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data-has-card-for-ri="621477" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sejm">Sejm</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="621477" type="text/json">{"id":621477,"name":"Sejm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sejm?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1122939" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislacja">Legislacja</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1122939" type="text/json">{"id":1122939,"name":"Legislacja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislacja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22221124]'), work: {"id":22221124,"title":"Doradztwo naukowe w pracach Sejmu","created_at":"2016-02-20T08:05:06.815-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22221124/Doradztwo_naukowe_w_pracach_Sejmu?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_22221124","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42872931,"asset_id":22221124,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr 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js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34295251/Glosa_do_postanowienia_SN_z_29_kwietnia_2010_r_IV_CO_37_09">Glosa do postanowienia SN z 29 kwietnia 2010 r., IV CO 37/09</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">W krytycznej glosie wyrażono pogląd, że o ile można bronić tezy, iż nie każdy wyrok stwierdzający niezgodność pominięcia prawodawczego z Konstytucją może uzasadniać wznowienie postępowania cywilnego, o tyle trudne do obrony jest... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34295251" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">W krytycznej glosie wyrażono pogląd, że o ile można bronić tezy, iż nie każdy wyrok stwierdzający niezgodność pominięcia prawodawczego z Konstytucją może uzasadniać wznowienie postępowania cywilnego, o tyle trudne do obrony jest stanowisko SN, w świetle którego każdy wyrok tego rodzaju nie może wywoływać skutku z art. 190 ust. 4 Konstytucji, gdyż nie prowadzi do utraty mocy obowiązującej normy i ma wyłącznie skutek „ustalający”. <br /><br />W glosie przedstawiono koncepcję skutków wyroków TK o tzw. pominięciu prawodawczym.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34295251" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="53f971bafb4a967ff9532076c84b8088" rel="nofollow" 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data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1159422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny">Trybunał Konstytucyjny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1159422" type="text/json">{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22220766]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22220766").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22220766").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22220766"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1159422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny">Trybunał Konstytucyjny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1159422" type="text/json">{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22220766]'), work: {"id":22220766,"title":"Wykonywanie orzeczeń Trybunału Konstytucyjnego przez prawodawcę","created_at":"2016-02-20T07:56:11.509-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22220766/Wykonywanie_orzecze%C5%84_Trybuna%C5%82u_Konstytucyjnego_przez_prawodawc%C4%99?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_22220766","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42872766,"asset_id":22220766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr Radziewicz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34294945" data-work_id="34294945" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34294945/Wyrok_ETPCz_jako_podstawa_wznowienia_post%C4%99powania_cywilnego">Wyrok ETPCz jako podstawa wznowienia postępowania cywilnego</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">W uchwale 7 sędziów z 30.11.2010 r. 1 Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że wyrok Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, w którym stwierdzono naruszenie prawa do sprawiedliwego rozpatrzenia sprawy przez sąd, zagwarantowanego w art. 6 ust. 1... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34294945" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">W uchwale 7 sędziów z 30.11.2010 r. 1 Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że wyrok Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, w którym stwierdzono naruszenie prawa do sprawiedliwego rozpatrzenia sprawy przez sąd, zagwarantowanego w art. 6 ust. 1 Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności, nie stanowi podstawy wznowienia postępowania cywilnego. Kategoryczne stanowisko SN nie zamyka jednak dyskusji i skłania do krytycznych uwag odnośnie do sposobu wykładni art. 401 kodeksu postępowania cywilnego. W artykule przedstawiono argumenty konstytucyjne przemawiające na rzecz dopuszczalności wznowienia postępowania cywilnego.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34294945" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="633e7c0263de3d393417020b4a8b8c0b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54199264,"asset_id":34294945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54199264/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61562875" href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski">Michał Ziółkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61562875" type="text/json">{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34294945 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34294945"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34294945, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34294945", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34294945]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34294945").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34294945").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34294945"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka">Prawa Człowieka</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244981" type="text/json">{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1159422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny">Trybunał Konstytucyjny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1159422" type="text/json">{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34294945]'), work: {"id":34294945,"title":"Wyrok ETPCz jako podstawa wznowienia postępowania cywilnego","created_at":"2017-08-21T11:17:03.711-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34294945/Wyrok_ETPCz_jako_podstawa_wznowienia_post%C4%99powania_cywilnego?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_34294945","summary":"W uchwale 7 sędziów z 30.11.2010 r. 1 Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że wyrok Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, w którym stwierdzono naruszenie prawa do sprawiedliwego rozpatrzenia sprawy przez sąd, zagwarantowanego w art. 6 ust. 1 Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności, nie stanowi podstawy wznowienia postępowania cywilnego. Kategoryczne stanowisko SN nie zamyka jednak dyskusji i skłania do krytycznych uwag odnośnie do sposobu wykładni art. 401 kodeksu postępowania cywilnego. W artykule przedstawiono argumenty konstytucyjne przemawiające na rzecz dopuszczalności wznowienia postępowania cywilnego. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54199264,"asset_id":34294945,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1200925,"name":"Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europejski_Trybunal_Praw_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307"},{"id":2239435,"name":"Sąd Najwyższy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/S%C4%85d_Najwy%C5%BCszy?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20124639" data-work_id="20124639" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20124639/Ochrona_dziennikarskich_%C5%BAr%C3%B3de%C5%82_informacji_w_dobie_cyfrowej_w_%C5%9Bwietle_Konwencji_o_ochronie_praw_cz%C5%82owieka_i_podstawowych_wolno%C5%9Bci_oraz_Konstytucji_RP">Ochrona dziennikarskich źródeł informacji w dobie cyfrowej w świetle Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności oraz Konstytucji RP</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Secret surveillance measures based on new technologies, particularly interception of telecommunication, spy software or traffi c and location data are among the most effi cient methods of preventing and detecting various perils to the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20124639" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Secret surveillance measures based on new technologies, particularly interception of telecommunication,<br />spy software or traffi c and location data are among the most effi cient methods of preventing and<br />detecting various perils to the security of the state. However, they can become an exceptionally severe<br />interference with the fundamental rights of individuals. Exceptional threat posed by the use of secret<br />surveillance measures is the possibility of gathering information obtained “in confi dence”, particularly<br />when identifying informant’s identity. Even the mere admissibility of the secret surveillance of journalists<br />can cause “the freezing effect”, preventing them from publishing information considering public<br />authorities activities. The possibility of investigating the private lives of journalists can stop them<br />criticizing the government, even if the criticism is justifi ed. The consequence of it is the decline of the<br />supervisory role of the press as a “guardian of democracy and pluralism”. The aim of this paper is to<br />refl ect on the limits of the surveillance, the object of which — whether direct or indirect — are journalists.<br />An attempt of creating an operative test based on Strasbourg and Polish constitutional case law,<br />especially latest judgment K 23/11, estimating the relevance of provisions on surveillance considering<br />the protection of reporter’s privilege and the freedom of press are also undertaken.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20124639" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87ceba1b6f281145f67331b173e50a5f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46471401,"asset_id":20124639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46471401/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35889827" href="https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik">Jan Podkowik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35889827" type="text/json">{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20124639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20124639"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20124639, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20124639", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20124639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20124639; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20124639"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20124639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20124639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20124639; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20124639]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20124639").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20124639").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20124639"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="994" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism">Journalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="994" type="text/json">{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="602501" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_prasowe">Prawo prasowe</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="602501" type="text/json">{"id":602501,"name":"Prawo prasowe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_prasowe?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20124639]'), work: {"id":20124639,"title":"Ochrona dziennikarskich źródeł informacji w dobie cyfrowej w świetle Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności oraz Konstytucji RP","created_at":"2016-01-09T12:23:13.653-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20124639/Ochrona_dziennikarskich_%C5%BAr%C3%B3de%C5%82_informacji_w_dobie_cyfrowej_w_%C5%9Bwietle_Konwencji_o_ochronie_praw_cz%C5%82owieka_i_podstawowych_wolno%C5%9Bci_oraz_Konstytucji_RP?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_20124639","summary":"Secret surveillance measures based on new technologies, particularly interception of telecommunication,\nspy software or traffi c and location data are among the most effi cient methods of preventing and\ndetecting various perils to the security of the state. However, they can become an exceptionally severe\ninterference with the fundamental rights of individuals. Exceptional threat posed by the use of secret\nsurveillance measures is the possibility of gathering information obtained “in confi dence”, particularly\nwhen identifying informant’s identity. Even the mere admissibility of the secret surveillance of journalists\ncan cause “the freezing effect”, preventing them from publishing information considering public\nauthorities activities. The possibility of investigating the private lives of journalists can stop them\ncriticizing the government, even if the criticism is justifi ed. The consequence of it is the decline of the\nsupervisory role of the press as a “guardian of democracy and pluralism”. The aim of this paper is to\nrefl ect on the limits of the surveillance, the object of which — whether direct or indirect — are journalists.\nAn attempt of creating an operative test based on Strasbourg and Polish constitutional case law,\nespecially latest judgment K 23/11, estimating the relevance of provisions on surveillance considering\nthe protection of reporter’s privilege and the freedom of press are also undertaken.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46471401,"asset_id":20124639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":602501,"name":"Prawo prasowe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_prasowe?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45624163" data-work_id="45624163" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45624163/Ci%C4%99%C5%BCary_publiczne_w_sytuacjach_konstytucyjnych_stan%C3%B3w_nadzwyczajnych_Public_Burdens_in_Situation_of_Constitutional_Extraordinary_Measures_">Ciężary publiczne w sytuacjach konstytucyjnych stanów nadzwyczajnych [Public Burdens in Situation of Constitutional Extraordinary Measures]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The aim of this article is analyse issues related to extraordinary measures provided for by the Polish Constitution. The subject of the research concerns the duty to provide personal and in-kind contributions (public burdens) in the event... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45624163" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of this article is analyse issues related to extraordinary measures provided for by the Polish Constitution. The subject of the research concerns the duty to provide personal and in-kind contributions (public burdens) in the event of the introduction of one of extraordinary measures. The author focuses his attention on the nature of these contributions in relation to each of extraordinary measures, analysing their subjective and objective scope, the procedure, as well as the principles and mode of remunaration for and compensation of losses resulting from the duty to bear these burdens in situations of extraordinary measures. <br /> <br />Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z występującymi w polskiej Konstytucji stanami nadzwyczajnymi (stan wojenny, stan wyjątkowy, stan klęski żywiołowej). Zagadnienia stanowiące przedmiot badań odnoszą się do regulacji obowiązku świadczeń osobistych i rzeczowych (ciężary publiczne) w razie wprowadzenia jednego z rzeczonych stanów nadzwyczajnych. Autor swoje rozważania skoncentrował na charakterze tych świadczeń w odniesieniu oddzielnie do każdego z tych stanów nadzwyczajnych, analizując ich zakres podmiotowy i przedmiotowy, procedurę oraz zasady i tryb wynagradzania i wyrównywania strat wynikłych z obowiązku ponoszenia tych ciężarów w sytuacjach stanów nadzwyczajnych.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45624163" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7e1457aa108ef57913a2159ff6543e55" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69099956,"asset_id":45624163,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69099956/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27403809" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcinKonarski">Marcin Konarski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27403809" type="text/json">{"id":27403809,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Konarski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcinKonarski","display_name":"Marcin Konarski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcinKonarski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27403809/9951826/36534761/s65_marcin.konarski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45624163 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45624163"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45624163, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45624163", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45624163 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45624163; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45624163"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45624163 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45624163"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45624163; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45624163]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45624163").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45624163").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45624163"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="571" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Law">Military Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="571" type="text/json">{"id":571,"name":"Military Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5938" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Government">Local Government</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5938" type="text/json">{"id":5938,"name":"Local Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Government?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27363" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland">Poland</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27363" type="text/json">{"id":27363,"name":"Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45624163]'), work: {"id":45624163,"title":"Ciężary publiczne w sytuacjach konstytucyjnych stanów nadzwyczajnych [Public Burdens in Situation of Constitutional Extraordinary Measures]","created_at":"2021-03-27T03:07:08.669-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45624163/Ci%C4%99%C5%BCary_publiczne_w_sytuacjach_konstytucyjnych_stan%C3%B3w_nadzwyczajnych_Public_Burdens_in_Situation_of_Constitutional_Extraordinary_Measures_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_45624163","summary":"The aim of this article is analyse issues related to extraordinary measures provided for by the Polish Constitution. The subject of the research concerns the duty to provide personal and in-kind contributions (public burdens) in the event of the introduction of one of extraordinary measures. The author focuses his attention on the nature of these contributions in relation to each of extraordinary measures, analysing their subjective and objective scope, the procedure, as well as the principles and mode of remunaration for and compensation of losses resulting from the duty to bear these burdens in situations of extraordinary measures.\r\n\r\nCelem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z występującymi w polskiej Konstytucji stanami nadzwyczajnymi (stan wojenny, stan wyjątkowy, stan klęski żywiołowej). Zagadnienia stanowiące przedmiot badań odnoszą się do regulacji obowiązku świadczeń osobistych i rzeczowych (ciężary publiczne) w razie wprowadzenia jednego z rzeczonych stanów nadzwyczajnych. Autor swoje rozważania skoncentrował na charakterze tych świadczeń w odniesieniu oddzielnie do każdego z tych stanów nadzwyczajnych, analizując ich zakres podmiotowy i przedmiotowy, procedurę oraz zasady i tryb wynagradzania i wyrównywania strat wynikłych z obowiązku ponoszenia tych ciężarów w sytuacjach stanów nadzwyczajnych.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69099956,"asset_id":45624163,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27403809,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Konarski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcinKonarski","display_name":"Marcin Konarski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcinKonarski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27403809/9951826/36534761/s65_marcin.konarski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":571,"name":"Military Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":5938,"name":"Local Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Government?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":27363,"name":"Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":41234,"name":"Administrative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Administrative_Law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":42234,"name":"Natural Disasters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Disasters?f_ri=715307"},{"id":218230,"name":"Samorząd Terytorialny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Samorzad_Terytorialny?f_ri=715307"},{"id":234959,"name":"Martial Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martial_Law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":414090,"name":"Polish constitutional law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polish_constitutional_law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":423086,"name":"Polish law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polish_law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":486913,"name":"Prawo Administracyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Administracyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":489699,"name":"Martial Law in Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martial_Law_in_Poland?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":815496,"name":"Local Self-Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Local_Self-Government?f_ri=715307"},{"id":2770657,"name":"Stan Wojenny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stan_Wojenny?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37019754" data-work_id="37019754" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37019754/Konstytucyjny_status_osob_ubezw%C5%82asnowolnionych_CONSTITUTIONAL_STATUS_OF_INCAPACITATED_PERSONS_">Konstytucyjny status osob ubezwłasnowolnionych [CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF INCAPACITATED PERSONS]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Publikacja porusza problematykę statusu prawnego osób ubezwłasnowolnionych w prawie publicznym przez pryzmat autonomiczności pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia w Konstytucji RP. Monografia zawiera gruntowne omówienie instytucji... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37019754" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Publikacja porusza problematykę statusu prawnego osób ubezwłasnowolnionych w prawie publicznym przez pryzmat autonomiczności pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia w Konstytucji RP.<br /><br />Monografia zawiera gruntowne omówienie instytucji ubezwłasnowolnienia - zarówno w prawie prywatnym, jak i w prawie publicznym - dzięki czemu ukazane zostały wszystkie możliwe jej skutki prawne i społeczne. Pokazuje także funkcjonowanie tej instytucji w niemieckim systemie prawnym od XIX wieku, jej przeniknięcie do polskiego porządku prawnego i obowiązywanie w praktycznie niezmienionym kształcie aż do dnia dzisiejszego.<br /><br /><br />SPIS TREŚCI<br /><br /> Wykaz skrótów | str. 11<br /><br />Przedmowa | str. 13<br /><br />Wprowadzenie | str. 17<br /><br />Rozdział 1<br />Instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia w prawie cywilnym | str. 23<br /><br />1.1. Instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia w Konstytucji z 1997 r. | str. 23<br />1.2. Prawo rzymskie | str. 26<br />1.2.1. Ciągłość prawa rzymskiego | str. 27<br />1.2.2. Status prawny osób w rzymskim prawie osobowym | str. 28<br />1.2.2.1. Zdolność prawna | str. 28<br />1.2.2.2. Zakres zdolności do czynności prawnych | str. 31<br />1.2.2.3. Opieka i kuratela | str. 33<br />1.2.3. Porównanie prawa rzymskiego i współcześnie obowiązującego ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 34<br />1.3. Instytucja Entmündigung w niemieckim prawie prywatnym | str. 34<br />1.3.1. Recepcja prawa rzymskiego w Niemczech | str. 34<br />1.3.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w BGB | str. 35<br />1.3.3. Zniesienie kodeksowej instytucji ubezwłasnowolnienia w Niemczech | str. 38<br />1.3.4. Obowiązywanie BGB w państwie polskim | str. 40<br />1.4. Instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia w Polsce | str. 40<br />1.4.1. Regulacja ubezwłasnowolnienia przed kodeksem cywilnym | str. 40<br />1.4.2. Obecnie obowiązująca regulacja ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 43<br />1.4.2.1. Materialnoprawne podstawy ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 43<br />1.4.2.2. Dodatkowa orzecznicza przesłanka ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 47<br />1.4.2.3. Postępowanie o ubezwłasnowolnienie | str. 50<br />1.4.2.4. Ograniczenie zdolności prawnej osób ubezwłasnowolnionych | str. 59<br />1.4.2.5. Udział osób ubezwłasnowolnionych w obrocie prawnym | str. 64<br />1.4.2.6. Podsumowanie | str. 65<br />1.4.3. Ku nowym regulacjom w prawie prywatnym | str. 65<br /><br />Rozdział 2<br />Ubezwłasnowolnienie w polskim porządku konstytucyjnym | str. 67<br /><br />2.1. Wprowadzenie | str. 67<br />2.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w regulacjach konstytucyjnych przed 1997 r. | str. 68<br />2.3. Problematyka ubezwłasnowolnienia w Komisji Konstytucyjnej Zgromadzenia Narodowego | str. 74<br />2.3.1. Wprowadzenie | str. 74<br />2.3.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w projektach Konstytucji | str. 75<br />2.3.2.1. Projekt Prezydenta RP Lecha Wałęsy | str. 75<br />2.3.2.2. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego SLD | str. 76<br />2.3.2.3. Projekt Senatu I kadencji | str. 76<br />2.3.2.4. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego PSL | str. 77<br />2.3.2.5. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego KPN | str. 77<br />2.3.2.6. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego Unii Demokratycznej | str. 78<br />2.3.2.7. Projekt Obywatelski | str. 78<br />2.3.3. Prace w Komisji Konstytucyjnej | str. 79<br />2.3.4. Uchwalenie projektu i jego ocena | str. 85<br /><br />Rozdział 3<br />Ubezwłasnowolnienie w prawie publicznym | str. 88<br /><br />3.1. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a prawo wyborcze | str. 88<br />3.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a dostęp do służby publicznej | str. 94<br />3.3. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a kodeks postępowania cywilnego | str. 100<br />3.4. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a inne obszary życia społecznego | str. 103<br />3.5. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a regulacje prawa medycznego | str. 105<br /><br />Rozdział 4<br />Autonomiczność konstytucyjnego pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 108<br /><br />4.1. Interpretacja pojęć konstytucyjnych | str. 108<br />4.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w orzecznictwie TK | str. 112<br />4.2.1. Sprawy z zakresu prawa prywatnego | str. 112<br />4.2.2. Sprawy z zakresu prawa publicznego | str. 115<br />4.2.3. Autonomiczność pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia w orzecznictwie TK | str. 116<br />4.3. Ubezwłasnowolnienie jako pojęcie zastane | str. 116<br />4.4. Znaczenie normy programowej z art. 69 Konstytucji | str. 117<br />4.4.1. Treść normatywna art. 69 Konstytucji | str. 117<br />4.4.2. Konsekwencje art. 69 Konstytucji jako normy programowej | str. 120<br /><br />Rozdział 5<br />Treść konstytucyjnego pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 122<br /><br />5.1. Szczególna rola art. 62 ust. 2 w systematyce Konstytucji | str. 122<br />5.1.1. Artykuł 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji jako klauzula o charakterze szczegółowym wobec art. 31 ust. 3 Konstytucji | str. 122<br />5.1.2. Artykuł 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji a kodeksowa instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 126<br />5.2. Zakres związania ustawodawcy | str. 130<br />5.3. Wpływ Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka na konstytucyjną instytucję ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 133<br />5.3.1. Orzecznictwo strasburskie jako źródło standardów konstytucyjnych | str. 133<br />5.3.2. Sprawa Alajos Kiss przeciwko Węgrom | str. 135<br />5.3.3. Sprawa Kędzior przeciwko Polsce | str. 143<br />5.4. Różne sposoby rozumienia ubezwłasnowolnienia z art. 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji | str. 146<br />5.4.1. Ubezwłasnowolnienie z art. 62 ust. 1 Konstytucji jako pojęcie zastane | str. 147<br />5.4.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie z art. 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji a Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych | str. 151<br />5.4.3. Ubezwłasnowolnienie z art. 62 ust. 2 rozumiane jako samodzielna instytucja konstytucyjna | str. 155<br /><br />Podsumowanie | str. 159<br /><br />Bibliografia | str. 169</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37019754" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="af93bd1e7d91718ca7d9f4ab2571a1ad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56969452,"asset_id":37019754,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56969452/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6805088" href="https://uw.academia.edu/RobertRybski">Robert Rybski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6805088" type="text/json">{"id":6805088,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Rybski","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"RobertRybski","display_name":"Robert Rybski","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/RobertRybski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6805088/19457840/126747604/s65_robert.rybski.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37019754 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37019754"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37019754, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37019754", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37019754]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37019754").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37019754").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37019754"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37019754]'), work: {"id":37019754,"title":"Konstytucyjny status osob ubezwłasnowolnionych [CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF INCAPACITATED PERSONS]","created_at":"2018-07-10T09:29:28.741-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37019754/Konstytucyjny_status_osob_ubezw%C5%82asnowolnionych_CONSTITUTIONAL_STATUS_OF_INCAPACITATED_PERSONS_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_37019754","summary":"Publikacja porusza problematykę statusu prawnego osób ubezwłasnowolnionych w prawie publicznym przez pryzmat autonomiczności pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia w Konstytucji RP.\n\nMonografia zawiera gruntowne omówienie instytucji ubezwłasnowolnienia - zarówno w prawie prywatnym, jak i w prawie publicznym - dzięki czemu ukazane zostały wszystkie możliwe jej skutki prawne i społeczne. Pokazuje także funkcjonowanie tej instytucji w niemieckim systemie prawnym od XIX wieku, jej przeniknięcie do polskiego porządku prawnego i obowiązywanie w praktycznie niezmienionym kształcie aż do dnia dzisiejszego.\n\n\nSPIS TREŚCI\n\n Wykaz skrótów | str. 11\n\nPrzedmowa | str. 13\n\nWprowadzenie | str. 17\n\nRozdział 1\nInstytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia w prawie cywilnym | str. 23\n\n1.1. Instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia w Konstytucji z 1997 r. | str. 23\n1.2. Prawo rzymskie | str. 26\n1.2.1. Ciągłość prawa rzymskiego | str. 27\n1.2.2. Status prawny osób w rzymskim prawie osobowym | str. 28\n1.2.2.1. Zdolność prawna | str. 28\n1.2.2.2. Zakres zdolności do czynności prawnych | str. 31\n1.2.2.3. Opieka i kuratela | str. 33\n1.2.3. Porównanie prawa rzymskiego i współcześnie obowiązującego ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 34\n1.3. Instytucja Entmündigung w niemieckim prawie prywatnym | str. 34\n1.3.1. Recepcja prawa rzymskiego w Niemczech | str. 34\n1.3.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w BGB | str. 35\n1.3.3. Zniesienie kodeksowej instytucji ubezwłasnowolnienia w Niemczech | str. 38\n1.3.4. Obowiązywanie BGB w państwie polskim | str. 40\n1.4. Instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia w Polsce | str. 40\n1.4.1. Regulacja ubezwłasnowolnienia przed kodeksem cywilnym | str. 40\n1.4.2. Obecnie obowiązująca regulacja ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 43\n1.4.2.1. Materialnoprawne podstawy ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 43\n1.4.2.2. Dodatkowa orzecznicza przesłanka ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 47\n1.4.2.3. Postępowanie o ubezwłasnowolnienie | str. 50\n1.4.2.4. Ograniczenie zdolności prawnej osób ubezwłasnowolnionych | str. 59\n1.4.2.5. Udział osób ubezwłasnowolnionych w obrocie prawnym | str. 64\n1.4.2.6. Podsumowanie | str. 65\n1.4.3. Ku nowym regulacjom w prawie prywatnym | str. 65\n\nRozdział 2\nUbezwłasnowolnienie w polskim porządku konstytucyjnym | str. 67\n\n2.1. Wprowadzenie | str. 67\n2.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w regulacjach konstytucyjnych przed 1997 r. | str. 68\n2.3. Problematyka ubezwłasnowolnienia w Komisji Konstytucyjnej Zgromadzenia Narodowego | str. 74\n2.3.1. Wprowadzenie | str. 74\n2.3.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w projektach Konstytucji | str. 75\n2.3.2.1. Projekt Prezydenta RP Lecha Wałęsy | str. 75\n2.3.2.2. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego SLD | str. 76\n2.3.2.3. Projekt Senatu I kadencji | str. 76\n2.3.2.4. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego PSL | str. 77\n2.3.2.5. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego KPN | str. 77\n2.3.2.6. Projekt Klubu Parlamentarnego Unii Demokratycznej | str. 78\n2.3.2.7. Projekt Obywatelski | str. 78\n2.3.3. Prace w Komisji Konstytucyjnej | str. 79\n2.3.4. Uchwalenie projektu i jego ocena | str. 85\n\nRozdział 3\nUbezwłasnowolnienie w prawie publicznym | str. 88\n\n3.1. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a prawo wyborcze | str. 88\n3.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a dostęp do służby publicznej | str. 94\n3.3. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a kodeks postępowania cywilnego | str. 100\n3.4. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a inne obszary życia społecznego | str. 103\n3.5. Ubezwłasnowolnienie a regulacje prawa medycznego | str. 105\n\nRozdział 4\nAutonomiczność konstytucyjnego pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 108\n\n4.1. Interpretacja pojęć konstytucyjnych | str. 108\n4.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie w orzecznictwie TK | str. 112\n4.2.1. Sprawy z zakresu prawa prywatnego | str. 112\n4.2.2. Sprawy z zakresu prawa publicznego | str. 115\n4.2.3. Autonomiczność pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia w orzecznictwie TK | str. 116\n4.3. Ubezwłasnowolnienie jako pojęcie zastane | str. 116\n4.4. Znaczenie normy programowej z art. 69 Konstytucji | str. 117\n4.4.1. Treść normatywna art. 69 Konstytucji | str. 117\n4.4.2. Konsekwencje art. 69 Konstytucji jako normy programowej | str. 120\n\nRozdział 5\nTreść konstytucyjnego pojęcia ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 122\n\n5.1. Szczególna rola art. 62 ust. 2 w systematyce Konstytucji | str. 122\n5.1.1. Artykuł 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji jako klauzula o charakterze szczegółowym wobec art. 31 ust. 3 Konstytucji | str. 122\n5.1.2. Artykuł 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji a kodeksowa instytucja ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 126\n5.2. Zakres związania ustawodawcy | str. 130\n5.3. Wpływ Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka na konstytucyjną instytucję ubezwłasnowolnienia | str. 133\n5.3.1. Orzecznictwo strasburskie jako źródło standardów konstytucyjnych | str. 133\n5.3.2. Sprawa Alajos Kiss przeciwko Węgrom | str. 135\n5.3.3. Sprawa Kędzior przeciwko Polsce | str. 143\n5.4. Różne sposoby rozumienia ubezwłasnowolnienia z art. 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji | str. 146\n5.4.1. Ubezwłasnowolnienie z art. 62 ust. 1 Konstytucji jako pojęcie zastane | str. 147\n5.4.2. Ubezwłasnowolnienie z art. 62 ust. 2 Konstytucji a Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych | str. 151\n5.4.3. Ubezwłasnowolnienie z art. 62 ust. 2 rozumiane jako samodzielna instytucja konstytucyjna | str. 155\n\nPodsumowanie | str. 159\n\nBibliografia | str. 169","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56969452,"asset_id":37019754,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6805088,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Rybski","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"RobertRybski","display_name":"Robert Rybski","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/RobertRybski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6805088/19457840/126747604/s65_robert.rybski.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45744006" data-work_id="45744006" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45744006/Partie_polityczne_wybory_parlament_wybrane_zagadnienia_konstytucyjne">Partie polityczne, wybory, parlament: wybrane zagadnienia konstytucyjne</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45744006" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ca70fb1dee038bcef8df8252acf7d94c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66201862,"asset_id":45744006,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66201862/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9182964" href="https://uksw.academia.edu/MarekJarentowski">Marek Jarentowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9182964" type="text/json">{"id":9182964,"first_name":"Marek","last_name":"Jarentowski","domain_name":"uksw","page_name":"MarekJarentowski","display_name":"Marek Jarentowski","profile_url":"https://uksw.academia.edu/MarekJarentowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9182964/4046174/6585781/s65_marek.jarentowski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45744006 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45744006"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45744006, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45744006", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45744006]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45744006").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45744006").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45744006"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="253464" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wybory">Wybory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="253464" type="text/json">{"id":253464,"name":"Wybory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wybory?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45744006]'), work: {"id":45744006,"title":"Partie polityczne, wybory, parlament: wybrane zagadnienia konstytucyjne","created_at":"2021-04-07T07:11:16.259-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45744006/Partie_polityczne_wybory_parlament_wybrane_zagadnienia_konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_45744006","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66201862,"asset_id":45744006,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9182964,"first_name":"Marek","last_name":"Jarentowski","domain_name":"uksw","page_name":"MarekJarentowski","display_name":"Marek Jarentowski","profile_url":"https://uksw.academia.edu/MarekJarentowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9182964/4046174/6585781/s65_marek.jarentowski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":253464,"name":"Wybory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wybory?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2636854" data-work_id="2636854" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2636854/Ustawa_o_dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9Bci_lobbingowej_w_procesie_stanowienia_prawa">Ustawa o działalności lobbingowej w procesie stanowienia prawa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this article is to show the origins of the Polish lobbying legislation on the background of the development of this phenomenon and, particularly, a critical analysis of the first Polish Lobbying Act, a pioneering... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2636854" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this article is to show the origins of the Polish lobbying legislation on the <br />background of the development of this phenomenon and, particularly, a critical analysis of the <br />first Polish Lobbying Act, a pioneering legislation not only in the national, but also European <br />and even global, context. Information contained in this article is, necessarily, of an indicative <br />nature only. It is focused on most important historical facts and provides substantial arguments <br />against the object and the content of the Act. The Act on Lobbying Activity in the Law-Making <br />Process adopted on 7 September 2006 came into force on 7 March 2006. Beside the Polish one, <br />there exist only four more lobbying acts in Europe (in Georgia, Lithuania, Hungary and <br />Toskany). The main reason for poor European performance in this area is still insufficient in- <br />terest of the law sciences in lobbying often treated as an alien concept (typical of the USA). <br />The first bill on lobbying activity submitted in Polish Parliament was a Deputies’ Bill. Nev- <br />ertheless, it has not been adopted. The second bill, drafted by the Government and submitted in <br />October 2003, faced considerable criticism after its adoption. The main critical arguments are: <br />a) erroneous assumptions of the regulation designed to realize the demand for fighting corrup- <br />tion and ensuring transparency of public life, b) limitation of the scope of the regulation to in- <br />clude only the law-making process, c) too broad and vague definition and the lack of appropriate <br />exclusions relating to the scope of regulation and subject thereof, d) imposition of reporting re- <br />quirements on lobbying “addressees” without placing equivalent obligations on lobbyists and <br />their principals, e) poor legislative quality of the Act, f) loopholes in the system of sanctions for <br />application of the Act, g) failure to include many strictly lobbying issues, g) lack of consistency <br />with other regulations existing in the Polish legal system. <br />The Polish legislator has not decided to apply the most accepted model of lobbying regula- <br />tion consisting in the conjunction of three elements (hitherto recognized to be mutually exclu- <br />sive): lobbying control act, anticorruption law and self-regulation of the community by means <br />of codes of ethics. Poland needs good law governing lobbying activity. Failure to enact proper <br />legislation in this respect not only leads to a situation where the decision-making process may <br />be dominated and common good jeopardized by prominent well-organized groups of interest, <br />but also does not permit the existence of various facilities and benefits of harmonious lobbying <br />activities as a vital element of a modern democratic state.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2636854" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4073927bf0b2144d3c560e9b414a35c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30639915,"asset_id":2636854,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30639915/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2009235" href="https://ug.academia.edu/MarcinMichalWiszowaty">Marcin Michał Wiszowaty</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2009235" type="text/json">{"id":2009235,"first_name":"Marcin Michał","last_name":"Wiszowaty","domain_name":"ug","page_name":"MarcinMichalWiszowaty","display_name":"Marcin Michał Wiszowaty","profile_url":"https://ug.academia.edu/MarcinMichalWiszowaty?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2009235/716217/31879006/s65_marcin_micha_.wiszowaty.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2636854 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2636854"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2636854, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2636854", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2636854]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2636854").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2636854").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2636854"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2782" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Communication">Corporate Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2782" type="text/json">{"id":2782,"name":"Corporate Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Communication?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4986" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations">Public Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4986" type="text/json">{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20203" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Affairs">Public Affairs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20203" type="text/json">{"id":20203,"name":"Public Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Affairs?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2636854]'), work: {"id":2636854,"title":"Ustawa o działalności lobbingowej w procesie stanowienia prawa","created_at":"2013-02-23T17:24:00.933-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2636854/Ustawa_o_dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9Bci_lobbingowej_w_procesie_stanowienia_prawa?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_2636854","summary":"The purpose of this article is to show the origins of the Polish lobbying legislation on the\r\nbackground of the development of this phenomenon and, particularly, a critical analysis of the\r\nfirst Polish Lobbying Act, a pioneering legislation not only in the national, but also European\r\nand even global, context. Information contained in this article is, necessarily, of an indicative\r\nnature only. It is focused on most important historical facts and provides substantial arguments\r\nagainst the object and the content of the Act. The Act on Lobbying Activity in the Law-Making\r\nProcess adopted on 7 September 2006 came into force on 7 March 2006. Beside the Polish one,\r\nthere exist only four more lobbying acts in Europe (in Georgia, Lithuania, Hungary and\r\nToskany). The main reason for poor European performance in this area is still insufficient in-\r\nterest of the law sciences in lobbying often treated as an alien concept (typical of the USA).\r\nThe first bill on lobbying activity submitted in Polish Parliament was a Deputies’ Bill. Nev-\r\nertheless, it has not been adopted. The second bill, drafted by the Government and submitted in\r\nOctober 2003, faced considerable criticism after its adoption. The main critical arguments are:\r\na) erroneous assumptions of the regulation designed to realize the demand for fighting corrup-\r\ntion and ensuring transparency of public life, b) limitation of the scope of the regulation to in-\r\nclude only the law-making process, c) too broad and vague definition and the lack of appropriate\r\nexclusions relating to the scope of regulation and subject thereof, d) imposition of reporting re-\r\nquirements on lobbying “addressees” without placing equivalent obligations on lobbyists and\r\ntheir principals, e) poor legislative quality of the Act, f) loopholes in the system of sanctions for\r\napplication of the Act, g) failure to include many strictly lobbying issues, g) lack of consistency\r\nwith other regulations existing in the Polish legal system.\r\nThe Polish legislator has not decided to apply the most accepted model of lobbying regula-\r\ntion consisting in the conjunction of three elements (hitherto recognized to be mutually exclu-\r\nsive): lobbying control act, anticorruption law and self-regulation of the community by means\r\nof codes of ethics. Poland needs good law governing lobbying activity. Failure to enact proper\r\nlegislation in this respect not only leads to a situation where the decision-making process may\r\nbe dominated and common good jeopardized by prominent well-organized groups of interest,\r\nbut also does not permit the existence of various facilities and benefits of harmonious lobbying\r\nactivities as a vital element of a modern democratic state.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30639915,"asset_id":2636854,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2009235,"first_name":"Marcin Michał","last_name":"Wiszowaty","domain_name":"ug","page_name":"MarcinMichalWiszowaty","display_name":"Marcin Michał Wiszowaty","profile_url":"https://ug.academia.edu/MarcinMichalWiszowaty?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2009235/716217/31879006/s65_marcin_micha_.wiszowaty.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2782,"name":"Corporate Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Communication?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":20203,"name":"Public Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Affairs?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":44002,"name":"Lobbying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lobbying?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10453806" data-work_id="10453806" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10453806/Spo%C5%82eczna_odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87_biznesu_w_%C5%9Bwietle_Konstytucji_RP">Społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu w świetle Konstytucji RP</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Książka stanowi próbę analizy charakteru norm społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu z punktu widzenia zastanej treści normatywnej i aksjologicznej Konstytucji RP, z uwzględnieniem unormowań międzynarodowych i praktyki stosowania... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10453806" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Książka stanowi próbę analizy charakteru norm społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu z punktu widzenia zastanej treści normatywnej i aksjologicznej Konstytucji RP, z uwzględnieniem unormowań międzynarodowych i praktyki stosowania obowiązujących rozwiązań. Normy społecznej <br />odpowiedzialności biznesu są badane pod kątem ich prawnego charakteru. Rozważany jest charakter tych norm (bezwzględnie czy względnie obowiązujący). Istotne jest ponadto zagadnienie standardów zachowań przedsiębiorców, wyznaczonych przez normy społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu w zestawieniu ze standardami wynikającymi z Konstytucji RP i przepisów ustawowych.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10453806" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce9b028675932db6ca6a0f16a11a5eef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36489039,"asset_id":10453806,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36489039/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25662136" href="https://uw.academia.edu/MaciejBernatt">Maciej Bernatt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25662136" type="text/json">{"id":25662136,"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Bernatt","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"MaciejBernatt","display_name":"Maciej Bernatt","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/MaciejBernatt?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25662136/75497325/64008720/s65_maciej.bernatt.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10453806 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10453806"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10453806, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10453806", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10453806 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10453806; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10453806"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10453806 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10453806"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10453806; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10453806]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10453806").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10453806").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10453806"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics">Business Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46" type="text/json">{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka">Prawa Człowieka</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="244981" type="text/json">{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10453806]'), work: {"id":10453806,"title":"Społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu w świetle Konstytucji RP","created_at":"2015-02-02T06:09:09.652-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10453806/Spo%C5%82eczna_odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87_biznesu_w_%C5%9Bwietle_Konstytucji_RP?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_10453806","summary":"Książka stanowi próbę analizy charakteru norm społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu z punktu widzenia zastanej treści normatywnej i aksjologicznej Konstytucji RP, z uwzględnieniem unormowań międzynarodowych i praktyki stosowania obowiązujących rozwiązań. Normy społecznej\r\nodpowiedzialności biznesu są badane pod kątem ich prawnego charakteru. Rozważany jest charakter tych norm (bezwzględnie czy względnie obowiązujący). Istotne jest ponadto zagadnienie standardów zachowań przedsiębiorców, wyznaczonych przez normy społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu w zestawieniu ze standardami wynikającymi z Konstytucji RP i przepisów ustawowych.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36489039,"asset_id":10453806,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25662136,"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Bernatt","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"MaciejBernatt","display_name":"Maciej Bernatt","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/MaciejBernatt?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25662136/75497325/64008720/s65_maciej.bernatt.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":838126,"name":"Społeczna Odpowiedzialność Biznesu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spoleczna_Odpowiedzialnosc_Biznesu?f_ri=715307"},{"id":981012,"name":"Etyka Biznesu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etyka_Biznesu?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4049930" data-work_id="4049930" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4049930/Piotra_Tuleja_Stosowanie_Konstytucji_RP_w_%C5%9Bwietle_zasady_jej_nadrz%C4%99dno%C5%9Bci_wybrane_problemy_">Piotra Tuleja - Stosowanie Konstytucji RP w świetle zasady jej nadrzędności (wybrane problemy)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4049930" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="302bbd2ad42b85c2504177279fb9ff9d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34728048,"asset_id":4049930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34728048/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="245501" href="https://swps.academia.edu/Bart%C5%82omiejPWr%C3%B3blewski">Bartłomiej P. Wróblewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="245501" type="text/json">{"id":245501,"first_name":"Bartłomiej P.","last_name":"Wróblewski","domain_name":"swps","page_name":"BartłomiejPWróblewski","display_name":"Bartłomiej P. Wróblewski","profile_url":"https://swps.academia.edu/Bart%C5%82omiejPWr%C3%B3blewski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/245501/236103/6204529/s65_bart_omiej_p..wr_blewski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4049930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4049930"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4049930, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4049930", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4049930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4049930; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4049930"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4049930 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4049930"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4049930; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4049930]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4049930").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4049930").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4049930"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902120" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nadrzednosc_Konstytucji">Nadrzędność Konstytucji</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="902120" type="text/json">{"id":902120,"name":"Nadrzędność Konstytucji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nadrzednosc_Konstytucji?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bezposrednie_Stosowanie_Konstytucji">Bezpośrednie Stosowanie Konstytucji</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="902122" type="text/json">{"id":902122,"name":"Bezpośrednie Stosowanie Konstytucji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bezposrednie_Stosowanie_Konstytucji?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4049930]'), work: {"id":4049930,"title":"Piotra Tuleja - Stosowanie Konstytucji RP w świetle zasady jej nadrzędności (wybrane problemy)","created_at":"2013-07-17T04:31:00.021-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4049930/Piotra_Tuleja_Stosowanie_Konstytucji_RP_w_%C5%9Bwietle_zasady_jej_nadrz%C4%99dno%C5%9Bci_wybrane_problemy_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_4049930","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34728048,"asset_id":4049930,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":245501,"first_name":"Bartłomiej P.","last_name":"Wróblewski","domain_name":"swps","page_name":"BartłomiejPWróblewski","display_name":"Bartłomiej P. Wróblewski","profile_url":"https://swps.academia.edu/Bart%C5%82omiejPWr%C3%B3blewski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/245501/236103/6204529/s65_bart_omiej_p..wr_blewski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":902120,"name":"Nadrzędność Konstytucji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nadrzednosc_Konstytucji?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":902122,"name":"Bezpośrednie Stosowanie Konstytucji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bezposrednie_Stosowanie_Konstytucji?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34295481" data-work_id="34295481" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34295481/Bezpo%C5%9Bredni_horyzontalny_skutek_norm_konstytucyjnych_analiza_krytyczna_">Bezpośredni horyzontalny skutek norm konstytucyjnych (analiza krytyczna)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Celem rozdziału jest rekonstrukcja stosowanej aparatury pojęciowej oraz próba analizy jednej z podstawowych form wpływu norm konstytucyjnych na prawo prywatne, która jest szeroko akceptowana w polskiej doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego, a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34295481" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Celem rozdziału  jest rekonstrukcja stosowanej aparatury pojęciowej oraz próba analizy jednej z podstawowych form wpływu norm konstytucyjnych na prawo prywatne, która jest szeroko akceptowana w polskiej doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego, a mianowicie: tezy o normie konstytucyjnej adresowanej do podmiotów prawa prywatnego. <br /> <br />Normy prawa prywatnego powiązane są z normami konstytucyjnymi dwojakiego rodzaju więziami: kompetencyjnymi i treściowymi. Drugi rodzaj więzi wyraża się w tym, że normy prawa prywatnego znajdują aksjologiczne uzasadnienie w uporządkowanym systemie wartości konstytucyjnych , co jest istotne dla zachowania spójności systemu prawa  Wartości te są przedmiotem realizacji konstytucyjnych zasad prawa . W konsekwencji, uwzględniając najwyższą moc prawną Konstytucji nie ulega wątpliwości, że zasady te wpływają na tworzenie, interpretację i stosowanie norm prawa prywatnego. Dyskusyjna jest forma wpływu nom konstytucyjnych w obszarze interpretacji i stosowania prawa prywatnego oraz precyzyjna odpowiedź na pytanie na czym ów wpływ polega. Przedmiotem kontrowersji jest natomiast wpływ norm konstytucyjnych na nawiązywanie, kształtowanie lub ustanie konkretnego stosunku prawa prywatnego.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34295481" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dae5d674d525f603845ecf28ed214ea3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54199713,"asset_id":34295481,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54199713/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61562875" href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski">Michał Ziółkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61562875" type="text/json">{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34295481 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34295481"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34295481, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34295481", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34295481]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34295481").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34295481").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34295481"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka">Prawa Człowieka</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244981" type="text/json">{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="326647" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Granice_wolnosci">Granice wolności</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="326647" type="text/json">{"id":326647,"name":"Granice wolności","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Granice_wolnosci?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="346785" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Cywilne">Prawo Cywilne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="346785" type="text/json">{"id":346785,"name":"Prawo Cywilne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Cywilne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34295481]'), work: {"id":34295481,"title":"Bezpośredni horyzontalny skutek norm konstytucyjnych (analiza krytyczna)","created_at":"2017-08-21T12:07:20.745-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34295481/Bezpo%C5%9Bredni_horyzontalny_skutek_norm_konstytucyjnych_analiza_krytyczna_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_34295481","summary":"Celem rozdziału jest rekonstrukcja stosowanej aparatury pojęciowej oraz próba analizy jednej z podstawowych form wpływu norm konstytucyjnych na prawo prywatne, która jest szeroko akceptowana w polskiej doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego, a mianowicie: tezy o normie konstytucyjnej adresowanej do podmiotów prawa prywatnego. \r\n\r\nNormy prawa prywatnego powiązane są z normami konstytucyjnymi dwojakiego rodzaju więziami: kompetencyjnymi i treściowymi. Drugi rodzaj więzi wyraża się w tym, że normy prawa prywatnego znajdują aksjologiczne uzasadnienie w uporządkowanym systemie wartości konstytucyjnych , co jest istotne dla zachowania spójności systemu prawa Wartości te są przedmiotem realizacji konstytucyjnych zasad prawa . W konsekwencji, uwzględniając najwyższą moc prawną Konstytucji nie ulega wątpliwości, że zasady te wpływają na tworzenie, interpretację i stosowanie norm prawa prywatnego. Dyskusyjna jest forma wpływu nom konstytucyjnych w obszarze interpretacji i stosowania prawa prywatnego oraz precyzyjna odpowiedź na pytanie na czym ów wpływ polega. Przedmiotem kontrowersji jest natomiast wpływ norm konstytucyjnych na nawiązywanie, kształtowanie lub ustanie konkretnego stosunku prawa prywatnego. \r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54199713,"asset_id":34295481,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":326647,"name":"Granice wolności","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Granice_wolnosci?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":346785,"name":"Prawo Cywilne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Cywilne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307"},{"id":902122,"name":"Bezpośrednie Stosowanie Konstytucji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bezposrednie_Stosowanie_Konstytucji?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22221167" data-work_id="22221167" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22221167/Glosa_do_wyroku_TK_sygn_SK_21_04_odst%C4%85pienie_od_pogl%C4%85du_prawnego_przez_TK_">Glosa do wyroku TK (sygn. SK 21/04) [odstąpienie od poglądu prawnego przez TK]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22221167" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f7e413783dc81a95f76169372c67bd81" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42872996,"asset_id":22221167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42872996/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43580423" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz">Piotr Radziewicz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43580423" type="text/json">{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr Radziewicz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22221167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22221167"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22221167, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22221167", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22221167]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22221167").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22221167").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22221167"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="676072" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa">Teoria Prawa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="676072" type="text/json">{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1159422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny">Trybunał Konstytucyjny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1159422" type="text/json">{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22221167]'), work: {"id":22221167,"title":"Glosa do wyroku TK (sygn. SK 21/04) [odstąpienie od poglądu prawnego przez TK]","created_at":"2016-02-20T08:09:23.718-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22221167/Glosa_do_wyroku_TK_sygn_SK_21_04_odst%C4%85pienie_od_pogl%C4%85du_prawnego_przez_TK_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_22221167","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42872996,"asset_id":22221167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr Radziewicz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36017527" data-work_id="36017527" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36017527/Granice_prezydenckiego_prawa_%C5%82aski_w_%C5%9Bwietle_metody_historycznoprawnej">Granice prezydenckiego prawa łaski w świetle metody historycznoprawnej</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36017527" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e95eda84e797e4312f2a6ac8951b96d6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56031671,"asset_id":36017527,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56031671/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span 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hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36017527"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36017527, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36017527", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36017527 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36017527; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36017527"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li 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u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3772" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_History">Legal History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3772" type="text/json">{"id":3772,"name":"Legal History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_History?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16083" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Legal_History">European Legal History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16083" type="text/json">{"id":16083,"name":"European Legal 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historycznoprawnej","created_at":"2018-02-26T03:08:22.682-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36017527/Granice_prezydenckiego_prawa_%C5%82aski_w_%C5%9Bwietle_metody_historycznoprawnej?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_36017527","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56031671,"asset_id":36017527,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3429842,"first_name":"Paweł","last_name":"Dziwiński","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"PawełDziwiński","display_name":"Paweł Dziwiński","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/Pawe%C5%82Dziwi%C5%84ski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3429842/1166816/17395952/s65_pawe_.dziwi_ski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":3772,"name":"Legal History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_History?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":16083,"name":"European Legal History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Legal_History?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1222785,"name":"Constitutional Law Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law_Theory?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34116116" data-work_id="34116116" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34116116/Charakter_prawny_wytycznych_dotycz%C4%85cych_program%C3%B3w_operacyjnych_finansowanych_ze_%C5%9Brodk%C3%B3w_UE">Charakter prawny wytycznych dotyczących programów operacyjnych finansowanych ze środków UE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The legal nature of the guidelines concerning the operational programmes financed from the EU funds This article analyses the legal nature of the guidelines concerning the operational programmes financed from the EU funds, issued by the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34116116" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The legal nature of the guidelines concerning the operational programmes financed from the EU funds<br /><br />This article analyses the legal nature of the guidelines concerning the operational programmes financed from the EU funds, issued by the Minister of Regional Development under the Act on the Development Policy Implementation Principles dated 6 December 2006. First<br />of all it presents the bases of the functioning of the EU cohesion policy, including the principles of the functioning of the operational programmes, their legal nature and the selected problems concerning their implementation. The essential part of the discussion is focused<br />on the presentation of the statutory regulation of the minister’s guidelines, being in the author’s opinion an element of the system of the implementation of these programmes and its deficiencies. Furthermore - through the prism of analysis of the judicial decisions of the<br />administrative courts and the contents of the guidelines themselves – an attempt was made to define their legal nature in relation to the system of the sources of law stemming from the Constitution.<br />The guidelines are diversifi ed. Most frequently they are a non-binding interpretation of law of truly commentating nature, presenting the methodology of acting and presenting the recommended behavior. It is possible to give certain provisions of the guidelines the normative quality because they express the norms of the general and abstract nature. They do not acquire the rank of the provisions of law within the constitutional meaning of their own accord. Only the conclusion that the guidelines including the normative content are addressed to the entities organizationally subordinate to the Minister of Regional Development,<br />being both the employees of the Ministry as well as the boards of the voivodships, makes it possible to recognize them as the sources of the internally applicable law within the meaning of Art. 93 of the Constitution. However, they are neither generally applicable law nor – contrary to what many adjudicating panels of the administrative courts claim – the specifi c sources of law because the Constitution does not provide for such solution. Consequently, the guidelines may not serve as the grounds for any decisions concerning the applicants.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34116116" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27f06ec9f89881cebf2bead1c893c90d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54046623,"asset_id":34116116,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54046623/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35889827" href="https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik">Jan Podkowik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35889827" type="text/json">{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34116116 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34116116"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34116116, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34116116", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34116116 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34116116; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34116116"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34116116 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34116116"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34116116; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34116116]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34116116").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34116116").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34116116"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12047" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_development">Regional development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12047" type="text/json">{"id":12047,"name":"Regional development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_development?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="154468" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_structural_funds">EU structural funds</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="154468" type="text/json">{"id":154468,"name":"EU structural funds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_structural_funds?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="196272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rozwoj_Regionalny">Rozwój Regionalny</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="196272" type="text/json">{"id":196272,"name":"Rozwój Regionalny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rozwoj_Regionalny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201904" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unia_Europejska">Unia Europejska</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="201904" type="text/json">{"id":201904,"name":"Unia Europejska","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unia_Europejska?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34116116]'), work: {"id":34116116,"title":"Charakter prawny wytycznych dotyczących programów operacyjnych finansowanych ze środków UE","created_at":"2017-08-03T02:00:42.273-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34116116/Charakter_prawny_wytycznych_dotycz%C4%85cych_program%C3%B3w_operacyjnych_finansowanych_ze_%C5%9Brodk%C3%B3w_UE?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_34116116","summary":"The legal nature of the guidelines concerning the operational programmes financed from the EU funds\n\nThis article analyses the legal nature of the guidelines concerning the operational programmes financed from the EU funds, issued by the Minister of Regional Development under the Act on the Development Policy Implementation Principles dated 6 December 2006. First\nof all it presents the bases of the functioning of the EU cohesion policy, including the principles of the functioning of the operational programmes, their legal nature and the selected problems concerning their implementation. The essential part of the discussion is focused\non the presentation of the statutory regulation of the minister’s guidelines, being in the author’s opinion an element of the system of the implementation of these programmes and its deficiencies. Furthermore - through the prism of analysis of the judicial decisions of the\nadministrative courts and the contents of the guidelines themselves – an attempt was made to define their legal nature in relation to the system of the sources of law stemming from the Constitution.\nThe guidelines are diversifi ed. Most frequently they are a non-binding interpretation of law of truly commentating nature, presenting the methodology of acting and presenting the recommended behavior. It is possible to give certain provisions of the guidelines the normative quality because they express the norms of the general and abstract nature. They do not acquire the rank of the provisions of law within the constitutional meaning of their own accord. Only the conclusion that the guidelines including the normative content are addressed to the entities organizationally subordinate to the Minister of Regional Development,\nbeing both the employees of the Ministry as well as the boards of the voivodships, makes it possible to recognize them as the sources of the internally applicable law within the meaning of Art. 93 of the Constitution. However, they are neither generally applicable law nor – contrary to what many adjudicating panels of the administrative courts claim – the specifi c sources of law because the Constitution does not provide for such solution. Consequently, the guidelines may not serve as the grounds for any decisions concerning the applicants.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54046623,"asset_id":34116116,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12047,"name":"Regional development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_development?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":154468,"name":"EU structural funds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_structural_funds?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":196272,"name":"Rozwój Regionalny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rozwoj_Regionalny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":201904,"name":"Unia Europejska","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unia_Europejska?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":218230,"name":"Samorząd Terytorialny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Samorzad_Terytorialny?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28828920" data-work_id="28828920" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28828920/Prawo_i_rewolucja_Rozwa%C5%BCania_jurysty_o_rewolucji_francuskiej_1789_1794_Law_and_Revolution_Jurist_Reflections_on_the_French_Revolution_1789_1794_">Prawo i rewolucja: Rozważania jurysty o rewolucji francuskiej 1789-1794 [Law and Revolution: Jurist Reflections on the French Revolution 1789-1794]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract the aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the law and a revolution understood as a form of challenging the legitimacy of the law. The author's reflections are based on the example of the French Revolution,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28828920" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract the aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the law and a revolution understood as a form of challenging the legitimacy of the law. The author's reflections are based on the example of the French Revolution, often also called " a revolution of lawyers " , due to the fact that nearly half of the Third Estate members of the Estates-General were lawyers (including Maximilien Robespierre, Saint-Just, Georges Cou-thon and Georges Danton). For a jurist, the causes, course and effects of this greatest revolution in the history of the world obviously constitute extremely rich research material allowing him or her to evaluate the modern position and role of the citizen in a democratic state as well as the impact of the evolution of legal and political ideas on its current shape, not only in Europe. It is indisputable that the French Revolution changed the face of Europe and the world for the better. This " better " is manifested through the implementation of the principle of the democratic state of law which, although not called as such before the 20th century, was essential for the eminent French Revolution activists. From the legal and political point of view, the effects of the French Revolution are felt to this day and include the existence of public subjective rights understood as the legally protected interest of an individual , the universality and equality of political elections and also the impendence of the judiciary, just to mention a few most important consequences of the 1789 revolution. This article focuses primarily on the concept of a revolution itself while also addressing the most interesting, from the point of view of a jurist, historical and legal threads related to the course of the revolution between 1789 and 1794. Many myths have arisen around the French Revolution, myths which often have nothing in common with historical facts. The aim of the observations and conclusions in the article is to present, exceptionally interesting in author's opinion, legal and political institution that lie at the foundation of modern European democracy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28828920" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a697ebf22edebce28bf5266b89e623b2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49247719,"asset_id":28828920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49247719/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27403809" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcinKonarski">Marcin Konarski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27403809" type="text/json">{"id":27403809,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Konarski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcinKonarski","display_name":"Marcin Konarski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcinKonarski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27403809/9951826/36534761/s65_marcin.konarski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28828920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28828920"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28828920, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28828920", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28828920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28828920; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28828920"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28828920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28828920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28828920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28828920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28828920").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28828920").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28828920"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4652" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4652" type="text/json">{"id":4652,"name":"French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4653" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4653" type="text/json">{"id":4653,"name":"Historiography of the French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="476773" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo">Prawo</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="476773" type="text/json">{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28828920]'), work: {"id":28828920,"title":"Prawo i rewolucja: Rozważania jurysty o rewolucji francuskiej 1789-1794 [Law and Revolution: Jurist Reflections on the French Revolution 1789-1794]","created_at":"2016-09-30T12:38:42.684-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28828920/Prawo_i_rewolucja_Rozwa%C5%BCania_jurysty_o_rewolucji_francuskiej_1789_1794_Law_and_Revolution_Jurist_Reflections_on_the_French_Revolution_1789_1794_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_28828920","summary":"Abstract the aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the law and a revolution understood as a form of challenging the legitimacy of the law. The author's reflections are based on the example of the French Revolution, often also called \" a revolution of lawyers \" , due to the fact that nearly half of the Third Estate members of the Estates-General were lawyers (including Maximilien Robespierre, Saint-Just, Georges Cou-thon and Georges Danton). For a jurist, the causes, course and effects of this greatest revolution in the history of the world obviously constitute extremely rich research material allowing him or her to evaluate the modern position and role of the citizen in a democratic state as well as the impact of the evolution of legal and political ideas on its current shape, not only in Europe. It is indisputable that the French Revolution changed the face of Europe and the world for the better. This \" better \" is manifested through the implementation of the principle of the democratic state of law which, although not called as such before the 20th century, was essential for the eminent French Revolution activists. From the legal and political point of view, the effects of the French Revolution are felt to this day and include the existence of public subjective rights understood as the legally protected interest of an individual , the universality and equality of political elections and also the impendence of the judiciary, just to mention a few most important consequences of the 1789 revolution. This article focuses primarily on the concept of a revolution itself while also addressing the most interesting, from the point of view of a jurist, historical and legal threads related to the course of the revolution between 1789 and 1794. Many myths have arisen around the French Revolution, myths which often have nothing in common with historical facts. The aim of the observations and conclusions in the article is to present, exceptionally interesting in author's opinion, legal and political institution that lie at the foundation of modern European democracy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49247719,"asset_id":28828920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27403809,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Konarski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcinKonarski","display_name":"Marcin Konarski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcinKonarski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27403809/9951826/36534761/s65_marcin.konarski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":4652,"name":"French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":4653,"name":"Historiography of the French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1206367,"name":"Rewolucja Francuska","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rewolucja_Francuska?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1586114,"name":"Historia Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_Prawa?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1990064,"name":"Jacobins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacobins?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43416374" data-work_id="43416374" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43416374/Niepos%C5%82usze%C5%84stwo_obywatelskie_a_poj%C4%99cie_prawa_fragment_">Nieposłuszeństwo obywatelskie a pojęcie prawa (fragment)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Niespójność kryteriów nieposłuszeństwa obywatelskiego jest istotnym problemem prawa pozytywnego i orzecznictwa. Nie jest to jednak problem samych "nieposłusznych". Jeśli bowiem chcą oni, by opinia publiczna stanęła po ich stronie, to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43416374" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Niespójność kryteriów nieposłuszeństwa obywatelskiego jest istotnym problemem prawa pozytywnego i orzecznictwa. Nie jest to jednak problem samych "nieposłusznych". Jeśli bowiem chcą oni, by opinia publiczna stanęła po ich stronie, to zwykle starają się dostarczać jak najwięcej różnorodnych i niepowiązanych ze sobą uzasadnień swych działań. Będzie je można później wykorzystać przed sądem, okażą się też pomocne w zjednywaniu sobie różnych ludzi i środowisk. Wreszcie dylematy, przed jakimi stoi socjolog zajmujący się nieposłuszeństwem obywatelskim, nie muszą być oczywiste dla "nieposłusznych". W definiowaniu nieposłuszeństwa i reakcjach na nieposłuszeństwo uwidoczniają się koncepcje prawa, które nie tylko nie wykraczają poza zasadę prawa pozytywnego, ale mogą nie być również widoczne w całej swej róż-norodności dla tych, którzy się za nimi opowiadają. Zadaniem socjologa jest w pewnym sensie nawiązanie dialogu między prawem a nieposłusznymi. Wymaga to dystansu, który wszakże nie od razu prowadzi do wypracowania spójnej koncepcji nieposłuszeństwa, pozwala natomiast dostrzec niespójność między językiem prawników a językiem nieposłusznych. Zachowując dystans można też dostrzec, że symbolika złamania prawa przez "nieposłusznych" i jej siła zależą od praktycznej koncepcji prawa reprezentowanej przez ob-serwatora. Należałoby w tym miejscu zadać pytanie zasługujące na odrębne badanie empiryczne: Czy niespójność oczekiwań wobec nieposłusznych nie jest przyczyną niespójności formułowanych uzasadnień łamania prawa. A może jest odwrotnie? Powstaje w każdym razie problem relacji między tymi uzasadnieniami a praktycznymi koncepcjami prawa, które decydują o tym, jak jest ono stosowane, uzależniają jego społeczne funkcjonowanie od jego pojmowania.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43416374" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="322bdf072c9734508565aacc09217416" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63717359,"asset_id":43416374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63717359/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="135815465" href="https://ug.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Kaczmarczyk">Michał Kaczmarczyk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="135815465" type="text/json">{"id":135815465,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Kaczmarczyk","domain_name":"ug","page_name":"MichałKaczmarczyk","display_name":"Michał Kaczmarczyk","profile_url":"https://ug.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Kaczmarczyk?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135815465/35955173/36730839/s65_micha_.kaczmarczyk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43416374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43416374"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43416374, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43416374", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43416374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43416374; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43416374"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43416374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43416374"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43416374; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43416374]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43416374").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43416374").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43416374"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="476773" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo">Prawo</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="476773" type="text/json">{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="860986" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pozytywizm_Prawniczy">Pozytywizm Prawniczy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="860986" type="text/json">{"id":860986,"name":"Pozytywizm Prawniczy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pozytywizm_Prawniczy?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899333" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Naturalne">Prawo Naturalne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="899333" type="text/json">{"id":899333,"name":"Prawo Naturalne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Naturalne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43416374]'), work: {"id":43416374,"title":"Nieposłuszeństwo obywatelskie a pojęcie prawa (fragment)","created_at":"2020-06-23T06:57:34.813-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43416374/Niepos%C5%82usze%C5%84stwo_obywatelskie_a_poj%C4%99cie_prawa_fragment_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_43416374","summary":"Niespójność kryteriów nieposłuszeństwa obywatelskiego jest istotnym problemem prawa pozytywnego i orzecznictwa. Nie jest to jednak problem samych \"nieposłusznych\". Jeśli bowiem chcą oni, by opinia publiczna stanęła po ich stronie, to zwykle starają się dostarczać jak najwięcej różnorodnych i niepowiązanych ze sobą uzasadnień swych działań. Będzie je można później wykorzystać przed sądem, okażą się też pomocne w zjednywaniu sobie różnych ludzi i środowisk. Wreszcie dylematy, przed jakimi stoi socjolog zajmujący się nieposłuszeństwem obywatelskim, nie muszą być oczywiste dla \"nieposłusznych\". W definiowaniu nieposłuszeństwa i reakcjach na nieposłuszeństwo uwidoczniają się koncepcje prawa, które nie tylko nie wykraczają poza zasadę prawa pozytywnego, ale mogą nie być również widoczne w całej swej róż-norodności dla tych, którzy się za nimi opowiadają. Zadaniem socjologa jest w pewnym sensie nawiązanie dialogu między prawem a nieposłusznymi. Wymaga to dystansu, który wszakże nie od razu prowadzi do wypracowania spójnej koncepcji nieposłuszeństwa, pozwala natomiast dostrzec niespójność między językiem prawników a językiem nieposłusznych. Zachowując dystans można też dostrzec, że symbolika złamania prawa przez \"nieposłusznych\" i jej siła zależą od praktycznej koncepcji prawa reprezentowanej przez ob-serwatora. Należałoby w tym miejscu zadać pytanie zasługujące na odrębne badanie empiryczne: Czy niespójność oczekiwań wobec nieposłusznych nie jest przyczyną niespójności formułowanych uzasadnień łamania prawa. A może jest odwrotnie? Powstaje w każdym razie problem relacji między tymi uzasadnieniami a praktycznymi koncepcjami prawa, które decydują o tym, jak jest ono stosowane, uzależniają jego społeczne funkcjonowanie od jego pojmowania.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63717359,"asset_id":43416374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":135815465,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Kaczmarczyk","domain_name":"ug","page_name":"MichałKaczmarczyk","display_name":"Michał Kaczmarczyk","profile_url":"https://ug.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Kaczmarczyk?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135815465/35955173/36730839/s65_micha_.kaczmarczyk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":860986,"name":"Pozytywizm Prawniczy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pozytywizm_Prawniczy?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":899333,"name":"Prawo Naturalne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Naturalne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1123625,"name":"Socjologia Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socjologia_Prawa?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1341229,"name":"Obywatelskie Nieposłuszeństwo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obywatelskie_Nieposluszenstwo?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27298550" data-work_id="27298550" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27298550/Konstytucyjna_zasada_r%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_i_zakaz_dyskryminacji_w_prawie_cywilnym">Konstytucyjna zasada równości i zakaz dyskryminacji w prawie cywilnym</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The problem of implementation of the principle of equality and anti-discrimination clause in private law causes controversies. It results from the fact that the civil law regulates the horizontal relationships between equal subjects. It... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27298550" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The problem of implementation of the principle of equality and anti-discrimination clause in private law causes controversies. It results from the fact that the civil law regulates the horizontal relationships between equal subjects. It is based on the freedom (the autonomy of will) of individuals, in the nature of which are the discretion and subjectivism of the choices that do not concern the equality criteria. In its broad sense, the principle of equality, by contrast, is based on the objectifying of the criteria of the choices (actions) made by the subjects of law. Prima facie, application of the abovementioned equality principles in the private law relationships will stay in contrary to the freedom understood as the ability of the free creation of your own life and legal situation. The article concerns some matters connected with the application of the principle of equality and the prohibition of discrimination, which are stipulated in the Polish Constitution, in Polish private law. The paper is organized as follows. Firstly, the matter of normative content of the Article 32 Paragraph 1 and 2 of the Constitution, which express the principle of equality and non-discrimination, as well as the admissibility of the horizontal application of these provisions for the assessment of civil law relations is discussed. Secondly, the so-called test of equality of the civil law regulations, in particular, the criteria for the recognition of similar entities is analyzed. Thirdly, the mutual relations between the general principle of equality (Article 32 Paragraph 1) and the right to the equal protection of property expressed in the Article 62 Paragraph 2, and application of these provisions in the procedure judicial review. The basic research problem is the decision whether or not – and if yes, in what area – the private subjects are bound by the abovementioned constitutional regulations due to the performing of the legal actions and the performing of the non-contractual obligations, as well as which obligations result from those standards for the lawgiver who provides the civil law provisions and for the courts adjudicating the cases of the civil-law relationships.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27298550" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="15ba1a6368772da02de7bc1803ffb7c2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53405239,"asset_id":27298550,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53405239/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35889827" href="https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik">Jan Podkowik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35889827" type="text/json">{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27298550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27298550"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27298550, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27298550", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27298550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27298550; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27298550"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27298550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27298550"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27298550; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27298550]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27298550").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27298550").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27298550"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6942" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination">Discrimination</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6942" type="text/json">{"id":6942,"name":"Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27298550]'), work: {"id":27298550,"title":"Konstytucyjna zasada równości i zakaz dyskryminacji w prawie cywilnym","created_at":"2016-07-27T03:16:17.035-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27298550/Konstytucyjna_zasada_r%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_i_zakaz_dyskryminacji_w_prawie_cywilnym?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_27298550","summary":"The problem of implementation of the principle of equality and anti-discrimination clause in private law causes controversies. It results from the fact that the civil law regulates the horizontal relationships between equal subjects. It is based on the freedom (the autonomy of will) of individuals, in the nature of which are the discretion and subjectivism of the choices that do not concern the equality criteria. In its broad sense, the principle of equality, by contrast, is based on the objectifying of the criteria of the choices (actions) made by the subjects of law. Prima facie, application of the abovementioned equality principles in the private law relationships will stay in contrary to the freedom understood as the ability of the free creation of your own life and legal situation. The article concerns some matters connected with the application of the principle of equality and the prohibition of discrimination, which are stipulated in the Polish Constitution, in Polish private law. The paper is organized as follows. Firstly, the matter of normative content of the Article 32 Paragraph 1 and 2 of the Constitution, which express the principle of equality and non-discrimination, as well as the admissibility of the horizontal application of these provisions for the assessment of civil law relations is discussed. Secondly, the so-called test of equality of the civil law regulations, in particular, the criteria for the recognition of similar entities is analyzed. Thirdly, the mutual relations between the general principle of equality (Article 32 Paragraph 1) and the right to the equal protection of property expressed in the Article 62 Paragraph 2, and application of these provisions in the procedure judicial review. The basic research problem is the decision whether or not – and if yes, in what area – the private subjects are bound by the abovementioned constitutional regulations due to the performing of the legal actions and the performing of the non-contractual obligations, as well as which obligations result from those standards for the lawgiver who provides the civil law provisions and for the courts adjudicating the cases of the civil-law relationships.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53405239,"asset_id":27298550,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":6942,"name":"Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discrimination?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":8080,"name":"Law of Obligations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Obligations?f_ri=715307"},{"id":11721,"name":"Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality?f_ri=715307"},{"id":15196,"name":"Private law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":21527,"name":"Constitutional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Theory?f_ri=715307"},{"id":30471,"name":"Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism?f_ri=715307"},{"id":67148,"name":"Fundamental Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fundamental_Rights?f_ri=715307"},{"id":159181,"name":"Equality and Non Discrimination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_and_Non_Discrimination?f_ri=715307"},{"id":346785,"name":"Prawo Cywilne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Cywilne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1162234,"name":"The Horizontal Direct Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Horizontal_Direct_Effect?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34294330" data-work_id="34294330" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34294330/Zasada_r%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_w_prawie">Zasada równości w prawie</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wyroki P 41/09, P 24/10 oraz K 9/12 stanowią pierwszą od lat próbę uporządkowania relacji treściowych między zasadą równości a innymi normami konstytucyjnymi. Zarazem dają wyraz różnicom poglądów TK w odniesieniu do rozumienia zasady... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34294330" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wyroki P 41/09, P 24/10 oraz K 9/12 stanowią pierwszą od lat próbę uporządkowania relacji treściowych między zasadą równości a innymi normami konstytucyjnymi. Zarazem dają wyraz różnicom poglądów TK w odniesieniu do rozumienia zasady równości oraz jej związków z zakazem dyskryminacji i zasadą sprawiedliwości społecznej. Wyroki te skłaniają też do refleksji nad dotychczasowym orzecznictwem. <br /> <br />Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja, analiza i próba usystematyzowania podstawowych pojęć, którymi posługuje się TK na gruncie art. 32 Konstytucji. Omówione zostały: a) zakres normowania art. 32 ust. 1 Konstytucji; b) zakres normowania art. 32 ust. 2 Konstytucji; c) równość jako zasada pierwszego i drugiego stopnia; d) test równości. Biorąc pod uwagę przedmiot i charakter sprawowanej przez TK kontroli rozważania odnoszą się do równości w stanowieniu prawa (równości w prawie).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34294330" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ae154f17c0b01fc8e60767fc2e48526" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54198761,"asset_id":34294330,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54198761/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61562875" href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski">Michał Ziółkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61562875" type="text/json">{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34294330 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34294330"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34294330, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34294330", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34294330]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34294330").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34294330").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34294330"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka">Prawa Człowieka</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244981" type="text/json">{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899462" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP">Konstytucja RP</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="899462" type="text/json">{"id":899462,"name":"Konstytucja RP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1159422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny">Trybunał Konstytucyjny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1159422" type="text/json">{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34294330]'), work: {"id":34294330,"title":"Zasada równości w prawie","created_at":"2017-08-21T10:29:03.849-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34294330/Zasada_r%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_w_prawie?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_34294330","summary":"Wyroki P 41/09, P 24/10 oraz K 9/12 stanowią pierwszą od lat próbę uporządkowania relacji treściowych między zasadą równości a innymi normami konstytucyjnymi. Zarazem dają wyraz różnicom poglądów TK w odniesieniu do rozumienia zasady równości oraz jej związków z zakazem dyskryminacji i zasadą sprawiedliwości społecznej. Wyroki te skłaniają też do refleksji nad dotychczasowym orzecznictwem.\r\n\r\nCelem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja, analiza i próba usystematyzowania podstawowych pojęć, którymi posługuje się TK na gruncie art. 32 Konstytucji. Omówione zostały: a) zakres normowania art. 32 ust. 1 Konstytucji; b) zakres normowania art. 32 ust. 2 Konstytucji; c) równość jako zasada pierwszego i drugiego stopnia; d) test równości. Biorąc pod uwagę przedmiot i charakter sprawowanej przez TK kontroli rozważania odnoszą się do równości w stanowieniu prawa (równości w prawie).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54198761,"asset_id":34294330,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":899462,"name":"Konstytucja 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u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35625151" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">20-lecie uchwalenia obecnie obowiązującej Konstytucji RP stanowi doskonałą okazję do prześledzenia i analizy zmian jakim podlegało polskie prawo konstytucyjne oraz refleksji na temat wciąż nierozwiązanych problemów, a także wyzwań, przed którymi stoi Ustawa Zasadnicza w obliczu zmieniającej się rzeczywistości.<br />Inspiracją do powstania tej monografii była ogólnopolska studencko – doktorancka konferencja naukowa ,,20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP w polskim porządku prawnym” zorganizowana przez Koło Naukowe Prawa Konstytucyjnego TBSP UJ w kwietniu 2017 r. Konferencja była objęta opieką naukową Katedry Prawa Konstytucyjnego Wydziału Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.<br />Rozdziały niniejszej publikacji dotyczą następujących bloków tematycznych:<br />• 20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy judykatywy;<br />• 20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy egzekutywy i administracji rządowej;<br />• 20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy legislatywy i samorządu terytorialnego;<br />• 20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy organów kontroli i ochrony praw obywatelskich.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35625151" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3f12dbce7cb8d46f831fea3be0bdf598" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55493600,"asset_id":35625151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55493600/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34923490" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/Ko%C5%82oNaukowePrawaKonstytucyjnegoTBSPUJ">Koło Naukowe Prawa Konstytucyjnego TBSP UJ</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34923490" type="text/json">{"id":34923490,"first_name":"Koło Naukowe Prawa Konstytucyjnego","last_name":"TBSP UJ","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"KołoNaukowePrawaKonstytucyjnegoTBSPUJ","display_name":"Koło Naukowe Prawa Konstytucyjnego TBSP UJ","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/Ko%C5%82oNaukowePrawaKonstytucyjnegoTBSPUJ?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35625151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35625151"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35625151, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35625151", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35625151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35625151").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35625151").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35625151"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polska">Polska</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201906" type="text/json">{"id":201906,"name":"Polska","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polska?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899462" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP">Konstytucja RP</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="899462" type="text/json">{"id":899462,"name":"Konstytucja RP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35625151]'), work: {"id":35625151,"title":"20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP","created_at":"2018-01-09T15:34:53.548-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35625151/20_lat_funkcjonowania_Konstytucji_RP?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_35625151","summary":"20-lecie uchwalenia obecnie obowiązującej Konstytucji RP stanowi doskonałą okazję do prześledzenia i analizy zmian jakim podlegało polskie prawo konstytucyjne oraz refleksji na temat wciąż nierozwiązanych problemów, a także wyzwań, przed którymi stoi Ustawa Zasadnicza w obliczu zmieniającej się rzeczywistości.\nInspiracją do powstania tej monografii była ogólnopolska studencko – doktorancka konferencja naukowa ,,20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP w polskim porządku prawnym” zorganizowana przez Koło Naukowe Prawa Konstytucyjnego TBSP UJ w kwietniu 2017 r. Konferencja była objęta opieką naukową Katedry Prawa Konstytucyjnego Wydziału Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.\nRozdziały niniejszej publikacji dotyczą następujących bloków tematycznych:\n•\t20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy judykatywy;\n•\t20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy egzekutywy i administracji rządowej;\n•\t20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy legislatywy i samorządu terytorialnego;\n•\t20 lat funkcjonowania Konstytucji RP z perspektywy organów kontroli i ochrony praw obywatelskich.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55493600,"asset_id":35625151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34923490,"first_name":"Koło Naukowe Prawa Konstytucyjnego","last_name":"TBSP UJ","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"KołoNaukowePrawaKonstytucyjnegoTBSPUJ","display_name":"Koło Naukowe Prawa Konstytucyjnego TBSP UJ","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/Ko%C5%82oNaukowePrawaKonstytucyjnegoTBSPUJ?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201906,"name":"Polska","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polska?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":899462,"name":"Konstytucja RP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40044145" data-work_id="40044145" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40044145/Zasada_neutralno%C5%9Bci_%C5%9Bwiatopogl%C4%85dowej_pa%C5%84stwa_spis_wst%C4%99p_">Zasada neutralności światopoglądowej państwa [spis + wstęp]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40044145" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ffebc61486d5ffbf3162d5a1475354d6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60242727,"asset_id":40044145,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60242727/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5721107" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/WojciechCiszewski">Wojciech Ciszewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5721107" type="text/json">{"id":5721107,"first_name":"Wojciech","last_name":"Ciszewski","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"WojciechCiszewski","display_name":"Wojciech Ciszewski","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/WojciechCiszewski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5721107/2607014/13771860/s65_wojciech.ciszewski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40044145 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40044145"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40044145, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40044145", }); 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Komentarz</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Prezentowana publikacja zawiera aktualny i kompletny komentarz do przepisów ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami, po zmianach które weszły w życie w 2015 r. Opracowanie uwzględnia również unormowania rozporządzenia Ministra... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34982547" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Prezentowana publikacja zawiera aktualny i kompletny komentarz do przepisów ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami, po zmianach które weszły w życie w 2015 r. Opracowanie uwzględnia również unormowania rozporządzenia Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego z dnia 14 października 2015 r. w sprawie prowadzenia prac konserwatorskich, prac restauratorskich, robót budowlanych, badań konserwatorskich, badań architektonicznych i innych działań przy zabytku wpisanym do rejestru zabytków oraz badań archeologicznych. Książka nie tylko przedstawia interpretację przepisów normatywnych, lecz opisuje także praktyczne problemy związane z ich stosowaniem w pracy zawodowej archeologa - kierownika badań archeologicznych i architektonicznych. <br /> <br />W publikacji przytoczono najważniejsze orzeczenia sądów administracyjnych dotyczące wykładni poszczególnych przepisów ustawy, zwrócono uwagę na rozbieżności w interpretacji omawianych regulacji oraz odmienne podejście służb konserwatorskich w poszczególnych regionach Polski. <br /> <br />"(...) praca znacznie poszerza wiedzę na temat prawa ochrony zabytków, a także pogłębia refleksję nad wieloma kluczowymi dla praktyki zagadnieniami, w szczególności związanymi z ochroną zabytków archeologicznych. Z całą pewnością będzie to praca przydatna pracownikom urzędów ochrony zabytków, konserwatorom samorządowym, archeologom, prawnikom praktykom zajmującym się sprawami z zakresu procesu inwestycyjno-budowlanego dotyczącego zabytków lub terenów zabytkowych, w końcu badaczom tej problematyki, a także studentom różnych kierunków studiów, jako lektura uzupełniająca wykład prawa ochrony dziedzictwa kultury".</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34982547" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dbb615277d6e2ba0e19a079e0618dae5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54846163,"asset_id":34982547,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54846163/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24231500" href="https://dot.academia.edu/ArturGinter">Artur Ginter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24231500" type="text/json">{"id":24231500,"first_name":"Artur","last_name":"Ginter","domain_name":"dot","page_name":"ArturGinter","display_name":"Artur Ginter","profile_url":"https://dot.academia.edu/ArturGinter?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24231500/6654515/18072337/s65_artur.ginter.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34982547 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34982547"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34982547, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34982547", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34982547]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34982547").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34982547").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34982547"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="548" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law">Civil Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="548" type="text/json">{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="31752" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologia">Archeologia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="31752" type="text/json">{"id":31752,"name":"Archeologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologia?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="476773" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo">Prawo</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="476773" type="text/json">{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34982547]'), work: {"id":34982547,"title":"Ustawa o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami. Komentarz","created_at":"2017-10-28T06:20:57.459-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34982547/Ustawa_o_ochronie_zabytk%C3%B3w_i_opiece_nad_zabytkami_Komentarz?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_34982547","summary":"Prezentowana publikacja zawiera aktualny i kompletny komentarz do przepisów ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami, po zmianach które weszły w życie w 2015 r. Opracowanie uwzględnia również unormowania rozporządzenia Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego z dnia 14 października 2015 r. w sprawie prowadzenia prac konserwatorskich, prac restauratorskich, robót budowlanych, badań konserwatorskich, badań architektonicznych i innych działań przy zabytku wpisanym do rejestru zabytków oraz badań archeologicznych. Książka nie tylko przedstawia interpretację przepisów normatywnych, lecz opisuje także praktyczne problemy związane z ich stosowaniem w pracy zawodowej archeologa - kierownika badań archeologicznych i architektonicznych.\r\n\r\nW publikacji przytoczono najważniejsze orzeczenia sądów administracyjnych dotyczące wykładni poszczególnych przepisów ustawy, zwrócono uwagę na rozbieżności w interpretacji omawianych regulacji oraz odmienne podejście służb konserwatorskich w poszczególnych regionach Polski.\r\n\r\n\"(...) praca znacznie poszerza wiedzę na temat prawa ochrony zabytków, a także pogłębia refleksję nad wieloma kluczowymi dla praktyki zagadnieniami, w szczególności związanymi z ochroną zabytków archeologicznych. Z całą pewnością będzie to praca przydatna pracownikom urzędów ochrony zabytków, konserwatorom samorządowym, archeologom, prawnikom praktykom zajmującym się sprawami z zakresu procesu inwestycyjno-budowlanego dotyczącego zabytków lub terenów zabytkowych, w końcu badaczom tej problematyki, a także studentom różnych kierunków studiów, jako lektura uzupełniająca wykład prawa ochrony dziedzictwa kultury\". ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54846163,"asset_id":34982547,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24231500,"first_name":"Artur","last_name":"Ginter","domain_name":"dot","page_name":"ArturGinter","display_name":"Artur Ginter","profile_url":"https://dot.academia.edu/ArturGinter?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24231500/6654515/18072337/s65_artur.ginter.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":31752,"name":"Archeologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologia?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":951143,"name":"Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeology?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1003910,"name":"National Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Heritage?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1299891,"name":"Ochrona Zabytków","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ochrona_Zabytkow?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40210821" data-work_id="40210821" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40210821/Moralno%C5%9B%C4%87_publiczna_jako_przes%C5%82anka_ograniczenia_konstytucyjnych_wolno%C5%9Bci_i_praw">Moralność publiczna jako przesłanka ograniczenia konstytucyjnych wolności i praw</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Public Morals as the Grounds for Limitation of Constitutional Freedoms and Rights. The article discusses the meaning of the provisions of the Polish Constitution of 1997, referring to morality or public morals, as well as the practice of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40210821" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Public Morals as the Grounds for Limitation of Constitutional Freedoms and Rights.<br /><br />The article discusses the meaning of the provisions of the Polish Constitution of 1997, referring to morality or public morals, as well as<br />the practice of their judicial interpretation. The origin of the said <br />constitutional regulations and the approaches to their interpretation among<br />legal scholars is also discussed. The case law of the Constitutional Tribunal,<br />the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Administrative Court is<br />subsequently analysed. On the basis of these findings, the author’s concept<br />of public morals as an axiological cornerstone securing the identity<br />of the so-called political nation is examined. Political nation is understood as a representation of individuals identifying with it, as well<br />as sharing a minimum set of common values regardless of their origin,<br />beliefs, worldview, etc. However, the norms, values, ideas or beliefs that<br />constitute public morals need to be universally accepted and rational to a society living in a specific place and time. Simultaneously, they can justify interfering with freedoms and rights when a specific goal, important in a democratic society ruled by law, cannot be achieved otherwise than through lawmaker’s intervention. As the analysis of case law proves, the Constitutional Tribunal or courts rarely refer to public morals in their judgments. However, when they do so, then, in principle,<br />they do not make it the basis or grounds for permeating the legal system<br />with any particular religious worldview. Instead, they try to find the minimum set of moral and/or ethical values shared by the largest possible group of citizens.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40210821" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="402a51f81e0ec93a966ab6bc23833c06" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64288932,"asset_id":40210821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64288932/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35889827" href="https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik">Jan Podkowik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35889827" type="text/json">{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40210821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40210821"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40210821, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40210821", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40210821]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40210821").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40210821").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40210821"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40210821]'), work: {"id":40210821,"title":"Moralność publiczna jako przesłanka ograniczenia konstytucyjnych wolności i praw","created_at":"2019-08-30T01:56:56.115-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40210821/Moralno%C5%9B%C4%87_publiczna_jako_przes%C5%82anka_ograniczenia_konstytucyjnych_wolno%C5%9Bci_i_praw?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_40210821","summary":"Public Morals as the Grounds for Limitation of Constitutional Freedoms and Rights.\n\nThe article discusses the meaning of the provisions of the Polish Constitution of 1997, referring to morality or public morals, as well as\nthe practice of their judicial interpretation. The origin of the said \nconstitutional regulations and the approaches to their interpretation among\nlegal scholars is also discussed. The case law of the Constitutional Tribunal,\nthe Supreme Court, and the Supreme Administrative Court is\nsubsequently analysed. On the basis of these findings, the author’s concept\nof public morals as an axiological cornerstone securing the identity\nof the so-called political nation is examined. Political nation is understood as a representation of individuals identifying with it, as well\nas sharing a minimum set of common values regardless of their origin,\nbeliefs, worldview, etc. However, the norms, values, ideas or beliefs that\nconstitute public morals need to be universally accepted and rational to a society living in a specific place and time. Simultaneously, they can justify interfering with freedoms and rights when a specific goal, important in a democratic society ruled by law, cannot be achieved otherwise than through lawmaker’s intervention. As the analysis of case law proves, the Constitutional Tribunal or courts rarely refer to public morals in their judgments. However, when they do so, then, in principle,\nthey do not make it the basis or grounds for permeating the legal system\nwith any particular religious worldview. Instead, they try to find the minimum set of moral and/or ethical values shared by the largest possible group of citizens.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64288932,"asset_id":40210821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":5248,"name":"Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Theory?f_ri=715307"},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":7813,"name":"Judicial review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_review?f_ri=715307"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=715307"},{"id":21527,"name":"Constitutional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Theory?f_ri=715307"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=715307"},{"id":36157,"name":"Judicial Decision-Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_Decision-Making?f_ri=715307"},{"id":51429,"name":"Public Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":79256,"name":"Theory of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Law?f_ri=715307"},{"id":83952,"name":"Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morality?f_ri=715307"},{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307"},{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":953395,"name":"European Human Rights Law With Special Attention to ECHR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Human_Rights_Law_With_Special_Attention_to_ECHR?f_ri=715307"},{"id":957566,"name":"Sądownictwo (Judiciary)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sadownictwo_Judiciary_?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18425008 coauthored" data-work_id="18425008" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18425008/Ordery_i_odznaczenia_w_III_RP_Wybrane_zagadnienia_prawno_ustrojowe">Ordery i odznaczenia w III RP. Wybrane zagadnienia prawno-ustrojowe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tematyka dotycząca orderów i odznaczeń wzbudza szczególne zainteresowanie naukowców zajmujących się prawem, historią oraz politologią. Juryści, zwłaszcza zajmujący się prawem konstytucyjnym, w orderach i odznaczeniach upatrują wyłączne... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18425008" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tematyka dotycząca orderów i odznaczeń wzbudza szczególne zainteresowanie<br />naukowców zajmujących się prawem, historią oraz politologią. Juryści, zwłaszcza<br />zajmujący się prawem konstytucyjnym, w orderach i odznaczeniach upatrują wyłączne<br />kompetencje Prezydenta RP wyrażone w artykule 138 Konstytucji RP a w sposób<br />szczegółowy sformułowane w ustawie o orderach i odznaczeniach z 1992 r. Historycy<br />natomiast, badając dzieje państwowości, zwracają uwagę na znaki zaszczytne nadawane<br />przez władcę lub organizacje, w czym pomaga falerystyka, nauka pomocnicza<br />historii zajmująca się orderami, odznaczeniami oraz medalami. Politolodzy z kolei<br />widzą w orderach i odznaczeniach sposób realizacji polityki państwowej, przejawiającej<br />się wyróżnianiem pewnych grup społecznych poprzez przypominanie ich zasług<br />dla kraju. Ordery stanowią także element polityki dyplomatycznej, dzięki zasadzie<br />odwzajemniania honorów oraz przestrzegania ceremoniału, który służy nawiązywaniu<br />stosunków międzypaństwowych</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18425008" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d3d9a2e26de3852b31de5105993493a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40056625,"asset_id":18425008,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40056625/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3357377" href="https://kul.academia.edu/RobertKrzysztofTabaszewski">Robert Tabaszewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3357377" type="text/json">{"id":3357377,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Tabaszewski","domain_name":"kul","page_name":"RobertKrzysztofTabaszewski","display_name":"Robert Tabaszewski","profile_url":"https://kul.academia.edu/RobertKrzysztofTabaszewski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3357377/6110502/30244444/s65_robert.tabaszewski.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18425008">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18425008"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/Pawe%C5%82Jakubowski">Paweł Jakubowski</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18425008'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18425008').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18425008 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18425008"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18425008; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18425008]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18425008").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18425008").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18425008"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="476773" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo">Prawo</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="476773" type="text/json">{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18425008]'), work: {"id":18425008,"title":"Ordery i odznaczenia w III RP. Wybrane zagadnienia prawno-ustrojowe","created_at":"2015-11-16T01:58:08.139-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18425008/Ordery_i_odznaczenia_w_III_RP_Wybrane_zagadnienia_prawno_ustrojowe?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_18425008","summary":"Tematyka dotycząca orderów i odznaczeń wzbudza szczególne zainteresowanie\nnaukowców zajmujących się prawem, historią oraz politologią. Juryści, zwłaszcza\nzajmujący się prawem konstytucyjnym, w orderach i odznaczeniach upatrują wyłączne\nkompetencje Prezydenta RP wyrażone w artykule 138 Konstytucji RP a w sposób\nszczegółowy sformułowane w ustawie o orderach i odznaczeniach z 1992 r. Historycy\nnatomiast, badając dzieje państwowości, zwracają uwagę na znaki zaszczytne nadawane\nprzez władcę lub organizacje, w czym pomaga falerystyka, nauka pomocnicza\nhistorii zajmująca się orderami, odznaczeniami oraz medalami. Politolodzy z kolei\nwidzą w orderach i odznaczeniach sposób realizacji polityki państwowej, przejawiającej\nsię wyróżnianiem pewnych grup społecznych poprzez przypominanie ich zasług\ndla kraju. Ordery stanowią także element polityki dyplomatycznej, dzięki zasadzie\nodwzajemniania honorów oraz przestrzegania ceremoniału, który służy nawiązywaniu\nstosunków międzypaństwowych","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40056625,"asset_id":18425008,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3357377,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Tabaszewski","domain_name":"kul","page_name":"RobertKrzysztofTabaszewski","display_name":"Robert Tabaszewski","profile_url":"https://kul.academia.edu/RobertKrzysztofTabaszewski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3357377/6110502/30244444/s65_robert.tabaszewski.jpg"},{"id":21296854,"first_name":"Paweł","last_name":"Jakubowski","domain_name":"independentresearcher","page_name":"PawełJakubowski","display_name":"Paweł Jakubowski","profile_url":"https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/Pawe%C5%82Jakubowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21296854/5888868/32023785/s65_pawe_.jakubowski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34295419 coauthored" data-work_id="34295419" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34295419/Zgromadzenia_spontaniczne">Zgromadzenia spontaniczne</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Artykuł analizuje pojęcie zgromadzeń spontanicznych, które autorzy zdefiniowali jako zgromadzenia organizowane bez uprzedniego zawiadomienia w celu zaprotestowania „na gorąco”, zajęcia określonego stanowiska, w związku z danym wydarzeniem... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34295419" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Artykuł analizuje pojęcie zgromadzeń spontanicznych, które autorzy zdefiniowali jako zgromadzenia organizowane bez uprzedniego zawiadomienia w celu zaprotestowania „na gorąco”, zajęcia określonego stanowiska, w związku z danym wydarzeniem ze sfery społecznej lub politycznej (np. reakcja na oświadczenie polityka, niespodziewaną wizytę zagranicznego gościa, uchwalenie ustawy). Ich istotą jest możliwość zabrana głosu w debacie publicznej w związku z nagłym i nieprzewidzianym wydarzeniem</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34295419" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b528fd1477afab4cbe6a4755282bc7f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54199627,"asset_id":34295419,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54199627/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61562875" href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski">Michał Ziółkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61562875" type="text/json">{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-34295419">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-34295419"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://swps-uni.academia.edu/AdamBodnar">Adam Bodnar</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-34295419'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-34295419').html(); 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Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że orzeczenie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka o naruszeniu praw i wolności, zagwarantowanych w Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności, można uznać za... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34294837" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">W wyroku z 28.11.2008 r. Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że orzeczenie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka  o naruszeniu praw i wolności, zagwarantowanych w Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności, można uznać za równoznaczne ze stwierdzeniem przesłanki niezgodności z prawem prawomocnego orzeczenia sądu cywilnego. Orzeczenie SN rozwija wyrażony w doktrynie  pogląd o racjonalności zwolnienia poszkodowanego z obowiązku inicjowania" właściwego postępowania" prejudycjalnego w celu stwierdzenia przesłanki niezgodności z prawem prawomocnego orzeczenia. Stanowisko to nie jest jednak wolne od kontrowersji i zastrzeżeń. Rozbieżność wyrażonych w piśmiennictwie poglądów oraz znacząca liczba skarg przeciwko Polsce skłaniają do refleksji nad mocą wiążącą orzeczeń ETPC w świetle zasady odpowiedzialności władzy publicznej za bezprawie judykacyjne. Odpowiedzi wymaga pytanie, czy dokonywana przez ETPC kontrola konkretna zobowiązań międzynarodowych państwa-strony EKPC może zarazem wywierać bezpośredni skutek normatywny w postaci przypisania danemu orzeczeniu sądu cywilnego cechy niezgodności z prawem – w rozumieniu przepisów regulujących odpowiedzialność odszkodowawczą władzy publicznej. Pozostające w konflikcie wartości świadczą o tym, że zagadnienie to niewątpliwie należy do skomplikowanych. Zajęte w wyroku z 28.11.2008 r. stanowisko SN, jakkolwiek wzmacniające pozycję poszkodowanego i oparte na wykładni przyjaznej Konwencji, budzi zastrzeżenia. Można bowiem argumentować, iż – w obecnym stanie prawnym – wyrok ETPC nie przesądza o " niezgodności z prawem" orzeczenia jako przesłance odpowiedzialności za szkody wyrządzone wydaniem wyroku sądu cywilnego. Stanowisko to wydaje się tym bardziej uzasadnione, że między jurysdykcją krajową i europejską nie istnieje hierarchiczna zależność, a polska procedura cywilna nie zawiera przepisów rozstrzygających o skutkach orzeczeń ETPC dla procesu cywilnego. Poniżej przedstawione zostały argumenty przemawiające na rzecz stanowiska odmiennego od przyjętego przez SN. W pierwszej kolejności omówione zostało jednak zagadnienie mocy wiążącej korzystnych dla skarżącego wyroków ETPC oraz pojęcie " orzeczenie niezgodne z prawem".</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34294837" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="559be40263b303694f0579e1eef733d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54199183,"asset_id":34294837,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54199183/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61562875" href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski">Michał Ziółkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61562875" type="text/json">{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34294837 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34294837"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34294837, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34294837", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34294837 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34294837; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34294837"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34294837 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34294837"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34294837; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34294837]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34294837").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34294837").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34294837"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka">Prawa Człowieka</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244981" type="text/json">{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="346785" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Cywilne">Prawo Cywilne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="346785" type="text/json">{"id":346785,"name":"Prawo Cywilne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Cywilne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34294837]'), work: {"id":34294837,"title":"Wyrok ETPCz jako orzeczenie stwierdzające niezgodność z prawem prawomocnego orzeczenia sądu cywilnego","created_at":"2017-08-21T11:10:53.915-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34294837/Wyrok_ETPCz_jako_orzeczenie_stwierdzaj%C4%85ce_niezgodno%C5%9B%C4%87_z_prawem_prawomocnego_orzeczenia_s%C4%85du_cywilnego?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_34294837","summary":"W wyroku z 28.11.2008 r. Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że orzeczenie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka o naruszeniu praw i wolności, zagwarantowanych w Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności, można uznać za równoznaczne ze stwierdzeniem przesłanki niezgodności z prawem prawomocnego orzeczenia sądu cywilnego. Orzeczenie SN rozwija wyrażony w doktrynie pogląd o racjonalności zwolnienia poszkodowanego z obowiązku inicjowania\" właściwego postępowania\" prejudycjalnego w celu stwierdzenia przesłanki niezgodności z prawem prawomocnego orzeczenia. Stanowisko to nie jest jednak wolne od kontrowersji i zastrzeżeń. Rozbieżność wyrażonych w piśmiennictwie poglądów oraz znacząca liczba skarg przeciwko Polsce skłaniają do refleksji nad mocą wiążącą orzeczeń ETPC w świetle zasady odpowiedzialności władzy publicznej za bezprawie judykacyjne. Odpowiedzi wymaga pytanie, czy dokonywana przez ETPC kontrola konkretna zobowiązań międzynarodowych państwa-strony EKPC może zarazem wywierać bezpośredni skutek normatywny w postaci przypisania danemu orzeczeniu sądu cywilnego cechy niezgodności z prawem – w rozumieniu przepisów regulujących odpowiedzialność odszkodowawczą władzy publicznej. Pozostające w konflikcie wartości świadczą o tym, że zagadnienie to niewątpliwie należy do skomplikowanych. Zajęte w wyroku z 28.11.2008 r. stanowisko SN, jakkolwiek wzmacniające pozycję poszkodowanego i oparte na wykładni przyjaznej Konwencji, budzi zastrzeżenia. Można bowiem argumentować, iż – w obecnym stanie prawnym – wyrok ETPC nie przesądza o \" niezgodności z prawem\" orzeczenia jako przesłance odpowiedzialności za szkody wyrządzone wydaniem wyroku sądu cywilnego. Stanowisko to wydaje się tym bardziej uzasadnione, że między jurysdykcją krajową i europejską nie istnieje hierarchiczna zależność, a polska procedura cywilna nie zawiera przepisów rozstrzygających o skutkach orzeczeń ETPC dla procesu cywilnego. Poniżej przedstawione zostały argumenty przemawiające na rzecz stanowiska odmiennego od przyjętego przez SN. W pierwszej kolejności omówione zostało jednak zagadnienie mocy wiążącej korzystnych dla skarżącego wyroków ETPC oraz pojęcie \" orzeczenie niezgodne z prawem\".","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54199183,"asset_id":34294837,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":346785,"name":"Prawo Cywilne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Cywilne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":899462,"name":"Konstytucja RP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1200925,"name":"Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europejski_Trybunal_Praw_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1804065,"name":"Postępowanie cywilne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post%C4%99powanie_cywilne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":2239435,"name":"Sąd Najwyższy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/S%C4%85d_Najwy%C5%BCszy?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79953590" data-work_id="79953590" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79953590/Rozproszona_kontrola_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_ustawy_wobec_kryzysu_Trybuna%C5%82u_Konstytucyjnego">Rozproszona kontrola konstytucyjności ustawy wobec kryzysu Trybunału Konstytucyjnego</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This gloss comments on the judgment of a common court disapplying a duly enacted statute as incompatible with the Constitution. The court also decided to disapply the Constitutional Court’s judgment on the same subject because of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79953590" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This gloss comments on the judgment of a common court disapplying a duly enacted statute as incompatible with the Constitution. The court also decided to disapply the Constitutional Court’s judgment on the same subject because of the participation of a person elected to an already occupied seat. The District Court’s intention was to substitute itself for a Constitutional Court stripped of the character of independence and impartiality. The intention was to protect the supremacy of the Constitution, as well as human rights and rule of law. The purpose of this gloss is to take a closer look at this new practice from the courts and circumstances surrounding it. The actions taken by the courts lead to the propagation of diffuse constitutional review of ordinary statutes as a sort of protective mechanism within constitutional democracy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79953590" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d733a52713a3270badb37db8a6470ec7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86499765,"asset_id":79953590,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86499765/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43580423" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz">Piotr Radziewicz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43580423" type="text/json">{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr Radziewicz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79953590 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79953590"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79953590, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79953590", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79953590]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79953590").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79953590").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79953590"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21527" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Theory">Constitutional Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21527" type="text/json">{"id":21527,"name":"Constitutional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Theory?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27363" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland">Poland</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27363" type="text/json">{"id":27363,"name":"Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="676072" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa">Teoria Prawa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="676072" type="text/json">{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79953590]'), work: {"id":79953590,"title":"Rozproszona kontrola konstytucyjności ustawy wobec kryzysu Trybunału Konstytucyjnego","created_at":"2022-05-26T02:29:26.268-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79953590/Rozproszona_kontrola_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_ustawy_wobec_kryzysu_Trybuna%C5%82u_Konstytucyjnego?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_79953590","summary":"This gloss comments on the judgment of a common court disapplying a duly enacted statute as incompatible with the Constitution. The court also decided to disapply the Constitutional Court’s judgment on the same subject because of the participation of a person elected to an already occupied seat. The District Court’s intention was to substitute itself for a Constitutional Court stripped of the character of independence and impartiality. The intention was to protect the supremacy of the Constitution, as well as human rights and rule of law. The purpose of this gloss is to take a closer look at this new practice from the courts and circumstances surrounding it. The actions taken by the courts lead to the propagation of diffuse constitutional review of ordinary statutes as a sort of protective mechanism within constitutional democracy. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86499765,"asset_id":79953590,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr Radziewicz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":21527,"name":"Constitutional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Theory?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":27363,"name":"Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37069631" data-work_id="37069631" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37069631/Rozliczenia_z_ekip%C4%85_Gierka_1980_1984_Warszawa_2018_336_s_ISBN_978_83_8098_394_6">Rozliczenia z ekipą Gierka 1980–1984, Warszawa 2018, 336 s, ISBN: 978-83-8098-394-6</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nielegalnie budowane wille i domy letniskowe, darmowe remonty mieszkań, ułatwiony dostęp do talonów samochodowych i innych pożądanych dóbr. To tylko część zarzutów, z którymi po strajkach z sierpnia 1980 r. i zmianach personalnych na... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37069631" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nielegalnie budowane wille i domy letniskowe, darmowe remonty mieszkań, ułatwiony dostęp do talonów samochodowych i innych pożądanych dóbr. To tylko część zarzutów, z którymi po strajkach z sierpnia 1980 r. i zmianach personalnych na najwyższym szczeblu musiała się zmierzyć odchodząca ekipa Edwarda Gierka.<br />Podczas rewolucji „Solidarności” i w trakcie stanu wojennego trwały zarówno żywiołowe, jak i instytucjonalne rozliczenia z ekipą rządzącą krajem w latach siedemdziesiątych. Władze zostały poddane społecznemu naciskowi, aby ujawnić i osądzić przypadki korupcji i nadużywania stanowisk. W wyjaśnianie tych spraw zaangażowały się instytucje partyjne, państwowe oraz sądy, ale efekty ich działań nie były satysfakcjonujące.<br />Książka opowiada o korupcji wśród rządzących w sytuacji braku kontroli, o głęboko zakorzenionym społecznym pragnieniu równości i sprawiedliwości oraz o słabości państwa, które bezskutecznie próbowało pociągnąć do odpowiedzialności polityków kierujących krajem w poprzedniej dekadzie.<br />Książka nagrodzona w konkursie im. Władysława Pobóg-Malinowskiego na Najlepszy Debiut Historyczny Roku.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37069631" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f22a6459c1d9065755b0e7153780244b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57020794,"asset_id":37069631,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57020794/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35040888" href="https://uni-jena.academia.edu/JakubSzumski">Jakub Szumski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35040888" type="text/json">{"id":35040888,"first_name":"Jakub","last_name":"Szumski","domain_name":"uni-jena","page_name":"JakubSzumski","display_name":"Jakub Szumski","profile_url":"https://uni-jena.academia.edu/JakubSzumski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35040888/10197559/119435463/s65_jakub.szumski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37069631 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37069631"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37069631, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37069631", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37069631]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37069631").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37069631").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37069631"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3622" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polish_History">Polish History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3622" type="text/json">{"id":3622,"name":"Polish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polish_History?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5887" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism_Revolutions_">Communism (Revolutions)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5887" type="text/json">{"id":5887,"name":"Communism (Revolutions)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism_Revolutions_?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7443" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism">Communism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7443" type="text/json">{"id":7443,"name":"Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12914" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Corruption">Political Corruption</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12914" type="text/json">{"id":12914,"name":"Political Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Corruption?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37069631]'), work: {"id":37069631,"title":"Rozliczenia z ekipą Gierka 1980–1984, Warszawa 2018, 336 s, ISBN: 978-83-8098-394-6","created_at":"2018-07-18T02:46:12.985-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37069631/Rozliczenia_z_ekip%C4%85_Gierka_1980_1984_Warszawa_2018_336_s_ISBN_978_83_8098_394_6?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_37069631","summary":"Nielegalnie budowane wille i domy letniskowe, darmowe remonty mieszkań, ułatwiony dostęp do talonów samochodowych i innych pożądanych dóbr. 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data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7554" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law">Comparative Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7554" type="text/json">{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9625" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence">Judicial independence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9625" type="text/json">{"id":9625,"name":"Judicial independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35370664]'), work: {"id":35370664,"title":"Impartiality of the Judiciary","created_at":"2017-12-07T10:06:17.022-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35370664/Impartiality_of_the_Judiciary?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_35370664","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55785404,"asset_id":35370664,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Mikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26128325/7178848/14459435/s65_piotr.mikuli.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":9625,"name":"Judicial independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16289080" data-work_id="16289080" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16289080/The_Training_of_Judges_in_Poland_the_Recent_Developments_in_Judicial_Education_and_Training_Journal_of_the_International_Organisation_for_Judicial_Training_2015_issue_4_pp_122_130">The Training of Judges in Poland: the Recent Developments, in: Judicial Education and Training, Journal of the International Organisation for Judicial Training 2015, issue 4, pp 122-130.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This article addresses recent reforms concerning judicial training as well as reintroducing ‘court assessors’ in Poland.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16289080" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="90db6884cd90bf1db9dc308eb5b3799d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38926905,"asset_id":16289080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38926905/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26128325" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26128325" 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16289080").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16289080"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts">Courts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3680" type="text/json">{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7554" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law">Comparative Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7554" type="text/json">{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37690" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary">The role of the judiciary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37690" type="text/json">{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16289080]'), work: {"id":16289080,"title":"The Training of Judges in Poland: the Recent Developments, in: Judicial Education and Training, Journal of the International Organisation for Judicial Training 2015, issue 4, pp 122-130.","created_at":"2015-09-29T02:08:46.534-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16289080/The_Training_of_Judges_in_Poland_the_Recent_Developments_in_Judicial_Education_and_Training_Journal_of_the_International_Organisation_for_Judicial_Training_2015_issue_4_pp_122_130?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_16289080","summary":"This article addresses recent reforms concerning judicial training as well as reintroducing ‘court assessors’ in Poland.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38926905,"asset_id":16289080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Mikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26128325/7178848/14459435/s65_piotr.mikuli.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":281994,"name":"Judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judiciary?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34294372" data-work_id="34294372" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34294372/Uprzywilejowanie_wyr%C3%B3wnawcze">Uprzywilejowanie wyrównawcze</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Artykuł stanowi kontynuację opublikowanych na łamach Państwa i Prawa analiz orzecznictwa konstytucyjnego poświęconych zasadzie równości oraz zasadzie równości kobiet i mężczyzn. Jego celem jest rekonstrukcja, analiza i próba prezentacji... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34294372" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Artykuł stanowi kontynuację opublikowanych na łamach Państwa i Prawa analiz orzecznictwa konstytucyjnego poświęconych zasadzie równości  oraz zasadzie równości kobiet i mężczyzn. Jego celem jest  rekonstrukcja, analiza i próba prezentacji przyjmowanej przez TK koncepcji uprzywilejowania wyrównawczego. Zagadnienie to wiąże się bowiem nierozerwalnie z art. 33 Konstytucji jako wzorcem kontroli aktów normatywnych w orzecznictwie konstytucyjnym. <br /> <br />Punktem wyjścia uczyniono wyrok w K 43/12. Wyrok ten nawiązuje do ustaleń zawartych w wyroku  K 63/07 (o konstytucyjności zróżnicowania wieku emerytalnego kobiet i mężczyzn) oraz tez sformułowanych w postanowieniu S 2/10 (o potrzebie stopniowego zrównania wieku emerytalnego kobiet i mężczyzn).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34294372" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c9e085311738335cac8efb2fcd2c295" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54198800,"asset_id":34294372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54198800/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61562875" href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski">Michał Ziółkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61562875" type="text/json">{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34294372 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34294372"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34294372, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34294372", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34294372]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34294372").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34294372").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34294372"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka">Prawa Człowieka</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244981" type="text/json">{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899462" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP">Konstytucja RP</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="899462" type="text/json">{"id":899462,"name":"Konstytucja RP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1159422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny">Trybunał Konstytucyjny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1159422" type="text/json">{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34294372]'), work: {"id":34294372,"title":"Uprzywilejowanie wyrównawcze","created_at":"2017-08-21T10:32:39.837-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34294372/Uprzywilejowanie_wyr%C3%B3wnawcze?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_34294372","summary":"Artykuł stanowi kontynuację opublikowanych na łamach Państwa i Prawa analiz orzecznictwa konstytucyjnego poświęconych zasadzie równości oraz zasadzie równości kobiet i mężczyzn. Jego celem jest rekonstrukcja, analiza i próba prezentacji przyjmowanej przez TK koncepcji uprzywilejowania wyrównawczego. Zagadnienie to wiąże się bowiem nierozerwalnie z art. 33 Konstytucji jako wzorcem kontroli aktów normatywnych w orzecznictwie konstytucyjnym. \r\n\r\nPunktem wyjścia uczyniono wyrok w K 43/12. Wyrok ten nawiązuje do ustaleń zawartych w wyroku K 63/07 (o konstytucyjności zróżnicowania wieku emerytalnego kobiet i mężczyzn) oraz tez sformułowanych w postanowieniu S 2/10 (o potrzebie stopniowego zrównania wieku emerytalnego kobiet i mężczyzn).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54198800,"asset_id":34294372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61562875,"first_name":"Michał","last_name":"Ziółkowski","domain_name":"kozminski","page_name":"MichałZiółkowski","display_name":"Michał Ziółkowski","profile_url":"https://kozminski.academia.edu/Micha%C5%82Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61562875/17527861/111342658/s65_micha_.zi_kowski.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":899462,"name":"Konstytucja RP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja_RP?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1860516,"name":"Równość","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/R%C3%B3wno%C5%9B%C4%87?f_ri=715307"},{"id":2069667,"name":"Równość Płci","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/R%C3%B3wno%C5%9B%C4%87_P%C5%82ci?f_ri=715307"},{"id":2770673,"name":"Państwo i Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pa%C5%84stwo_i_Prawo?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49132457" data-work_id="49132457" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49132457/Shrinking_Space_for_Civil_Society_A_Case_Study_of_Poland">Shrinking Space for Civil Society: A Case Study of Poland</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article discusses the phenomenon of shrinking space for civil society organizations in Poland, a Member States of the European Union and Council of Europe. It describes the tools used by Polish public authorities to restrict the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49132457" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article discusses the phenomenon of shrinking space for civil society organizations in Poland, a Member States of the European Union and Council of Europe. It describes the tools used by Polish public authorities to restrict the operational capacity of civil society and compares these tools with the applicable constitutional and human rights standards. The article's summary presents recommendations concerning the methods of addressing this phenomenon in Poland, which are capable of being applied in a broader context of other countries of Central and Eastern Europe.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49132457" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed8a507de78d22b44e35d3094cb6e0da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67522929,"asset_id":49132457,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67522929/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="606239" href="https://uw.academia.edu/AdamPloszka">Adam Ploszka</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="606239" type="text/json">{"id":606239,"first_name":"Adam","last_name":"Ploszka","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"AdamPloszka","display_name":"Adam Ploszka","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/AdamPloszka?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/606239/1098417/33595714/s65_adam.ploszka.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49132457 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49132457"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49132457, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49132457", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49132457]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49132457").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49132457").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49132457"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3321" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Civil_Society">Global Civil Society</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3321" type="text/json">{"id":3321,"name":"Global Civil Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Civil_Society?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49132457]'), work: {"id":49132457,"title":"Shrinking Space for Civil Society: A Case Study of Poland","created_at":"2021-06-05T00:47:10.335-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49132457/Shrinking_Space_for_Civil_Society_A_Case_Study_of_Poland?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_49132457","summary":"This article discusses the phenomenon of shrinking space for civil society organizations in Poland, a Member States of the European Union and Council of Europe. It describes the tools used by Polish public authorities to restrict the operational capacity of civil society and compares these tools with the applicable constitutional and human rights standards. 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Podjęta zostaje problematyka dotyczącą kwestii materialnych, a poza zakresem rozważanych zagadnień pozostają kwestie dotyczące formalnych warunków dopuszczalności ograniczeń, jak publiczne ogłoszenie zagrożenia czy możliwość wprowadzania ograniczeń w aktach podustawowych. <br />Stawiane tezy są polemiczne wobec poglądów, że zawieszenie wolności lub praw jest skrajnym typem ograniczania i następuje wtedy, gdy wolności czy prawa „już nie ma”, lub że zawieszenie zakłada ograniczenie istoty wolności lub prawa. Okazuje się, że można sensownie mówić o zawieszaniu wolności lub praw także wówczas, gdy są one ograniczane w niewielkim tylko stopniu. Ponadto, możliwe jest zawieszanie, które nie prowadzi do ograniczenia istoty wolności lub prawa. <br />Argumentuje się, że istotą zawieszania wolności lub praw w stanach nadzwyczajnych jest zakwestionowanie podstawowego ich przymiotu, jakim jest – uznawana w prawie międzynarodowym – nienaruszalność „całych” poszczególnych praw człowieka, która jest czymś innym od nienaruszalności ich istoty. Przy okazji prowadzona jest refleksja teoretycznoprawna nad zagadnieniem zawieszania wolności lub praw. Zawieszenie okazuje się czymś istotnie różnym od czasowej utraty mocy obowiązującej przepisów dotyczących wolności czy praw. Ich ciągłe obowiązywanie znajduje wyraz, na przykład, w zasadzie proporcjonalności mającej zastosowanie do zawieszanych wolności lub praw. <br /><br />Extraordinary Measures and Restrictions of Constitutional Freedoms and Rights<br />ABSTRACT<br />The study aims to answer the question on the difference between limitation of freedoms and rights in ordinary situations and their suspension (derogation) when extraordinary measures are introduced. This question is considered from the point of view of the structure of the interpretation process and the structure of the constitutional values. Consideration is given to issues relating to material aspects. However, issues relating to formal conditions for the admissibility of restrictions, such as public announcement of a threat or the possibility of introducing restrictions in sub-statutory acts, are not examined. <br />The theses put forward are critical of the view that suspension of freedoms or rights is an extreme type of limitation and a freedom or a right "is no longer there", and of the view that suspension presupposes violation of the essence of freedom or right. It can be argued that it makes sense to talk about the suspension of freedoms or rights also when they are only slightly restricted. Moreover, it is possible to suspend a freedom or a right without violating their essence.<br />It is argued that suspension of freedoms or rights leads to questioning of their basic characteristic that is their inviolability as recognized in international law. However, this inviolability of freedoms or rights is something different from the inviolability of their essence. <br />In terms of the theory of law, the suspension of freedoms or rights turns out to be something significantly different from the temporary loss of the binding force of the respective provisions. Their continued validity is reflected, for example, in the application of the principle of proportionality to the suspended freedoms or rights.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77544940" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2f108321f366aec7874730e93de6a941" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84842827,"asset_id":77544940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84842827/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4830421" href="https://swps-uni.academia.edu/MarekPiechowiak">Marek Piechowiak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4830421" type="text/json">{"id":4830421,"first_name":"Marek","last_name":"Piechowiak","domain_name":"swps-uni","page_name":"MarekPiechowiak","display_name":"Marek Piechowiak","profile_url":"https://swps-uni.academia.edu/MarekPiechowiak?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4830421/2064440/2430251/s65_marek.piechowiak.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77544940 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77544940"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77544940, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77544940", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77544940]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77544940").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77544940").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77544940"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka">Prawa Człowieka</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244981" type="text/json">{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77544940]'), work: {"id":77544940,"title":"Specyfika ograniczenia wolności i praw konstytucyjnych w stanach nadzwyczajnych [Extraordinary Measures and the Restrictions of Constitutional Freedoms and Rights]","created_at":"2022-04-25T02:56:57.419-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77544940/Specyfika_ograniczenia_wolno%C5%9Bci_i_praw_konstytucyjnych_w_stanach_nadzwyczajnych_Extraordinary_Measures_and_the_Restrictions_of_Constitutional_Freedoms_and_Rights_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_77544940","summary":"STRESZCZENIE\nOpracowanie zmierza do udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym – z punktu widzenia struktury procesu wykładni i struktury wchodzących w grę wartości konstytucyjnych – różni się ograniczanie wolności i praw w ramach stosowania „zwykłych środków konstytucyjnych”, od ograniczania wolności i praw dopuszczalnego w stanach nadzwyczajnych. Podjęta zostaje problematyka dotyczącą kwestii materialnych, a poza zakresem rozważanych zagadnień pozostają kwestie dotyczące formalnych warunków dopuszczalności ograniczeń, jak publiczne ogłoszenie zagrożenia czy możliwość wprowadzania ograniczeń w aktach podustawowych. \nStawiane tezy są polemiczne wobec poglądów, że zawieszenie wolności lub praw jest skrajnym typem ograniczania i następuje wtedy, gdy wolności czy prawa „już nie ma”, lub że zawieszenie zakłada ograniczenie istoty wolności lub prawa. Okazuje się, że można sensownie mówić o zawieszaniu wolności lub praw także wówczas, gdy są one ograniczane w niewielkim tylko stopniu. Ponadto, możliwe jest zawieszanie, które nie prowadzi do ograniczenia istoty wolności lub prawa. \nArgumentuje się, że istotą zawieszania wolności lub praw w stanach nadzwyczajnych jest zakwestionowanie podstawowego ich przymiotu, jakim jest – uznawana w prawie międzynarodowym – nienaruszalność „całych” poszczególnych praw człowieka, która jest czymś innym od nienaruszalności ich istoty. Przy okazji prowadzona jest refleksja teoretycznoprawna nad zagadnieniem zawieszania wolności lub praw. Zawieszenie okazuje się czymś istotnie różnym od czasowej utraty mocy obowiązującej przepisów dotyczących wolności czy praw. Ich ciągłe obowiązywanie znajduje wyraz, na przykład, w zasadzie proporcjonalności mającej zastosowanie do zawieszanych wolności lub praw. \n\nExtraordinary Measures and Restrictions of Constitutional Freedoms and Rights\nABSTRACT\nThe study aims to answer the question on the difference between limitation of freedoms and rights in ordinary situations and their suspension (derogation) when extraordinary measures are introduced. This question is considered from the point of view of the structure of the interpretation process and the structure of the constitutional values. Consideration is given to issues relating to material aspects. However, issues relating to formal conditions for the admissibility of restrictions, such as public announcement of a threat or the possibility of introducing restrictions in sub-statutory acts, are not examined. \nThe theses put forward are critical of the view that suspension of freedoms or rights is an extreme type of limitation and a freedom or a right \"is no longer there\", and of the view that suspension presupposes violation of the essence of freedom or right. It can be argued that it makes sense to talk about the suspension of freedoms or rights also when they are only slightly restricted. Moreover, it is possible to suspend a freedom or a right without violating their essence.\nIt is argued that suspension of freedoms or rights leads to questioning of their basic characteristic that is their inviolability as recognized in international law. However, this inviolability of freedoms or rights is something different from the inviolability of their essence. \nIn terms of the theory of law, the suspension of freedoms or rights turns out to be something significantly different from the temporary loss of the binding force of the respective provisions. Their continued validity is reflected, for example, in the application of the principle of proportionality to the suspended freedoms or rights.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84842827,"asset_id":77544940,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4830421,"first_name":"Marek","last_name":"Piechowiak","domain_name":"swps-uni","page_name":"MarekPiechowiak","display_name":"Marek Piechowiak","profile_url":"https://swps-uni.academia.edu/MarekPiechowiak?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4830421/2064440/2430251/s65_marek.piechowiak.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":244981,"name":"Prawa Człowieka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawa_Czlowieka?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307"},{"id":2770657,"name":"Stan Wojenny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stan_Wojenny?f_ri=715307"},{"id":3118920,"name":"stany nadzwyczajne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/stany_nadzwyczajne?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40574282" data-work_id="40574282" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40574282/Prawo_konstytucyjne_Sylabus_Zaj%C4%99%C4%87_%C4%86wiczenia_Semestr_zimowy_CONSTITUTIONAL_LAW_SYLLABUS_WINTER_SEMESTER_">Prawo konstytucyjne - Sylabus Zajęć - Ćwiczenia - Semestr zimowy [CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, SYLLABUS, WINTER SEMESTER]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40574282" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee4c7594b2ecc9f03899018f663706bf" rel="nofollow" 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Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40574282]'), work: {"id":40574282,"title":"Prawo konstytucyjne - Sylabus Zajęć - Ćwiczenia - Semestr zimowy [CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, SYLLABUS, WINTER SEMESTER]","created_at":"2019-10-09T21:50:54.008-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40574282/Prawo_konstytucyjne_Sylabus_Zaj%C4%99%C4%87_%C4%86wiczenia_Semestr_zimowy_CONSTITUTIONAL_LAW_SYLLABUS_WINTER_SEMESTER_?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_40574282","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":92011794,"asset_id":40574282,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6805088,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Rybski","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"RobertRybski","display_name":"Robert Rybski","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/RobertRybski?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6805088/19457840/126747604/s65_robert.rybski.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=715307"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=715307"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=715307"},{"id":21527,"name":"Constitutional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Theory?f_ri=715307"},{"id":30471,"name":"Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism?f_ri=715307"},{"id":67148,"name":"Fundamental Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fundamental_Rights?f_ri=715307"},{"id":141992,"name":"Constitution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitution?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59919775" data-work_id="59919775" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59919775/Praworz%C4%85dno%C5%9B%C4%87_idea_demokratycznego_pa%C5%84stwa_prawa_czy_legalnej_korupcji">Praworządność - idea demokratycznego państwa prawa czy legalnej korupcji</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">W artykule przedstawiono wielowątkowe i krytyczne analizy dotyczące szerokiego postrzegania i rozumienia praworządności w procesach decyzyjnych związanych ze sprawowaniem władzy publicznej.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59919775" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e7ba3de1163168005c7ea38622c7f8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73598452,"asset_id":59919775,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen 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Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43608648" data-work_id="43608648" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43608648/Legalna_korupcja_metod%C4%85_zapewniania_korzy%C5%9Bci_maj%C4%85tkowych_i_osobistych">Legalna korupcja metodą zapewniania korzyści majątkowych i osobistych</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The article presents analyzes and considerations devoted to discussing the conditions, activities and mechanisms that are characteristic for the so-called legal corruption that occurs in daily management 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characteristic for the so-called legal corruption that occurs in daily management practice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63911535,"asset_id":43608648,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21540723,"first_name":"Waldemar","last_name":"Walczak","domain_name":"unilodz","page_name":"WaldemarWalczak","display_name":"Waldemar Walczak","profile_url":"https://unilodz.academia.edu/WaldemarWalczak?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21540723/5920839/11523832/s65_waldemar.walczak.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional 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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22218860" data-work_id="22218860" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22218860/Poj%C4%99cie_horyzontalnego_skutku_norm_konstytucyjnych_uwagi_wprowadzaj%C4%85ce_z_perspektywy_prawa_konstytucyjnego">Pojęcie horyzontalnego skutku norm konstytucyjnych – uwagi wprowadzające z perspektywy prawa konstytucyjnego</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22218860" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="078b6e33cd18af20db69672a11a0941c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42871325,"asset_id":22218860,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42871325/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43580423" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz">Piotr Radziewicz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43580423" type="text/json">{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr Radziewicz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22218860 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22218860"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22218860, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22218860", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22218860 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22218860; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22218860"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22218860 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22218860"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22218860; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22218860]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22218860").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22218860").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22218860"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="676072" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa">Teoria Prawa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="676072" type="text/json">{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="750865" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja">Konstytucja</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="750865" type="text/json">{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1159422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny">Trybunał Konstytucyjny</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1159422" type="text/json">{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22218860]'), work: {"id":22218860,"title":"Pojęcie horyzontalnego skutku norm konstytucyjnych – uwagi wprowadzające z perspektywy prawa konstytucyjnego","created_at":"2016-02-20T06:54:26.976-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22218860/Poj%C4%99cie_horyzontalnego_skutku_norm_konstytucyjnych_uwagi_wprowadzaj%C4%85ce_z_perspektywy_prawa_konstytucyjnego?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_22218860","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42871325,"asset_id":22218860,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43580423,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Radziewicz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrRadziewicz","display_name":"Piotr Radziewicz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrRadziewicz?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":750865,"name":"Konstytucja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konstytucja?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":1159422,"name":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trybunal_Konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36877870" data-work_id="36877870" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36877870/Sprawiedliwo%C5%9B%C4%87_spo%C5%82eczna_w_Konstytucji_RP">Sprawiedliwość społeczna w Konstytucji RP</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze poglądy na temat rozumienia sprawiedliwości społecznej, na którą wskazuje polska Konstytucja. Zwraca uwagę na perspektywę filozoficzną oraz na orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego i poglądy kolejnych... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36877870" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze poglądy na temat rozumienia sprawiedliwości społecznej, na którą wskazuje polska Konstytucja. Zwraca uwagę na perspektywę filozoficzną oraz na orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego i poglądy kolejnych Rzeczników Praw Obywatelskich. Tezą artykułu jest podkreślenie potrzeby rozumienia sprawiedliwości społecznej w kontekście aksjologii konstytucyjnej, co wiąże się przede wszystkim z realizacją zasady dobra wspólnego oraz zasady godności człowieka.<br />The research paper presents the main views about the concept of social<br />justice as it is pointed out in the Polish Constitution. Article highlights the<br />philosophical perspective, the judgments of the Constitutional Tribunal<br />and the views of the Commissioner for Human Rights. The thesis of this<br />article is to highlight the need to understand social justice in the context of constitutional axiology, which is associated primarily with the implementation of the principle of the common good and the principle of human dignity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36877870" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb849c768588b9fbd7a2c4c151cb5e9c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56833012,"asset_id":36877870,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56833012/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9072097" href="https://ignatianum1.academia.edu/WojciechArndt">Wojciech Arndt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9072097" type="text/json">{"id":9072097,"first_name":"Wojciech","last_name":"Arndt","domain_name":"ignatianum1","page_name":"WojciechArndt","display_name":"Wojciech Arndt","profile_url":"https://ignatianum1.academia.edu/WojciechArndt?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9072097/2944696/3448354/s65_wojciech.arndt.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36877870 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36877870"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36877870, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36877870", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36877870]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36877870").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36877870").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36877870"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5792" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice">Social Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5792" type="text/json">{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="307427" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Principles">Constitutional Principles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="307427" type="text/json">{"id":307427,"name":"Constitutional Principles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Principles?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="600863" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Interpretation">Constitutional Interpretation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="600863" type="text/json">{"id":600863,"name":"Constitutional Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Interpretation?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36877870]'), work: {"id":36877870,"title":"Sprawiedliwość społeczna w Konstytucji RP","created_at":"2018-06-20T10:32:20.044-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36877870/Sprawiedliwo%C5%9B%C4%87_spo%C5%82eczna_w_Konstytucji_RP?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_36877870","summary":"Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze poglądy na temat rozumienia sprawiedliwości społecznej, na którą wskazuje polska Konstytucja. Zwraca uwagę na perspektywę filozoficzną oraz na orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego i poglądy kolejnych Rzeczników Praw Obywatelskich. Tezą artykułu jest podkreślenie potrzeby rozumienia sprawiedliwości społecznej w kontekście aksjologii konstytucyjnej, co wiąże się przede wszystkim z realizacją zasady dobra wspólnego oraz zasady godności człowieka.\nThe research paper presents the main views about the concept of social\njustice as it is pointed out in the Polish Constitution. Article highlights the\nphilosophical perspective, the judgments of the Constitutional Tribunal\nand the views of the Commissioner for Human Rights. The thesis of this\narticle is to highlight the need to understand social justice in the context of constitutional axiology, which is associated primarily with the implementation of the principle of the common good and the principle of human dignity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56833012,"asset_id":36877870,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9072097,"first_name":"Wojciech","last_name":"Arndt","domain_name":"ignatianum1","page_name":"WojciechArndt","display_name":"Wojciech Arndt","profile_url":"https://ignatianum1.academia.edu/WojciechArndt?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9072097/2944696/3448354/s65_wojciech.arndt.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":307427,"name":"Constitutional Principles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Principles?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":600863,"name":"Constitutional Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Interpretation?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":899341,"name":"Sprawiedliwość","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sprawiedliwo%C5%9B%C4%87?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37638636" data-work_id="37638636" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37638636/Blankietowo%C5%9B%C4%87_norm_prawnokarnych_jako_problem_konstytucyjny">Blankietowość norm prawnokarnych jako problem konstytucyjny</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article aims to answer the question whether and if yes, then under what conditions blanket criminal provisions meet constitutional requirement of definiteness of an offense. This question is one of the most important legal issues... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37638636" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article aims to answer the question whether and if yes, then under what conditions blanket criminal provisions meet constitutional requirement of definiteness of an offense. This question is one of the most important legal issues that arises at the level of relations between the criminal law and the constitutional law. The rulings of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal relating to this issue show a far-reaching evolution. This evolution has proceeded from the thesis on an absolute prohibition of referrals in the criminal law towards the thesis on conditional permission of using blanket provisions in the criminal law. In the currently established judgments the Tribunal has stated that, from perspective of the constitutional principle of definiteness of an offense, blanket provisions are admissible if they meet the so-called foreseeability test. This test is met if the addressee of a criminal provision is able to determine – merely from the wording of the provision – main elements of the offense. It is worth noting that the Tribunal accepts both the partially blanket provisions and in exceptional situations the fully blanket provisions. The direction of changes in the judgments indicates a definitely needed prag-matism in balancing between the protective and the guarantee functions of the criminal law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37638636" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d56bf6e51147239b4eeac44f6faf53b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57623758,"asset_id":37638636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57623758/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12112567" href="https://torun-pl.academia.edu/AleksandraKustra">Aleksandra Kustra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12112567" type="text/json">{"id":12112567,"first_name":"Aleksandra","last_name":"Kustra","domain_name":"torun-pl","page_name":"AleksandraKustra","display_name":"Aleksandra Kustra","profile_url":"https://torun-pl.academia.edu/AleksandraKustra?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12112567/3474855/153321864/s65_aleksandra.kustra.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37638636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37638636"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37638636, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37638636", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37638636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37638636; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37638636"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37638636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37638636"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37638636; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37638636]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37638636").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37638636").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37638636"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="394635" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Karne">Prawo Karne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="394635" type="text/json">{"id":394635,"name":"Prawo Karne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Karne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2084058" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%C5%BBr%C3%B3d%C5%82a_Prawa">Żródła Prawa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2084058" type="text/json">{"id":2084058,"name":"Żródła Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%C5%BBr%C3%B3d%C5%82a_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37638636]'), work: {"id":37638636,"title":"Blankietowość norm prawnokarnych jako problem konstytucyjny","created_at":"2018-10-24T00:00:19.682-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37638636/Blankietowo%C5%9B%C4%87_norm_prawnokarnych_jako_problem_konstytucyjny?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_37638636","summary":" The article aims to answer the question whether and if yes, then under what conditions blanket criminal provisions meet constitutional requirement of definiteness of an offense. This question is one of the most important legal issues that arises at the level of relations between the criminal law and the constitutional law. The rulings of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal relating to this issue show a far-reaching evolution. This evolution has proceeded from the thesis on an absolute prohibition of referrals in the criminal law towards the thesis on conditional permission of using blanket provisions in the criminal law. In the currently established judgments the Tribunal has stated that, from perspective of the constitutional principle of definiteness of an offense, blanket provisions are admissible if they meet the so-called foreseeability test. This test is met if the addressee of a criminal provision is able to determine – merely from the wording of the provision – main elements of the offense. It is worth noting that the Tribunal accepts both the partially blanket provisions and in exceptional situations the fully blanket provisions. The direction of changes in the judgments indicates a definitely needed prag-matism in balancing between the protective and the guarantee functions of the criminal law.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57623758,"asset_id":37638636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12112567,"first_name":"Aleksandra","last_name":"Kustra","domain_name":"torun-pl","page_name":"AleksandraKustra","display_name":"Aleksandra Kustra","profile_url":"https://torun-pl.academia.edu/AleksandraKustra?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12112567/3474855/153321864/s65_aleksandra.kustra.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":394635,"name":"Prawo Karne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Karne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":2084058,"name":"Żródła Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%C5%BBr%C3%B3d%C5%82a_Prawa?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40557613 coauthored" data-work_id="40557613" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40557613/NACZELNE_ZASADY_SYSTEMOWE_W_KONSTYTUCJI_RZECZPOSPOLITEJ_POLSKIEJ">NACZELNE ZASADY SYSTEMOWE W KONSTYTUCJI RZECZPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40557613" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3db70b0ed9c10bdd702cc9a9a6c43c8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60835872,"asset_id":40557613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60835872/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="73442862" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MaciejNycz">Maciej Nycz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="73442862" type="text/json">{"id":73442862,"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Nycz","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MaciejNycz","display_name":"Maciej Nycz","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MaciejNycz?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73442862/22897193/22042004/s65_maciej.nycz.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-40557613">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-40557613"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KrzysztofFila">Krzysztof Fila</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KamilaFituch">Kamila Fituch</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://amu.academia.edu/MateuszGrabarczyk">Mateusz Grabarczyk</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-40557613'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-40557613').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40557613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40557613"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40557613, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40557613", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40557613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40557613; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40557613"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40557613 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40557613"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40557613; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40557613]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40557613").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40557613").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40557613"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="715307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne">Prawo Konstytucyjne</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="715307" type="text/json">{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40557613]'), work: {"id":40557613,"title":"NACZELNE ZASADY SYSTEMOWE W KONSTYTUCJI RZECZPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ","created_at":"2019-10-08T06:40:40.417-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40557613/NACZELNE_ZASADY_SYSTEMOWE_W_KONSTYTUCJI_RZECZPOSPOLITEJ_POLSKIEJ?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_40557613","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60835872,"asset_id":40557613,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":73442862,"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Nycz","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MaciejNycz","display_name":"Maciej Nycz","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MaciejNycz?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73442862/22897193/22042004/s65_maciej.nycz.jpg"},{"id":73536457,"first_name":"Krzysztof","last_name":"Fila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KrzysztofFila","display_name":"Krzysztof Fila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KrzysztofFila?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73536457/37912813/31909434/s65_krzysztof.fila.jpg"},{"id":141013940,"first_name":"Kamila","last_name":"Fituch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KamilaFituch","display_name":"Kamila Fituch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KamilaFituch?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":96322439,"first_name":"Mateusz","last_name":"Grabarczyk","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"MateuszGrabarczyk","display_name":"Mateusz Grabarczyk","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/MateuszGrabarczyk?f_ri=715307","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35024824" data-work_id="35024824" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35024824/Bezpo%C5%9Brednie_konstytucyjne_granice_wolno%C5%9Bci_cz%C5%82owieka_Direct_constitutional_limits_of_human_freedom">Bezpośrednie konstytucyjne granice wolności człowieka / Direct constitutional limits of human freedom</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article presents the concept of direct constitutional limits of human freedom in the form of constitutional norms setting the scope of human freedom protected by the Constitution of 1997. To ensure the protection of freedom of every... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35024824" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article presents the concept of direct constitutional limits of human freedom in the form of constitutional norms setting the scope of human freedom protected by the Constitution of 1997. To ensure the protection of freedom of every human being, the Polish Constitution of 1997 affirms natural individual autonomy as well as freedom from interference by state and private entities. However, it is not the final scope of freedom protected by the Constitution. Restrictions imposed on thus understood natural freedom are usually expressed in statutes passed by ordinary legislature, where requirements of proportionality must be met. However, they can also be influenced for the reasons of the Constitution. Therefore, being a social contract, the Constitution represents resolution of conflicts of fundamental value and/or social importance. These norms, by limiting natural freedom of every human being, determine the constitutional framework for the protection of freedom as a legal position (the so-called fundamental freedom). Thus understood<br />freedom may be subject to further, proportionate restrictions<br />imposed by an ordinary legislator.<br />In the article, absolute and relative direct constitutional limits<br />have been distinguished. The former are definitive limits leaving no<br />margin for discretion for the legislature. They include: prohibition of<br />human dignity violation, prohibition of discrimination or prohibition<br />of permanent employment of children under the age of 16. The relative<br />limits, in turn, set the scope of individual freedom protected prima<br />facie, as long as the legislator does not resolve specific conflicts of freedoms and rights. The obligation to respect rights and freedom of other people is an example of such a norm that emphasises unacceptability of breaching a constitutionally protected sphere of another person, unless permitted by the legislature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35024824" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="04ba14c5a2acee77fb26bea7b3035809" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54887770,"asset_id":35024824,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54887770/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35889827" href="https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik">Jan Podkowik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35889827" type="text/json">{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35024824 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35024824"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35024824, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35024824", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35024824]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35024824").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35024824").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35024824"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_review">Judicial review</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7813" type="text/json">{"id":7813,"name":"Judicial review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_review?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9795" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personal_and_Moral_Autonomy">Personal and Moral Autonomy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9795" type="text/json">{"id":9795,"name":"Personal and Moral Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personal_and_Moral_Autonomy?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12935" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Freedom">Philosophy Of Freedom</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12935" type="text/json">{"id":12935,"name":"Philosophy Of Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Freedom?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35024824]'), work: {"id":35024824,"title":"Bezpośrednie konstytucyjne granice wolności człowieka / Direct constitutional limits of human freedom","created_at":"2017-11-01T13:38:27.071-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35024824/Bezpo%C5%9Brednie_konstytucyjne_granice_wolno%C5%9Bci_cz%C5%82owieka_Direct_constitutional_limits_of_human_freedom?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_35024824","summary":"The article presents the concept of direct constitutional limits of human freedom in the form of constitutional norms setting the scope of human freedom protected by the Constitution of 1997. To ensure the protection of freedom of every human being, the Polish Constitution of 1997 affirms natural individual autonomy as well as freedom from interference by state and private entities. However, it is not the final scope of freedom protected by the Constitution. Restrictions imposed on thus understood natural freedom are usually expressed in statutes passed by ordinary legislature, where requirements of proportionality must be met. However, they can also be influenced for the reasons of the Constitution. Therefore, being a social contract, the Constitution represents resolution of conflicts of fundamental value and/or social importance. These norms, by limiting natural freedom of every human being, determine the constitutional framework for the protection of freedom as a legal position (the so-called fundamental freedom). Thus understood\nfreedom may be subject to further, proportionate restrictions\nimposed by an ordinary legislator.\nIn the article, absolute and relative direct constitutional limits\nhave been distinguished. The former are definitive limits leaving no\nmargin for discretion for the legislature. They include: prohibition of\nhuman dignity violation, prohibition of discrimination or prohibition\nof permanent employment of children under the age of 16. The relative\nlimits, in turn, set the scope of individual freedom protected prima\nfacie, as long as the legislator does not resolve specific conflicts of freedoms and rights. The obligation to respect rights and freedom of other people is an example of such a norm that emphasises unacceptability of breaching a constitutionally protected sphere of another person, unless permitted by the legislature.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54887770,"asset_id":35024824,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35889827,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Podkowik","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"JanPodkowik","display_name":"Jan Podkowik","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/JanPodkowik?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35889827/16959485/125732230/s65_jan.podkowik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":7813,"name":"Judicial review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_review?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":9795,"name":"Personal and Moral Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personal_and_Moral_Autonomy?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":12935,"name":"Philosophy Of Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Freedom?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":14197,"name":"Autonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy?f_ri=715307"},{"id":21527,"name":"Constitutional Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Theory?f_ri=715307"},{"id":30471,"name":"Constitutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutionalism?f_ri=715307"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=715307"},{"id":326647,"name":"Granice wolności","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Granice_wolnosci?f_ri=715307"},{"id":476773,"name":"Prawo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo?f_ri=715307"},{"id":525602,"name":"Nauka","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nauka?f_ri=715307"},{"id":676072,"name":"Teoria Prawa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teoria_Prawa?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"},{"id":914778,"name":"Wolność","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wolnosc?f_ri=715307"},{"id":957566,"name":"Sądownictwo (Judiciary)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sadownictwo_Judiciary_?f_ri=715307"},{"id":1222785,"name":"Constitutional Law Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law_Theory?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35060204" data-work_id="35060204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35060204/Ombudsman_Institutions_and_the_Judiciary_in_Sweden_and_Finland">Ombudsman Institutions and the Judiciary in Sweden and Finland</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The short article discusses the competences of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland in relation to the judiciary. These institutions have controlling and supervisory powers in relation to courts of law, including the determination of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35060204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The short article discusses the competences of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland in relation to the judiciary. These institutions have controlling and supervisory powers in relation to courts of law, including the determination of the accountability of judges and typical competences of a prosecutor. The author points out the necessity to read provisions of the constitutions and acts regulating the discussed competences in the light of the principle of the judiciary's independence. Still, the supervisory rights of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland are very well developed and may refer to issues approaching closely the sphere of jurisdiction. When assessing the solutions presented, the author points out the fact that the ombudsmen in both countries have worked out respective practices aimed at such use of available means of control so they cannot be accused of a reasonable and too extended interference with the judiciary sphere. Streszczenie W artykule omówione zostały kompetencje ombudsmanów w Szwecji i Finlandii w odniesieniu do władzy sądowniczej. Instytucje te posiadają pewne uprawnienia kontrolno-nadzorcze nad sądami, w tym również w zakresie pociągania sędziów do odpowiedzialności a także kompetencje typowo prokuratorskie. Autor wskazuje na konieczność odczytywania przepisów konstytucji i ustaw regulujących opisywane kompetencje w świetle zasad niezależności władzy sądowniczej. Niemniej uprawnienia nadzorcze ombudsmanów w Szwecji i Finlandii mają charakter rozbudowany i mogą dotyczyć kwestii bardzo zbliżonych</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35060204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70d12bd984a8810b3f0c03643d1b9351" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54920315,"asset_id":35060204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54920315/download_file?st=MTczMzI1NTg2MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26128325" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26128325" type="text/json">{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Mikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26128325/7178848/14459435/s65_piotr.mikuli.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35060204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35060204"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35060204, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35060204", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35060204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35060204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35060204"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35060204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35060204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35060204; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35060204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35060204").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35060204").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35060204"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law">Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="547" type="text/json">{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7554" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law">Comparative Constitutional Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7554" type="text/json">{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37690" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary">The role of the judiciary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37690" type="text/json">{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63143" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="63143" type="text/json">{"id":63143,"name":"Ombudsman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ombudsman?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35060204]'), work: {"id":35060204,"title":"Ombudsman Institutions and the Judiciary in Sweden and Finland","created_at":"2017-11-05T10:40:30.212-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35060204/Ombudsman_Institutions_and_the_Judiciary_in_Sweden_and_Finland?f_ri=715307","dom_id":"work_35060204","summary":"The short article discusses the competences of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland in relation to the judiciary. These institutions have controlling and supervisory powers in relation to courts of law, including the determination of the accountability of judges and typical competences of a prosecutor. The author points out the necessity to read provisions of the constitutions and acts regulating the discussed competences in the light of the principle of the judiciary's independence. Still, the supervisory rights of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland are very well developed and may refer to issues approaching closely the sphere of jurisdiction. When assessing the solutions presented, the author points out the fact that the ombudsmen in both countries have worked out respective practices aimed at such use of available means of control so they cannot be accused of a reasonable and too extended interference with the judiciary sphere. Streszczenie W artykule omówione zostały kompetencje ombudsmanów w Szwecji i Finlandii w odniesieniu do władzy sądowniczej. Instytucje te posiadają pewne uprawnienia kontrolno-nadzorcze nad sądami, w tym również w zakresie pociągania sędziów do odpowiedzialności a także kompetencje typowo prokuratorskie. Autor wskazuje na konieczność odczytywania przepisów konstytucji i ustaw regulujących opisywane kompetencje w świetle zasad niezależności władzy sądowniczej. Niemniej uprawnienia nadzorcze ombudsmanów w Szwecji i Finlandii mają charakter rozbudowany i mogą dotyczyć kwestii bardzo zbliżonych","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54920315,"asset_id":35060204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Mikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli?f_ri=715307","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26128325/7178848/14459435/s65_piotr.mikuli.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":547,"name":"Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":7554,"name":"Comparative Constitutional Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Constitutional_Law?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":63143,"name":"Ombudsman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ombudsman?f_ri=715307","nofollow":false},{"id":89758,"name":"Separation of Powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Separation_of_Powers?f_ri=715307"},{"id":281994,"name":"Judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judiciary?f_ri=715307"},{"id":715307,"name":"Prawo Konstytucyjne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prawo_Konstytucyjne?f_ri=715307"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30092708" data-work_id="30092708" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30092708/Niezmienialne_normy_konstytucyjne_jako_instytucja_demokratycznego_pa%C5%84stwa_prawnego_referat_">Niezmienialne normy konstytucyjne jako instytucja demokratycznego państwa prawnego (referat)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30092708" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="40ad8d4ffe5756c7884d217979a050fe" rel="nofollow" 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