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</div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="site-content-contain"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="wrap"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-334" class="post-334 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-recensions category-lectures"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Publié le</span> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/334" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2012-07-16T17:04:48+02:00">16 juillet 2012</time><time class="updated" datetime="2012-09-10T08:37:46+02:00">10 septembre 2012</time></a></span><span class="byline"> par <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault">renault</a></span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Terra Amata, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France (T. I & II) — Henri de Lumley (dir.)</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><strong><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T1.gif"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-336" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T1.gif" alt="" width="112" height="141" srcset="https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T1.gif 112w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T1-39x50.gif 39w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T1-63x80.gif 63w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T1-79x100.gif 79w" sizes="(max-width: 112px) 100vw, 112px" /></a></strong></p> <p><strong><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T2.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-340" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T2.jpg" alt="" width="118" height="141" srcset="https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T2.jpg 118w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T2-41x50.jpg 41w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T2-66x80.jpg 66w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/07/3-TerraAmata-T2-83x100.jpg 83w" sizes="(max-width: 118px) 100vw, 118px" /></a>Tome I</strong> : Cadre géographique, Historique, Contexte géologique, Stratigraphie, Sédimentologie, Datation, Cnrs Editions, 2009, 486 p., fig., pl. h.t., 80 € — 978-2-271-06939-9</p> <p><strong>Tome II</strong> : Palynologie, Anthracologie, Faunes, Mollusques, Paléoenvironnements, Paléoanthropologie, Cnrs Editions, 2011, 536 p., fig., 85 € — 978-2-271-07191-0</p> <p>Les deux premiers volumes de l’imposante et luxueuse monographie sur le site paléolithique niçois de Terra Amata viennent de paraître. Ils concernent les contextes géologiques et la paléontologie du site. Les deux prochains volumes traiteront de la préhistoire proprement dite. L’ensemble atteindra probablement les deux mille pages ! Au-delà de cet aspect « monumental », on note la qualité de l’édition (CNRS) et la masse de travail de recherche fournie par l’équipe du Professeur de Lumley depuis 1976. Cette monographie est visiblement destinée aux spécialistes et professionnels des laboratoires de Préhistoire nationaux.</p> <p>Concernant les deux premiers volumes, on note cependant que l’illustration, extrêmement abondante et de qualité, est souvent redondante : les multiples coupes du gisement, les planches micro-photographiques de sédimentologie et celles de paléontologie sont peu démonstratives. Pourquoi avoir doublé les photographies des fossiles par leur dessin au trait ? Le lecteur aurait sans doute préféré un peu de concision, pour une meilleure appréhension des données essentielles.</p> <p>Concernant le volume I, un défaut important de construction apparaît dès le début du volume (p.115 et 118) : alors que le sous-titre de l’ouvrage annonce une progression logique de l’étude allant de la présentation géographique à la datation physico-chimique en passant par la géologie, la stratigraphie et la sédimentologie, dès la p.115 un âge de 380 000 ans (380 ka) est avancé après une brève discussion géomorphologique. À partir de ce moment-là, le lecteur peut se demander à quoi va servir le dernier chapitre consacré à la datation (chap. 11) du site qui, assurément, était la conclusion attendue du 1er volume ! Par ailleurs, selon le même procédé, dans ce chapitre de datation physico-chimique apparaissent des éléments de paléontologie qui ne seront analysés que dans le volume II ! Cela donne l’impression d’une certaine hâte à régler le problème de l’âge du site qui, comme nous le verrons, n’est pas aussi évident que de Lumley et son équipe veulent bien le dire.</p> <p>Les trois types d’arguments utilisés pour dater le site : géomorphologie, datations physico-chimiques dans le 1<sup>er</sup> volume, arguments paléontologiques dans le 2<sup>e</sup>, appellent de sérieuses critiques que nous développons ci-dessous.</p> <p>Ce sont en premier lieu les arguments géomorphologiques utilisés par les auteurs qui peuvent être sérieusement mis en cause. Il convient de rappeler que l’étagement des terrasses marines quaternaires de la région de Nice est le résultat des mouvements propres du niveau marin au gré des variations glacio-eustatiques mondiales (mouvement au rythme de 100 ka où l’abaissement peut être considérable, plus de 100 m, suivi d’une remontée pratiquement au zéro actuel) sur un substrat côtier soulevé lentement et en permanence au front des arcs alpins (arc de Grasse à l’ouest , arc de Nice à l’est). La connaissance du contexte géodynamique de l’arc de Nice a bénéficié depuis une dizaine d’années de nombreux travaux et thèse soutenues dans diverses universités françaises, en particulier celle de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis. Le résultat majeur est la reconnaissance d’un chevauchement profond dans le socle, sous l’arc de Nice (Bigot-Cormier <em>et al</em>. 2004), fonctionnant en réponse à une réactivation de la marge Ligure, peut-être liée à l’affrontement des plaques Afrique-Europe (Chaumillon 1992). En conséquence de cette dynamique pérenne depuis au moins 3 Ma, le soulèvement de l’arc de Nice et de sa façade maritime a été pratiquement constant. Ce caractère du soulèvement explique la régularité de l’étagement des terrasses littorales (Dubar <em>et al</em>., 2001 ; Dubar <em>in</em> Dardeau <em>et al.</em> 2010) comme cela avait déjà été entrevu dans les anciennes publications (Bonifay 1975, Iaworsky 1969). Ce schéma s’applique bien sûr à tout le littoral, y compris au Mont-Boron au pied duquel se trouve le site de Terra Amata. Si en ce point il existe un hiatus de terrasses entre 80 m et 26 m d’altitude (p.105), c’est que les terrasses intermédiaires n’ont pas été préservées de l’érosion puisqu’il y a en ce point une falaise abrupte bien visible (fig. 20 p.117 du t. I.). La prise en compte de ces éléments évidents aurait évité aux auteurs de l’étude géomorphologique d’avoir recours à un incroyable ressaut brutal du continent, ressaut absolument incompatible avec la progressivité telle que l’a révélée la géologie profonde. En revenant au schéma de la progressivité et de la lenteur du soulèvement du Mont Boron, il est clair que les dépôts littoraux de Terra Amata (26 m) et du Lazaret (23 m) correspondent, à l’erreur bathymétrique près (Dubar <em>et al</em>. 2008), au même replat morphologique et donc au même niveau marin interglaciaire. Celui-ci n’est autre que la plus basse terrasse marine de la région de Nice, dont la datation radiométrique de 130 ka (Dubar <em>et al</em>. 2008) a confirmé son âge Eémien (Tyrrhénien = stade 5e) comme l’avait soutenu les anciens auteurs (Bourcart & Siffre 1958, Bonifay 1975, Barral & Simone 1976) en s’appuyant sur la présence de <em>Strombus bubonius</em>. Et si cette basse terrasse est à cette altitude de 26 m à Terra Amata alors qu’à l’ouest de l’embouchure du Var elle n’est qu’à 10 m, c’est d’évidence le résultat de la réactivation de la marge Ligure (Chaumillon <em>et al</em>., 1994) dont l’expression locale est un gauchissement du littoral.</p> <p>Un autre argument s’ajoute aux arguments géomorphologiques pour rapporter cette terrasse marine au dernier interglaciaire : il est d’ordre biostratigraphique et concerne la présence dans des faciès associés aux dépôts marins (niveaux lagunaires ou dunaires) d’associations malacologiques de type interglaciaire comprenant des espèces ou des formes remarquables comme <em>Glandina Isseli</em>, <em>Retinella herculeus</em> ou <em>Helix pareti. </em>Il a été montré dans une série d’articles (liste <em>in</em> Dubar 1995, Magnin <em>et al</em>. 2012) que ces espèces originaires de Ligurie orientale ou des Apennins ont migré dès le début de l’Eémien dans la région de Nice et s’y sont développés massivement selon une chronozonation qui a pu être détaillée (Dubar 1986). Ces espèces à valeur biochronologique sont présentes à la fois à Terra Amata (volume I p.152) mais aussi au Lazaret (Dubar 1995) où leur signification climatique (milieu forestier très tempéré) est en totale contradiction avec l’attribution de ce sîte au glaciaire rissien (Lumley <em>et al.</em> 2004). <em></em></p> <p>En somme les arguments morphologiques et biochronologiques concordent pour rapporter les sites du Lazaret et de Terra Amata au dernier interglaciaire (stade 5e, 130-110 ka), datation qui bien sûr n’a pas le piquant médiatique d’une plus grande ancienneté dans le Pléistocène moyen comme cela est présenté dès le début du livre (voir ci-dessus).</p> <p>Le dernier chapitre (chap. 11) : « Datation des formations pléistocènes du site acheuléen de Terra Amata » n’apporte aucun élément déterminant. La datation par thermoluminescence donne un âge de 240 ka celle par l’ESR un âge de 380 ka. La première a été obtenue sans mesure de la dose annuelle actuelle et souffre donc d’une très grande imprécision. Elle n’est même pas retenue comme valable par leurs auteurs (pour eux, à l’instar de Lumley, cet âge est rajeuni ; pour nous il est vieilli). La deuxième (ESR) a été obtenue sur un sable de plage (C1a) en recueillant les grains de quartz. Il est vraisemblable que sur ce sédiment partiellement sous-marin, la « remise à zéro » des grains par exposition au soleil a été imparfaite : la datation est certainement vieillie par les quartz hérités des dépôts pliocènes du Mont-Boron (les quartz de Terra Amata proviennent en grande partie de ce Pliocène). Comme la datation est unique (un seul niveau) et que la reproductibilité de la mesure n’est pas assurée, il est beaucoup plus raisonnable de se fier aux arguments issus des études de morphologie littorale et de stratigraphie des plages fossiles de la région niçoise pour dater la plage de Terra Amata du dernier interglaciaire.</p> <p>Dans le tome II, des arguments paléontologiques sont présentés avec beaucoup de détails : ils donneraient un âge Pléistocène moyen ancien au gisement. Malgré une faune de grands Mammifères assez pauvre et fragmentée, 250 p. lui sont consacrées, mais <em>in fine</em><strong> </strong>aucun argument ne contredit l’attribution du site de Terra Amata au dernier interglaciaire. En effet, les espèces ayant d’après les auteurs une valeur d’ancienneté chronostratigraphique ne résistent pas à la critique :</p> <p><em>– D. hemitechus</em> et <em>E. antiquus</em> existent jusqu’à l’Eémien (Guérin 1982, Beden <em>in</em> Cregut-Bonnoure <em>et al.</em> 1986).</p> <p>– Certaines des déterminations spécifiques sont incertaines comme le soulignent les paléontologues A.M. Lister (volume II, p. 285 et 286) et J.V. Der Made (p. 280-284) car basées sur un seul reste osseux (par ex. <em>Hemitragus bonali</em> : 1 PM et <em>Dama clactoniana</em> : 1 M). Ainsi l’espèce <em>clactoniana</em> n’est pas absolument assurée et il pourrait s’agir en fait de <em>Dama dama</em>, espèce qui perdure à l’Eémien et au Würm. De même pour <em>H. bonali</em> qui existe encore à l’Eémien (Crégut-Bonnoure <em>et al.</em> 2010).</p> <p>Toutes les autres familles de Mammifères représentées à Terra Amata : bovidés, cervidés, suidés, carnivores n’offrent aucune espèce archaïque exclusivement antérieure à l’Eémien, comme cela est par ailleurs reconnu par leurs auteurs. Les très rares restes de rongeurs n’apportent pas d’éléments supplémentaires.</p> <p>Ainsi finalement aucun critère paléontologique n’est en faveur d’un âge Pléistocène moyen ancien (380 kans) et ne s’oppose à un âge Eémien.</p> <p>L’étude du site de Terra Amata souffre d’un défaut majeur de méthode qui fausse la datation du site : il convenait d’abord de replacer la plage fossile de Terra Amata dans le canevas géomorphologique régional et pas seulement local (ici un unique transect du Mont-Boron). La richesse du Quaternaire littoral de la Riviera française (de l’Estérel à l’ouest à l’arc de Nice à l’est) avec huit niveaux de terrasses eustatiques étagées en contrebas du Pliocène permettait une approche de chronologie relative sûre. L’adjonction d’éléments de datation plus précis tels que paléomagnétisme, datations absolues, faunes (microfaune planctoniques en particulier) permet aujourd’hui de préciser suffisamment cette chronologie (Dubar <em>in</em> Dardeau <em>et al</em>. 2010) pour pouvoir rattacher la plage de Terra Amata au dernier interglaciaire (Eémien, stade 5e). Et ce n’est pas l’étude des industries lithiques acheuléennes, objet du prochain volume, qui pourra contredire cette datation !</p> <p>En définitive, les deux premiers volumes de cette monographie ont le mérite de faire connaître un site Paléolithique remarquable du rivage méditerranéen découvert par Georges Iaworsky et fouillé par Henry de Lumley. Le lecteur prend connaissance des modes vies de ces lointains ancêtres, de leur adaptation au milieu littoral et des pratiques de la vie quotidienne et de la chasse d’il y a 130.000 ans environ révélées par les documents préhistoriques et faunistiques recueillis.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Références citées :</em></p> <p><strong>Barral & Simone 1976, </strong>BARRAL L., SIMONE S., Le Pléistocène moyen, <em>in: Sites paléolithiques de la région de Nice et grottes de Grimaldi</em>, Lumley (de) H., Barral L. (Dir.), Paris CNRS, 1976, p. 113-122 (9ème Congrès de l’Union internationale des sciences préhistoriques et protohistoriques, Nice 1976 – Livret-guide de l’excursion ; B1).</p> <p><strong>Bigot-Cormier<em> et al.</em> 2004, </strong>BIGOT-CORMIER F., SAGE F., SOSSON M., DEVERCHÈRE J., FERRANDINI M., GUENNOC P., POPOFF M., STÉPHAN J.-F., Déformations pliocènes de la marge nord-ligure (France) : les conséquences d’un chevauchement crustal sud-alpin, <em>Bulletin de la Société géologique de France</em>, Paris, 175, 2, 2004, p. 197–211.</p> <p><strong>Bonifay 1969, </strong>BONIFAY E., Le Quaternaire littoral et sous-marin des côtes françaises de la Méditerranée, <em>in: Etudes françaises sur le Quaternaire : présentées à l’occasion du 8ème Congrès international de l’INQUA, Paris 1969</em>, Paris, CNRS, 1969, p. 43-55.</p> <p><strong>Bonifay 1975, </strong>BONIFAY E., Stratigraphie du Quaternaire et âge des gisements préhistoriques de la zone littorale des Alpes-maritimes, <em>Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française</em>, Paris, 72, 7, 1975, p. 197-208.</p> <p><strong>Bourcart & Siffre 1958, </strong>BOURCART J., SIFFRE M., Le Quaternaire marin du pays niçois, <em>Bulletin de la Société géologique de France</em>, Paris, 21, 1958, p. 715–730.</p> <p><strong>Chaumillon<em> et al.</em> 1994, </strong>CHAUMILLON E., DEVERCHÈRE J., GUEGUEN E., Réactivation tectonique et flexure de la marge continentale ligure (Méditerranée occidentale), <em>Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences (Série 2. Sciences de la terre et des planètes)</em>, Paris, 319, 1994, p. 675–682.</p> <p><strong>Crégut-Bonnoure<em> et al.</em> 1986, </strong>CRÉGUT-BONNOURE E., DUBAR M., BEDEN M., La faune de grands mammifères de Cassole (Cagnes-sur-Mer, Alpes-maritimes) et son contexte géologique. Contribution à l’étude de l’environnement littoral niçois au Pléistocène inférieur et moyen, <em>Géologie méditerranéenne</em>, Aix-en-Provence, 12-13, 3-4, 1986, p. 137-145.</p> <p><strong>Crégut-Bonnoure<em> et al.</em> 2010, </strong>CRÉGUT-BONNOURE E., BOULBES N., DAUJEARD C., FERNANDEZ P., VALENSI P., Nouvelles données sur la grande faune de l’Eémien dans le Sud-Est de la France, <em>Quaternaire</em>, Paris, 21, 3 “Q6 : Biodiversité au Quaternaire : climats, environnements et peuplements : organisé par l’AFEQ et l’UMR Archéologie des Sociétés méditerranéennes (Montpellier, 26-28 février 2008) – Deuxième partie”, 2010, p. 227-248.</p> <p><strong>Dardeau<em> et al.</em> 2010, </strong>DARDEAU G., DUBAR M., TOUTIN-MORIN N., COURME M.-D., CRÉVOLA G., MANGAN C., <em>Carte géologique détaillée de la France : Grasse-Cannes : notice explicative</em>, Orléans, Bureau de Recherches géologiques et minières, 2010 (Carte géologique de la France à 1:50 000).</p> <p><strong>Dubar 1986, </strong>DUBAR M., Nouvelles données paléoclimatiques sur le Tyrrhénien des Alpes-Maritimes (France), <em>Bulletin de l’Association française pour l’Etude du Quaternaire</em>, Paris, 25-26, 1986, p. 63–69.</p> <p><strong>Dubar 1995, </strong>DUBAR M., Séquences de transition climatique en domaine fluviatile et karstique dans la région de Nice (Alpes-maritimes, France), en rapport avec l’eustatisme, <em>Quaternaire</em>, Paris, 6, 2, 1995, p. 99-106.</p> <p><strong>Dubar<em> et al.</em> 2001, </strong>DUBAR M., FABBRI O., GUGLIELMI Y., Variations du niveau marin relatif au cours des deux derniers millions d’années sur le littoral des Alpes-Maritimes : approche quantitative du soulèvement de l’Arc de Nice, <em>in: Riviera 2000 : Tectonique active et géomorphologie : Villefranche-sur-Mer, 18-22 octobre 2000</em>, Gilli É., Audra P. (Dir.), Nice, CNRS – UMR 6012, 2001, p. 73-78 (Analyse spatiale quantitative et appliquée ; numéro spécial).</p> <p><strong>Dubar<em> et al.</em> 2008, </strong>DUBAR M., INNOCENT C., SIVAN O., Radiometric dating (U/Th) of the lower marine terrace (MIS 5.5) west of Nice (French Riviera): Morphological and neotectonic quantitative implications, <em>Comptes Rendus Geoscience</em>, Paris, 340, 11, 2008, p. 723-731.</p> <p><strong>Guérin 1982, </strong>GUÉRIN C., Première biozonation du Pléistocène européen, principal résultat biostratigraphique de l’étude des Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocène terminal au Pléistocène supérieur d’Europe occidentale, <em>Géobios</em>, Lyon, 15, 4, 1982, p. 593-598, 1 fig.</p> <p><strong>Iaworsky 1969, </strong>IAWORSKY G., Remarques sur le Quaternaire des Alpes-Maritimes, <em>in: Massif central et bordure méditerranéenne</em>, Glangeaud L. (Dir.), Paris, INQUA, 1969, p. 65-74 (8ème Congrès de l’Union internationale des sciences préhistoriques et protohistoriques, Paris 1969 – Livret-guide de l’excursion ; A9).</p> <p><strong>Lumley (de)<em> et al.</em> 2004, </strong>LUMLEY (de) H., ECHASSOUX A., BAILON S., CAUCHE D., DE MARCHI M.-P., DESCLAUX E., EL GUENNOUNI K., KHATIB S., LACOMBAT F., ROGER T., VALENSI P., <em>Le sol d’occupation acheuléen de l’unité archéostratigraphique UA 25 de la grotte du Lazaret : Nice, Alpes-Maritimes</em>, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 2004, 493 p.</p> <p><strong>Magnin<em> et al.</em> 2012, </strong>MAGNIN F., DUBAR M., KISS L., A relict population of <em>Retinella olivetorum</em> in Southern France : biogeographical and historical implications, <em>Journal of Conchology</em>, s.l., 41, 2012, p. 37-48.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong><br /> </strong></p> <p><em>Michel DUBAR, ancien chercheur CNRS, 13 impasse des arums, 06800 Cagnes-sur-Mer — <a href="mailto:maxence.bailly@univ-amu.fr">michel.dubar@cepam.cnrs.fr</a></em></p> <p> </p> <div></div> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div><hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition vous propose de citer ce billet de la manière suivante :</span><br/>renault (16 juillet 2012). Terra Amata, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France (T. I & II) — Henri de Lumley (dir.). <em>Les Chroniques de Préhméd</em>. 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