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<span>Quarries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_monuments_and_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_monuments_and_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable monuments and buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_monuments_and_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_isotopic_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_isotopic_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in isotopic standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_isotopic_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Карарскі мармур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карарскі мармур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Карарски мрамор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карарски мрамор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbre_de_Carrara" title="Marbre de Carrara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marbre de Carrara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kararsk%C3%BD_mramor" title="Kararský mramor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kararský mramor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrara-Marmor" title="Carrara-Marmor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carrara-Marmor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μάρμαρο Καρράρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρμαρο Καρράρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmol_de_Carrara" title="Mármol de Carrara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mármol de Carrara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrarako_marmol" title="Carrarako marmol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carrarako marmol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="معدن مرمر کارارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معدن مرمر کارارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbre_de_Carrare" title="Marbre de Carrare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marbre de Carrare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC_%EB%8C%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%9D" title="카라라 대리석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라라 대리석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կարարայի մարմար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարարայի մարմար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmer_Carrara" title="Marmer Carrara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marmer Carrara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmo_di_Carrara" title="Marmo di Carrara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marmo di Carrara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carraramarmor" title="Carraramarmor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carraramarmor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmur_karraryjski" title="Marmur karraryjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marmur karraryjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rmore_de_Carrara" title="Mármore de Carrara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mármore de Carrara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Каррарский мрамор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каррарский мрамор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrarski_marmor" title="Carrarski marmor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carrarski marmor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carraran_marmori" title="Carraran marmori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carraran marmori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carraramarmor" title="Carraramarmor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carraramarmor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Каррарський мармур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каррарський мармур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A9m_th%E1%BA%A1ch_Carrara" title="Cẩm thạch Carrara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cẩm thạch Carrara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of white or blue-grey marble popular for use in sculpture and building decor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrara.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Carrara.PNG/220px-Carrara.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Carrara.PNG/330px-Carrara.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Carrara.PNG/440px-Carrara.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>; the white on the mountains behind is quarried faces of marble.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_-_Carrara_stone_samples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2016_-_Carrara_stone_samples.jpg/220px-2016_-_Carrara_stone_samples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2016_-_Carrara_stone_samples.jpg/330px-2016_-_Carrara_stone_samples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2016_-_Carrara_stone_samples.jpg/440px-2016_-_Carrara_stone_samples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Sample sheets, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Carrara marble</b>, or <b>Luna marble</b> (<i>marmor lunense</i>) to the Romans, is a type of white or blue-grey <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> popular for use in <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> and building decor. It has been <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarried</a> since Roman times in the mountains just outside the city of <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massa_and_Carrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Massa and Carrara">province of Massa and Carrara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a>, the northernmost tip of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, Italy. </p><p>More marble has been extracted from the over 650 quarry sites near Carrara than from any other place. The pure white <i>statuario</i> grade was used for <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>, as "it has a high tensile strength, can take a high gloss polish and holds very fine detail".<sup id="cite_ref-Kings_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 20th century Carrara's highest-grade marble had run out; the considerable ongoing production is of stone with a greyish tint, or streaks of black or grey on white. This is still attractive as an architectural facing, or for tiles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carrara marble has been used since the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, when it was called <i>marmor lunense</i>, or "Luni marble".<sup id="cite_ref-Fant1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fant1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages, most of the quarries were owned by the Marquis <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_family" title="Malaspina family">Malaspina</a> who in turn rented them to families of <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> masters who managed both the extraction and transport of the precious material. Some of them, such as the Maffioli, who rented some quarries north of Carrara, in the Torano area, or, around 1490, Giovanni Pietro Buffa, who bought marble on credit from local quarrymen and then resold it on the Venetian market, were able to create a dense commercial network, exporting the marble even to distant locations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just to cite an example, starting from 1474, first the Maffioli, then the Buffa, supplied the marble for the facade of the <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a>, also taking care of the transport of the material which, by ship, after having circumnavigated Italy, reached the construction site of the monastery after having sailed up the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> by boat.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from the 16th century, Genoese stonecutters-merchants also entered this flourishing trade.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries, the marble quarries were monitored by the Cybo and Malaspina families who ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a>. The family created the "Office of Marble" in 1564 to regulate the marble mining industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011571_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011571-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Massa,_Tuscany" title="Massa, Tuscany">Massa</a>, in particular, saw much of its plan redesigned (new roads, plazas, intersections, pavings) in order to make it worthy of an Italian country's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011573_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011573-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the extinction of the Cybo-Malaspina family, the state was ruled by the House of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Este" title="Austria-Este">Austria-Este</a> and management of the mines rested with them. <a href="/wiki/Massa_Cathedral" title="Massa Cathedral">Massa Cathedral</a> is built entirely of Carrara marble and the old Ducal Palace of Massa was used to showcase the stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011574_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011574-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 19th century, Carrara had become a cradle of anarchism in Italy, in particular among the quarry workers. According to a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article of 1894, workers in the marble quarries were among the most neglected labourers in Italy. Many of them were ex-convicts or fugitives from justice. The work at the quarries was so tough and arduous that almost any aspirant worker with sufficient muscle and endurance was employed, regardless of their background.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt190194_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt190194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quarry workers and stone carvers had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. Many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded the first anarchist group in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt190194_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt190194-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Carrara, the anarchist Galileo Palla remarked, "even the stones are anarchists."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quarry workers were the main actors of the <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana_revolt" title="Lunigiana revolt">Lunigiana revolt</a> in January 1894. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quarries">Quarries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quarries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg/260px-Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg/390px-Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg/520px-Carrara_Marble_quarry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Carrara marble quarry</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apuan Alps above <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> show evidence of at least 650 quarry sites, with about half of them currently abandoned or worked out.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carrara quarries have produced more marble than any other place on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working the quarries is and has always been dangerous. In September 1911, a collapsing cliff face at the Bettogli Quarry crushed 10 workers who were on lunch break under a precipice. A 2014 video made at a Carrara quarry shows workers with missing fingers, and workers performing hazardous, painfully noisy work who are not wearing protective gear of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prize yield from Carrara quarries through millennia has been <i>statuario</i>, a pure white marble (coloring in other marbles arises from intermixture with other minerals present in the limestone as it is converted to marble by heat or pressure). However, by the end of the 20th century, the known deposits of <i>statuario</i> near Carrara were played out. The quarries continue to remove and ship up to a million tons/year of less-esteemed marble, mostly for export. This is predominantly streaked with black or grey.<sup id="cite_ref-Kings_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bianco Carrara classified in C and CD variations as well as Bianco Venatino and Statuarietto are by far the most common types with more expensive exotic variations such as Calacatta Gold, Calacatta Borghini, Calacatta Macchia Vecchia, Arabescato Cervaiole and Arabescato Vagli quarried throughout the Carrara area. Bardiglio has more black, and has been used since Roman times for architectural facings and floors.<sup id="cite_ref-Kings_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_monuments_and_buildings">Notable monuments and buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable monuments and buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The marble from Carrara was used for some of the most remarkable buildings in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Proserpina" title="Temple of Proserpina">Temple of Proserpina</a> – later reused in many buildings in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li></ul> <p>It was also used in many <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> including <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i> (1501–1504)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ascent_of_Augustus_and_Access_to_Italian_Marble_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ascent_of_Augustus_and_Access_to_Italian_Marble-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the statue to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, which commands a central position in <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a>, was carved in Carrara by Italian craftsmen working to <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Robertson_Hill" title="Amelia Robertson Hill">Amelia Robertson Hill</a>'s model. It was unveiled by future UK <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a> on 6 April 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable occurrences include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_London" title="Victoria Memorial, London">Victoria Memorial, London</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some sections of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Dos_Aguas" title="Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas">Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prem Mandir Vrindavan">Prem Mandir</a>, Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Duomo di Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_St._Hedwig,_Queen_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagus of St. Hedwig, Queen of Poland">Sarcophagus of St. Hedwig, Queen of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> (interior), <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Place" title="First Canadian Place">First Canadian Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Grand_Mosque" title="Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque">Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> buildings, Boston, Massachusetts, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Opera_House" title="Oslo Opera House">Oslo Opera House</a>, Oslo, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a> (Crosses and Stars of David), Normandy, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a>, Washington, D.C., US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Memorial" title="King Edward VII Memorial">King Edward VII Memorial</a>, Birmingham, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshardham_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshardham (Delhi)">Akshardham</a>, Delhi, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aon_Center_(Chicago)" title="Aon Center (Chicago)">Aon Center (Chicago)</a> Chicago, Illinois, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum" title="Milwaukee Art Museum">Milwaukee Art Museum</a>, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banovina_Palace" title="Banovina Palace">Banovina Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robba_Fountain" title="Robba Fountain">Robba Fountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Hall" title="Finlandia Hall">Finlandia Hall</a>, Helsinki, Finland (renovated with <a href="/wiki/Lasa_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasa marble">Lasa marble</a> in 2024 due to chemical degradation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon Tower">Devon Tower</a>, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda (University of Virginia)</a>, Charlottesville, Virginia, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_University" title="Far Eastern University">Far Eastern University</a>, Manila, Philippines—Administration Building</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rome_Italy_Temple" title="Rome Italy Temple">Rome Italy Temple</a> of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Chambers" title="Glasgow City Chambers">Glasgow City Chambers</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_Tomb" title="Grant's Tomb">General Grant National Memorial (Tomb)</a>, New York, New York, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Atrium" title="Winter Garden Atrium">Winter Garden Atrium</a>, World Financial Center, New York, New York, US<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadian_Tombs" title="Saadian Tombs">Saadian Tombs</a>, Marrakesh, Morocco</li></ul> <p>Carrara marble has been designated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Global_Heritage_Stone_Resource" title="Global Heritage Stone Resource">Global Heritage Stone Resource</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_isotopic_standard">Use in isotopic standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in isotopic standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>, obtained from an 80 kg sample of Carrara marble,<sup id="cite_ref-IAEA603RefSheet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEA603RefSheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used as the <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>-603 <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> standard in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> for the calibration of δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1218px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michelangelo's Pietà, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City"><img alt="Michelangelo's Pietà, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/114px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/172px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/229px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robbafountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Replica of the Robba Fountain at Town Square, Ljubljana. The sculptural part of the fountain is made of Carrara marble, the obelisk of local Lesno Brdo limestone, and the pool of local Podpeč limestone."><img alt="Replica of the Robba Fountain at Town Square, Ljubljana. The sculptural part of the fountain is made of Carrara marble, the obelisk of local Lesno Brdo limestone, and the pool of local Podpeč limestone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Robbafountain.jpg/64px-Robbafountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Robbafountain.jpg/97px-Robbafountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Robbafountain.jpg/129px-Robbafountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1977" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Robba_Fountain" title="Robba Fountain">Robba Fountain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Town_Square,_Ljubljana" class="mw-redirect" title="Town Square, Ljubljana">Town Square, Ljubljana</a>. The sculptural part of the fountain is made of Carrara marble, the obelisk of local Lesno Brdo <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, and the pool of local Podpeč limestone.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jadwiga_CP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jadwiga of Poland's sarcophagus by Antoni Madeyski in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków"><img alt="Jadwiga of Poland's sarcophagus by Antoni Madeyski in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/160px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/240px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/320px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga of Poland</a>'s sarcophagus by Antoni Madeyski in <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Mitoraj_HerosDeLumiere_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Héros de Lumiere, by Igor Mitoraj. As of 2004 displayed at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park."><img alt="Héros de Lumiere, by Igor Mitoraj. As of 2004 displayed at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Igor_Mitoraj_HerosDeLumiere_1986.jpg/80px-Igor_Mitoraj_HerosDeLumiere_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Igor_Mitoraj_HerosDeLumiere_1986.jpg/120px-Igor_Mitoraj_HerosDeLumiere_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Igor_Mitoraj_HerosDeLumiere_1986.jpg/160px-Igor_Mitoraj_HerosDeLumiere_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Héros de Lumiere</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Mitoraj" title="Igor Mitoraj">Igor Mitoraj</a>. As of 2004 displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park" title="Yorkshire Sculpture Park">Yorkshire Sculpture Park</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Main_Hall_in_Sheik_Zayed_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Main Prayer Hall in Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"><img alt="Interior of the Main Prayer Hall in Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Interior_of_Main_Hall_in_Sheik_Zayed_Mosque.jpg/160px-Interior_of_Main_Hall_in_Sheik_Zayed_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Interior_of_Main_Hall_in_Sheik_Zayed_Mosque.jpg/240px-Interior_of_Main_Hall_in_Sheik_Zayed_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Interior_of_Main_Hall_in_Sheik_Zayed_Mosque.jpg/320px-Interior_of_Main_Hall_in_Sheik_Zayed_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Main Prayer Hall in <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Grand_Mosque" title="Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque">Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimneypiece_MET_SF1972_276_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parisian chimneypiece, c. 1775–1785, Carrara marble with gilt bronze, height: 111.4 cm, width: 169.5 cm, depth: 41.9 cm"><img alt="Parisian chimneypiece, c. 1775–1785, Carrara marble with gilt bronze, height: 111.4 cm, width: 169.5 cm, depth: 41.9 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chimneypiece_MET_SF1972_276_2.jpg/160px-Chimneypiece_MET_SF1972_276_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chimneypiece_MET_SF1972_276_2.jpg/240px-Chimneypiece_MET_SF1972_276_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chimneypiece_MET_SF1972_276_2.jpg/320px-Chimneypiece_MET_SF1972_276_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parisian chimneypiece, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1775</span>–1785, Carrara marble with gilt bronze, height: 111.4 cm, width: 169.5 cm, depth: 41.9 cm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Chromy_Cloak_Of_Conscience.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cloak of Conscience, Piétà or Commendatore, by Anna Chromý located in Cathedral in Salzburg, Austria, Stavovske divadlo in Prague, National Archeological Museum in Athens and elsewhere"><img alt="The Cloak of Conscience, Piétà or Commendatore, by Anna Chromý located in Cathedral in Salzburg, Austria, Stavovske divadlo in Prague, National Archeological Museum in Athens and elsewhere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anna_Chromy_Cloak_Of_Conscience.jpg/80px-Anna_Chromy_Cloak_Of_Conscience.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anna_Chromy_Cloak_Of_Conscience.jpg/120px-Anna_Chromy_Cloak_Of_Conscience.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Anna_Chromy_Cloak_Of_Conscience.jpg/160px-Anna_Chromy_Cloak_Of_Conscience.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_Conscience" title="Cloak of Conscience">Cloak of Conscience</a></i>, <i>Piétà</i> or <i>Commendatore</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Chrom%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Chromý">Anna Chromý</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Cathedral" title="Salzburg Cathedral">Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Austria, <a href="/wiki/Estates_Theatre" title="Estates Theatre">Stavovske divadlo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archeological Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and elsewhere</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his wife Teresa Cristina, by Jean Magrou (gisant) and Hildegardo Leão Veloso (reliefs) in the Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara in Petrópolis, Brazil"><img alt="Tomb of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his wife Teresa Cristina, by Jean Magrou (gisant) and Hildegardo Leão Veloso (reliefs) in the Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara in Petrópolis, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg/160px-Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg/240px-Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg/320px-Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Magrou" title="Jean Magrou">Jean Magrou</a> (gisant) and Hildegardo Leão Veloso (reliefs) in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Cathedral of Petrópolis">Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The George Washington statue on display at the National Museum of American History"><img alt="The George Washington statue on display at the National Museum of American History" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg/85px-George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg/128px-George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg/171px-George_Washington_Greenough_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)">George Washington statue</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosanji_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hill of Hope monument in Onomichi, Hiroshima, is landscaped with five thousand square metres of Carrara marble."><img alt="The Hill of Hope monument in Onomichi, Hiroshima, is landscaped with five thousand square metres of Carrara marble." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kosanji_Monument.jpg/160px-Kosanji_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kosanji_Monument.jpg/240px-Kosanji_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kosanji_Monument.jpg/320px-Kosanji_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hill of Hope monument in <a href="/wiki/Onomichi,_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomichi, Hiroshima">Onomichi, Hiroshima</a>, is landscaped with five thousand square metres of Carrara marble.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_-_Glasgow_City_Chambers_-_20141112102630.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staircase, Glasgow City Chambers"><img alt="Carrara Marble Staircase, Glasgow City Chambers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scotland_-_Glasgow_City_Chambers_-_20141112102630.jpg/90px-Scotland_-_Glasgow_City_Chambers_-_20141112102630.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scotland_-_Glasgow_City_Chambers_-_20141112102630.jpg/135px-Scotland_-_Glasgow_City_Chambers_-_20141112102630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scotland_-_Glasgow_City_Chambers_-_20141112102630.jpg/180px-Scotland_-_Glasgow_City_Chambers_-_20141112102630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Staircase, Glasgow City Chambers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VII_statue_Birmingham.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham's King Edward VII Memorial was carved from a large piece of Carrara marble."><img alt="Birmingham's King Edward VII Memorial was carved from a large piece of Carrara marble." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/King_Edward_VII_statue_Birmingham.JPG/89px-King_Edward_VII_statue_Birmingham.JPG" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/King_Edward_VII_statue_Birmingham.JPG/133px-King_Edward_VII_statue_Birmingham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/King_Edward_VII_statue_Birmingham.JPG/178px-King_Edward_VII_statue_Birmingham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2599" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Birmingham's <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Memorial" title="King Edward VII Memorial">King Edward VII Memorial</a> was carved from a large piece of Carrara marble.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J150W-statue-VenereDiCanova.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adelaide's first street statue, Venere di Canova, a copy of Venus Italica, was carved from Carrara marble."><img alt="Adelaide's first street statue, Venere di Canova, a copy of Venus Italica, was carved from Carrara marble." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J150W-statue-VenereDiCanova.jpg/90px-J150W-statue-VenereDiCanova.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J150W-statue-VenereDiCanova.jpg/135px-J150W-statue-VenereDiCanova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J150W-statue-VenereDiCanova.jpg/180px-J150W-statue-VenereDiCanova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adelaide's first street statue, <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_150_Walkway#Statue:_Venere_Di_Canova" title="Jubilee 150 Walkway">Venere di Canova</a>, a copy of <a href="/wiki/Venus_Italica" title="Venus Italica">Venus Italica</a>, was carved from Carrara marble.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A1ni_palota._Fortepan_8516.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banovina Palace, Novi Sad, Serbia. The interior is done in Carrara marble, while the exterior is done in Brač marble."><img alt="Banovina Palace, Novi Sad, Serbia. The interior is done in Carrara marble, while the exterior is done in Brač marble." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/B%C3%A1ni_palota._Fortepan_8516.jpg/160px-B%C3%A1ni_palota._Fortepan_8516.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/B%C3%A1ni_palota._Fortepan_8516.jpg/240px-B%C3%A1ni_palota._Fortepan_8516.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/B%C3%A1ni_palota._Fortepan_8516.jpg/320px-B%C3%A1ni_palota._Fortepan_8516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3649" data-file-height="2451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Banovina_Palace" title="Banovina Palace">Banovina Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. The interior is done in Carrara marble, while the exterior is done in <a href="/wiki/Bra%C4%8D" title="Brač">Brač</a> marble.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Degradation">Degradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_yeast" title="Black yeast">black yeast</a> <i>Micrococcus halobius</i> can colonize Carrara marble by forming a <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> and producing <a href="/wiki/Gluconic_acid" title="Gluconic acid">gluconic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">pyruvic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic acids</a> from <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Dionysos Theater</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Cav" title="No Cav">No Cav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">List of types of marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizza_di_Piastreta" title="Lizza di Piastreta">Lizza di Piastreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmifera_di_Carrara_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmifera di Carrara railway">Marmifera di Carrara railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a>, a culinary specialty of the Carrara region commonly cured in basins made of Carrara marble</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kings-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kings_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kings_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kings_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kings</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fant1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fant1999_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFant1999" class="citation book cs1">Fant, J.C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51vdxp7FUdwC&pg=PA278">"Augustus and the City of Marble"</a>. <i>Archéomatériaux: Marbres et Autres Roches</i>. Presses Univ de Bordeaux. pp. 278, 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86781-244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86781-244-6"><bdi>978-2-86781-244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustus+and+the+City+of+Marble&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A9omat%C3%A9riaux%3A+Marbres+et+Autres+Roches&rft.pages=278%2C+344&rft.pub=Presses+Univ+de+Bordeaux&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-86781-244-6&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51vdxp7FUdwC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltramiLazzariniAntonelli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Beltrami, C.; Lazzarini, L.; Antonelli, F. (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/arcm.12587">"A Roman shipwreck with a cargo of Apuan marble (marmor lunense) at Punta del Francese (Stintino-Sassari, Sardinia)"</a>. <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>62</b>: 1081–1094. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Farcm.12587">10.1111/arcm.12587</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=A+Roman+shipwreck+with+a+cargo+of+Apuan+marble+%28marmor+lunense%29+at+Punta+del+Francese+%28Stintino-Sassari%2C+Sardinia%29&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=1081-1094&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Farcm.12587&rft.aulast=Beltrami&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Lazzarini%2C+L.&rft.au=Antonelli%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Farcm.12587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlapisch-Zuber1969" class="citation book cs1">Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1969). <i>Les maitres du marbre : Carrare, 1300-1600</i>. Paris: J. Touzot. pp. 129–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782713204685" title="Special:BookSources/9782713204685"><bdi>9782713204685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+maitres+du+marbre+%3A+Carrare%2C+1300-1600&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=129-192&rft.pub=J.+Touzot&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9782713204685&rft.aulast=Klapisch-Zuber&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemelli2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gemelli, Filippo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondazionefranzoni.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/MARMORA_2-2021_04_STUDIA_Gemelli_HD.pdf">"L'approvvigionamento lapideo tra XIV e XV secolo nei cantieri del Duomo e della Certosa di Pavia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MARMORA et LAPIDEA</i> (in Italian). <b>2</b>: 169–183. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2724-4229">2724-4229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MARMORA+et+LAPIDEA&rft.atitle=L%27approvvigionamento+lapideo+tra+XIV+e+XV+secolo+nei+cantieri+del+Duomo+e+della+Certosa+di+Pavia&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=169-183&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2724-4229&rft.aulast=Gemelli&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazionefranzoni.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F12%2FMARMORA_2-2021_04_STUDIA_Gemelli_HD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlapisch-Zuber1969" class="citation book cs1">Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1969). <i>Les maitres du marbre : Carrare, 1300-1600</i>. Paris: J. Touzot. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782713204685" title="Special:BookSources/9782713204685"><bdi>9782713204685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+maitres+du+marbre+%3A+Carrare%2C+1300-1600&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=J.+Touzot&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9782713204685&rft.aulast=Klapisch-Zuber&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011571-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011571_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldthwaite2011">Goldthwaite 2011</a>, p. 571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011573-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011573_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldthwaite2011">Goldthwaite 2011</a>, p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011574-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldthwaite2011574_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldthwaite2011">Goldthwaite 2011</a>, p. 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt190194-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt190194_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt190194_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/01/19/104156733.pdf">A Stronghold of Anarchists</a>, The New York Times, 19 January 1894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italianamericana.com/ItalianAmericana2011/History.html">No License to Serve: Prohibition, Anarchists, and the Italian-American Widows of Barre, Vermont, 1900–1920</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009024302/http://www.italianamericana.com/ItalianAmericana2011/History.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Robin Hazard Ray, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americana" title="Italian Americana">Italian Americana</a>, Spring 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>, <i>Magical marble, that gleaming rock for the ages</i> (January 1992 issue, pp. 98–107)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/this-mine-has-produced-more-marble-than-anywhere-on-earth">"This mine has produced more marble than anywhere on Earth"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=This+mine+has+produced+more+marble+than+anywhere+on+Earth&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthis-mine-has-produced-more-marble-than-anywhere-on-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nowness.com/story/artist-yuri-ancarani-il-capo">[1]</a> <i>Il Capo</i>, directed by Yuri Ancarani, Nowness.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Ascent_of_Augustus_and_Access_to_Italian_Marble-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ascent_of_Augustus_and_Access_to_Italian_Marble_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Diana E. E. Kleiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/roman-architecture/lecture/YMhw1/9-3-the-ascent-of-augustus-and-access-to-italian-marble"><i>The Ascent of Augustus and Access to Italian Marble</i></a> (Multimedia presentation). Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Augustus+and+Access+to+Italian+Marble&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coursera.org%2Flearn%2Froman-architecture%2Flecture%2FYMhw1%2F9-3-the-ascent-of-augustus-and-access-to-italian-marble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Michelangelo, Carrara marble was valued above all other stone, except perhaps that of his own quarry in <a href="/wiki/Pietrasanta" title="Pietrasanta">Pietrasanta</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731024619/http://www.burnsscotland.com/000-000-135-599-C">"National Burns Collection – Burns Statue, Dumfries with Tam O'Shanter and Souter Johnnie statues "on tour", c. 1900"</a>. Burnsscotland.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burnsscotland.com/000-000-135-599-C">the original</a> on 31 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Burns+Collection+%E2%80%93+Burns+Statue%2C+Dumfries+with+Tam+O%27Shanter+and+Souter+Johnnie+statues+%22on+tour%22%2C+c.+1900&rft.pub=Burnsscotland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burnsscotland.com%2F000-000-135-599-C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/st-jamess-park/things-to-see-and-do/monuments-fountains-and-statues/the-queen-victoria-memorial">"The Queen Victoria Memorial"</a>. <i>The Royal Parks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Parks&rft.atitle=The+Queen+Victoria+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalparks.org.uk%2Fparks%2Fst-jamess-park%2Fthings-to-see-and-do%2Fmonuments-fountains-and-statues%2Fthe-queen-victoria-memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/12/nyregion/resilience-reflected-marble-winter-garden-workers-answer-terror-rebuilding.html">"Resilience, Reflected in Marble"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Resilience%2C+Reflected+in+Marble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F06%2F12%2Fnyregion%2Fresilience-reflected-marble-winter-garden-workers-answer-terror-rebuilding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalheritagestone.com/other-projects/ghsr/designations/">"Designation of GHSR"</a>. <i>IUGS Subcommission: Heritage Stones</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUGS+Subcommission%3A+Heritage+Stones&rft.atitle=Designation+of+GHSR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalheritagestone.com%2Fother-projects%2Fghsr%2Fdesignations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAEA603RefSheet-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAEA603RefSheet_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Nuclear_Sciences_and_Applications,_IAEA_Environment_Laboratories2016" class="citation web cs1">Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Environment Laboratories (16 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nucleus.iaea.org/rpst/ReferenceProducts/ReferenceMaterials/Stable_Isotopes/13C18and7Li/IAEA-603/RM603_Reference_Sheet_2016-08-16.pdf">"Reference Sheet: Certified Reference Material : IAEA-603 (calcite) — Stable Isotope Reference Material for δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+Sheet%3A+Certified+Reference+Material+%3A+IAEA-603+%28calcite%29+%E2%80%94+Stable+Isotope+Reference+Material+for+%CE%B4%3Csup%3E13%3C%2Fsup%3EC+and+%CE%B4%3Csup%3E18%3C%2Fsup%3EO&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=IAEA&rft.date=2016-07-16&rft.au=Department+of+Nuclear+Sciences+and+Applications%2C+IAEA+Environment+Laboratories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnucleus.iaea.org%2Frpst%2FReferenceProducts%2FReferenceMaterials%2FStable_Isotopes%2F13C18and7Li%2FIAEA-603%2FRM603_Reference_Sheet_2016-08-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nucleus.iaea.org/rpst/ReferenceProducts/ReferenceMaterials/Stable_Isotopes/13C18and7Li/IAEA-603/index.htm">"IAEA-603 , Calcite"</a>. <i>Reference Products for Environment and Trade</i>. International Atomic Energy Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reference+Products+for+Environment+and+Trade&rft.atitle=IAEA-603+%2C+Calcite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnucleus.iaea.org%2Frpst%2FReferenceProducts%2FReferenceMaterials%2FStable_Isotopes%2F13C18and7Li%2FIAEA-603%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Lutz_EhrlichDianne_K_Newman2009" class="citation book cs1">Henry Lutz Ehrlich; Dianne K Newman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GerdDmwMTLkC&q=Biodegradation+of+limestone&pg=PA178"><i>Geomicrobiology</i></a> (5 ed.). p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849379079" title="Special:BookSources/9780849379079"><bdi>9780849379079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomicrobiology&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=5&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780849379079&rft.au=Henry+Lutz+Ehrlich&rft.au=Dianne+K+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGerdDmwMTLkC%26q%3DBiodegradation%2Bof%2Blimestone%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldthwaite2011" class="citation book cs1">Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2011). <i>The Economy of Renaissance Florence</i>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801889820" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801889820"><bdi>978-0801889820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Renaissance+Florence&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0801889820&rft.aulast=Goldthwaite&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Kings":<i>The Art of Making in Antiquity: Stoneworking in the Roman World</i>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College, London">King's College, London</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofmaking.ac.uk/explore/materials/6/Marble">"Material, Luna Marble"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Newman, Cathy (July 1982). "Carrara Marble: Touchstone of Eternity". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 162, no. 1. pp. 42–59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Carrara+Marble%3A+Touchstone+of+Eternity&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-59&rft.date=1982-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarrara+marble" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marble_quarry,_Carrara" class="extiw" title="commons:Marble quarry, Carrara">Marble quarry, Carrara</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rynestone.in/products/calacatta-marble">Calacatta Marble</a> official website</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&oldid=1240084287">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrara_marble&oldid=1240084287</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_marble" title="Category:Types of marble">Types of marble</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carrara" title="Category:Carrara">Carrara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quarries_in_Italy" title="Category:Quarries in Italy">Quarries in Italy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2015">Use dmy dates from May 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 August 2024, at 12:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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