯಾಸ್ಟ್ರೊಎಂಟೊರಾಲಾಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5%EB%B3%91%ED%95%99" title="위장병학 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위장병학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteroloj%C3%AE" title="Gastroenterolojî – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gastroenterolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроэнтерология – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гастроэнтерология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolo%C4%A3ija" title="Gastroenteroloģija – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gastroenteroloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗ്യാസ്ട്രോഎൻട്രോളജി – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്യാസ്ട്രോഎൻട്രോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastro-enterologie" title="Gastro-enterologie – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gastro-enterologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਗੈਸਟ੍ਰੋਐਂਟਰਾਲੋਜੀ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੈਸਟ੍ਰੋਐਂਟਰਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी – пали" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="пали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologie" title="Gastroenterologie – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gastroenterologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроэнтерология – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гастроэнтерология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґастроентеролоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґастроентеролоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gastroenterology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterol%C3%B3gia" title="Gastroenterológia – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gastroenterológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologjia" title="Gastroenterologjia – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gastroenterologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Гастроентерологија – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гастроентерологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastro-enterolojia" title="Gastro-enterolojia – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gastro-enterolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இரையகக் குடலியவியல் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரையகக் குடலியவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Пизишкии гувориш – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пизишкии гувориш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิทยาทางเดินอาหาร – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาทางเดินอาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteroloji" title="Gastroenteroloji – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gastroenteroloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гастроентерологія – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гастроентерологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologiya" title="Gastroenterologiya – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gastroenterologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroentero%C5%82ozia" title="Gastroenterołozia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gastroenterołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_ti%C3%AAu_h%C3%B3a" title="Khoa tiêu hóa – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa tiêu hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83%E8%82%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="胃肠学 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胃肠学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გასტროენტეროლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გასტროენტეროლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%A7%91" title="消化科 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="消化科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B8%E8%83%83%E5%AD%B8" title="腸胃學 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腸胃學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120569#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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lang="bg" dir="ltr"><p><b>Гастроентерологията</b> е дял от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина">медицината</a>, който се занимава с <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Диагностика">диагностиката</a>, изследването и лечението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Заболявания">заболявания</a> на коремните органи при човека. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-bg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-bg.svg/220px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-bg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-bg.svg/330px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-bg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-bg.svg/440px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram-bg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Илюстрация на стомаха, дебелото черво и ректума.</figcaption></figure> <p>Болестите, засягащи стомашно-чревния тракт, които включват органите от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Уста">устата</a> до <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="Анус">ануса</a> по протежение на храносмилателния канал, са в центъра на тази специалност. Лекарите, практикуващи в тази област, се наричат гастроентеролози. Обикновено са завършили около осем години предмедицинско и медицинско образование, едногодишен стаж (ако това не е част от резидентурата), три години ординатура по вътрешни болести и три години в стипендията по гастроентерология. Гастроентеролозите извършват редица диагностични и терапевтични процедури, включително <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Колоноскопия">колоноскопия</a>, езофагогастродуоденоскопия (EGD), ендоскопска ретроградна холангиопанкреатография (ERCP), ендоскопски ултразвук (EUS) и чернодробна биопсия<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Някои стажанти по гастроентерология ще завършат „четвърта година“ (въпреки че това често е седмата им година от завършване на медицинско образование) по хепатология по трансплантация, напреднала интервенционална ендоскопия, възпалително заболяване на червата, подвижност или други теми. </p><p>Усъвършенстваната <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ендоскопия">ендоскопия</a>, понякога наричана интервенционална или хирургична ендоскопия, е подспециалност на гастроентерологията, която се фокусира върху усъвършенствани ендоскопски техники за лечение на панкреатични, хепатобилиарни и стомашно-чревни заболявания. Интервенционните гастроентеролози обикновено преминават през допълнителна година стриктно обучение по усъвършенствани ендоскопски техники, включително ендоскопска ретроградна холангиопанкреатография, ендоскопски ултразвукови диагностични и интервенционни процедури и усъвършенствани техники за резекция, включително ендоскопска резекция на лигавицата и ендоскопска субмукозна дисекция. Освен това, изпълнението на ендоскопски бариатрични процедури се извършва и от някои напреднали ендоскописти. Хепатологията или хепатобилиарната медицина обхваща изучаването на черния дроб, панкреаса и жлъчните пътища и традиционно се счита за подспециалност на гастроентерологията, докато проктологията обхваща заболявания на ануса, ректума и дебелото черво и се счита за подспециалност на обща хирургия. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="История"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>История</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: История" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: История"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg/220px-Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Рисунка на първичния „лайхтлайнер“ ендоскоп на Бозини</figcaption></figure> <p>Позовавайки се на египетски папирус, Джон Ф. Нън идентифицира значителни познания за стомашно-чревни заболявания сред практикуващи лекари през периодите на фараоните. Иринахти, от <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Десета династия на Древен Египет">Десетата династия</a>, ок. 2125 г. пр.н.е. е бил съдебен лекар, специализиран в гастроентерологията, съня и проктологията.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Сред древните гърци <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хипократ">Хипократ</a> приписва храносмилането на стомашния сок. Концепцията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гален">Гален</a> за стомаха с четири способности е широко приета до модерността през седемнадесети век. </p><p>XVIII век: </p> <ul><li>Италианецът <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ладзаро Спаланцани">Ладзаро Спаланцани</a> (1729 – 1799) е сред ранните лекари, които пренебрегват теориите на Гален, и през 1780 г. дава експериментално доказателство за действието на стомашния сок върху хранителните продукти.</li></ul> <ul><li>През 1767 г. германецът <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Йохан Георг Цимерман (страницата не съществува)">Йохан Георг Цимерман</a> написва важен труд за <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизентерия">дизентерията</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>През 1777 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максимилиан Стол (страницата не съществува)">Максимилиан Стол</a> от Виена описва рак на жлъчния мехур.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>XIX век: </p> <ul><li>През 1805 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Филип Бозини (страницата не съществува)">Филип Бозини</a> прави първия опит да наблюдава вътре в живото човешко тяло с помощта на тръба, която той нарича „лихтлайтер“ („водещ светлина“ инструмент), за да изследва пикочните пътища, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ректум">ректума</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Фаринкс">фаринкса</a>. Това е най-ранното описание на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ендоскопия">ендоскопията</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Шарл Емил Троазие описва увеличение на лимфните възли при рак на корема.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>През 1823 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Уилям Праут (страницата не съществува)">Уилям Праут</a> открива, че стомашните сокове съдържат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Солна киселина">солна киселина</a>.</li> <li>През 1833 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Уилям Бомонт (страницата не съществува)">Уилям Бомонт</a> публикува „Експерименти и наблюдения върху стомашния сок и физиологията на храносмилането“ след години на експерименти върху тестовия субект Алексис Сейнт Мартин.</li> <li>През 1868 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Адолф Кусмаул (страницата не съществува)">Адолф Кусмаул</a>, известен немски лекар, разработва <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гастроскоп (страницата не съществува)">гастроскопа</a>. Той усъвършенства техниката на „гълтач на меч“ – гастроскопия с помощта на метална тръба с гъвкав обтуратор.</li> <li>През 1871 г. в обществото на лекарите във Виена <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A9%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карл Щьорк (страницата не съществува)">Карл Щьорк</a> демонстрира езофагоскоп, направен от две телескопични метални тръби, първоначално разработен от Валденбург през 1870 г.</li> <li>През 1876 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карл Вилхелм фон Купфер (страницата не съществува)">Карл Вилхелм фон Купфер</a> описва свойствата на някои чернодробни клетки, които сега се наричат клетки на Купфер.</li> <li>През 1883 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хуго Крьонекер (страницата не съществува)">Хуго Крьонекер</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Самуел Джеймс Мелцер (страницата не съществува)">Самуел Джеймс Мелцер</a> изучават езофагеалната манометрия при хора.</li></ul> <p>XX век: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:McClendon_pH-probe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/McClendon_pH-probe.png/60px-McClendon_pH-probe.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/McClendon_pH-probe.png/90px-McClendon_pH-probe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/McClendon_pH-probe.png/120px-McClendon_pH-probe.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Първата в света сонда за измерване стомашното ph, направена от Макклендън</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>През 1915 г. Джеси Макклендън тества киселинността на човешкия стомах <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>През 1921 – 22 г. Уолтър Алварез прави първото електрогастрографско изследване<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рудолф Шиндлер (страницата не съществува)">Рудолф Шиндлер</a> описва много важни заболявания, засягащи човешката храносмилателна система, по време на Първата световна война в своя илюстриран учебник и някои го представят като „баща на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроскопия">гастроскопията</a>“. Той и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Георг Волф (страницата не съществува)">Георг Волф</a> разработват първия в света полугъвкав гастроскоп през 1932 г.</li> <li>През 1932 г. Барил Бернард Крон открива <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Болестта на Крон (страницата не съществува)">болестта на Крон</a>.</li> <li>През 1957 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Базил Исак Хиршовиц (страницата не съществува)">Базил Исак Хиршовиц</a> представя първия прототип на фиброоптичния гастроскоп.</li></ul> <p>XXI век: </p> <ul><li>През 2005 г. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бари Джеймс Маршал (страницата не съществува)">Бари Джеймс Маршал</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Робин Уорън">Робин Уорън</a> от Австралия получават Нобеловата награда по физиология и медицина за откриването на бактерията <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> (1982/1983) и ролята ѝ при язвена болест. Джеймс Ливит е помогнал в тяхното изследване, но Нобеловата награда не се присъжда посмъртно, така че той не е включен в наградата.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гастроентерологична_общност"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.89.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Гастроентерологична общност</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Гастроентерологична общност" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Гастроентерологична общност"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Гастроентерологични_дружества"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B4.D1.80.D1.83.D0.B6.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Гастроентерологични дружества</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Гастроентерологични дружества" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Гастроентерологични дружества"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/">Световна гастроентерологична организация</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsg.org.uk/">Британско дружество по гастроентерология</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ueg.eu/">Обединена европейска гастроентерология</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Списания"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Списания</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Списания" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Списания"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/ajg/">American Journal of Gastroenterology</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cghjournal.org/">Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endoscopy.thieme.com/">Endoscopy</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastrojournal.org/">Gastroenterology</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/gastrointestinal-endoscopy/">Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gut.bmj.com/">Gut</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/ibdjournal/pages/default.aspx">Inflammatory Bowel Diseases</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/jcge/pages/default.aspx">Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2982">Neurogastroenterology & Motility</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/">World Journal of Gastroenterology</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Обучение"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.B1.D1.83.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Обучение</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Обучение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Обучение"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="САЩ"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.90.D0.A9"></span>САЩ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: САЩ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: САЩ"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В Съединените щати гастроентерологията е субспециалност по вътрешни болести, сертифицирана от Американския борд по вътрешни болести (ABIM) и Американския остеопатичен съвет по вътрешни болести (AOBIM). Останалите сдружения, които са тясно специализирани с това са: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gi.org/">Американския колеж по гастроентерология</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Бетезда">Бетезда</a>, Мериленд.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastro.org/">Американска гастроентерологична асоциация</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asge.org/home">Американско дружество за стомашно-чревна ендоскопия.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/gastroenterology"><i>Gastroenterology</i>.</a> American Medical Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nunn JF. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. 2002. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0806135042" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8061-3504-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/gastroenterology">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">DeStoll M: Rationis Mendendi, in Nosocomio Practico vendobonensi. Part 1 LugduniBatavarum, Haak et Socios et A et J Honkoop 1788, OCLC 23625746</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilger, MA (October 2001). „Gastroenterologic endoscopy in children: past, present, and future“. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 13 (5): 429 – 34. doi:10.1097/00008480-200110000-00008. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801888?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11801888</a>. S2CID 39462852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympus-global.com/en/corc/history/endo/">The Origin of Endoscopes, Olympus history</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/1850700214" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85070-021-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McClendon J. F. New hydrogen electrodes and rapid methods of determining hydrogen ion concentrations. – Amer. J. Physoil., 1915, 38, 2, 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McClendon J. F. New hydrogen electrodes and rapid methods of determining hydrogen ion concentrations. – Amer. J. Physoil., 1915, 38, 2, 180.</span> </li> </ol></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шаблон:Медицина"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> Основни медицински специалности</div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Медицински специалности">Специалности</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ddf;font-weight:bold;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия">Хирургия</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кардиохирургия">Кардиохирургия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Обща хирургия">Обща хирургия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неврохирургия">Неврохирургия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Офталмология">Офталмология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Педиатрична хирургия (страницата не съществува)">Педиатрична хирургия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пластична хирургия">Пластична хирургия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Спешна хирургия (страницата не съществува)">Спешна хирургия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Урология">Урология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Съдова хирургия">Съдова хирургия</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ddf;font-weight:bold;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Вътрешна медицина">Вътрешна медицина</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Алергология">Алергология</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Имунология">Имунология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Андрология">Андрология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ангиология">Ангиология</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кардиология">Кардиология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ендокринология">Ендокринология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Гастроентерология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гериатрия">Гериатрия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гинекология">Гинекология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хематология">Хематология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Заразни болести">Заразни болести</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нефрология">Нефрология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онкология">Онкология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пулмология">Пулмология</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ddf;font-weight:bold;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> Заболявания на опорно-двигателната система</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ревматология">Ревматология</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ddf;font-weight:bold;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> Диагностика</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Клинична имунология">Клинична имунология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Медицинска микробиология">Медицинска микробиология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Радиология">Радиология</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология">Патология</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Клинична неврофизиология (страницата не съществува)">Клинична неврофизиология</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ddf;font-weight:bold;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> Теоретични специалности</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Медицинска генетика">Медицинска генетика</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физиология">Медицинска физиология</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ddf;font-weight:bold;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> Други специалности</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анестезиология">Анестезиология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дерматология">Дерматология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Спешна медицинска помощ">Спешна медицинска помощ</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неврология">Неврология</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педиатрия">Педиатрия</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неонатология">Неонатология</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Профилактика (медицина)">Превантивна медицина</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психиатрия">Психиатрия</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Спортна медицина">Спортна медицина</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рехабилитация (страницата не съществува)">Рехабилитация</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Други</th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="История на медицината">История на медицината</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Медицинско обучение (страницата не съществува)">Медицинско обучение</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Уики:Мед">Уикипроект Медицина</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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