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class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Simon Makuvaza" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/69556974/22983453/22114990/s200_simon.makuvaza.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Simon Makuvaza</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Simon" data-follow-user-id="69556974" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" 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class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/SimonMakuvaza/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Researcher on archaeology, archaeological heritage management and world heritage management.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://tu-cottbus.academia.edu/BrittaRudolff"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Britta Rudolff" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/606834/100660874/89808814/s200_britta.rudolff.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://tu-cottbus.academia.edu/BrittaRudolff">Britta Rudolff</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://universitateadevest.academia.edu/AuroraPe%C8%9Ban"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Aurora Pețan" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1829255/2596205/138593069/s200_aurora.pe_an.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://universitateadevest.academia.edu/AuroraPe%C8%9Ban">Aurora Pețan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">West University of Timisoara</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://btu-cottbus.academia.edu/MohamedBadry"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Mohamed Badry" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3288414/1092194/15281868/s200_mohamed.badry.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://btu-cottbus.academia.edu/MohamedBadry">Mohamed Badry</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Brandenburg Technical University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://dsm.academia.edu/MohammadAbuAlHasan"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Mohammad Abu Al Hasan" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4364572/1761024/168022163/s200_mohammad_abu.al_hasan.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://dsm.academia.edu/MohammadAbuAlHasan">Mohammad Abu Al Hasan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://tsukuba.academia.edu/KattiOSORIO"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Katti OSORIO" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/7011456/2656263/12318961/s200_katti.osorio.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://tsukuba.academia.edu/KattiOSORIO">Katti OSORIO</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Tsukuba</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://uta-fi.academia.edu/MinnaKuloj%C3%A4rvi"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Minna Kulojärvi" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/7447980/24595152/28399643/s200_minna.kuloj_rvi.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uta-fi.academia.edu/MinnaKuloj%C3%A4rvi">Minna Kulojärvi</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Tampere University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar 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src="https://0.academia-photos.com/45482629/12064874/19507810/s200_levent.t_k_n.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unina2.academia.edu/LeventT%C3%B6k%C3%BCn">Levent Tökün</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://varldskulturmuseerna.academia.edu/HelgaJanse"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Helga Janse" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/80742468/30883354/100578237/s200_helga.janse.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://varldskulturmuseerna.academia.edu/HelgaJanse">Helga Janse</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">The National Museums of World Culture</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69556974" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Heritage_Studies"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza","location":"/SimonMakuvaza","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/SimonMakuvaza","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["World Heritage Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-d5a6d028-ec91-4c1e-a631-9d364705401e"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-d5a6d028-ec91-4c1e-a631-9d364705401e"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Simon Makuvaza</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219209"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219209/Tourism_development_activities_in_Chisuma_communal_area_in_Hwange_Rural_District_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tourism development activities in Chisuma communal area in Hwange Rural District, Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219209/Tourism_development_activities_in_Chisuma_communal_area_in_Hwange_Rural_District_Zimbabwe">Tourism development activities in Chisuma communal area in Hwange Rural District, Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African journal of economic and sustainable development</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Victoria Falls, development of tourism dates back to around 1900 after the arrival of the rail...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Victoria Falls, development of tourism dates back to around 1900 after the arrival of the railway line from Cape Town, completion of the Victoria Falls hotel and the bridge. In recent years, tourism activities have been spreading to the peri-urban area of Chisuma Communal Area (CCA) along the Batoka Gorges, downstream of the Victoria Falls. Tourism development in the study area was accelerated by the 2010 World Cup soccer tournament hosted by South Africa and the United Nations World Tourism Organisation co-hosted by Zimbabwe and Zambia. This has resulted in construction of lodges along the gorges displacing the local communities from their original villages. This paper examines the expansion and development of tourism in the CCA. Tourism development activities were found to be negatively impacting on the local area through deforestation, land degradation, displacement and social cultural erosion. To some extent, it was also found to be bringing in new livelihood strategies such as employment and development of infrastructure that are crucial for the development of the local communities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219209"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219209; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219209]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219209; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111219209']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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The development of the project was aimed at generating revenue by the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe in response to the government of Zimbabwe's move to stop parastatal organizations from depending on government funding for their operations and salaries. The partial reconstruction of the site as a theme park has been dogged by controversial management approaches, competing versions of its signifi cance and interpretation of the past. By developing the project, the Zimbabwean government had hoped to gain political mileage in Matabeleland, a region considered to be marginalized with the project being viewed as a revival of the long lost Ndebele culture and tradition. The management problems discussed in this paper, and its neglect over the recent years, resulted in its total destruction by wild fi re in August 2010, casting doubts if the site is ever to be reconstructed once again.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fa69c6039a40e467f78a06bb5d331a3b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108814386,"asset_id":111219207,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108814386/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219207"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219207; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219204"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219204/Aspects_of_Management_Planning_for_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Aspects of Management Planning for Cultural World Heritage Sites" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108814390/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219204/Aspects_of_Management_Planning_for_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites">Aspects of Management Planning for Cultural World Heritage Sites</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="eb7e885ebd62ede4314a8d23ba550bcb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108814390,"asset_id":111219204,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108814390/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219204"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219204; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219203"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219203/The_Challenges_of_Managing_an_Archaeological_Heritage_Site_in_a_Declining_Economy_The_Case_of_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_in_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Challenges of Managing an Archaeological Heritage Site in a Declining Economy: The Case of Khami World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219203/The_Challenges_of_Managing_an_Archaeological_Heritage_Site_in_a_Declining_Economy_The_Case_of_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_in_Zimbabwe">The Challenges of Managing an Archaeological Heritage Site in a Declining Economy: The Case of Khami World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites</span><span>, Nov 1, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract This paper explores the case of the Khami archaeological site, whose degradation by the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract This paper explores the case of the Khami archaeological site, whose degradation by the local communities in recent years was as a result of socio-economic problems caused by the collapse of the Zimbabwean economy combined with the inability of the Zimbabwean government to support the site. We argue that the negative attitude by the local communities towards the management of cultural heritage sites is embedded in the colonial history of the country, and has been driven by the socio-economic difficulties emanating from the collapse of the Zimbabwean economy in recent years. We begin by explaining the history of Khami, its architecture, and the local communities residing around it. We then show and assert that the subsequent degradation of Khami and the landscape around it by the local communities is linked to the socio-economic problems of the country and poverty, which emanated from the collapse of the Zimbabwean economy. In the end, we contend that the economic constraints are part of the reasons why the local communities have from time to time failed to respect the importance of protecting cultural heritage sites in the country.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219203"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219203; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219201"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219201/Zimbabwe_s_World_Heritage_Sites"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zimbabwe’s World Heritage Sites" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219201/Zimbabwe_s_World_Heritage_Sites">Zimbabwe’s World Heritage Sites</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219201"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219201; 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At its inception in the early 1900s, the ethnographic museum was the work of colonial administrations in search of objects to display at colonial and world exhibitions. Their aim was to charm the population in the home country with the 'exoticism' and 'folklore' of African countries, and in so doing, justify their presence there.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f73c76b63962e5df91c6565806fd36f3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108814381,"asset_id":111219199,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108814381/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219199; 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219198]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219198]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219198; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111219198']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111219198]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111219198,"title":"The colonial legacy in Zimbabwe: community involvement in heritage management and preservation, some social and economic implications","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111219198/The_colonial_legacy_in_Zimbabwe_community_involvement_in_heritage_management_and_preservation_some_social_and_economic_implications","owner_id":69556974,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":69556974,"first_name":"Simon","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Makuvaza","page_name":"SimonMakuvaza","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-12T01:55:32.664-07:00","display_name":"Simon Makuvaza","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219197"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219197/Who_Owns_the_Special_Area_at_Victoria_Falls_World_Heritage_Site_Political_Organizational_and_Governmental_Interests"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Who Owns the Special Area at Victoria Falls World Heritage Site? Political, Organizational and Governmental Interests" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219197/Who_Owns_the_Special_Area_at_Victoria_Falls_World_Heritage_Site_Political_Organizational_and_Governmental_Interests">Who Owns the Special Area at Victoria Falls World Heritage Site? Political, Organizational and Governmental Interests</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Historic Environment</span><span>, Jun 1, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract This article examines the dispute between the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract This article examines the dispute between the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) and the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (ZPWMA) over the ownership of a part of the Victoria Falls, a transboundary world heritage site located between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It scrutinizes efforts by the NMMZ to take over the management of the site from the ZPWMA based on its designation as a national monument. Different interests are examined and the history of management is traced, showing how part of the site ended up under the custodianship of the ZPWMA and why the NMMZ is being refused its ownership. Finally, ways of resolving this protracted dispute are suggested for the better management of this celebrated world heritage site.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219197"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219197"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219197; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219197]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219197]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219197; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111219197']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111219197]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111219197,"title":"Who Owns the Special Area at Victoria Falls World Heritage Site? Political, Organizational and Governmental Interests","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111219197/Who_Owns_the_Special_Area_at_Victoria_Falls_World_Heritage_Site_Political_Organizational_and_Governmental_Interests","owner_id":69556974,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":69556974,"first_name":"Simon","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Makuvaza","page_name":"SimonMakuvaza","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-12T01:55:32.664-07:00","display_name":"Simon Makuvaza","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219196"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219196/Conservation_Issues_Management_Initiatives_and_Challenges_for_Implementing_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_Management_Plans_in_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conservation Issues, Management Initiatives and Challenges for Implementing Khami World Heritage Site Management Plans in Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219196/Conservation_Issues_Management_Initiatives_and_Challenges_for_Implementing_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_Management_Plans_in_Zimbabwe">Conservation Issues, Management Initiatives and Challenges for Implementing Khami World Heritage Site Management Plans in Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Before and after it was nominated on the World Heritage List in 1986, Khami had been affected by ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Before and after it was nominated on the World Heritage List in 1986, Khami had been affected by various conservation problems, which threatened its outstanding universal value. These conservation issues ranged from collapse of stone walls to lack of resources to immobilise the factors that had continued to overwhelm the site. Although several conservation exercises were made to protect the site, these were carried out without appropriate site management planning. The effect of lack of proper planning for Khami was the recurrence of conservation problems at one of Zimbabwe’s impressive dry stone wall cultural sites. In 1999, a 5-year site management plan was introduced and a number of objectives and strategies were outlined to deal with the management issues that were affecting the site. The Khami management plan was only reviewed in 2013, 13 years after it had expired. This chapter reviews the extent to which the Khami site management plans were implemented since the development of the first plan almost two decades ago. The appraisal indicates that to a certain extent due to inexperience of implementing site management plans, few objectives of the plan were able to be attained.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219196"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219196"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219196; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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At its inception in the early 1900s, the ethnographic museum was the work of colonial administrations in search of objects to display at colonial and world exhibitions. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="95723865"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723865/Empty_Promises_and_False_Hopes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Empty Promises and False Hopes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723865/Empty_Promises_and_False_Hopes">Empty Promises and False Hopes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage & Society</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Before the advent of colonialism in Zimbabwe the cultural heritage landscape of Matobo H...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Before the advent of colonialism in Zimbabwe the cultural heritage landscape of Matobo Hills in southwestern Zimbabwe was managed by traditional methods. These traditional methods were enforced by traditional leaders and were observed by their subjects. However, with the coming of colonialism, new modern methods of managing the cultural landscape were introduced by the colonial government. These laws, which were Eurocentric in approach, sidelined the local communities from managing and benefiting from their cultural landscape. Efforts by the indigenous communities were made during the colonial period to impede the introduction of the new laws, but when this failed it culminated in a war of liberation, which ended in 1980. With the new Zimbabwean government, the people of Matobo had hoped that their grievances would be addressed. However, the new Zimbabwean government has failed to address these issues three decades after independence. This has incensed the Matobo people and the area has become a contested landscape.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="95723865"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="95723865"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 95723865; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=95723865]").text(description); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80346582"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80346582/Why_Njelele_a_Rainmaking_Shrine_in_the_Matobo_World_Heritage_Area_Zimbabwe_Has_Not_Been_Proclaimed_a_National_Monument"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why Njelele, a Rainmaking Shrine in the Matobo World Heritage Area, Zimbabwe, Has Not Been Proclaimed a National Monument" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86759322/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80346582/Why_Njelele_a_Rainmaking_Shrine_in_the_Matobo_World_Heritage_Area_Zimbabwe_Has_Not_Been_Proclaimed_a_National_Monument">Why Njelele, a Rainmaking Shrine in the Matobo World Heritage Area, Zimbabwe, Has Not Been Proclaimed a National Monument</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage & Society</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Njelele, a rainmaking shrine on the southwestern fringes of Zimbabwe's Matobo National Park, has ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Njelele, a rainmaking shrine on the southwestern fringes of Zimbabwe's Matobo National Park, has not been proclaimed a national monument in spite of being one of the most important cultural heritage places in southern Africa. The initial motivation for proclaiming Njelele a national monument emanated, in part, from contests for recognition of spiritual status and thus control of Njelele by members of local indigenous communities. Control over Njelele also has been a source of conflict between the local people and government departments since at least the 1960s. I contend that neither colonial administrators nor post-liberation politicians, who consulted the oracle at Njelele at the height of the country's liberation struggle, could bring about national monument status for Njelele because it embodied the diverse values of several interest groups. 164 SIMoN MAkuVAZA Contested heritage places have been and are still a challenge for Heritage Managers throughout the world. Questions such as "who owns the past?" or "whose heritage is it?" are frequently asked, but no clear cut answers have been provided to date (see for example Ranger 1989; Chambers 2005). Contests over the management and control of heritage places have led to conflicts among individuals, groups of people, and governments over their management and control. In some cases these conflicts have culminated in serious heritage destruction such as at Domboshava, a rock art site situated north of Harare (Pwiti and Mvenge 1996). Njelele, also known as Matonjeni or Mabweadziva, itself has been attacked on several occasions during conflicts over the recognition of priesthood and control of this place (see for example Chronicle 9 october 1998; Chronicle 15 May 2001). usually conflicts over stewardship and control appear at cultural heritage places whose values are diverse and are of interest to different groups of people and organizations. Njelele is a prominent rainmaking shrine located outside the southwestern fringes of Matobo National Park (now inscribed on the World Heritage List by uNESCo) in the khumalo communal area approximately 100 kilometers south of Zimbabwe's second largest city of Bulawayo. The shrine is part of the Matobo hills, which is found in a granite kopje that looks solid and is similar to several others in the same area. The outcrop is located on a mountain range that runs from east to west. There are three naturally hidden entrances that wind up and down among overhang granite boulders into the shrine. However, the main attribute of Njelele is not the cave but the gallery in the rocks. There are also several small tunnels, which lead to the shrine's various chambers from the narrow entrance between two tall rocks. An assortment of skulls and horns of big game, iron hoes, clay pots containing water, cloth and beads, piles of tobacco, hatchets, and spears are kept in one of the caves at Njelele. Nobbs (1924) believed that these objects were offerings to the presiding deity. Mwari (God) as he is known among the Shona-speaking people, and Mlimo among the Ndebele, is believed to have lived at Njelele. The personal presence of Mwari/Mlimo at Njelele was shown by his voice. The Shona people believed that Mwari was the highest and final authority behind their ancestors (Vadzimu) (Daneel 1970). Despite the diverse and powerful cultural heritage values embodied by Njelele for the people of Zimbabwe, and the values associated with the site during and after the colonial era, it has not been proclaimed a national monument, a status that would make it possible to develop</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d8a33854b4d8b0d46d5a53126b03fdc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86759322,"asset_id":80346582,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86759322/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80346582"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80346582"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80346582; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72454989"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72454989/Conservation_Stakeholders_and_Local_Politics_The_Management_of_the_Matobo_Hills_World_Heritage_Site_South_Western_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conservation, Stakeholders and Local Politics: The Management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site, South Western Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81373141/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72454989/Conservation_Stakeholders_and_Local_Politics_The_Management_of_the_Matobo_Hills_World_Heritage_Site_South_Western_Zimbabwe">Conservation, Stakeholders and Local Politics: The Management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site, South Western Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/PascallTaruvinga">Pascall Taruvinga</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza">Simon Makuvaza</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The fractured management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe provides an example ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The fractured management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe provides an example of the challenges encountered when managing a large area with diverse cultures and landscapes. The rugged area, home to humans for millennia, is today beset by problems rooted in its past. Multiple stakeholders, with sometimes antagonistic agendas, lay claim to the area while government agencies tasked with the development and protection of the Matobo Hills try to maintain their control and dominance. The nomination and management of the Matobo Hills as a World Heritage landscape have helped to resolve some of these tensions while exposing or amplifying others. Utilizing a historical perspective, this chapter explores these complex issues from diverse local perspectives, while also briefly contrasting the issues with other areas in Africa and suggesting possible routes of amelioration for the long-term management of the area in a manner that respects and involves all stakeholders.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="56604ea27d2a8b8eba5466ed86d24e44" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81373141,"asset_id":72454989,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81373141/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72454989"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72454989"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72454989; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="70845511"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/70845511/Zimbabwe_Cultural_Heritage_Management"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zimbabwe: Cultural Heritage Management" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/70845511/Zimbabwe_Cultural_Heritage_Management">Zimbabwe: Cultural Heritage Management</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="70845511"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70845511"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70845511; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=70845511]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":70845511,"title":"Zimbabwe: Cultural Heritage Management","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70845511/Zimbabwe_Cultural_Heritage_Management","owner_id":69556974,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":69556974,"first_name":"Simon","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Makuvaza","page_name":"SimonMakuvaza","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-12T01:55:32.664-07:00","display_name":"Simon Makuvaza","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="11422627" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219209"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219209/Tourism_development_activities_in_Chisuma_communal_area_in_Hwange_Rural_District_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tourism development activities in Chisuma communal area in Hwange Rural District, Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219209/Tourism_development_activities_in_Chisuma_communal_area_in_Hwange_Rural_District_Zimbabwe">Tourism development activities in Chisuma communal area in Hwange Rural District, Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African journal of economic and sustainable development</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Victoria Falls, development of tourism dates back to around 1900 after the arrival of the rail...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Victoria Falls, development of tourism dates back to around 1900 after the arrival of the railway line from Cape Town, completion of the Victoria Falls hotel and the bridge. In recent years, tourism activities have been spreading to the peri-urban area of Chisuma Communal Area (CCA) along the Batoka Gorges, downstream of the Victoria Falls. Tourism development in the study area was accelerated by the 2010 World Cup soccer tournament hosted by South Africa and the United Nations World Tourism Organisation co-hosted by Zimbabwe and Zambia. This has resulted in construction of lodges along the gorges displacing the local communities from their original villages. This paper examines the expansion and development of tourism in the CCA. Tourism development activities were found to be negatively impacting on the local area through deforestation, land degradation, displacement and social cultural erosion. To some extent, it was also found to be bringing in new livelihood strategies such as employment and development of infrastructure that are crucial for the development of the local communities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219209"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219209"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219209; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219209]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219209; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111219209']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111219209]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111219209,"title":"Tourism development activities in Chisuma communal area in Hwange Rural District, Zimbabwe","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111219209/Tourism_development_activities_in_Chisuma_communal_area_in_Hwange_Rural_District_Zimbabwe","owner_id":69556974,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":69556974,"first_name":"Simon","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Makuvaza","page_name":"SimonMakuvaza","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-12T01:55:32.664-07:00","display_name":"Simon Makuvaza","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219207"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219207/Old_Bulawayo_koBulawayo_the_Failure_of_Heritage_Renewed_Public_and_State_Discourses"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Old Bulawayo (koBulawayo) — the Failure of Heritage Renewed: Public and State Discourses" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108814386/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219207/Old_Bulawayo_koBulawayo_the_Failure_of_Heritage_Renewed_Public_and_State_Discourses">Old Bulawayo (koBulawayo) — the Failure of Heritage Renewed: Public and State Discourses</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites</span><span>, Jul 1, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper discusses the various management problems experienced at the site of Old Bulawayo, one...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper discusses the various management problems experienced at the site of Old Bulawayo, one of the leading cultural heritage sites associated with the pre-colonial Ndebele Kingdom and the colonial process in Zimbabwe. The development of the project was aimed at generating revenue by the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe in response to the government of Zimbabwe's move to stop parastatal organizations from depending on government funding for their operations and salaries. The partial reconstruction of the site as a theme park has been dogged by controversial management approaches, competing versions of its signifi cance and interpretation of the past. By developing the project, the Zimbabwean government had hoped to gain political mileage in Matabeleland, a region considered to be marginalized with the project being viewed as a revival of the long lost Ndebele culture and tradition. The management problems discussed in this paper, and its neglect over the recent years, resulted in its total destruction by wild fi re in August 2010, casting doubts if the site is ever to be reconstructed once again.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fa69c6039a40e467f78a06bb5d331a3b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108814386,"asset_id":111219207,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108814386/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219207"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219207; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219204"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219204/Aspects_of_Management_Planning_for_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Aspects of Management Planning for Cultural World Heritage Sites" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/108814390/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219204/Aspects_of_Management_Planning_for_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites">Aspects of Management Planning for Cultural World Heritage Sites</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="eb7e885ebd62ede4314a8d23ba550bcb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108814390,"asset_id":111219204,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108814390/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219204"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219204; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219203"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219203/The_Challenges_of_Managing_an_Archaeological_Heritage_Site_in_a_Declining_Economy_The_Case_of_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_in_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Challenges of Managing an Archaeological Heritage Site in a Declining Economy: The Case of Khami World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219203/The_Challenges_of_Managing_an_Archaeological_Heritage_Site_in_a_Declining_Economy_The_Case_of_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_in_Zimbabwe">The Challenges of Managing an Archaeological Heritage Site in a Declining Economy: The Case of Khami World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites</span><span>, Nov 1, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract This paper explores the case of the Khami archaeological site, whose degradation by the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract This paper explores the case of the Khami archaeological site, whose degradation by the local communities in recent years was as a result of socio-economic problems caused by the collapse of the Zimbabwean economy combined with the inability of the Zimbabwean government to support the site. We argue that the negative attitude by the local communities towards the management of cultural heritage sites is embedded in the colonial history of the country, and has been driven by the socio-economic difficulties emanating from the collapse of the Zimbabwean economy in recent years. We begin by explaining the history of Khami, its architecture, and the local communities residing around it. We then show and assert that the subsequent degradation of Khami and the landscape around it by the local communities is linked to the socio-economic problems of the country and poverty, which emanated from the collapse of the Zimbabwean economy. In the end, we contend that the economic constraints are part of the reasons why the local communities have from time to time failed to respect the importance of protecting cultural heritage sites in the country.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219203"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219203; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219201"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219201/Zimbabwe_s_World_Heritage_Sites"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zimbabwe’s World Heritage Sites" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219201/Zimbabwe_s_World_Heritage_Sites">Zimbabwe’s World Heritage Sites</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219201"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219201; 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At its inception in the early 1900s, the ethnographic museum was the work of colonial administrations in search of objects to display at colonial and world exhibitions. Their aim was to charm the population in the home country with the 'exoticism' and 'folklore' of African countries, and in so doing, justify their presence there.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f73c76b63962e5df91c6565806fd36f3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":108814381,"asset_id":111219199,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108814381/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219199; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219197"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219197/Who_Owns_the_Special_Area_at_Victoria_Falls_World_Heritage_Site_Political_Organizational_and_Governmental_Interests"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Who Owns the Special Area at Victoria Falls World Heritage Site? Political, Organizational and Governmental Interests" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219197/Who_Owns_the_Special_Area_at_Victoria_Falls_World_Heritage_Site_Political_Organizational_and_Governmental_Interests">Who Owns the Special Area at Victoria Falls World Heritage Site? Political, Organizational and Governmental Interests</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Historic Environment</span><span>, Jun 1, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract This article examines the dispute between the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract This article examines the dispute between the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) and the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (ZPWMA) over the ownership of a part of the Victoria Falls, a transboundary world heritage site located between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It scrutinizes efforts by the NMMZ to take over the management of the site from the ZPWMA based on its designation as a national monument. Different interests are examined and the history of management is traced, showing how part of the site ended up under the custodianship of the ZPWMA and why the NMMZ is being refused its ownership. Finally, ways of resolving this protracted dispute are suggested for the better management of this celebrated world heritage site.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219197"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219197"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219197; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219197]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219197]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219197; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111219197']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111219197]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111219197,"title":"Who Owns the Special Area at Victoria Falls World Heritage Site? Political, Organizational and Governmental Interests","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111219197/Who_Owns_the_Special_Area_at_Victoria_Falls_World_Heritage_Site_Political_Organizational_and_Governmental_Interests","owner_id":69556974,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":69556974,"first_name":"Simon","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Makuvaza","page_name":"SimonMakuvaza","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-12T01:55:32.664-07:00","display_name":"Simon Makuvaza","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219196"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219196/Conservation_Issues_Management_Initiatives_and_Challenges_for_Implementing_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_Management_Plans_in_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conservation Issues, Management Initiatives and Challenges for Implementing Khami World Heritage Site Management Plans in Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219196/Conservation_Issues_Management_Initiatives_and_Challenges_for_Implementing_Khami_World_Heritage_Site_Management_Plans_in_Zimbabwe">Conservation Issues, Management Initiatives and Challenges for Implementing Khami World Heritage Site Management Plans in Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Before and after it was nominated on the World Heritage List in 1986, Khami had been affected by ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Before and after it was nominated on the World Heritage List in 1986, Khami had been affected by various conservation problems, which threatened its outstanding universal value. These conservation issues ranged from collapse of stone walls to lack of resources to immobilise the factors that had continued to overwhelm the site. Although several conservation exercises were made to protect the site, these were carried out without appropriate site management planning. The effect of lack of proper planning for Khami was the recurrence of conservation problems at one of Zimbabwe’s impressive dry stone wall cultural sites. In 1999, a 5-year site management plan was introduced and a number of objectives and strategies were outlined to deal with the management issues that were affecting the site. The Khami management plan was only reviewed in 2013, 13 years after it had expired. This chapter reviews the extent to which the Khami site management plans were implemented since the development of the first plan almost two decades ago. The appraisal indicates that to a certain extent due to inexperience of implementing site management plans, few objectives of the plan were able to be attained.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219196"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219196"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219196; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111219060"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219060/Zimbabwe_Cultural_Heritage_Management"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zimbabwe: Cultural Heritage Management" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/111219060/Zimbabwe_Cultural_Heritage_Management">Zimbabwe: Cultural Heritage Management</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Springer eBooks</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111219060"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111219060"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219060; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219060]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=111219060]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111219060; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='111219060']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111219060]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111219060,"title":"Zimbabwe: Cultural Heritage Management","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111219060/Zimbabwe_Cultural_Heritage_Management","owner_id":69556974,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":69556974,"first_name":"Simon","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Makuvaza","page_name":"SimonMakuvaza","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-12T01:55:32.664-07:00","display_name":"Simon Makuvaza","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="95723869"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723869/Towards_a_new_type_of_ethnographic_museum_in_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Towards a new type of 'ethnographic' museum in Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/97827152/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723869/Towards_a_new_type_of_ethnographic_museum_in_Africa">Towards a new type of 'ethnographic' museum in Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The ethnographic museum as we know it today is doomed, and new types will have to be created in i...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The ethnographic museum as we know it today is doomed, and new types will have to be created in its place. At its inception in the early 1900s, the ethnographic museum was the work of colonial administrations in search of objects to display at colonial and world exhibitions. Their aim was to charm the population in the home country with the 'exoticism' and 'folklore' of African countries, and in so doing, justify their presence there.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f5452d52a885e7551c77d8a777ca9656" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":97827152,"asset_id":95723869,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/97827152/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="95723869"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="95723869"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 95723869; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="95723868"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723868/Style_chronology_and_culture_a_critical_review_of_Whittys_stylistic_classification_of_Zimbabwe_culture_using_evidence_from_the_Hwange_district_Northwestern_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Style, chronology and culture : a critical review of Whitty's stylistic classification of Zimbabwe culture using evidence from the Hwange district, Northwestern Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723868/Style_chronology_and_culture_a_critical_review_of_Whittys_stylistic_classification_of_Zimbabwe_culture_using_evidence_from_the_Hwange_district_Northwestern_Zimbabwe">Style, chronology and culture : a critical review of Whitty's stylistic classification of Zimbabwe culture using evidence from the Hwange district, Northwestern Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>South African Archaeological Society</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="95723868"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="95723868"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 95723868; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="95723865"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723865/Empty_Promises_and_False_Hopes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Empty Promises and False Hopes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/95723865/Empty_Promises_and_False_Hopes">Empty Promises and False Hopes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage & Society</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Before the advent of colonialism in Zimbabwe the cultural heritage landscape of Matobo H...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Before the advent of colonialism in Zimbabwe the cultural heritage landscape of Matobo Hills in southwestern Zimbabwe was managed by traditional methods. These traditional methods were enforced by traditional leaders and were observed by their subjects. However, with the coming of colonialism, new modern methods of managing the cultural landscape were introduced by the colonial government. These laws, which were Eurocentric in approach, sidelined the local communities from managing and benefiting from their cultural landscape. Efforts by the indigenous communities were made during the colonial period to impede the introduction of the new laws, but when this failed it culminated in a war of liberation, which ended in 1980. With the new Zimbabwean government, the people of Matobo had hoped that their grievances would be addressed. However, the new Zimbabwean government has failed to address these issues three decades after independence. This has incensed the Matobo people and the area has become a contested landscape.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="95723865"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="95723865"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 95723865; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=95723865]").text(description); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80346582"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80346582/Why_Njelele_a_Rainmaking_Shrine_in_the_Matobo_World_Heritage_Area_Zimbabwe_Has_Not_Been_Proclaimed_a_National_Monument"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why Njelele, a Rainmaking Shrine in the Matobo World Heritage Area, Zimbabwe, Has Not Been Proclaimed a National Monument" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86759322/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80346582/Why_Njelele_a_Rainmaking_Shrine_in_the_Matobo_World_Heritage_Area_Zimbabwe_Has_Not_Been_Proclaimed_a_National_Monument">Why Njelele, a Rainmaking Shrine in the Matobo World Heritage Area, Zimbabwe, Has Not Been Proclaimed a National Monument</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage & Society</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Njelele, a rainmaking shrine on the southwestern fringes of Zimbabwe's Matobo National Park, has ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Njelele, a rainmaking shrine on the southwestern fringes of Zimbabwe's Matobo National Park, has not been proclaimed a national monument in spite of being one of the most important cultural heritage places in southern Africa. The initial motivation for proclaiming Njelele a national monument emanated, in part, from contests for recognition of spiritual status and thus control of Njelele by members of local indigenous communities. Control over Njelele also has been a source of conflict between the local people and government departments since at least the 1960s. I contend that neither colonial administrators nor post-liberation politicians, who consulted the oracle at Njelele at the height of the country's liberation struggle, could bring about national monument status for Njelele because it embodied the diverse values of several interest groups. 164 SIMoN MAkuVAZA Contested heritage places have been and are still a challenge for Heritage Managers throughout the world. Questions such as "who owns the past?" or "whose heritage is it?" are frequently asked, but no clear cut answers have been provided to date (see for example Ranger 1989; Chambers 2005). Contests over the management and control of heritage places have led to conflicts among individuals, groups of people, and governments over their management and control. In some cases these conflicts have culminated in serious heritage destruction such as at Domboshava, a rock art site situated north of Harare (Pwiti and Mvenge 1996). Njelele, also known as Matonjeni or Mabweadziva, itself has been attacked on several occasions during conflicts over the recognition of priesthood and control of this place (see for example Chronicle 9 october 1998; Chronicle 15 May 2001). usually conflicts over stewardship and control appear at cultural heritage places whose values are diverse and are of interest to different groups of people and organizations. Njelele is a prominent rainmaking shrine located outside the southwestern fringes of Matobo National Park (now inscribed on the World Heritage List by uNESCo) in the khumalo communal area approximately 100 kilometers south of Zimbabwe's second largest city of Bulawayo. The shrine is part of the Matobo hills, which is found in a granite kopje that looks solid and is similar to several others in the same area. The outcrop is located on a mountain range that runs from east to west. There are three naturally hidden entrances that wind up and down among overhang granite boulders into the shrine. However, the main attribute of Njelele is not the cave but the gallery in the rocks. There are also several small tunnels, which lead to the shrine's various chambers from the narrow entrance between two tall rocks. An assortment of skulls and horns of big game, iron hoes, clay pots containing water, cloth and beads, piles of tobacco, hatchets, and spears are kept in one of the caves at Njelele. Nobbs (1924) believed that these objects were offerings to the presiding deity. Mwari (God) as he is known among the Shona-speaking people, and Mlimo among the Ndebele, is believed to have lived at Njelele. The personal presence of Mwari/Mlimo at Njelele was shown by his voice. The Shona people believed that Mwari was the highest and final authority behind their ancestors (Vadzimu) (Daneel 1970). Despite the diverse and powerful cultural heritage values embodied by Njelele for the people of Zimbabwe, and the values associated with the site during and after the colonial era, it has not been proclaimed a national monument, a status that would make it possible to develop</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d8a33854b4d8b0d46d5a53126b03fdc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86759322,"asset_id":80346582,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86759322/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80346582"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80346582"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80346582; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72454989"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72454989/Conservation_Stakeholders_and_Local_Politics_The_Management_of_the_Matobo_Hills_World_Heritage_Site_South_Western_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Conservation, Stakeholders and Local Politics: The Management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site, South Western Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81373141/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72454989/Conservation_Stakeholders_and_Local_Politics_The_Management_of_the_Matobo_Hills_World_Heritage_Site_South_Western_Zimbabwe">Conservation, Stakeholders and Local Politics: The Management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site, South Western Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/PascallTaruvinga">Pascall Taruvinga</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SimonMakuvaza">Simon Makuvaza</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The fractured management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe provides an example ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The fractured management of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Site in Zimbabwe provides an example of the challenges encountered when managing a large area with diverse cultures and landscapes. The rugged area, home to humans for millennia, is today beset by problems rooted in its past. Multiple stakeholders, with sometimes antagonistic agendas, lay claim to the area while government agencies tasked with the development and protection of the Matobo Hills try to maintain their control and dominance. The nomination and management of the Matobo Hills as a World Heritage landscape have helped to resolve some of these tensions while exposing or amplifying others. Utilizing a historical perspective, this chapter explores these complex issues from diverse local perspectives, while also briefly contrasting the issues with other areas in Africa and suggesting possible routes of amelioration for the long-term management of the area in a manner that respects and involves all stakeholders.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="56604ea27d2a8b8eba5466ed86d24e44" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81373141,"asset_id":72454989,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81373141/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72454989"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72454989"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72454989; 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