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id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Spanish era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 American era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Japanese occupation era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_postwar_and_independence_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_postwar_and_independence_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The postwar and independence era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_postwar_and_independence_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Martial_Law_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Martial_Law_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 The Martial Law era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Martial_Law_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_People_Power_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_People_Power_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 The People Power revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_People_Power_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barangays_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barangays_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Barangays and districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barangays_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Natural hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_green_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_green_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Parks and green spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_green_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_faiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_faiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Other faiths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_faiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Shopping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Festivals and holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 National government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Water and electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sister cities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sister cities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 The Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable personalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Manila</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 176 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" > 176 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%92%E1%88%8B" title="ማኒላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማኒላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مانيلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانيلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Մանիլա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մանիլա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مانیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مانیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ম্যানিলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যানিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Маніла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маніла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Маніла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маніла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ནི་ལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ནི་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मनिला – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मनिला" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Μανίλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανίλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilo" title="Manilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مانیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manille" title="Manille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla" title="Manilla – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manilla" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainile" title="Mainile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mainile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%90%EB%9D%BC" title="마닐라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마닐라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Մանիլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանիլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मनीला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनीला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Манилæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Манилæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%ADla" title="Maníla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maníla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מנילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2" title="ಮನಿಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನಿಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menila" title="Menila – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Menila" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მანილა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანილა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyl" title="Manyl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Manyl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%AEla" title="Manîla – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Manîla" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla" title="Manilla – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Manilla" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla" title="Manilla – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Manilla" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/manilias." title="manilias. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="manilias." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मनिला – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मनिला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2" title="മനില – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനില" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manira" title="Manira – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Manira" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मनिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मनिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მანილა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანილა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مانيلا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانيلا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مانیلا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مانیلا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="မနီလာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မနီလာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla" title="Manilla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manilla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मनिला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मनिला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मनिला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनिला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A9" title="マニラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マニラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_(st%C3%A4%C3%A4d)" title="Manila (stääd) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Manila (stääd)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ମାନିଲା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାନିଲା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਨੀਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੀਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="منیلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منیلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مانیلا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مانیلا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="ម៉ានីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ានីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manille" title="Manille – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Manille" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F" title="මැනිලා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැනිලා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="منيلا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منيلا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مانیلا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مانیلا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila" title="Maynila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maynila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="மணிலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மணிலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="మనీలా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మనీలా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="มะนิลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะนิลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Манила" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Маніла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маніла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="منیلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منیلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مانىلا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مانىلا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manil" title="Manil – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Manil" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila" title="Maynila – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Maynila" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%89" title="马尼拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马尼拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90" title="מאנילא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנילא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%89" title="馬尼拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬尼拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%89" title="马尼拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马尼拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Manila" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1461#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Manila" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manila&params=14.5958_N_120.9772_E_region:PH_type:city(1846513)">14°35′45″N 120°58′38″E / 14.5958°N 120.9772°E / 14.5958; 120.9772</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city proper. For the region and metropolitan area, see <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manila_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manila (disambiguation)">Manila (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and highly urbanized city in National Capital Region, Philippines</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Manila</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Maynila (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Legal_classification" title="Cities of the Philippines">highly urbanized city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Manila</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Binondo_Skyline_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Buildings along Binondo in Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Binondo_Skyline_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Binondo_Skyline_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Binondo_Skyline_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Binondo_Skyline_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Binondo_Skyline_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Binondo_Skyline_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3534" data-file-height="1023" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Buildings along <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:RizalParkjf8388_27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rizal Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RizalParkjf8388_27.JPG/97px-RizalParkjf8388_27.JPG" decoding="async" width="97" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RizalParkjf8388_27.JPG/146px-RizalParkjf8388_27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RizalParkjf8388_27.JPG/194px-RizalParkjf8388_27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Monument" title="Rizal Monument">Rizal Monument</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:38923-Manila_(35201250583).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fort Santiago Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/38923-Manila_%2835201250583%29.jpg/86px-38923-Manila_%2835201250583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/38923-Manila_%2835201250583%29.jpg/129px-38923-Manila_%2835201250583%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/38923-Manila_%2835201250583%29.jpg/172px-38923-Manila_%2835201250583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Santiago" title="Fort Santiago">Fort Santiago</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Basilica_facade_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="San Sebastian Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/San_Sebastian_Basilica_facade_1.JPG/97px-San_Sebastian_Basilica_facade_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="97" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/San_Sebastian_Basilica_facade_1.JPG/146px-San_Sebastian_Basilica_facade_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/San_Sebastian_Basilica_facade_1.JPG/194px-San_Sebastian_Basilica_facade_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)" title="San Sebastian Church (Manila)">San Sebastian Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Intramuros,_Manila,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Intramuros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Intramuros%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines.jpg/129px-Intramuros%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Intramuros%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines.jpg/194px-Intramuros%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Intramuros%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines.jpg/258px-Intramuros%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4153" data-file-height="3323" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:StJohnTheBaptistParishQuiapo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Quiapo Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/StJohnTheBaptistParishQuiapo.jpg/155px-StJohnTheBaptistParishQuiapo.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/StJohnTheBaptistParishQuiapo.jpg/233px-StJohnTheBaptistParishQuiapo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/StJohnTheBaptistParishQuiapo.jpg/310px-StJohnTheBaptistParishQuiapo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Quiapo_Church" title="Quiapo Church">Quiapo Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roxas_Boulevard_(D._Stanley_pic)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Roxas Boulevard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Roxas_Boulevard_%28D._Stanley_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/133px-Roxas_Boulevard_%28D._Stanley_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Roxas_Boulevard_%28D._Stanley_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/200px-Roxas_Boulevard_%28D._Stanley_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Roxas_Boulevard_%28D._Stanley_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/266px-Roxas_Boulevard_%28D._Stanley_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Central_Post_Office_at_night_from_across_the_Pasig_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Central Post Office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Manila_Central_Post_Office_at_night_from_across_the_Pasig_River.jpg/151px-Manila_Central_Post_Office_at_night_from_across_the_Pasig_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Manila_Central_Post_Office_at_night_from_across_the_Pasig_River.jpg/227px-Manila_Central_Post_Office_at_night_from_across_the_Pasig_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Manila_Central_Post_Office_at_night_from_across_the_Pasig_River.jpg/302px-Manila_Central_Post_Office_at_night_from_across_the_Pasig_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4144" data-file-height="2748" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Manila_Central_Post_Office" title="Manila Central Post Office">Manila Central Post Office</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Manila.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Manila"><img alt="Flag of Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Manila.svg/120px-Flag_of_Manila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Manila.svg/180px-Flag_of_Manila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Manila.svg/240px-Flag_of_Manila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="220" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Manila"><img alt="Official seal of Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg/80px-Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg/120px-Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg/160px-Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Manila" title="Seal of Manila">Seal</a></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_City_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Manila"><img alt="Official logo of Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Manila_City_logo.svg/100px-Manila_City_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Manila_City_logo.svg/150px-Manila_City_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Manila_City_logo.svg/200px-Manila_City_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="229" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Logo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wordmark" title="Wordmark">wordmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Pearl of the Orient<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Manila" title="Nicknames of Manila">others</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Manila, God First Welcome Po Kayo sa Maynila (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> You are welcome in Manila)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "Awit ng Maynila" (Song of Manila)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_in_Metro_Manila.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Metro Manila with Manila highlighted[a]"><img alt="Map of Metro Manila with Manila highlighted[a]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Manila_in_Metro_Manila.svg/250px-Manila_in_Metro_Manila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Manila_in_Metro_Manila.svg/375px-Manila_in_Metro_Manila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Manila_in_Metro_Manila.svg/500px-Manila_in_Metro_Manila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="922" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of Metro Manila with Manila highlighted<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_a822a369bdd0694190fbe97396e74d32519ed877"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Manila&revid=1258676046&groups=_a822a369bdd0694190fbe97396e74d32519ed877" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Manila&revid=1258676046&groups=_a822a369bdd0694190fbe97396e74d32519ed877 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_location_map_(square).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila is located in Philippines"><img alt="Manila is located in Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg/250px-Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg/375px-Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg/500px-Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1332" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.078%;left:40.565%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Manila</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manila&params=14.5958_N_120.9772_E_region:PH_type:city(1846513)">14°35′45″N 120°58′38″E / 14.5958°N 120.9772°E / 14.5958; 120.9772</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines#District_representation" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Legislative district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Manila" title="Legislative districts of Manila"> 1st to 6th district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative district</th><td class="infobox-data">16 city districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">13th century or earlier</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Sultanate of Brunei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1500s</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Spanish Manila</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 24, 1571</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City charter</th><td class="infobox-data">July 31, 1901</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highly urbanized city</th><td class="infobox-data">December 22, 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></th><td class="infobox-data">897 (see <a href="#Barangays_and_districts">Barangays and districts</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">Sangguniang Panlungsod</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila" title="Mayor of Manila">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honey_Lacuna" title="Honey Lacuna">Maria Sheilah H. Lacuna-Pangan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila#Vice_Mayor" title="Mayor of Manila">Vice Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yul_Servo" title="Yul Servo">John Marvin C. Nieto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines#Current_composition" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">List</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;font-size:95%;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-style:solid none;border-width:thin;border-color:black Gainsboro;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-align:center;font-variant:small-caps;">1st LegDist</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ernix_Dionisio" title="Ernix Dionisio">Ernix Dionisio</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-style:solid none;border-width:thin;border-color:black Gainsboro;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-align:center;font-variant:small-caps;">2nd LegDist</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Rolando Valeriano</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-style:solid none;border-width:thin;border-color:black Gainsboro;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-align:center;font-variant:small-caps;">3rd LegDist</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Joel Chua</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-style:solid none;border-width:thin;border-color:black Gainsboro;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-align:center;font-variant:small-caps;">4th LegDist</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maceda" title="Edward Maceda">Edward Maceda</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-style:solid none;border-width:thin;border-color:black Gainsboro;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-align:center;font-variant:small-caps;">5th LegDist</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Irwin Tieng</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-style:solid none;border-width:thin;border-color:black Gainsboro;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-align:center;font-variant:small-caps;">6th LegDist</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Abante" title="Benny Abante">Benny Abante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Council" title="Manila City Council">City Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1st district</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Martin "Marjun" V. Isidro, Jr.</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Moises "Bobby" T. Lim</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Erick Ian "Banzai" O. Nieva</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Niño M. Dela Cruz</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Irma C. Alfonso-Juson</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Jesus "Taga" E. Fajardo, Jr.</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">2nd district</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Numero "Uno" G. Lim</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Darwin "Awi" B. Sia</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Macario "Macky" M. Lacson</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Rodolfo "Ninong" N. Lacsamana</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Roma Paula S. Robles-Daluz</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Ruben "Dr. J" F. Buenaventura</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">3rd district</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Johanna Maureen "Apple" C. Nieto-Rodriguez</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Pamela "Fa" G. Fugoso</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Ernesto "Jong" C. Isip, Jr.</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Arlene Maile I. Atienza</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Terrence F. Alibarbar</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Timothy Oliver "Tol" I. Zarcal</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">4th district</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Luisito "Louie" N. Chua</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Krystle Marie "Krys" C. Bacani</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Louisa Marie "Lady" J. Quintos-Tan</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Science A. Reyes</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Joel "JTV" T. Villanueva</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Don Juan "DJ" A. Bagatsing</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">5th district</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Roberto "Bobby" S. Espiritu II</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Raymundo "Mon" R. Yupangco</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Laris T. Borromeo</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Jaybee S. Hizon</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Ricardo "Boy" A. Isip, Jr.</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Charry R. Ortega</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">6th district</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Elmer M. Par</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Salvador Philip H. Lacuna</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Benny Fog T. Abante II</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Carlos "Caloy" C. Castañeda</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• Luis "Joey" C. Uy</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• <a href="/wiki/Lou_Veloso" title="Lou Veloso">Luciano "Lou" M. Veloso</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Liga_ng_mga_Barangay" title="Liga ng mga Barangay">Liga ng mga Barangay President</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Leilani Lacuna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines#Qualification" title="Elections in the Philippines">Electorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,133,042 voters (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_general_election,_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine general election, 2022">2022</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">42.34 km2 (16.35 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,873 km2 (723 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">619.57 km2 (239.22 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.0 m (29.5 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">108 m (354 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020 census)<a href="#cite_note-PSA20–NCR-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-PSApopden-7">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,846,513</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">43,611.5/km2 (112,953/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,484,482</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">21,764.3/km2 (56,369/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,922,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">13,305.9/km2 (34,462/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Households</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">486,293</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: Manileño, Manilan; Spanish: manilense,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> manileño (f. -a) Filipino: Manileño (f. -a), Manilenyo (f. -a), Taga-Maynila</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines#Income_classification" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Income class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">special city income class</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Measuring_poverty" title="Measuring poverty">Poverty incidence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="width:100px;display:inline;"><div role="img" style="border-color:none;box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em; height: 1.0em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: olivedrab; width: 1.10%; height: 100%;"></div></div>1.10</div>% (2021)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.781<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> – high (2019)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">₱ 19,692 million (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Assets">Assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data">₱ 73,694 million (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Expenditure">Expenditure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">₱ 16,047 million (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)" title="Liability (financial accounting)">Liabilities</a></th><td class="infobox-data">₱ 26,765 million (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Utilities<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_distribution_utilities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines">Electricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Manila Electric Company (<a href="/wiki/Meralco" title="Meralco">Meralco</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">• <a href="/wiki/Maynilad_Water_Services" title="Maynilad Water Services">Maynilad</a> (Majority) • <a href="/wiki/Manila_Water" title="Manila Water">Manila Water</a> (Santa Ana and San Andres)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time" title="Philippine Standard Time">PST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">+900 – 1-096</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/"><abbr title="Philippine Standard Geographic Code">PSGC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/?q=psgc/citimuni/133900000">133900000</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_direct_dialing" title="International direct dialing">IDD</a> : <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">area code</a> </th><td class="infobox-data">+63 (0)2</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Native languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tagalog</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> (₱)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manila.gov.ph/">manila.gov.ph</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The exclave within <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> is <a href="/wiki/Manila_South_Cemetery" title="Manila South Cemetery">Manila South Cemetery</a>. </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Manila (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈnɪlə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mə-NIL-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Maynila), officially the City of Manila (Filipino: Lungsod ng Maynila), is <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">the capital</a> and second-most populous city of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>. Located on the eastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, it is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities" title="Cities of the Philippines">highly urbanized city</a>. Manila is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">most densely populated city proper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PSA20–NCR-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-PSApopden-7">[6]</a> with 43,611.5 inhabitants per square kilometer (112,953/sq mi) and a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020;<a href="#cite_note-PSA20–NCR-6">[5]</a> it is also the historic core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative limits and includes some 24 million people. Manila was the first chartered city in the country, designated by Philippine Commission Act No. 183 on July 31, 1901. It became autonomous with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949.<a href="#cite_note-ra409-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Manila is considered to be part of the world's original set of <a href="/wiki/Global_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Global cities">global cities</a> because its commercial networks were the first to extend across the Pacific Ocean and connect Asia with the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish Americas</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">galleon trade</a>. This marked the first time an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been established.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> By 1258, a <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a>-fortified <a href="/wiki/Bayan_(settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan (settlement)">polity</a> called <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a> existed on the site of modern Manila. On June 24, 1571, after the defeat of the polity's last indigenous ruler, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> began constructing the walled fortification of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> on the ruins of an older settlement from whose name the Spanish and English name Manila derives. Manila was used as the capital of the captaincy general of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas">Marianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and other islands, and was controlled and administered for the Spanish crown by <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>. In modern times, the name "Manila" is commonly used to refer to the entire metropolitan area, the <a href="/wiki/Mega_Manila" title="Mega Manila">greater metropolitan area</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, the officially defined metropolitan area, is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">capital region</a> of the Philippines, and includes the much larger <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Makati_Central_Business_District" title="Makati Central Business District">Makati Central Business District</a>. It is the most populous region in the country, one of the most populous urban areas in the world,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> and one of the wealthiest regions in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> flows through the middle of Manila, dividing it into northern and southern sections. The city comprises <a href="#Barangays_and_districts">16 administrative districts</a> and is divided into <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Manila" title="Legislative districts of Manila">six political districts</a> for the purposes of representation in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a> and the election of city council members. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> listed Manila as an "Alpha-" <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and ranked it seventh in economic performance globally and second regionally,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a> ranks Manila 79th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-GFCI-18">[17]</a> Manila is also the world's second most natural disaster-exposed city,<a href="#cite_note-Philippine_Daily_Inquirer-19">[18]</a> yet is also among the fastest-developing cities in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-MostPopulous-20">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Manila" title="Nicknames of Manila">Nicknames of Manila</a></div> Maynilà, the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> name for the city, comes from the phrase may-nilà, meaning "where indigo is found".<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> Nilà is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word nīla (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:नील">नील</a>), which refers to <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a> and, by extension, to <a href="/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">several plant species</a> from which this natural dye can be extracted.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-chamberlain-22">[21]</a> The name Maynilà was probably bestowed because of the indigo-yielding plants that grew in the area surrounding the settlement rather than because it was known as a settlement that traded in indigo dye.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> Indigo dye extraction only became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century, several hundred years after <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Maynila">Maynila settlement</a> was founded and named.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> Maynilà eventually underwent a process of <a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a> and adopted the Spanish name Manila.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May-nilad">May-nilad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: May-nilad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png/120px-Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png/180px-Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png/240px-Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea_Blanco2.277.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>Plate depicting the "nilad" plant (<a href="/wiki/Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</a>), from Augustinian missionary Fray <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_Blanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Manuel Blanco">Francisco Manuel Blanco</a>'s botanical reference, Flora de Filipinas</figcaption></figure> According to an antiquated, inaccurate, and now debunked etymological theory, the city's name originated from the word may-nilad (meaning "where nilad is found").<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> There are two versions of this false etymology. One popular incorrect notion is that the old word nilad refers to the <a href="/wiki/Water_hyacinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hyacinth">water hyacinth</a> (Eichhornia crassipes) that grows on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> This plant species, however, was only recently introduced into the Philippines from South America and therefore could not be the source of the toponym for old Manila.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> Another incorrect etymology arose from the observation that, in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, nilád or nilár refers to a shrub-like tree (<a href="/wiki/Scyphiphora_hydrophyllacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea">Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea</a>; formerly Ixora manila Blanco) that grows in or near <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamps.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-merrill-25">[24]</a> Linguistic analysis, however, shows the word Maynilà is unlikely to have developed from this term. It is unlikely native Tagalog speakers would completely drop the final consonant /d/ in nilad to arrive at the present form Maynilà.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> As an example, nearby <a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a> retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word bakoód ("elevated piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the placename (e.g., Vacol, Bacor).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Historians <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth Ocampo</a><a href="#cite_note-ambeth-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-lookingback-28">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baumgartner" title="Joseph Baumgartner">Joseph Baumgartner</a><a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> have shown, in every early document, that the place name Maynilà was always written without a final /d/. This documentation shows that the may-nilad etymology is spurious. Originally, the mistaken identification of nilad as the source of the toponym probably originated in an 1887 essay by <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Pardo_de_Tavera" title="Trinidad Pardo de Tavera">Trinidad Pardo de Tavera</a>, in which he mistakenly used the word nila to refer both to <a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">Indigofera tinctoria</a> (true indigo) and to <a href="/wiki/Scyphiphora" title="Scyphiphora">Ixora manila</a>, which is actually nilád in Tagalog.<a href="#cite_note-merrill-25">[24]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-chamberlain-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-21">[20]</a> Early 20th century writings, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Julio_Nakpil" title="Julio Nakpil">Julio Nakpil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and Blair and Robertson, repeated the claim.<a href="#cite_note-blairandrobertson-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-lookingback-28">[27]</a> Today, this erroneous etymology continues to be perpetuated through casual repetition in literature<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saenger-32">[31]</a> and in popular use. Examples of popular adoption of this mistaken etymology include the name of a local utility company <a href="/wiki/Maynilad_Water_Services" title="Maynilad Water Services">Maynilad Water Services</a> and the name of an underpass close to <a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Hall" title="Manila City Hall">Manila City Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagusnilad" title="Lagusnilad">Lagusnilad</a> (meaning "Nilad Pass").<a href="#cite_note-ambeth-27">[26]</a> On the other hand, in a rather first account of importance on the Philippine flora that appeared in 1704 as an Appendix to <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">Ray's</a> Historia Plantarum which is the Herbarium aliarumque Stirpium in Insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascentium... by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Josef_Kamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Josef Kamel">Fr. Georg Josef Kamel</a><a href="#cite_note-Transactions_rolfe-33">[32]</a>, he mentioned that, Nilad arbor mediocris, rarissimi recta, ligno folido, et compacto ut Molavin, ubi abundant Mangle, locum vocant Manglar, ita ubi nilad, Maynilad, unde corrupte Manila (Nilad is an average tree, very rare straight, leafy wood, and compact like Molavin, where Mangle abounds, the place is called Manglar, so where nilad (abounds), Maynilad, whence the corruption Manila)<a href="#cite_note-Historia_Plantarum_bhl-34">[33]</a>, making this an earlier account of the change in this name. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History of Manila</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Manila" title="Timeline of Manila">Timeline of Manila</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/220px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/330px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/440px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a> is the oldest historical record in the Philippines. It has the first historical reference to <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a> and dates back to <a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Saka</a> 822 (c. 900).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:125%">Battles of Manila</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="white-space:nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian%E2%80%93Tundun_War" title="Bruneian–Tundun War">Bruneian–Tundun War (1500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Battle of Manila (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Battle of Manila (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_conflict_(1769)" title="Manila conflict (1769)">Battle of Manila (1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Manila" title="Raid on Manila">Raid on Manila (1798)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1896)" title="Battle of Manila (1896)">Battle of Manila (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">Battle of Manila (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Battle of Manila (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila (1945)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="white-space:nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> (1898)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Around Manila</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="white-space:nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">La Naval de Manila</a> (1646)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battles_of_Manila" title="Template:Battles of Manila"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battles_of_Manila" title="Template talk:Battles of Manila"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battles_of_Manila" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battles of Manila"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby <a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a>, which are dated to around 3000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Negritos" class="mw-redirect" title="Negritos">Negritos</a>, the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived across the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, where Manila is located, before <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesians</a> arrived and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> them.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Manila was an active trade partner with the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasties</a> of China.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The polity of <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a> flourished during the latter half of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> as a result of direct trade relations with China. Tondo district was the traditional capital of the empire and its rulers were sovereign kings rather than chieftains. Tondo was named using <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese characters</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien in the Philippines">Hokkien</a> reading, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 東都; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: Tong-to͘; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Eastern Capital', due to its chief position southeast of China. The kings of Tondo were addressed as panginoón in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> ("lords"); anák banwa ("son of heaven"); or <a href="/wiki/Lakandula" title="Lakandula">lakandula</a> ("lord of the palace"). The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> considered the <a href="/wiki/Lakan" title="Lakan">lakans</a>—the rulers of ancient Manila—"王" (kings).<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> During the 12th century, then-Hindu Brunei called "Pon-i", as reported in the Chinese annals Nanhai zhi, invaded Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila) as it also administered <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, as well as the Philippine kingdoms of: <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Butuan">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a> (Mindoro), <a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Shahuchong</a> 沙胡重 (present-day <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a>), Yachen 啞陳 (<a href="/wiki/Oton" title="Oton">Oton</a>), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>). Manila regained independence.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In the 13th century, Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig River. It was then conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianized</a> empire of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, according to the epic eulogy poem <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, which described the area's conquest by <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a>. Selurong (षेलुरोङ्), a historical name for Manila, is listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot – which is now <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> – and <a href="/wiki/Kalka" title="Kalka">Kalka</a>. Selurong, together with Sulot, was able to regain independence afterward, and Sulu attacked and looted the then-Majapahit-invaded province <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Brunei">Po-ni</a> (Brunei) in retribution.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> During the reign of the Arab emir, <a href="/wiki/Bolkiah" title="Bolkiah">Sultan Bolkiah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Ali" title="Sharif Ali">Sharif Ali</a>'s descendant – from 1485 to 1521, the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Sultanate of Brunei</a> which had seceded from Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> and converted to Islam, had invaded the area. The Bruneians wanted to take advantage of Tondo's strategic position in direct trade with China and subsequently attacked the region and established the rajahnate of <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynilà</a> (كوتا سلودوڠ; Kota Seludong). The rajahnate was ruled under Brunei and gave yearly tribute as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pusat_Sejarah_Brunei2-40">[39]</a> It created a new dynasty under the local leader, who accepted Islam and became <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulaiman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah Sulaiman I">Rajah Salalila or Sulaiman I</a>. He established a trading challenge to the already rich <a href="/wiki/Lakan_Dula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakan Dula">House of Lakan Dula</a> in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from the Middle East and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_era">Spanish era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walled_City_of_Manila,_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_(1734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/220px-Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/330px-Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg/440px-Walled_City_of_Manila%2C_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_%281734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>1734 map of the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Walled City of Manila</a>. The city was planned according to the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_R_Mondala_Ayuntamiento_de_Manila_(Casas_Consistoriales).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gerald_R_Mondala_Ayuntamiento_de_Manila_%28Casas_Consistoriales%29.jpg/220px-Gerald_R_Mondala_Ayuntamiento_de_Manila_%28Casas_Consistoriales%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gerald_R_Mondala_Ayuntamiento_de_Manila_%28Casas_Consistoriales%29.jpg/330px-Gerald_R_Mondala_Ayuntamiento_de_Manila_%28Casas_Consistoriales%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gerald_R_Mondala_Ayuntamiento_de_Manila_%28Casas_Consistoriales%29.jpg/440px-Gerald_R_Mondala_Ayuntamiento_de_Manila_%28Casas_Consistoriales%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5330" data-file-height="3553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento_de_Manila" title="Ayuntamiento de Manila">Ayuntamiento de Manila</a> served as the City Hall during the Spanish Colonial Period.</figcaption></figure> On June 24, 1571, <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> arrived in Manila and declared it a territory of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico), establishing a city council in what is now <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> district. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, a war in mainland Spain to re-Christianize and reclaim parts of the country that had been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, he took advantage of a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Islamic Manila to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported their Manila vassals while his Mexican grandson <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo" title="Juan de Salcedo">Juan de Salcedo</a> had a romantic relationship with <a href="/wiki/Princess_Kandarapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Kandarapa">Kandarapa</a>, a princess of Tondo.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> López de Legazpi had the local royalty executed or exiled after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Conspiracy of the Maharlikas</a>, a plot in which an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajahs</a>, Japanese merchants, and the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Sultanate of Brunei</a> would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">Latin American</a> recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. In 1574, Manila was besieged by the Chinese pirate <a href="/wiki/Lim_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Lim Hong">Lim Hong</a>, who was thwarted by local inhabitants. Upon Spanish settlement, Manila was immediately made, by papal decree, <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Manila">a suffragan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Mexico">Archdiocese of Mexico</a>. By royal decree of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint <a href="/wiki/Pudentiana" title="Pudentiana">Pudentiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guidance" title="Our Lady of Guidance">Our Lady of Guidance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[a]</a> Manila became famous for its role in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila–Acapulco galleon</a> trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and brought goods from Europe, Africa, and Hispanic America across the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> to Southeast Asia, and vice versa. <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> that was mined in Mexico and Peru was exchanged for Chinese silk, Indian gems, and spices from Indonesia and Malaysia. Wine and olives grown in Europe and North Africa were shipped via Mexico to Manila.<a href="#cite_note-Kane-44">[42]</a> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> ban on trade leveled against the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a> in 1549, this resulted in the ban of all Japanese people from entering China and of Chinese ships from sailing to Japan. Manila became the only place where the Japanese and Chinese could openly trade.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In 1606, upon the Spanish conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a>, one of monopolizers of the growing of spice, the Spanish deported the ruler Sultan Said Din Burkat<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> of Ternate, along with his clan and his entourage to Manila, where they were initially enslaved and eventually converted to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> About 200 families of mixed Spanish-Mexican-Filipino and Moluccan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The city attained great wealth due to its location at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Route">Spice Route</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_18th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries">Silver Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Significant is the role of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenians</a>, who acted as merchant intermediaries that made trade between Europe and Asia possible in this area. France was the first nation to try financing its Asian trade with a partnership in Manila through Armenian khojas. The largest trade volume was in iron, and 1,000 iron bars were traded in 1721.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> In 1762, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">the city was captured</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, in which Spain had recently become involved.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupied the city</a> for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in their attempt to capture the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> but they were unable to extend their occupation past Manila proper.<a href="#cite_note-Backhouse-52">[50]</a> Frustrated by their inability to take the rest of the archipelago, the British withdrew in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> signed in 1763, which brought an end to the war. An unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">Indian soldiers</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a>, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby <a href="/wiki/Cainta,_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainta, Rizal">Cainta, Rizal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intramuros,_Manila_1700s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Intramuros%2C_Manila_1700s.png/220px-Intramuros%2C_Manila_1700s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Intramuros%2C_Manila_1700s.png/330px-Intramuros%2C_Manila_1700s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Intramuros%2C_Manila_1700s.png/440px-Intramuros%2C_Manila_1700s.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> in the 1700s</figcaption></figure> The Chinese minority were punished for supporting the British, and the fortress city Intramuros, which was initially populated by 1,200 pure Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops,<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> kept its cannons pointed at <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a>, the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-en.radio86.com-56">[54]</a> The population of native Spaniards was concentrated in the southern part of Manila and in 1787, La Pérouse recorded one regiment of 1,300 Mexicans garrisoned at Manila,<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> and they were also at <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite</a>, where ships from Spain's American colonies docked at,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita">Ermita</a>, which was thus-named because of a Mexican hermit who lived there. The Hermit-Priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon who was a Hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Priests weren't usually alone too since they often brought along <a href="/wiki/Lay_Brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay Brother">Lay Brothers</a> and Sisters. The years: 1603, 1636, 1644, 1654, 1655, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 900, 446, 407, 821, 799, 708, and 667 Latin-American soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Mexico at Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-60">[58]</a> The Philippines hosts the only Latin-American-established districts in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The Spanish evacuated Ternate and settled <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a> refugees in <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate, Cavite</a>, which was named after their former homeland.<a href="#cite_note-lipski-63">[61]</a> In 1603, Manila was also home to 25,000 Chinese<a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-64">[62]</a>: 260  and housed 14,437 native (Malay-Filipino) families, as well as 3,528 mixed Spanish-Filipino families.<a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-64">[62]</a>: 539  The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network, making Manila, alongside <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, the world's <a href="/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_18th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries">original set of global cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> A Spanish Jesuit priest commented due to the confluence of many foreign languages in Manila, the confessional in Manila was "the most difficult in the world".<a href="#cite_note-philislands-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Juan de Cobo, another Spanish missionary of the 1600s, was so astonished by the commerce, cultural complexity, and ethnic diversity in Manila he wrote to his brethren in Mexico: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples. There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians. There are slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards [Through America], and others brought by the Portuguese [Through India]. There is an African Moor with his turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal. Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy is from Spain. Finally, of the mestizos, the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is. (Remesal, 1629: 680–1)<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cathedral_(1792)_by_Brambila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg/220px-Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg/330px-Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg/440px-Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Brambila" title="Fernando Brambila">Fernando Brambila</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Expedition" title="Malaspina Expedition">Malaspina Expedition</a> during their stop in Manila in 1792.</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico gained independence from Spain</a> in 1821, the Spanish crown began to directly govern Manila.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry, and education flourished more than they had in the previous two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces,<a href="#cite_note-a112-71">[69]</a> and facilitated the rise of an <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">ilustrado</a> class who espoused <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideas, which became the ideological foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, which sought independence from Spain. A revolt by <a href="/wiki/Andres_Novales" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Novales">Andres Novales</a> was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Latin American wars of independence</a> but the revolt itself was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Cavite_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite Mutiny">Cavite Mutiny</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>, the Philippine revolution began; Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and their role was commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Flag">Philippine Flag</a>, on which Manila was represented by one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_era">American era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg/220px-BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg/330px-BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg/440px-BurnhamPlanOf-Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>The 1905 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Burnham Plan</a> of Manila recommended improving the city's transit systems by creating diagonal arteries radiating from the new central civic district into areas at the outskirts of the city.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">1898 Battle of Manila</a>, Spain ceded the city to the United States. The <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> based in nearby <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> fought against the Americans for control of the city.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured its president <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, who pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Magoc-2015-75">[73]</a> Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the U.S. officially recognized the city of Manila consisted of Intramuros and the surrounding areas. The new charter proclaimed Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: Binondo, <a href="/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita">Ermita</a>, Intramuros, <a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paco,_Manila" title="Paco, Manila">Paco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandacan" title="Pandacan">Pandacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila" title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Santa Ana, Manila">Santa Ana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila" title="Santa Cruz, Manila">Santa Cruz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a> recognized five parishes as parts of Manila; Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mesa" title="Santa Mesa">Santa Mesa</a>, and Singalong; and Balut and <a href="/wiki/San_Andres,_Manila" title="San Andres, Manila">San Andres</a> were later added.<a href="#cite_note-JN-76">[74]</a> Under U.S. control, a new, civilian-oriented <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government">Insular Government</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> invited city planner <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a> to adapt Manila to modern needs.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Manila" title="Burnham Plan of Manila">Burnham Plan</a> included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The planned buildings included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a> to the present <a href="/wiki/Taft_Avenue" title="Taft Avenue">Taft Avenue</a>. The Philippine capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing the sea. Along with buildings for government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a central lagoon and a monument to <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> at the other end of the field.<a href="#cite_note-Torres-2010-80">[78]</a> Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three units—the Legislative Building, and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery of Manila during the American era</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Moraga_Manila_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaza Moraga in the early 1900s"><img alt="Plaza Moraga in the early 1900s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plaza_Moraga_Manila_Philippines.jpg/329px-Plaza_Moraga_Manila_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plaza_Moraga_Manila_Philippines.jpg/493px-Plaza_Moraga_Manila_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plaza_Moraga_Manila_Philippines.jpg/658px-Plaza_Moraga_Manila_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="677" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Moraga" title="Plaza Moraga">Plaza Moraga</a> in the early 1900s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_facade_of_the_Legislative_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old Legislative Building featuring a Neoclassical style architecture."><img alt="The Old Legislative Building featuring a Neoclassical style architecture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Central_facade_of_the_Legislative_Building.jpg/208px-Central_facade_of_the_Legislative_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Central_facade_of_the_Legislative_Building.jpg/311px-Central_facade_of_the_Legislative_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Central_facade_of_the_Legislative_Building.jpg/415px-Central_facade_of_the_Legislative_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="833" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">Old Legislative Building</a> featuring a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical style</a> architecture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manilastreetcar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tranvía running along Escolta Street during the American period"><img alt="The tranvía running along Escolta Street during the American period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manilastreetcar.jpg/260px-Manilastreetcar.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manilastreetcar.jpg/389px-Manilastreetcar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manilastreetcar.jpg/519px-Manilastreetcar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="471" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tranv%C3%ADa" title="Tranvía">tranvía</a> running along <a href="/wiki/Escolta_Street" title="Escolta Street">Escolta Street</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156635.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Manila, 1936"><img alt="Aerial view of Manila, 1936" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156635.jpg/231px-Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156635.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156635.jpg/347px-Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156635.jpg/463px-Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6821" data-file-height="5310" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of Manila, 1936</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation_era">Japanese occupation era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila (1945)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Massacre">Manila Massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png/220px-US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png/330px-US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png/440px-US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="2716" /></a><figcaption>USS Essex <a href="/wiki/TBF_Avenger" class="mw-redirect" title="TBF Avenger">TBF-1 Avenger</a> dropping a bomb over the Pasig River in Manila targeting the dockyard, November 14, 1944</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a>, American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed by December 24, 1941. Two days later, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> declared Manila an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a> to prevent further death and destruction but Japanese warplanes continued bombing the city.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Japanese forces occupied Manila on January 2, 1942.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">one of the bloodiest battles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific theater</a> of World War II. Under orders of Japanese Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sanji_Iwabuchi" title="Sanji Iwabuchi">Sanji Iwabuchi</a>, retreating Japanese forces <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">killed about 100,000 Filipino civilians</a> and perpetrated the mass rape of women in February.<a href="#cite_note-Stich-2010-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> At the end of the war, Manila had suffered from heavy bombardment and became the second-most-destroyed city of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_postwar_and_independence_era">The postwar and independence era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The postwar and independence era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Manila,_Philippines,_in_May_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aerial_view_of_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_in_May_1958.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_in_May_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aerial_view_of_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_in_May_1958.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_in_May_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aerial_view_of_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_in_May_1958.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_in_May_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Manila in May 1958</figcaption></figure> After the war, reconstruction efforts started. Buildings like <a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Hall" title="Manila City Hall">Manila City Hall</a>, the Legislative Building (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Manila_Central_Post_Office" title="Manila Central Post Office">Manila Post Office</a> were rebuilt, and roads and other infrastructures were repaired. In 1948, President <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> moved the seat of government of the Philippines to <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta. When <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Lacson" title="Arsenio Lacson">Arsenio Lacson</a> became the first elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila" title="Mayor of Manila">Mayor of Manila</a> in 1952, before which all mayors were appointed, Manila underwent a "Golden Age",<a href="#cite_note-RoseHistorianManila-88">[86]</a> regaining its pre-war moniker "Pearl of the Orient". After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Villegas" title="Antonio Villegas">Antonio Villegas</a> for most of the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing" title="Ramon Bagatsing">Ramon Bagatsing</a> was mayor from 1972 until the 1986 <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> During the administration of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns as a separate regional unit of government.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> On June 24, 1976, the 405th anniversary of the city's founding, President Marcos reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> At the same time, Marcos designated his wife <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a> as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the rejuvenation of the city and re-branded Manila the "<a href="/wiki/City_of_Man" title="City of Man">City of Man</a>".<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Martial_Law_era">The Martial Law era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Martial Law era">edit</a>]</div> Many of the key events of the historical period from the first major protests against the administration of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> in January 1970 until his ouster in February 1986 took place within the city of Manila. The first, the January 26, 1970, State of the Nation Address Protest which kicked off the "<a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a>", took place at the Legislative Building (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Padre_Burgos_Avenue" title="Padre Burgos Avenue">Padre Burgos Avenue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FreePressFeb71970-94">[92]</a> and the very last saw the <a href="/wiki/Marcos_family" title="Marcos family">Marcos family</a> flee <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> into exile in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-TigerMoon-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-7DeadlyProtests-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-GazetteHistoryProtest-97">[95]</a> The beginning weeks of Ferdinand Marcos' second term as president was marked by the <a href="/wiki/1969_balance_of_payments_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 balance of payments crisis">1969 balance of payments crisis</a>, which economists trace to his first term tactic of using foreign loans to fund massive government projects in an effort to curry votes.<a href="#cite_note-Balbosas1992-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cororaton1997-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-CamilleDiola-100">[98]</a> In protest, protest groups led mostly by students decided to picket Marcos' 1970 State of the Nation Address at the legislative building on January 26. The protesters were initially bickering amongst themselves because both moderate reformist and radical activist groups were present and fighting to gain control of the stage. But all of them, regardless of advocacy, were violently dispersed by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Passionate-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daroy1988-102">[100]</a> This was followed by six more major protests which were violently dispersed, from the end of January until March 17, 1970.<a href="#cite_note-7DeadlyProtests-96">[94]</a> Instability continued the following year, with the most significant incident being the August 1971 <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a> caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent Liberal Party politicians including incumbent Senators <a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Jovito Salonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Ilarde" title="Eddie Ilarde">Eddie Ilarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Estrada-Kalaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Estrada-Kalaw">Eva Estrada-Kalaw</a>, and Liberal Party president <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas" title="Gerardo Roxas">Gerardo Roxas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a_Jr." title="Sergio Osmeña Jr.">Sergio Osmeña Jr.</a>, Manila 2nd District Councilor Ambrosio "King" Lorenzo Jr., and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing" title="Ramon Bagatsing">Ramon Bagatsing</a> who was the party's mayoral candidate for Manila.<a href="#cite_note-Daroy1988-102">[100]</a> Marcos reacted to the bombing by blaming the still nascent <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> and then suspending of the writ of Habeas Corpus. The suspension is noted for forcing many members of the moderate opposition, including figures like <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jopson" title="Edgar Jopson">Edgar Jopson</a>, to join the ranks of the radicals. In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government.<a href="#cite_note-OscarFranklinTan20141208-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pimentel2006-104">[102]</a> Marcos' declaration of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">martial law</a> in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets, including the Manila-based <a href="/wiki/Manila_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Times">Manila Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Free_Press" title="Philippines Free Press">Philippines Free Press</a>, The Manila Tribune and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_Herald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippines Herald (page does not exist)">Philippines Herald</a>. At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students, journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents of the City of Manila. The first one was <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Ninoy Aquino</a> who was arrested just before midnight on September 22 while at a hotel on UN Avenue preparing for a senate committee session the following morning.<a href="#cite_note-Daroy1988-102">[100]</a> About 400 prominent critics of the Marcos administration were jailed in the first few hours of September 23 alone, and eventually about 70,000 individuals became <a href="/wiki/Political_detainees_under_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship">Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship</a> - most of them arrested without warrants, which is why they were called detainees rather than prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-binubura-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABS-CBN_News-106">[104]</a> At least 11,103 of them have since been officially recognized by the Philippine government as having been <a href="/wiki/List_of_torture_methods_used_by_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship">extensively tortured</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">abused</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-RocamoraBook-108">[106]</a> and in April 1973 <a href="/wiki/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila" title="Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila">Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila</a> student journalist <a href="/wiki/Liliosa_Hilao" title="Liliosa Hilao">Liliosa Hilao</a> became the first of these detainees to be killed while in prison<a href="#cite_note-Inquirer04172017-109">[107]</a> - one of 3,257 known <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> during the last 14 years of Marcos' presidency.<a href="#cite_note-RachelAGReyes201604122-110">[108]</a> In 1975, Marcos formalized the creation of a region called Metropolitan Manila, incorporating the four cities of Manila, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>, and the thirteen municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon">Malabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pateros" title="Pateros">Pateros</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Valenzuela, Philippines">Valenzuela</a>. And then he appointed his wife <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a>, who had been angered by the revelation of his dalliances during the <a href="/wiki/Dovie_Beams_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dovie Beams scandal">Dovie Beams scandal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Metro_Manila" title="Governor of Metro Manila">Governor of Metro Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VirataBioBook-111">[109]</a> Despite Marcos' declaration of martial law, poverty and other social issues persisted, so even with the military in his control, Marcos could not hold back the unrest. A major turning point was reached in Tondo in the form of the <a href="/wiki/1975_La_Tonde%C3%B1a_Distillery_strike" title="1975 La Tondeña Distillery strike">1975 La Tondeña Distillery strike</a> which was one of the first major open acts of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship which paved the way for similar protest actions elsewhere in the country.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> From then, Manila continued to be a center of resistance activity; youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Another major protest was the <a href="/wiki/September_1984_Welcome_Rotonda_protest_dispersal" title="September 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal">September 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal</a> at the border of Manila and Quezon City, which came in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Aquino_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquino assassination">Aquino assassination</a> the year before in 1983. International pressure had forced Marcos to give the press more freedom, so coverage exposed Filipinos to how opposition figures including 80-year-old former Senator <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Lorenzo Tañada">Lorenzo Tañada</a> and 71-year old Manila Times founder <a href="/wiki/Chino_Roces" title="Chino Roces">Chino Roces</a> were waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leader <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Nemenzo" title="Fidel Nemenzo">Fidel Nemenzo</a> (later Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman) was shot nearly to death.<a href="#cite_note-MB-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-CesM16-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_People_Power_revolution">The People Power revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The People Power revolution">edit</a>]</div> In late 1985, in the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> with more than a year left in his term, selecting <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino" title="Arturo Tolentino">Arturo Tolentino</a> as his running mate. The opposition to Marcos united behind Ninoy's widow <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> and her running mate, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador Laurel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The elections were held on February 7, 1986, an exercise marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results.<a href="#cite_note-NSM-119">[117]</a> On February 16, 1986, Corazon Aquino held the "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory) rally at <a href="/wiki/Luneta_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Luneta Park">Luneta Park</a>, announcing a civil disobedience campaign and calling for her supporters to boycott publications and companies which were associated with Marcos or any of his cronies.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The event was attended by a crowd of about two million people.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Aquino's camp began making preparations for more rallies, and Aquino herself went to <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> to rally more people to their cause.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In the aftermath of the election and the revelations of irregularities, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Reform the Armed Forces Movement">Reform the Armed Forces Movement</a> (RAM) - a cabal of disgruntled officers of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> (AFP)<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> - set into motion <a href="/wiki/February_1986_Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement_coup" title="February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup">a coup attempt</a> against Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Enrile and RAM's coup was quickly uncovered, which prompted Enrile to ask for the support of Philippine Constabulary chief <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a>. Ramos agreed to join Enrile but even so, their combined forces were trapped in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Crame" title="Camp Crame">Camp Crame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_Aguinaldo" title="Camp Aguinaldo">Camp Aguinaldo</a>, and were about to be overrun by Marcos loyalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-peoplepower_eyewitness-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-RafaelWhatWasEDSA-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aussie-127">[125]</a> Discovering what was happening, the forces which had been organizing Aquino's civil disobedience campaign went to the stretch of <a href="/wiki/EDSA" title="EDSA">Efipanio De Los Santos Avenue</a> (EDSA) between the two camps, beginning to form a human barricade to keep Marcos loyalist forces from attacking. The crowd grew even larger when Ramos telephoned Manila Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Sin</a> for help, and Sin went on Radyo Veritas to invite Catholics to join in protecting Enrile and Ramos.<a href="#cite_note-McCargo-128">[126]</a> Seeing what was happening, multiple units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines defected Marcos, with air units under the command of General Antonio Sotelo and Colonel Charles Hotchkiss, even performed calculated operations which included strafing the grounds of Malacañang palace with bullets and disabling gunships at nearby <a href="/wiki/Villamor_Air_Base" title="Villamor Air Base">Villamor Airbase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-peoplepower_eyewitness-125">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> eventually decided to offer Marcos a chance to flee into exile. Shortly after midnight on February 26, 1986, the Marcos Family fled Malacañang and were taken to <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Airbase</a>, after which they went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> along with some select followers including <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danding_Cojuangco" title="Danding Cojuangco">Danding Cojuangco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TigerMoon-95">[93]</a> Because the victory had been won by the civilians on the streets rather than the military, the event was dubbed the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="People Power revolution">People Power revolution</a>. Ferdinand Marcos' 21 years as President - and his 14 years as authoritarian leader - of the Philippines was over.<a href="#cite_note-TigerMoon-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-RafaelWhatWasEDSA-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary">edit</a>]</div> From 1986 to 1992, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Lopez" title="Mel Lopez">Mel Lopez</a> was mayor of Manila, first due to presidential designation, before being elected in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Lim" title="Alfredo Lim">Alfredo Lim</a> was elected mayor, the first <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese-Filipino</a> to hold the office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Lito_Atienza" title="Lito Atienza">Lito Atienza</a>, who served as his vice mayor, and was known for his campaign and slogun "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of several parks, and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for nine years before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city election, and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> which he said made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with them both contesting the <a href="/wiki/Manila_local_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila local elections, 2010">2010 city elections</a>, which Lim won. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> he was charged with <a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">graft</a> over the rehabilitation of public schools.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg/220px-Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg/330px-Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg/440px-Rizal_Park_Front_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Monument" title="Rizal Monument">Rizal Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a></figcaption></figure> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/DMCI_Homes" title="DMCI Homes">DMCI Homes</a> began constructing <a href="/wiki/Torre_de_Manila" title="Torre de Manila">Torre de Manila</a>, which became controversial for <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">ruining the sight line</a> of Rizal Park.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The tower became known as "Terror de Manila" and the "national photobomber",<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torre_de_Manila_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Torre de Manila controversy">became a sensationalized heritage issue</a>. In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a> erected a "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfort woman">comfort woman</a>" statue on <a href="/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a>, causing Japan to express regret about the statue's erection despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Manila_local_elections" title="2013 Manila local elections">2013 election</a>, former President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> succeeded Lim as the city's mayor. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">₱</a>5 billion in city debts and increased the city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President <a href="/wiki/Noynoy_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Noynoy Aquino">Noynoy Aquino</a>'s administration progress, the city became the most-competitive city in the Philippines. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Manila_local_elections" title="2016 Manila local elections">2016 elections</a>, Estrada narrowly won over Lim.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted, or approved for demolition; these include the post-war Santa Cruz Building, <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theater_(Manila)" title="Capitol Theater (Manila)">Capitol Theater</a>, El Hogar, Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Stadium" title="Rizal Memorial Stadium">Rizal Memorial Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Some of these sites were saved after the intervention of governmental cultural agencies and heritage advocate groups.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free;<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was ₱4.4 billion in debt.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_(Manila;_12-23-2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg/220px-Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg/330px-Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg/440px-Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Manila in 2023</figcaption></figure> Estrada, who was seeking for re-election for his third and final term, lost to <a href="/wiki/Isko_Moreno" title="Isko Moreno">Isko Moreno</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Manila_local_elections" title="2019 Manila local elections">2019 local elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Moreno has served as the vice mayor under both Lim and Estrada. Estrada's defeat was seen as the end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for national and local positions.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> After assuming office, Moreno initiated a city-wide cleanup of illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Under his administration, several ordinances were signed, giving additional perks and privileges to Manila's elderly people,<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> and monthly allowances for Grade 12 Manileño students in all public schools in the city, including students of <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Manila" title="Universidad de Manila">Universidad de Manila</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_City_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the City of Manila">University of the City of Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out</a> ranked Manila in 34th position in its list of the 53 best cities in the world, citing it as "an underrated hub for art and culture, with unique customs and cuisine to boot". Manila was also voted the third-most-resilient and least-rude city for the year's index.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In 2023, the search site Crossword Solm utilizing internet geotagging, showed that Manila is the world's most loving capital city.<a href="#cite_note-MostLoving-153">[151]</a> In August 2023, President <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> suspended all <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">reclamation projects</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, including those in the City of Manila.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> However, the city has no objections and is willing to pursue the suspended reclamation projects.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Manila" title="Geography of Manila">Geography of Manila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Bay_Sunset_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG/220px-Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG/330px-Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG/440px-Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> sunset</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Bay_beach_(Roxas_Boulevard,_Manila;_09-19-2020)_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg/220px-Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg/330px-Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg/440px-Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_Dolomite_Beach" title="Manila Dolomite Beach">Manila Dolomite Beach</a> during the International Coastal Cleanup Day in September 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Outlined_Territories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Manila_Outlined_Territories.png/220px-Manila_Outlined_Territories.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Manila_Outlined_Territories.png/330px-Manila_Outlined_Territories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Manila_Outlined_Territories.png/440px-Manila_Outlined_Territories.png 2x" data-file-width="3619" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the territorial extent and assets or properties of the city, including its territorial exclave <a href="/wiki/Manila_South_Cemetery" title="Manila South Cemetery">Manila South Cemetery</a>, and Manila Boystown Complex, which is a property in <a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a> owned by the Manila city government.</figcaption></figure> The City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, 1,300 km (810 mi) from mainland Asia.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The protected harbor on which Manila lies is regarded as the finest in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> flows through the middle of city, dividing it into north and south.<a href="#cite_note-arearef1-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-arearef2-159">[157]</a> The overall <a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">grade</a> of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of the natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Almost all of Manila sits on top prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River and on land reclaimed from <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>. Manila's land has been substantially altered by human intervention; there has been considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the early-to-mid twentieth century. Some of the city's natural variations in topography have been leveled. As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit">[update]</a>, Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometres (16.56 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-arearef1-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-arearef2-159">[157]</a> In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects; the New Manila Bay–City of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares (1,006.8 acres)), Solar City (148 hectares (370 acres)), Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares (120 acres)), Manila Waterfront City (318 hectares (790 acres)),<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Manila" title="Horizon Manila">Horizon Manila</a> (419 hectares (1,040 acres)). Of the five planned projects, only Horizon Manila was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila#History" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">Philippine Reclamation Authority</a> in December 2019 and was scheduled for construction in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will include in-city housing relocation projects.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Environmental activists and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a> have criticized the land reclamation projects, saying they are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> In line of the upcoming reclamation projects, the Philippines and the Netherlands agreed to a cooperation on the ₱250 million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan to oversee future decisions on projects on Manila Bay.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barangays_and_districts">Barangays and districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Barangays and districts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_congress_districts_manila.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ph_fil_congress_districts_manila.png/250px-Ph_fil_congress_districts_manila.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ph_fil_congress_districts_manila.png/375px-Ph_fil_congress_districts_manila.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ph_fil_congress_districts_manila.png/500px-Ph_fil_congress_districts_manila.png 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Manila is divided into six congressional districts.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_fil_manila_districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ph_fil_manila_districts.png/250px-Ph_fil_manila_districts.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ph_fil_manila_districts.png/375px-Ph_fil_manila_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ph_fil_manila_districts.png/500px-Ph_fil_manila_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>District map of Manila showing its sixteen districts</figcaption></figure> Manila is made up of 897 <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangays</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MNLLN-167">[165]</a> which are grouped into 100 zones for statistical convenience. Manila has the most barangays of any metropolis in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Due to a failure to hold a plebiscite, attempts at reducing its number have not succeeded despite local legislation—Ordinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996—reducing the number from 896 to 150 by merging existing barangays.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Manila's 1st congressional district">District I</a> (2020 population: 441,282)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Legislative-170">[168]</a> covers the western part of Tondo and is made up of 136 barangays. It is the most-densely populated Congressional District and was also known as Tondo I. The district includes one of the biggest urban-poor communities. <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Mountain" title="Smokey Mountain">Smokey Mountain</a> on Balut Island was once known as the country's largest landfill where thousands of impoverished people lived in slums. After the closure of the landfill in 1995, mid-rise housing was built on the site. This district also contains the Manila North Harbor Center, Manila North Harbor, and Manila International Container Terminal of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Port of Manila</a>. The boundaries of the 1st District are the neighboring cities <a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a> and the southern enclave of <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Manila's 2nd congressional district">District II</a> (2020 population: 212,938)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Legislative-170">[168]</a> covers the eastern part of Tondo and contains 122 barangays. It is also referred to as Tondo II. It includes Gagalangin, a prominent place in Tondo, and Divisoria, a popular shopping area and the site of the <a href="/wiki/Tutuban_(PNR_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutuban (PNR station)">Main Terminal Station</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways" title="Philippine National Railways">Philippine National Railways</a>. The boundary of the 2nd District is the neighboring city <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Manila's 3rd congressional district">District III</a> (2020 population: 220,029)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Legislative-170">[168]</a> covers Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas and Santa Cruz. It contains 123 barangays and includes "Downtown Manila", the historic business district of the city, and the oldest Chinatown in the world. The boundary of the 3rd District is the neighboring city <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Manila's 4th congressional district">District IV</a> (2020 population: 277,013)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Legislative-170">[168]</a> covers Sampaloc and some parts of Santa Mesa. It contains 192 barangays and has numerous colleges and universities, which were located along the city's "<a href="/wiki/University_Belt" title="University Belt">University Belt</a>", a de facto sub-district. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a>, the oldest-existing university in Asia, which was established in 1611. The boundaries of the 4th District are the neighboring cities <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a> and Quezon City. The Institution was home to at least 30 Catholic Saints.<a href="#cite_note-UnendingGrace-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-TopUnis-172">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Manila's 5th congressional district">District V</a> (2020 population: 395,065)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Legislative-170">[168]</a> covers Ermita, Malate, Port Area, Intramuros, San Andres Bukid, and a portion of Paco. It is made up of 184 barangays. The historic Walled City is located here, along with <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)" title="San Agustin Church (Manila)">San Agustin Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The boundaries of the 5th District are the neighboring cities <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>. This district also includes the <a href="/wiki/Manila_South_Cemetery" title="Manila South Cemetery">Manila South Cemetery</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> surrounded by Makati City.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Manila's 6th congressional district">District VI</a> (2020 population: 300,186)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Legislative-170">[168]</a> covers Pandacan, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Mesa, and a portion of Paco. It contains 139 barangays. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th Century <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana Church">Santa Ana Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_houses_in_Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Historic houses in Santa Ana, Manila">historic ancestral houses</a>. The boundaries of the 6th District are the neighboring cities Makati, <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, Quezon City, and San Juan.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right; margin-top:1rem; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;">District name </th> <th scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;">Legislative District number </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Area </th> <th scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;">Population (2020)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-NCR-2020-173">[171]</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Density </th> <th scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="border-top:none;"> </th> <th scope="col" style="border-top:none;"> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="area in square kilometers">km2</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="area in square miles">sq mi</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" style="border-top:none;"> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="density per square kilometer">/km2</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="density per square mile">/sq mi</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" style="border-top:none;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6611 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2553 </td> <td>20,491 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5891 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6136 </td> <td>19,189 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6726 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2597 </td> <td>6,103 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.5958 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0022 </td> <td>99,257 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">98,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">57 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Paco,_Manila" title="Paco, Manila">Paco</a> </th> <td>5 & 6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7869 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0760 </td> <td>79,839 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">43 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pandacan,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandacan, Manila">Pandacan</a> </th> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.66 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.64 </td> <td>84,769 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">38 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Port_Area,_Manila" title="Port Area, Manila">Port Area</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.1528 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.2173 </td> <td>72,605 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8469 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3270 </td> <td>29,846 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila" title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a> </th> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.1371 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.9834 </td> <td>388,305 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">192 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/San_Andres,_Manila" title="San Andres, Manila">San Andres</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6802 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6487 </td> <td>133,727 </td> <td>80,000</td> <td>210,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">65 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel</a> </th> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9137 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3528 </td> <td>18,599 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/San_Nicolas,_Manila" title="San Nicolas, Manila">San Nicolas</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6385 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6326 </td> <td>42,957 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Santa Ana, Manila">Santa Ana</a> </th> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6942 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6541 </td> <td>203,598 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">310,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila" title="Santa Cruz, Manila">Santa Cruz</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.0901 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1931 </td> <td>126,735 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">82 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mesa" title="Santa Mesa">Santa Mesa</a> </th> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.6101 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0078 </td> <td>111,292 </td> <td>43,000</td> <td>110,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">51 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a> </th> <td>1 & 2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.6513 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.3403 </td> <td>654,220 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">259 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="8"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate-Manila_(Philippines).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Climate-Manila_%28Philippines%29.svg/220px-Climate-Manila_%28Philippines%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Climate-Manila_%28Philippines%29.svg/330px-Climate-Manila_%28Philippines%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Climate-Manila_%28Philippines%29.svg/440px-Climate-Manila_%28Philippines%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Temperature and rainfall</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system, Manila has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Am), closely bordering on a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Aw). Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator means temperatures are high year-round especially during the daytime, rarely going below 19 °C (66.2 °F) or above 39 °C (102.2 °F). Temperature extremes have ranged from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) on January 11, 1914,<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> to 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) on May 7, 1915.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Humidity levels are usually very high all year round, making the air feel hotter than its actual temperature. Manila has a distinct <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> lasting from late December through early April, and a relatively lengthy <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler daytime temperatures. In the wet season, rain rarely falls all day but rainfall is very heavy for short periods. <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoons</a> usually occur from June to September.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Port Area, Manila (1991–2020, extremes 1885–2024) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6 (101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (0.76) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (0.86) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (0.86) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (0.92) </td> <td style="background: #11FF11; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.1 (6.26) </td> <td style="background: #007700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">253.3 (9.97) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">432.3 (17.02) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">476.1 (18.74) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">396.4 (15.61) </td> <td style="background: #00B500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">220.6 (8.69) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.9 (4.72) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.5 (3.88) </td> <td style="background: #00E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,242.7 (88.30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">124 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">258 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">132 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,105 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration">PAGASA</a><a href="#cite_note-PAGASAnormals-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-PAGASAextremes-178">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a> (sun, 1931–1960)<a href="#cite_note-DMI-179">[177]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hazards">Natural hazards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Natural hazards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">List of earthquakes in the Philippines</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Re" title="Swiss Re">Swiss Re</a> ranked Manila as the second-riskiest capital city to live in, citing its exposure to natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, floods, and landslides.<a href="#cite_note-Philippine_Daily_Inquirer-19">[18]</a> The seismically active <a href="/wiki/Marikina_Valley_Fault_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikina Valley Fault System">Marikina Valley Fault System</a> poses a threat of a large-scale earthquake with an estimated <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude</a> of between 6 and 7, and as high as 7.6<a href="#cite_note-MVFSUSGS-180">[178]</a> to Metro Manila and nearby provinces.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Manila has experienced several deadly earthquakes, notably those of <a href="/wiki/1645_Luzon_earthquake" title="1645 Luzon earthquake">1645</a> and 1677, which destroyed the stone-and-brick medieval city.<a href="#cite_note-Earthquake-182">[180]</a> Architects during the Spanish colonial period used the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a> style to adapt to the region's frequent earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-City-183">[181]</a> Manila experiences between five and seven typhoons each year.<a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_B2-184">[182]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana" title="Typhoon Ketsana">Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy)</a> struck the Philippines, leading to one of the worst floods in Metro Manila and several provinces in Luzon with an estimated damages worth ₱11 billion (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>237 million),<a href="#cite_note-Ondoy-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> and caused 448 deaths in Metro Manila alone. Following the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage network. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_green_spaces">Parks and green spaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parks and green spaces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of parks in Metro Manila">List of parks in Metro Manila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Lawton_Ermita_Arroceros_Forest_Park_Paths_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manila_Lawton_Ermita_Arroceros_Forest_Park_Paths_11.jpg/220px-Manila_Lawton_Ermita_Arroceros_Forest_Park_Paths_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manila_Lawton_Ermita_Arroceros_Forest_Park_Paths_11.jpg/330px-Manila_Lawton_Ermita_Arroceros_Forest_Park_Paths_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manila_Lawton_Ermita_Arroceros_Forest_Park_Paths_11.jpg/440px-Manila_Lawton_Ermita_Arroceros_Forest_Park_Paths_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arroceros_Forest_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Arroceros Forest Park">Arroceros Forest Park</a> is considered as the "last lung of Manila".<a href="#cite_note-Inquirer-187">[185]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> is situated in a variety of ecosystems including <a href="/wiki/Upland_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland forest">upland forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, sandy beaches, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">sea grass meadows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. Metro Manila is home to urban parks, nature parks, plazas, nature reserves, and an arboretum. However, according to the Asian Green City Index, in 2007 Manila contained only an average of 4.5 square meters (48 sq ft) of green space per person, well below the index average of 39 square meters (420 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> and below the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommended minimum of 9 square meters (97 sq ft) per person.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arroceros_Forest_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Arroceros Forest Park">Arroceros Forest Park</a> is a 2.2-hectare (5.4-acre) <a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">nature park</a> situated in the heart of downtown Manila along the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>. Considered as the "last lung of Manila", the park was professionally planned in 1993 with its <a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary growth forest">secondary growth forest</a> of 61 different native tree varieties and 8,000 ornamental plants providing a habitat for about 10 different bird species.<a href="#cite_note-phil-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pollution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_downtown_-_Binondo,_Quiapo,_Quezon_Bridge,_Pasig_River,_Arroceros_(close-up)_(Manila)(2018-02-07).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Manila_downtown_-_Binondo%2C_Quiapo%2C_Quezon_Bridge%2C_Pasig_River%2C_Arroceros_%28close-up%29_%28Manila%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg/220px-Manila_downtown_-_Binondo%2C_Quiapo%2C_Quezon_Bridge%2C_Pasig_River%2C_Arroceros_%28close-up%29_%28Manila%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Manila_downtown_-_Binondo%2C_Quiapo%2C_Quezon_Bridge%2C_Pasig_River%2C_Arroceros_%28close-up%29_%28Manila%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg/330px-Manila_downtown_-_Binondo%2C_Quiapo%2C_Quezon_Bridge%2C_Pasig_River%2C_Arroceros_%28close-up%29_%28Manila%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Manila_downtown_-_Binondo%2C_Quiapo%2C_Quezon_Bridge%2C_Pasig_River%2C_Arroceros_%28close-up%29_%28Manila%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg/440px-Manila_downtown_-_Binondo%2C_Quiapo%2C_Quezon_Bridge%2C_Pasig_River%2C_Arroceros_%28close-up%29_%28Manila%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> area</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> in Manila is due to industrial waste and automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-UNcyberbus-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Swiss firm <a href="/wiki/IQAir" title="IQAir">IQAir</a> reported in December 2020 Manila experienced an average <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a> concentration of 6.1×10−6 g/m3 (1.03×10−8 lb/cu yd), which is classed as "Good" according to recommendations made by the World Health Organization.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most-polluted rivers in the world in which 150 metric tons (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of domestic waste and 75 metric tons (74 long tons; 83 short tons) of industrial waste are dumped daily.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The city is the second-biggest waste producing metropolis in the country with 1,151.79 tons (7,500.07 cubic meters (264,862 cu ft)) per day, after Quezon City, which produces 1,386.84 tons (12,730.59 cubic meters (449,577 cu ft)) per day. Both cities were cited as having poor management in garbage collection and disposal.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside and stricter pollution controls.<a href="#cite_note-pianews-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a> launched a rehabilitation program for Manila Bay that will be administered by different government agencies.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_(Thomas_Yie)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/220px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/330px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/440px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a> skyline at night along <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>.</figcaption></figure> Manila is a <a href="/wiki/New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">planned city</a>. In 1905, American architect and urban planner <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a> was commissioned to design the new capital.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> His design for the city was based on the <a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a>, which favored broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. Manila is made up of fourteen city districts, according to Republic Act No. 409—the Revised Charter of the City of Manila—the basis of which officially sets the present-day boundary of the city.<a href="#cite_note-ra409-11">[10]</a> The districts <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mesa" title="Santa Mesa">Santa Mesa</a>, which was partitioned from Sampaloc,<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Andres,_Manila" title="San Andres, Manila">San Andres</a>, which was partitioned off from Santa Ana, were later created. Manila's mix of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a> reflects its, and the Philippines', turbulent history. During World War II, Manila was razed to the ground by Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> After the war ended, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were reconstructed. Many of the historic churches and buildings in Intramuros, Manila's historic core, however, had been damaged beyond repair.<a href="#cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-205">[203]</a> Manila's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture. Manila's historic sites under the entry of The Walled City and Historic Monuments of Manila is currently being proposed to the tentative list for future <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> inscription.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Quiapo,_Manila_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Santa_Cruz_Quiapo%2C_Manila_12.jpg/220px-Santa_Cruz_Quiapo%2C_Manila_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Santa_Cruz_Quiapo%2C_Manila_12.jpg/330px-Santa_Cruz_Quiapo%2C_Manila_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Santa_Cruz_Quiapo%2C_Manila_12.jpg/440px-Santa_Cruz_Quiapo%2C_Manila_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4971" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>The façade of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Metropolitan_Theater" title="Manila Metropolitan Theater">Manila Metropolitan Theater</a>, designed by Filipino architect <a href="/wiki/Juan_M._Arellano" title="Juan M. Arellano">Juan M. Arellano</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jones_Bridge_ML_PH_(M._Onod_pic)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jones_Bridge_ML_PH_%28M._Onod_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/220px-Jones_Bridge_ML_PH_%28M._Onod_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jones_Bridge_ML_PH_%28M._Onod_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/330px-Jones_Bridge_ML_PH_%28M._Onod_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jones_Bridge_ML_PH_%28M._Onod_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/440px-Jones_Bridge_ML_PH_%28M._Onod_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jones_Bridge" title="Jones Bridge">Jones Bridge</a> was redeveloped in 2019 to "restore" it to its near-original design using <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> Manila is known for its eclectic mix of architecture that includes a wide range of styles spanning the city's historical and cultural periods. Its architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Prominent Filipino architects including Antonio Toledo,<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Felipe Roxas,<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_M._Arellano" title="Juan M. Arellano">Juan M. Arellano</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Map%C3%BAa" title="Tomás Mapúa">Tomás Mapúa</a> have designed significant buildings in Manila such as churches, government offices, theaters, mansions, schools, and universities.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Manila is known for <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_theaters_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Deco theaters of Manila">its Art Deco theaters</a>, some of which were designed by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Nakpil" title="Juan Nakpil">Juan Nakpil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Antonio" title="Pablo Antonio">Pablo Antonio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The historic <a href="/wiki/Escolta_Street" title="Escolta Street">Escolta Street</a> in Binondo has many buildings of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> architectural styles, many of which were designed by prominent Filipino architects during the American colonial period between the 1920s and the late 1930s. Many architects, artists, historians, and heritage advocacy groups are campaigning for the restoration of Escolta Street, which was once the premier street of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luneta_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Luneta_Hotel.jpg/170px-Luneta_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Luneta_Hotel.jpg/255px-Luneta_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Luneta_Hotel.jpg/340px-Luneta_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Luneta_Hotel" title="Luneta Hotel">Luneta Hotel</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French Renaissance architecture</a> with Filipino stylized beaux art</figcaption></figure> Almost all of Manila's pre-war and Spanish colonial architecture was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">1945 Battle of Manila</a> by intensive bombardment by the United States Air Force. Reconstruction took place afterward, replacing the destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the city's character. Some of the destroyed buildings, such as the Old Legislative Building (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento_de_Manila" title="Ayuntamiento de Manila">Ayuntamiento de Manila</a> (now the Bureau of the Treasury), and the under-construction <a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio_Church_(Manila)" title="San Ignacio Church (Manila)">San Ignacio Church and Convent</a> (as the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Intramuros" title="Museo de Intramuros">Museo de Intramuros</a>), have been reconstructed. There are plans to refurbish and restore several neglected historic buildings and places such as Plaza Del Carmen, <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)" title="San Sebastian Church (Manila)">San Sebastian Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/NCCA_Metropolitan_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="NCCA Metropolitan Theater">NCCA Metropolitan Theater</a>. Spanish-era shops and houses in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Nicolas,_Manila" title="San Nicolas, Manila">San Nicolas</a> are also planned to be restored as a part of a movement to restore the city to its pre-war state.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Because Manila is prone to earthquakes, Spanish colonial architects invented a style called <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a>, which churches and government buildings during the Spanish colonial period adopted.<a href="#cite_note-City-183">[181]</a> As a result, succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, although they periodically leveled the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have been retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude quake in accordance with the country's building code.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:auto;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population Census of Manila</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate. Executive Order 135 §6 states that for "census years" (years divisible by 10) the reference date would be May 1st, but for all other years, the reference date is to be the "middle of the year". This means that growth rates, although correct, are not necessarily simple year-on-year comparisons.">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1903 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">219,928</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1918 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">285,306</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.75%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">623,492</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1948 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">983,906</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,138,611</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,330,788</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,479,116</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.14%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,630,485</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.97%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,601,234</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.18%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,654,761</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.62%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,581,082</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.97%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2007 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,660,714</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.68%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,652,171</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,780,148</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.43%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,846,513</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.72%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a><a href="#cite_note-PSA20–13-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-PSA15–13-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSO10–13-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSO07-13-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-LWUA-PopulationData-221">[219]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Manila_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Manila_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Manila_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Manila_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Manila_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Manila_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>Manila population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binondo_Chinese_New_Year_Ongpin_Street_2024-02-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Binondo_Chinese_New_Year_Ongpin_Street_2024-02-10.jpg/220px-Binondo_Chinese_New_Year_Ongpin_Street_2024-02-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Binondo_Chinese_New_Year_Ongpin_Street_2024-02-10.jpg/330px-Binondo_Chinese_New_Year_Ongpin_Street_2024-02-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Binondo_Chinese_New_Year_Ongpin_Street_2024-02-10.jpg/440px-Binondo_Chinese_New_Year_Ongpin_Street_2024-02-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>People flocking to the <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo Chinatown</a> during <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020 Philippine census</a>, Manila has a population of 1,846,513 people, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">second-most-populous city</a> in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-PSA15–NCR-222">[220]</a> Manila is <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">the most-densely populated city</a> in the world, with 41,515 inhabitants per km2 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-PSApopden-7">[6]</a> District 6 is listed as the densest with 68,266 inhabitants per km2, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710. District 5 is the least-densely populated area with 19,235.<a href="#cite_note-manilapop-223">[221]</a> Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city since the establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement, and eventually became the political, commercial, and ecclesiastical capital of the country.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Since colonial times, Manila has been the destination of peoples whose origins are as wide-ranging as India<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Practicing <a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">forensic anthropology</a>, while exhuming cranial bones in several Philippine cemeteries, researcher Matthew C. Go estimated that 7% of the mean amount, among the samples exhumed, have attribution to European descent.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Research work published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology, collating contemporary Anthropological data show that the percentage of Filipino bodies who were sampled from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>, that is <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypically</a> classified as Asian (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a>) is 72.7%, Hispanic (Spanish-Amerindian Mestizo, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a>, and/or Spanish-Malay <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>) is at 12.7%, Indigenous American (<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a>) at 7.3%, African at 4.5%, and European at 2.7%.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Between the 1860s and 1890s, in urban areas of the Philippines – especially Manila – according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and pure Chinese composed 9.9% of the city's populace. The Spanish-Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated, with the mixed Spanish-Filipinos composing 19% of Manila's population.<a href="#cite_note-Estadismo1-64">[62]</a>: 539  Eventually, these non-native categories diminished because they were assimilated into the majority Austronesian Filipino population.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> During the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included people of any race born in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> This explains the abrupt drop of the proportion of Chinese, Spanish, and Mestizo peoples across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903, as the foreign and mixed descended peoples identified solely as pure Filipinos.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Manila's population dramatically increased since the 1903 census because people tended to move from rural areas to towns and cities. In the 1960 census, Manila became the first Philippine city to exceed one million people – more than five times of its 1903 population. The city continued to grow until the population stabilized at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increases and decreases starting in the 1990 census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth experienced by suburbs and the already-very-high population density of the city. As such, Manila exhibited a decreasing percentage share of the metropolitan population<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> from 63% in the 1950s to 27.5%<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> in 1980, and 13.8% in 2015. The much-larger <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> marginally surpassed the population of Manila in 1990 and by the 2015 census it already has 1.1 million more people. Nationally, the population of Manila was expected to be overtaken by cities with larger territories such as <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> The vernacular language is <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, which is mostly based on the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a> of the city and its surroundings, and this Manilan form of spoken Tagalog has become the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Philippines, having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> is the language most widely used in education and business, and is in heavy everyday use throughout Metro Manila and the rest of the Philippines. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a>, which is locally known as Lan-nang-oe, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>, is mainly spoken by the city's <a href="/wiki/Chinese-Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-Filipino">Chinese-Filipino</a> community. According to data provided by the Bureau of Immigration, 3.12 million Chinese citizens arrived in the Philippines from January 2016 to May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PNP_Policemen_(Rizal_Park,_Manila;_2015-06-12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PNP_Policemen_%28Rizal_Park%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-12%29.jpg/220px-PNP_Policemen_%28Rizal_Park%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-12%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PNP_Policemen_%28Rizal_Park%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-12%29.jpg/330px-PNP_Policemen_%28Rizal_Park%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-12%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PNP_Policemen_%28Rizal_Park%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-12%29.jpg/440px-PNP_Policemen_%28Rizal_Park%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-12%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_Police_District" title="Manila Police District">Manila Police District</a> officers in <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> Crime in Manila is concentrated in areas that are associated with poverty, drug abuse, and gangs. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">illegal drug trade</a> is a major problem of the city; in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> alone, 92% of the barangays were affected by illegal drugs in February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-rapplerdrugtrade-237">[235]</a> From 2010 to 2015, Manila had the second-highest index crime rates in the Philippines, with 54,689 cases or an average of about 9,100 cases per year.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> By October 2017, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Police_District" title="Manila Police District">Manila Police District</a> (MPD) reported a 38.7% decrease in index crimes from 5,474 cases in 2016 to 3,393 in 2017. MPD's crime-solution efficiency also improved; six-to-seven of every ten crimes were solved by the city police force.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> MPD was cited as the Best Police District in Metro Manila in 2017 for registering the highest crime-solution efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 932.64236482217px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 562.53406853567px; border-left-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 336.30070498072px; border-left-color:skyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:skyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:skyblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 231.08636538824px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Manila (circa 2010)<a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-241">[239]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (93.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (1.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (1.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> As a result of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spanish</a> cultural influence, Manila is a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christian</a> city. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit">[update]</a>, 93.5% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholic</a>, 1.9% were adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>, 1.8% followed various <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, and 1.1% were <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>. Members of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-241">[239]</a> Manila is the seat of prominent Catholic churches and institutions. There are 113 Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 of which are considered major shrines, basilicas, or cathedrals.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a>, the country's oldest established church, is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Manila" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wow-243">[241]</a> There are another three basilicas in the city; <a href="/wiki/Quiapo_Church" title="Quiapo Church">Quiapo Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binondo_Church" title="Binondo Church">Binondo Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Sebastian,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila">Minor Basilica of San Sebastián</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a><a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="San Agustin Church, Manila">San Agustín Church</a> in Intramuros is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> denominations are headquartered in the city. <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Parish_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Parish (Manila)">St. Stephen's Parish</a> <a href="/wiki/Pro-cathedral" title="Pro-cathedral">pro-cathedral</a> in Santa Cruz district is the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Episcopal Church in the Philippines">Episcopal Church in the Philippines</a>' Diocese of Central Philippines, while on Taft Avenue are the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Filipina_Independiente_National_Cathedral" title="Iglesia Filipina Independiente National Cathedral">main cathedral and central offices</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Filipina_Independiente" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia Filipina Independiente">Iglesia Filipina Independiente</a> (also called the Aglipayan Church), a <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">nationalist church</a> that is a product of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) has a <a href="/wiki/Manila_Philippines_Temple" title="Manila Philippines Temple">temple within Manila</a>, one of two operating LDS temples in the Philippines. The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> has several locales (akin to parishes) in the city, including its first chapel, now <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Museum_(Santa_Ana,_Manila)" title="Iglesia ni Cristo Museum (Santa Ana, Manila)">a museum</a>, in Punta, Santa Ana.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">Evangelical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> denominations also thrive. The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila. The main campus of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Praise" title="Cathedral of Praise">Cathedral of Praise</a> is located on Taft Avenue. <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Is_Lord_Church_Worldwide" title="Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide">Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide</a> has several branches and campuses in Manila. Religious groups such as <a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International (MCGI)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Iglesia ni Cristo, Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide, and the <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai_(movement)" title="El Shaddai (movement)">El Shaddai movement</a> celebrate their anniversaries at Quirino Grandstand, which is an open space in Rizal Park.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Manila_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila Cathedral is the seat of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila."><img alt="Manila Cathedral is the seat of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_Old_Manila_Cathedral.jpg/270px-The_Old_Manila_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_Old_Manila_Cathedral.jpg/405px-The_Old_Manila_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_Old_Manila_Cathedral.jpg/540px-The_Old_Manila_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> is the seat of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Manila" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n,_Manila,_Filipinas,_2023-08-27,_DD_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Minor Basilica of San Sebastián is the only all-steel church in Asia.[247]"><img alt="The Minor Basilica of San Sebastián is the only all-steel church in Asia.[247]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-27%2C_DD_07.jpg/155px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-27%2C_DD_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-27%2C_DD_07.jpg/233px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-27%2C_DD_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-27%2C_DD_07.jpg/311px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-27%2C_DD_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4859" data-file-height="5627" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Sebastian,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila">Minor Basilica of San Sebastián</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Steel_building" title="Steel building">all-steel</a> church in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-whl-249">[247]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Agustin_Church_(Gen._Luna,_Intramuros,_Manila;_04-07-2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Agustín Church in Intramuros, a UNESCO World Heritage Site"><img alt="San Agustín Church in Intramuros, a UNESCO World Heritage Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/San_Agustin_Church_%28Gen._Luna%2C_Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_04-07-2023%29.jpg/240px-San_Agustin_Church_%28Gen._Luna%2C_Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_04-07-2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/San_Agustin_Church_%28Gen._Luna%2C_Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_04-07-2023%29.jpg/360px-San_Agustin_Church_%28Gen._Luna%2C_Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_04-07-2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/San_Agustin_Church_%28Gen._Luna%2C_Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_04-07-2023%29.jpg/480px-San_Agustin_Church_%28Gen._Luna%2C_Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_04-07-2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="San Agustin Church, Manila">San Agustín Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Binondo,_Manila_San_Nicolas_Heritage_Centre_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Binondo Church serves the Roman Catholic Chinese community."><img alt="Binondo Church serves the Roman Catholic Chinese community." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Binondo%2C_Manila_San_Nicolas_Heritage_Centre_47.jpg/240px-Binondo%2C_Manila_San_Nicolas_Heritage_Centre_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Binondo%2C_Manila_San_Nicolas_Heritage_Centre_47.jpg/360px-Binondo%2C_Manila_San_Nicolas_Heritage_Centre_47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Binondo%2C_Manila_San_Nicolas_Heritage_Centre_47.jpg/480px-Binondo%2C_Manila_San_Nicolas_Heritage_Centre_47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Binondo_Church" title="Binondo Church">Binondo Church</a> serves the Roman Catholic Chinese community.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Quiapo_Church_2024-05-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quiapo Church, home of the iconic Black Nazarene, whose Traslacion feast is celebrated every January 9"><img alt="Quiapo Church, home of the iconic Black Nazarene, whose Traslacion feast is celebrated every January 9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quiapo_Church_2024-05-31.jpg/240px-Quiapo_Church_2024-05-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quiapo_Church_2024-05-31.jpg/360px-Quiapo_Church_2024-05-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quiapo_Church_2024-05-31.jpg/480px-Quiapo_Church_2024-05-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2940" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Quiapo_Church" title="Quiapo Church">Quiapo Church</a>, home of the iconic <a href="/wiki/Black_Nazarene" title="Black Nazarene">Black Nazarene</a>, whose Traslacion feast is celebrated every January 9</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_faiths">Other faiths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other faiths">edit</a>]</div> Manila has many <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> and Buddhist temples like <a href="/wiki/Seng_Guan_Temple" title="Seng Guan Temple">Seng Guan Temple</a> that serve the spiritual needs of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipino</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Quiapo has a "<a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Muslim</a> town" that includes the city's largest mosque <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Al-Dahab" title="Masjid Al-Dahab">Masjid Al-Dahab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Members of the Indian expatriate community can worship at the large <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hindu</a> temple in the city or at the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a> on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Avenue" title="United Nations Avenue">United Nations Avenue</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>'s governing body in the Philippines the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly" title="Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly</a> is headquartered near Manila's eastern boundary with Makati.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_(Manila;_12-23-2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg/220px-Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg/330px-Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg/440px-Binondo_skyline_skyscrapers_%28Manila%3B_12-23-2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Binondo,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Binondo, Manila">Binondo</a>, the central business district of the city of Manila.</figcaption></figure> Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">traditional media</a>, advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts. Around 60,000 establishments operate in the city.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines, which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the country's cities, municipalities, and provinces according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency, and infrastructure. According to the 2022 CMCI, Manila was the second-most-competitive <a href="/wiki/Highly_urbanized_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly urbanized city">highly urbanized city</a> in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> Manila held the title of the country's most-competitive city in 2015, and since then has been in the top three, denoting Manila is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> The city is the 3rd largest economy of the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a>, accounting for 15% of the region's total economy as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a>, the oldest and one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> in the world, was the center of commerce and business activities in the city. Numerous residential and office skyscrapers occupy its medieval streets. As of 2013, plans by the city government of Manila to turn the Chinatown area into a <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing" title="Business process outsourcing">business process outsourcing</a> (BPO) hub were in progress; thirty unoccupied buildings had been already identified for conversion into BPO offices. Most of these buildings are on <a href="/wiki/Escolta_Street" title="Escolta Street">Escolta Street</a>, Binondo.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Port_of_Manila.jpg/220px-Port_of_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Port_of_Manila.jpg/330px-Port_of_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Port_of_Manila.jpg/440px-Port_of_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Manila International Container Terminal</a>, the chief port of the Philippines</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Port of Manila</a> is the largest seaport in the Philippines and the main international shipping route into the country. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Ports_Authority" title="Philippine Ports Authority">Philippine Ports Authority</a> oversees the operation and management of the country's ports. <a href="/wiki/International_Container_Terminal_Services_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="International Container Terminal Services Inc.">International Container Terminal Services Inc.</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, is one of the top-five major maritime terminal operators in the world,<a href="#cite_note-pse-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes-258">[256]</a> and has its headquarters and main operations at the Port of Manila. Another port operator, Asian Terminal Incorporated, has its corporate office and main operations at <a href="/wiki/Manila_South_Harbor#Manila_South_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila South Harbor">Manila South Harbor</a>, and its container depository is in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mesa,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Mesa, Manila">Santa Mesa</a>. Manila is classified as a Medium-Port Megacity, using the Southampton system for port-city classification.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as chemicals, textiles, clothing, electronic goods, food, beverages, and tobacco products. Local businesses process primary commodities for export, including rope, plywood, refined sugar, <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, and coconut oil. The food-processing industry is one of the most-stable manufacturing sector in the city.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangko_Sentral_(Roxas_Boulevard,_Manila;_01-30-2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Bangko_Sentral_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg/220px-Bangko_Sentral_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Bangko_Sentral_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg/330px-Bangko_Sentral_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Bangko_Sentral_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg/440px-Bangko_Sentral_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a> headquarters.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pandacan_oil_depot" title="Pandacan oil depot">Pandacan oil depot</a> houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Caltex Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Pilipinas Shell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petron_Corporation" title="Petron Corporation">Petron Corporation</a>; the major players in the country's petroleum industry. The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact on the residents of Manila. The Supreme Court ordered the oil depot to be relocated outside the city by July 2015,<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> but it failed to meet this deadline. Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33-hectare (82-acre) compound were demolished,<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> and plans have been made to convert it into a transport hub or food park.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Manila is a major publishing center of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-265">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a>, the Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, is headquartered in Intramuros.<a href="#cite_note-Manila_Bulletin-266">[264]</a> Other major publishing companies in the country <a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manila_Standard_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Standard Today">Manila Standard Today</a> are headquartered in the Port Area. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Commercial_News" title="Chinese Commercial News">Chinese Commercial News</a>, the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest newspaper,<a href="#cite_note-memorial-267">[265]</a> is headquartered in Binondo. <a href="/wiki/DWRK" title="DWRK">DWRK</a> used to have its studio at the FEMS Tower 1 along <a href="/wiki/Osme%C3%B1a_Highway" title="Osmeña Highway">Osmeña Highway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a> before transferring to the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Broadcasting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Broadcasting Company">MBC Building</a> at the <a href="/wiki/CCP_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="CCP Complex">CCP Complex</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> Manila serves as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a>, which is located on <a href="/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BSP-269">[267]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Landbank_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Landbank of the Philippines">Landbank of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Trust_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Trust Company">Philippine Trust Company</a> also have their headquarters in Manila. <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever Philippines</a> used to have its corporate office on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Avenue" title="United Nations Avenue">United Nations Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paco,_Manila" title="Paco, Manila">Paco</a> before transferring to <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Global_City" title="Bonifacio Global City">Bonifacio Global City</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Unilever_Phils-270">[268]</a> Vehicle manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> also has its regional office on UN Avenue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Metro_Manila" title="Tourism in Metro Manila">Tourism in Metro Manila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cathedral_at_Noon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Manila_Cathedral_at_Noon.jpg/170px-Manila_Cathedral_at_Noon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Manila_Cathedral_at_Noon.jpg/255px-Manila_Cathedral_at_Noon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Manila_Cathedral_at_Noon.jpg/340px-Manila_Cathedral_at_Noon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4960" /></a><figcaption>The historic <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Moriones,_Intramuros" title="Plaza Moriones, Intramuros">Plaza Moriones</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> Manila welcomes over one million tourists each year.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-265">[263]</a> Major tourist destinations include the historic Walled City of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines_Complex" title="Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex">Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Manila_Note_II-271">[note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila_Ocean_Park" title="Manila Ocean Park">Manila Ocean Park</a>, Binondo (Chinatown), Ermita, <a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Zoo" title="Manila Zoo">Manila Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Complex_(Manila)" title="National Museum Complex (Manila)">National Museum Complex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> Both the historic Walled City of Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destinations and as tourism enterprise zones in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_laws#2009_(9519–9999)" title="List of Philippine laws">Tourism Act of 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TourismAct-273">[270]</a> Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is a national park and the largest urban park in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> with an area of 58 hectares (140 acres),<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> The park was constructed to honor of the country's national hero <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion. The flagpole west of the Rizal Monument is the <a href="/wiki/Kilometre_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometre Zero">Kilometer Zero</a> marker for distances to locations across the country. The park is managed by the National Parks and Development Committee.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> The 0.67-square-kilometer (0.26 sq mi) Walled City of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> is the historic center of Manila. It is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros_Administration" title="Intramuros Administration">Intramuros Administration</a>, an attached agency of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(Philippines)" title="Department of Tourism (Philippines)">Department of Tourism</a>. It contains <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> and the 18th Century <a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)" title="San Agustin Church (Manila)">San Agustin Church</a>, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. <a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">Kalesa</a> is a popular mode of transportation for tourists in Intramuros and nearby places including Binondo, Ermita and Rizal Park.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world, was established in 1521<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> and served as a hub of Chinese commerce before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines. Its main attractions are <a href="/wiki/Binondo_Church" title="Binondo Church">Binondo Church</a>, Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist Temple, and authentic Chinese restaurants. Manila is designated as the country's leading destination for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>, which is estimated to annually generate $1 billion in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Lack of a progressive health system, inadequate infrastructure, and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances to its growth.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shopping">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Tutuban_Train_Station,_Manila,_Aug_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Old_Tutuban_Train_Station%2C_Manila%2C_Aug_2024.jpg/220px-Old_Tutuban_Train_Station%2C_Manila%2C_Aug_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Old_Tutuban_Train_Station%2C_Manila%2C_Aug_2024.jpg/330px-Old_Tutuban_Train_Station%2C_Manila%2C_Aug_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Old_Tutuban_Train_Station%2C_Manila%2C_Aug_2024.jpg/440px-Old_Tutuban_Train_Station%2C_Manila%2C_Aug_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/Tutuban_Center" title="Tutuban Center">Tutuban Main Station</a> built in 1892, which is now converted to a shopping mall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divisoria_Shopping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Divisoria_Shopping.jpg/220px-Divisoria_Shopping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Divisoria_Shopping.jpg/330px-Divisoria_Shopping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Divisoria_Shopping.jpg/440px-Divisoria_Shopping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Divisoria" title="Divisoria">Divisoria</a> is a popular flea market for locals and tourists. Shown is the interior of <a href="/wiki/168_Shopping_Mall" title="168 Shopping Mall">168 Shopping Mall</a>.</figcaption></figure> Manila is regarded as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> Major shopping malls, department stores, markets, supermarkets, and bazaars are located within the city. <a href="/wiki/Divisoria" title="Divisoria">Divisoria</a> in Tondo has been locally described as a "shopping mecca" of Manila.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> Shopping malls sell goods at bargain prices. Small vendors occupy several roads, causing pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A well-known landmark in Divisoria is the <a href="/wiki/Tutuban_Center" title="Tutuban Center">Tutuban Center</a>, a large shopping mall that is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways" title="Philippine National Railways">Philippine National Railways</a>' <a href="/wiki/Tutuban_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutuban railway station">Main Station</a>. It attracts 1 million people every month and is expected to add another 400,000 people upon the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System_Line_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2">LRT Line 2</a> West Extension, making it Manila's busiest transfer station.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Another "lifestyle mall" is <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Chinatown" title="Lucky Chinatown">Lucky Chinatown</a>. There are almost 1 million shoppers in Divisoria according to the Manila Police District.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world,<a href="#cite_note-en.radio86.com-56">[54]</a> is the city's center of commerce and trade for all types of businesses run by Filipino-Chinese merchants, with a wide variety of shops and restaurants. <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a> is referred to as the "Old Downtown", where <a href="/wiki/Tiangge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangge">tiangges</a>, markets, boutique shops, music and electronics stores are common.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> Many department stores are on <a href="/wiki/Recto_Avenue" title="Recto Avenue">Recto Avenue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robinsons_Place_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinsons Place Manila">Robinsons Place Manila</a> is Manila's largest shopping mall.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> The mall was the second and the largest <a href="/wiki/Robinsons_Malls" title="Robinsons Malls">Robinsons Malls</a> built. <a href="/wiki/SM_Supermalls" title="SM Supermalls">SM Supermalls</a> operates the shopping malls SM City Manila and <a href="/wiki/SM_City_San_Lazaro" class="mw-redirect" title="SM City San Lazaro">SM City San Lazaro</a>. SM City Manila is located on the former site of YMCA Manila beside <a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Hall" title="Manila City Hall">Manila City Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita</a>, while SM City San Lazaro is built on the site of the former San Lazaro Hippodrome in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila" title="Santa Cruz, Manila">Santa Cruz</a>. The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in Quiapo, which is known for its revolving restaurant, is now the <a href="/wiki/SM_Quiapo" title="SM Quiapo">SM Clearance Center</a> and was established in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> The site of the <a href="/wiki/SM_Quiapo" title="SM Quiapo">first SM Department Store</a> is Carlos Palanca Sr. (formerly Echague) Street in <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_fa%C3%A7ade_golden_hour_(Manila,_2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_fa%C3%A7ade_golden_hour_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_fa%C3%A7ade_golden_hour_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_fa%C3%A7ade_golden_hour_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_fa%C3%A7ade_golden_hour_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_fa%C3%A7ade_golden_hour_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_fa%C3%A7ade_golden_hour_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4468" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a></figcaption></figure> As the cultural center of the Philippines, Manila has a number of museums. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Complex_(Manila)" title="National Museum Complex (Manila)">National Museum Complex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>, located in Rizal Park, is composed of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)">National Museum of Anthropology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Natural History (Manila)">National Museum of Natural History</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Planetarium_(Manila)" title="National Planetarium (Manila)">National Planetarium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a>, a famous painting by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a>, can be found in the complex.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> The city hosts the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>, a repository of the country's printed and recorded cultural heritage, and other literary and information resources.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a> maintains two history museums in the city, which are the <a href="/wiki/Mabini_Shrine_(Manila)" title="Mabini Shrine (Manila)">Museo ni Apolinario Mabini – PUP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Shrine_(Intramuros)" title="Rizal Shrine (Intramuros)">Museo ni Jose Rizal – Fort Santiago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Museums established or run by the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library</a> and by educational institutions such asDLS-CSB Museum of Contemporary Art and Design,<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/UST_Museum_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="UST Museum of Arts and Sciences">UST Museum of Arts and Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Museum_of_a_History_of_Ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Philippines Museum of a History of Ideas">UP Museum of a History of Ideas</a> are located in the city.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Nacional_de_Historia_Natural,_Manila,_Filipinas,_2023-08-26,_DD_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia_Natural%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-26%2C_DD_46.jpg/220px-Museo_Nacional_de_Historia_Natural%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-26%2C_DD_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia_Natural%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-26%2C_DD_46.jpg/330px-Museo_Nacional_de_Historia_Natural%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-26%2C_DD_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Museo_Nacional_de_Historia_Natural%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-26%2C_DD_46.jpg/440px-Museo_Nacional_de_Historia_Natural%2C_Manila%2C_Filipinas%2C_2023-08-26%2C_DD_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7455" data-file-height="4970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Natural History (Manila)">National Museum of Natural History</a> at Agrifina Circle, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bahay_Tsinoy" title="Bahay Tsinoy">Bahay Tsinoy</a>, one of Manila's prominent museums, documents the lives of Chinese people and their contributions to the history of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles Filipinos' desire for freedom during <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">the revolution</a> under Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Manila" title="Metropolitan Museum of Manila">Metropolitan Museum of Manila</a> houses modern and contemporary visual arts, and exhibits Filipino arts and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Other museums in the city are the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Pambata" title="Museo Pambata">Museo Pambata</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> a children's museum;<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> and Plaza San Luis, an outdoor heritage public museum that includes nine Spanish <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_Bato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahay na Bato">Bahay na Bato</a> houses.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> Ecclesiastical museums located in the city are the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana;<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)" title="San Agustin Church (Manila)">San Agustin Church Museum</a>;<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Intramuros" title="Museo de Intramuros">Museo de Intramuros</a>, which houses the ecclesiastical art collection of the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros_Administration" title="Intramuros Administration">Intramuros Administration</a> in the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio_Church_(Manila)" title="San Ignacio Church (Manila)">San Ignacio Church and Convent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Football_stadium,_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex,_Malate,_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Football_stadium%2C_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%2C_Malate%2C_Manila.jpg/220px-Football_stadium%2C_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%2C_Malate%2C_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Football_stadium%2C_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%2C_Malate%2C_Manila.jpg/330px-Football_stadium%2C_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%2C_Malate%2C_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Football_stadium%2C_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%2C_Malate%2C_Manila.jpg/440px-Football_stadium%2C_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%2C_Malate%2C_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the city-owned <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Stadium" title="Rizal Memorial Stadium">Rizal Memorial Stadium</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex" title="Rizal Memorial Sports Complex">Rizal Memorial Sports Complex</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basketball_in_Intramuros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basketball_in_Intramuros.jpg/220px-Basketball_in_Intramuros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basketball_in_Intramuros.jpg/330px-Basketball_in_Intramuros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basketball_in_Intramuros.jpg/440px-Basketball_in_Intramuros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Children playing basketball at the ruins of <a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio_Church_(Manila)" title="San Ignacio Church (Manila)">San Ignacio Church</a> in Intramuros</figcaption></figure> Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history. The city's, and in general the country's, main sport is <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. Most barangays have a basketball court or a makeshift one, and court markings are frequently drawn on the streets. Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every April to May. Manila's major sports venues include <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex" title="Rizal Memorial Sports Complex">Rizal Memorial Sports Complex</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Andres_Gym&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Andres Gym (page does not exist)">San Andres Gym</a>, the base of the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Manila_Metrostars" title="Manila Metrostars">Manila Metrostars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> Rizal Memorial Sports Complex houses <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Track_and_Football_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium">a track and football stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Baseball_Stadium" title="Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium">a baseball stadium</a>, tennis courts, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Rizal Memorial Coliseum">Rizal Memorial Coliseum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_Stadium" title="Ninoy Aquino Stadium">Ninoy Aquino Stadium</a>; the latter two are indoor arenas. The Rizal complex had hosted several multi-sport events, such as the <a href="/wiki/1954_Asian_Games" title="1954 Asian Games">1954 Asian Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1934_Far_Eastern_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 Far Eastern Games">1934 Far Eastern Games</a>. When the Philippines hosts the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a>, most of the events are held at the complex but in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Southeast Asian Games">2005 Games</a>, most events were held elsewhere. The <a href="/wiki/1960_ABC_Championship" title="1960 ABC Championship">1960 ABC Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1973_ABC_Championship" title="1973 ABC Championship">1973 ABC Championship</a>, forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Asia_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Asia Championship">FIBA Asia Championship</a>, were hosted at the memorial coliseum; the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Philippines men's national basketball team">national basketball team</a> won both tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1978_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1978 FIBA World Championship">1978 FIBA World Championship</a> was held at the coliseum although the latter stages were held in the <a href="/wiki/Araneta_Coliseum" title="Araneta Coliseum">Araneta Coliseum</a> in Quezon City. Manila has several other well-known sports facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Enrique_M._Razon_Sports_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique M. Razon Sports Center">Enrique M. Razon Sports Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Sports_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex">University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex</a>, both of which are private venues owned by a university; <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate sports">collegiate sports</a> are also held in the city; the <a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association_of_the_Philippines" title="University Athletic Association of the Philippines">University Athletic Association of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association_(Philippines)" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines)">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> basketball games held at Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy Aquino Stadium, although basketball events have been transferred to <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Filoil_Flying_V_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Filoil Flying V Arena">Filoil Flying V Arena</a> and Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City. Other collegiate sports are still held at Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Professional basketball, which has been mostly organized by corporate teams, also used to play at the city but the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association" title="Philippine Basketball Association">Philippine Basketball Association</a> now holds their games at Araneta Coliseum and <a href="/wiki/Cuneta_Astrodome" title="Cuneta Astrodome">Cuneta Astrodome</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>; the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_League" title="Philippine Basketball League">Philippine Basketball League</a> played some of their games, such as its <a href="/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Philippine_Basketball_League_season" title="1995–96 Philippine Basketball League season">1995–96 Philippine Basketball League season</a>, at Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila_Metrostars" title="Manila Metrostars">Manila Metrostars</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Basketball_Association" title="Metropolitan Basketball Association">Metropolitan Basketball Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> The Metrostars, named after the <a href="/wiki/Metrostar_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrostar Express">Metrostar Express</a> – the brand name of the <a href="/wiki/MRT_Line_3_(Metro_Manila)" title="MRT Line 3 (Metro Manila)">Metro Manila MRT-3</a>, which does not have stations in the city – participated in its first three seasons and won the 1999 championship.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> The Metrostars later merged with the <a href="/wiki/Batangas_Blades" title="Batangas Blades">Batangas Blades</a> and subsequently played in <a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas" title="Lipa, Batangas">Lipa, Batangas</a>. Almost twenty years later, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Stars">Manila Stars</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Maharlika_Pilipinas_Basketball_League" title="Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League">Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League</a>, reaching the Northern Division Finals in 2019. Both teams played in the San Andres Sports Complex. Other teams that represented Manila but did not host games in the city are the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Jeepney_F.C." title="Manila Jeepney F.C.">Manila Jeepney F.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loyola_F.C." title="Loyola F.C.">FC Meralco Manila</a>. The city's government acknowledged Jeepney as Manila's representative in the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(Philippines)" title="United Football League (Philippines)">United Football League</a>. Meralco Manila played in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Football_League" title="Philippines Football League">Philippines Football League</a> and designated Rizal Memorial Stadium as their home ground.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Manila's <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> team <a href="/wiki/Manila_Storm" title="Manila Storm">Manila Storm</a> trains at Rizal Park and plays matches at Southern Plains Field, <a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba, Laguna</a>. Baseball was previously a widely played sport in the city but in 2022, Manila had the Philippines' only sizable baseball stadium, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Baseball_Stadium" title="Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium">Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium</a>, which hosted games of the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Baseball_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Philippines">Baseball Philippines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a> were the first players to score a <a href="/wiki/Home_run" title="Home run">home run</a> at the stadium during their tour of the country on December 2, 1934.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">Cue sports</a> are also popular in Manila; billiard halls are present in most barangays. The <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Cup_of_Pool" title="2010 World Cup of Pool">2010 World Cup of Pool</a> was held at <a href="/wiki/Robinsons_Place_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinsons Place Manila">Robinsons Place Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Memorial_Track_and_Football_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium">Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium</a> hosted the first <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> qualifier in decades when the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team" title="Philippines national football team">Philippines</a> hosted <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka national basketball team">Sri Lanka</a> in July 2011. The stadium, which was previously unfit for international matches, had been renovated before the match.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> The stadium also hosted its first <a href="/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_union)" title="Test match (rugby union)">rugby test</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Asian_Five_Nations_division_tournaments" title="2012 Asian Five Nations division tournaments">2012 Asian Five Nations Division I</a> tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_holidays">Festivals and holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Festivals and holidays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feast_of_Black_Nazarene,_Quiapo,_Manila.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Feast_of_Black_Nazarene%2C_Quiapo%2C_Manila.JPG/220px-Feast_of_Black_Nazarene%2C_Quiapo%2C_Manila.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Feast_of_Black_Nazarene%2C_Quiapo%2C_Manila.JPG/330px-Feast_of_Black_Nazarene%2C_Quiapo%2C_Manila.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Feast_of_Black_Nazarene%2C_Quiapo%2C_Manila.JPG/440px-Feast_of_Black_Nazarene%2C_Quiapo%2C_Manila.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4883" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption>Catholic devotees during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Nazarene" title="Black Nazarene">Feast of the Black Nazarene</a> (Traslacíon)</figcaption></figure> Manila celebrates civic and national holidays. Because most of the city's residents are Roman Catholic,<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> most of the festivals are religious in nature. Araw ng Maynila, which celebrates the city's founding on June 24, 1571 <a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a>, was first proclaimed by the city's vice mayor <a href="/wiki/Herminio_A._Astorga" title="Herminio A. Astorga">Herminio A. Astorga</a> on June 24, 1962. It has been annually commemorated under the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patronage</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, and has always been declared by the national government as a special, non-working holiday through presidential proclamations. Each of the city's 896 barangays also have their own festivities, which are guided by their own <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Manila also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Black_Nazarene" title="Black Nazarene">procession of the Feast of the Black Nazarene</a> (Traslacíon), which is held every January 9 and draws millions of Catholic followers.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> Other religious festivities held in Manila are the Feast of Santo Niño in Tondo and Pandacan, which is held on the third Sunday of January;<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> the Feast of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de Manila (Our Lady of the Abandoned), the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Santa Ana, Manila">Santa Ana</a>, which is held every May 12;<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flores_de_Mayo" title="Flores de Mayo">Flores de Mayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> Non-religious holidays include <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Heroes%27_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heroes' Day">National Heroes' Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Day" title="Bonifacio Day">Bonifacio Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day" title="Rizal Day">Rizal Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panglungsod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangguniang Panglungsod">Sangguniang Panglungsod</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_City_Hall_(Manila;_07-22-2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Manila_City_Hall_%28Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29.jpg/220px-Manila_City_Hall_%28Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Manila_City_Hall_%28Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29.jpg/330px-Manila_City_Hall_%28Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Manila_City_Hall_%28Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29.jpg/440px-Manila_City_Hall_%28Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Hall" title="Manila City Hall">Manila City Hall</a>, the seat of city government</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Mayor_Lacuna_in_City_Council_inaugural_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Manila_Mayor_Lacuna_in_City_Council_inaugural_session.jpg/220px-Manila_Mayor_Lacuna_in_City_Council_inaugural_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Manila_Mayor_Lacuna_in_City_Council_inaugural_session.jpg/330px-Manila_Mayor_Lacuna_in_City_Council_inaugural_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Manila_Mayor_Lacuna_in_City_Council_inaugural_session.jpg/440px-Manila_Mayor_Lacuna_in_City_Council_inaugural_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>The inaugural session of the 12th <a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Council" title="Manila City Council">Manila City Council</a> at the city hall (2022)</figcaption></figure> Manila, which is officially known as the City of Manila, is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">national capital</a> of the Philippines and is classified as a special city according to its income,<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#classification" title="Cities of the Philippines">highly urbanized city</a> (HUC). The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila" title="Mayor of Manila">Mayor of Manila</a> is the chief executive, and is assisted by the vice mayor and the 38-member <a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Council" title="Manila City Council">City Council</a>, who are elected as representatives of the six councilor districts within the city, and the municipal presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Liga_ng_mga_Barangay" title="Liga ng mga Barangay">Liga ng mga Barangay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan" title="Sangguniang Kabataan">Sangguniang Kabataan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city has no control over <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Manila North Harbor</a>. The historic Walled City is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros_Administration" title="Intramuros Administration">Intramuros Administration</a> while Manila North Harbor is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Ports_Authority" title="Philippine Ports Authority">Philippine Ports Authority</a>. Both are national government agencies. The barangays that have jurisdictions over these places oversee the welfare of the city's constituents but cannot exercise their executive powers. Manila had a 12,971 personnel complement at the end of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-2019audit-328">[325]</a> Under the proposed form of <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Federalism in the Philippines">federalism in the Philippines</a>, Manila may no longer be the capital and Metro Manila may no longer be the seat of government; the committee has not yet decided on the federal capital and states they are open to other proposals.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> As of May 2022, the Mayor of Manila is <a href="/wiki/Honey_Lacuna" title="Honey Lacuna">Maria Shielah "Honey" Lacuna-Pangan</a>, daughter of former Manila vice mayor <a href="/wiki/Danilo_Lacuna" title="Danilo Lacuna">Danilo Lacuna</a>. Lacuna is the city's first female mayor.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> The vice mayor is <a href="/wiki/Yul_Servo" title="Yul Servo">Yul Servo</a>. The mayor and the vice mayor are limited to up-to three terms, each term lasting for three years. The city has an ordinance penalizing <a href="/wiki/Street_harassment" title="Street harassment">cat-calling</a> since 2018, and is the second city in the Philippines to do so after Quezon City, which passed a similar ordinance in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> In 2017, the city government planned to revise the existing curfew ordinance since the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in August that year. Of the three cities reviewed by the Supreme Court; the City of Manila, <a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a>, and Quezon City; only the curfew ordinance of Quezon City was approved.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government">National government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: National government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_(local_img).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/220px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/330px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/440px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> and workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> Manila, being the seat of political power in the Philippines, has the headquarters of several national government offices. Planning for the city's role as the center of government started during the early years of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonization</a>, when the U.S. envisioned a well-designed city outside the walls of Intramuros, and chose Bagumbayan, a former town that is now Jose Rizal Park to become the center of government. A design commission was given to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a> to create a master plan for the city patterned after <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-Morley-2018-335">[332]</a> but the plans were abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, in what is now Quezon City. Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in Quezon City but several key government offices are still based in Manila. Many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Facade of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> As the nation's capital, Manila hosts the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Office of the President</a> and the President's <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">official residence</a>. It also houses important government agencies and institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Departments_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Departments of the Philippines">Departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Budget_and_Management" title="Department of Budget and Management">Budget and Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Philippines)" title="Department of Finance (Philippines)">Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Philippines)" title="Department of Justice (Philippines)">Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Labor_and_Employment_(Philippines)" title="Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)">Labor and Employment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways" title="Department of Public Works and Highways">Public Works and Highways</a>. Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library, National Archives, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_General_Hospital" title="Philippine General Hospital">Philippine General Hospital</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Other notable institutions based in Manila are the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Commission">National Historical Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_Development_Council_of_the_Philippines" title="Film Development Council of the Philippines">Film Development Council of the Philippines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines" title="Cultural Center of the Philippines">Cultural Center of the Philippines</a>. Congress previously held office at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Legislative_Building_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Legislative Building (Manila)">Old Congress Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> In 1972, due to declaration of martial law, Congress was dissolved; its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Batasang Pambansa">Batasang Pambansa</a>, held office at the new <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa_Complex" title="Batasang Pambansa Complex">Batasang Pambansa Complex</a>. When a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">constitution</a> restored the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> Congress, the House of Representatives stayed at the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building. In May 1997, the Senate transferred to a new building, which it shares with the <a href="/wiki/Government_Service_Insurance_System" title="Government Service Insurance System">Government Service Insurance System</a> on reclaimed land at <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> was due to transfer to its new campus at <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Global_City" title="Bonifacio Global City">Bonifacio Global City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, in 2019 but the move was postponed to a later year.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> In Congress, Manila has six representatives, one each from <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Manila" title="Legislative districts of Manila">its six congressional districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Finance">edit</a>]</div> In the 2019 Annual Audit Report published by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a>, the revenue of the City of Manila was ₱16.534 billion.<a href="#cite_note-2019audit-328">[325]</a> It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and internal revenue allotment.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> For the 2019 fiscal year, the tax revenue collected by the city was ₱8.4 billion. The city's Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from the National Treasury was ₱2.94 billion, and the city's total assets were worth ₱63.4 billion in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-2019audit-328">[325]</a> The City of Manila has the highest budget allocation for healthcare of all the cities and municipalities in the Philippines; the city maintains the six district hospitals, 59 health centers and lying-in clinics, and healthcare programs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTMP_PhotoPhilia_D12_Smokey_Mountain_Housing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WTMP_PhotoPhilia_D12_Smokey_Mountain_Housing.JPG/220px-WTMP_PhotoPhilia_D12_Smokey_Mountain_Housing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WTMP_PhotoPhilia_D12_Smokey_Mountain_Housing.JPG/330px-WTMP_PhotoPhilia_D12_Smokey_Mountain_Housing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WTMP_PhotoPhilia_D12_Smokey_Mountain_Housing.JPG/440px-WTMP_PhotoPhilia_D12_Smokey_Mountain_Housing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Mountain" title="Smokey Mountain">Smokey Mountain</a> Housing Project was built on a former landfill. Continuous development of housing buildings continues up to the present day.</figcaption></figure> Development of public housing in Manila began in the 1930s under U.S. rule; Americans had to deal with the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> Business codes and sanitation laws were implemented in the 1930s. During this period until the 1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. Among these were Projects 1–8 in Quezon City<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> and the Vitas tenement houses in Tondo.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> In 1947, the government implemented a public housing policy that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC).<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> A few years later, it established a Slum Clearance Committee which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from Manila and Quezon City to Sapang Palay in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose del Monte, Bulacan">San Jose del Monte, Bulacan</a> in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for 300 Manila residents whose slum community was destroyed by a fire in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> As of 2019, the city government plans to retrofit dilapidated tenements within the city,<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> and will construct new housing buildings for the city's informal settlers such as the 14-story Tondominium 1 and Tondomium 2 buildings, containing 42-square-meter (450 sq ft), two-bedroom units. The construction of these new in-city vertical housing projects was funded by a loan from the <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_the_Philippines" title="Development Bank of the Philippines">Development Bank of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_Bank_of_the_Philippines" title="Land Bank of the Philippines">Land Bank of the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> Since 2019, the Manila City Government has initiated six housing projects: Tondominium 1 & 2, Binondominium, Basecommunity, San Lazaro Residences, Pedro Gil Residences, and San Sebastian Residences.<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Transportation in Metro Manila">Transportation in Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_Metro_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transportation in Metro Manila">Rail transportation in Metro Manila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Major_roads_in_Metro_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Major roads in Metro Manila">Major roads in Metro Manila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTMP_Pangkat_E-14-3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WTMP_Pangkat_E-14-3.JPG/220px-WTMP_Pangkat_E-14-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WTMP_Pangkat_E-14-3.JPG/330px-WTMP_Pangkat_E-14-3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WTMP_Pangkat_E-14-3.JPG/440px-WTMP_Pangkat_E-14-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepneys</a> are one of the most popular modes of transportation in Manila.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_2_Train_near_Pureza_Station_(Santa_Mesa,_Manila)(2018-02-22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Line_2_Train_near_Pureza_Station_%28Santa_Mesa%2C_Manila%29%282018-02-22%29.jpg/220px-Line_2_Train_near_Pureza_Station_%28Santa_Mesa%2C_Manila%29%282018-02-22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Line_2_Train_near_Pureza_Station_%28Santa_Mesa%2C_Manila%29%282018-02-22%29.jpg/330px-Line_2_Train_near_Pureza_Station_%28Santa_Mesa%2C_Manila%29%282018-02-22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Line_2_Train_near_Pureza_Station_%28Santa_Mesa%2C_Manila%29%282018-02-22%29.jpg/440px-Line_2_Train_near_Pureza_Station_%28Santa_Mesa%2C_Manila%29%282018-02-22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pureza_station" title="Pureza station">Pureza station</a> of <a href="/wiki/LRT_Line_2_(Metro_Manila)" title="LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila)">LRT Line 2</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mesa" title="Santa Mesa">Santa Mesa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LRT-1_Blumentritt_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/LRT-1_Blumentritt_2011.jpg/220px-LRT-1_Blumentritt_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/LRT-1_Blumentritt_2011.jpg/330px-LRT-1_Blumentritt_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/LRT-1_Blumentritt_2011.jpg/440px-LRT-1_Blumentritt_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blumentritt_station_(Line_1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blumentritt station (Line 1)">Blumentritt Station</a> of the <a href="/wiki/LRT_Line_1_(Metro_Manila)" title="LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)">LRT Line 1</a></figcaption></figure> One of the best-known modes of transportation in Manila is the <a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">jeepney</a>, which were patterned after <a href="/wiki/Jeep#World_War_II_Jeeps" title="Jeep">U.S. Army jeeps</a> and have been in use since the mid-to-late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tamaraw_FX" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamaraw FX">Tamaraw FX</a>, the third generation of the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Kijang" title="Toyota Kijang">Toyota Kijang</a>, once directly competed with jeepneys and followed fixed routes for a set price. They were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/UV_Express" title="UV Express">UV Express</a>. All types of public road transportation in Manila are privately owned and operated under government-issued franchises.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On a for-hire basis, the city is served by <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxicabs</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Motorized_tricycle_(Philippines)" title="Motorized tricycle (Philippines)">tricycles</a>" – motorcycles with sidecars—the Philippine version of the <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaw</a>), and "trisikads", "sikads" or "kuligligs"; bicycles with sidecars, the Philippine version of <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">pedicabs</a>), which are popular In some areas, especially Divisoria. Spanish-era horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Calesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Calesa">calesas</a> are a popular tourist attraction and mode of transportation in Binondo and Intramuros. Manila will phase out all gasoline-run tricycles and pedicabs, and replace them with electric tricycles (e-trikes), and plans to distribute 10,000 e-trikes to qualified tricycle drivers from the city.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> By January 2018, the city has distributed e-trikes to a number of drivers and operators in Binondo, Ermita, <a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a>, and Santa Cruz.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> Manila is serviced by <a href="/wiki/LRT_Line_1_(Metro_Manila)" title="LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)">LRT Line 1</a> (LRT-1) and <a href="/wiki/LRT_Line_2_(Metro_Manila)" title="LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila)">Line 2</a> (LRT-2), which form the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System">Manila Light Rail Transit System</a>. Development of the light rail system began in the 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, when the LRT Line 1 was built, making it the first light-rail system in Southeast Asia. Despite its name, LRT-1 operates as a <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">light metro</a>, running on dedicated rights-of-way. LRT 2 operates as a full-metro, heavy rail system. As of 2015, these systems were undergoing a multi-billion-dollar expansion.<a href="#cite_note-10points-356">[353]</a> The LRT runs along the length of <a href="/wiki/Taft_Avenue" title="Taft Avenue">Taft Avenue</a> (N170/R-2) and <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Avenue" title="Rizal Avenue">Rizal Avenue</a> (N150/R-9), while LRT-2 runs along <a href="/wiki/Recto_Avenue" title="Recto Avenue">Claro M. Recto Avenue</a> (N145/C-1) and <a href="/wiki/Magsaysay_Boulevard" title="Magsaysay Boulevard">Ramon Magsaysay</a> Boulevard (N180/R-6) from Santa Cruz, through Quezon City, and to Masinag in <a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PNR_Santa_Mesa_Station_with_INKA_train_(Manila;_02-01-2020)_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PNR_Santa_Mesa_Station_with_INKA_train_%28Manila%3B_02-01-2020%29_wiki.jpg/220px-PNR_Santa_Mesa_Station_with_INKA_train_%28Manila%3B_02-01-2020%29_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PNR_Santa_Mesa_Station_with_INKA_train_%28Manila%3B_02-01-2020%29_wiki.jpg/330px-PNR_Santa_Mesa_Station_with_INKA_train_%28Manila%3B_02-01-2020%29_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PNR_Santa_Mesa_Station_with_INKA_train_%28Manila%3B_02-01-2020%29_wiki.jpg/440px-PNR_Santa_Mesa_Station_with_INKA_train_%28Manila%3B_02-01-2020%29_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/PNR_8000_class" title="PNR 8000 class">PNR 8000 class</a> at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mesa_station" title="Santa Mesa station">Santa Mesa station</a>, the fourth station southbound from <a href="/wiki/Tutuban_station" title="Tutuban station">Tutuban station</a> terminus.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tutuban_station" title="Tutuban station">Tutuban station</a>, the central terminal of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways" title="Philippine National Railways">Philippine National Railways</a>, lies within Manila.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> Within Metro Manila, one commuter railway is in operation. The line runs in a general north–south direction from Tutuban (Tondo) toward the province of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>. The Port of Manila, which is located in the western section of the city on Manila Bay, is the largest and chief seaport of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River_Ferry_Service" title="Pasig River Ferry Service">Pasig River Ferry Service</a> is another form of transportation.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> The city is also served by <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport">Ninoy Aquino International Airport</a>, the country's main international airport and domestic air hub.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> Trolleys, hand-made human-powered metal handcarts operated by "trolley boys", transport people along sections of the PNR lines. This is a popular means of transportation because it is low-cost – roughly ₱10 or US$.20 per trip – and avoids traffic. Many trolley boys are homeless and live alongside the railroad line, which is actively used by passenger trains, making collisions with passenger trains a consistent danger, although casualties are rare. The trolley rides are unofficial and unregulated but tolerated by authorities.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> Satellite navigation company <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a> ranked Manila as the second world's most-traffic-congested city in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a>'s 2015 "Global Driver Satisfaction Index", Manila has the worst traffic worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> Manila is notorious for its frequent <a href="/wiki/Traffic_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic jam">traffic jams</a> and high densities.<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a> The government has undertaken several projects to alleviate the traffic in the city, some of which include the proposed construction of a new viaduct or underpass at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_Boulevard" title="España Boulevard">España Boulevard</a> and Lacson Avenue;<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> the construction of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila_Skyway#Stage_3" title="Metro Manila Skyway">Skyway Stage 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/NLEX_Connector" title="NLEX Connector">NLEX Connector</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River_Expressway" title="Pasig River Expressway">Pasig River Expressway</a>; the proposed LRT Line 2 West Extension Project from Recto Avenue to Pier 4 of Manila North Harbor;<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> the proposed construction of the PNR east–west line through España Boulevard to Quezon City; and the expansion and widening of several national and local roads. These projects, however, had yet to make any meaningful impact by 2014, and the traffic jams and congestion continue.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> The government, under its 2014 <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila_Dream_Plan" title="Metro Manila Dream Plan">Metro Manila Dream Plan</a> aims to address these urban transport problems. The plan is a list of short-term priority projects and medium-to-long-term infrastructure projects that will last up to 2030.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_electricity">Water and electricity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Water and electricity">edit</a>]</div> Water services used to be provided by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Waterworks_and_Sewerage_System" title="Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System">Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System</a> (MWSS), which served 30% of the city; most other sewage was directly dumped into storm drains, septic tanks, and open canals.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> MWSS was <a href="/wiki/Water_privatization_in_Metro_Manila" title="Water privatization in Metro Manila">privatized in 1997</a>, which split the water concession into the east and west zones. <a href="/wiki/Maynilad_Water_Services" title="Maynilad Water Services">Maynilad Water Services</a> took over the west zone, of which Manila is a part. As of 2001, Maynilad Water Services provides the supply and delivery of potable water, and sewerage system in Manila<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> but does not serve the southeastern part of the city, which belongs to the east zone that is served by <a href="/wiki/Manila_Water" title="Manila Water">Manila Water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> Electricity services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Meralco" title="Meralco">Meralco</a>, the sole electricity distributor in Metro Manila.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of hospitals in Metro Manila">List of hospitals in Metro Manila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft_ave.-philippine_general_hospital_(up-pgh)_(2014).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft_ave.-philippine_general_hospital_%28up-pgh%29_%282014%29.JPG/220px-Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft_ave.-philippine_general_hospital_%28up-pgh%29_%282014%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft_ave.-philippine_general_hospital_%28up-pgh%29_%282014%29.JPG/330px-Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft_ave.-philippine_general_hospital_%28up-pgh%29_%282014%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft_ave.-philippine_general_hospital_%28up-pgh%29_%282014%29.JPG/440px-Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft_ave.-philippine_general_hospital_%28up-pgh%29_%282014%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippine_General_Hospital" title="Philippine General Hospital">Philippine General Hospital</a>, established in 1910, is the largest modern tertiary hospital in the country.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Manila_Health_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Health Department">Manila Health Department</a> is responsible for the planning and implementation of healthcare programs provided by the city government. Manila Health Department operates 59 health centers and six city-run hospitals, which are free of charge for the city's constituents. The six public city-run hospitals are <a href="/wiki/Ospital_ng_Maynila_Medical_Center" title="Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center">Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center</a>, Ospital ng Sampaloc, Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center, Ospital ng Tondo, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Hospital_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana Hospital (Manila)">Santa Ana Hospital</a>, and Justice Jose Abad Santos General Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_General_Hospital" title="Philippine General Hospital">Philippine General Hospital</a>, a tertiary state-owned hospital in Manila, is operated by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Manila" title="University of the Philippines Manila">University of the Philippines Manila</a>. The city is planning to build an education, research, and hospital facility for <a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate" title="Cleft lip and cleft palate">cleft lip and cleft palate</a> patients,<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> and to establish the first children's surgical hospital in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> Private corporations also provide healthcare in Manila. Private hospitals that operate in the city are <a href="/wiki/Manila_Doctors_Hospital" title="Manila Doctors Hospital">Manila Doctors Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_General_Hospital_and_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center">Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_R._Reyes_Memorial_Medical_Center" title="José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center">José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Medical_Center" title="Metropolitan Medical Center">Metropolitan Medical Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a> <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Hospital_(Manila)" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital (Manila)">Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Hospital" title="University of Santo Tomas Hospital">University of Santo Tomas Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Department of Health</a> (DOH) has its main office in Manila<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> and operates San Lazaro Hospital, a special referral tertiary hospital. DOH also operates <a href="/wiki/Dr._Jose_Fabella_Memorial_Hospital" title="Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital">Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_R._Reyes_Memorial_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center">Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tondo_Medical_Center" title="Tondo Medical Center">Tondo Medical Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a> Manila is the home to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Country Office for the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> The city government provides free immunization programs for children, who are specifically targeted against hepatitis B, hemophilus influenza B pneumonia, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. As of 2016, 31,115 children aged one and below have been fully immunized.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> Manila Dialysis Center, which provides free services for the poor, has been cited by the United Nations Committee on Innovation, Competitiveness and Public-Private Partnerships as a model for public-private partnership (PPP) projects.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> The dialysis facility was named Flora V. Valisno de Siojo Dialysis Center in 2019, and was inaugurated as the largest free dialysis facility in the Philippines. It has 91 dialysis machines, which can be expanded up to 100, matching the capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/National_Kidney_and_Transplant_Institute" title="National Kidney and Transplant Institute">National Kidney and Transplant Institute</a> (NKTI).<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and colleges in Manila">List of universities and colleges in Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Division_of_City_Schools%E2%80%93Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of City Schools–Manila">Division of City Schools–Manila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila.jpg/220px-Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila.jpg/330px-Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila.jpg/440px-Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The campus of the <a href="/wiki/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila" title="Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila">Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baluarte_de_San_Diego" title="Baluarte de San Diego">Baluarte de San Diego</a> in Intramuros</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_La_Salle_University_(DLSU)_Campus;_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex;_Harrison_Plaza_-_Aerial_Shot_(Taft_Avenue,_Malate,_Manila;_2015-06-25).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/De_La_Salle_University_%28DLSU%29_Campus%3B_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%3B_Harrison_Plaza_-_Aerial_Shot_%28Taft_Avenue%2C_Malate%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-25%29.jpg/220px-De_La_Salle_University_%28DLSU%29_Campus%3B_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%3B_Harrison_Plaza_-_Aerial_Shot_%28Taft_Avenue%2C_Malate%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-25%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/De_La_Salle_University_%28DLSU%29_Campus%3B_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%3B_Harrison_Plaza_-_Aerial_Shot_%28Taft_Avenue%2C_Malate%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-25%29.jpg/330px-De_La_Salle_University_%28DLSU%29_Campus%3B_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%3B_Harrison_Plaza_-_Aerial_Shot_%28Taft_Avenue%2C_Malate%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-25%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/De_La_Salle_University_%28DLSU%29_Campus%3B_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%3B_Harrison_Plaza_-_Aerial_Shot_%28Taft_Avenue%2C_Malate%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-25%29.jpg/440px-De_La_Salle_University_%28DLSU%29_Campus%3B_Rizal_Memorial_Sports_Complex%3B_Harrison_Plaza_-_Aerial_Shot_%28Taft_Avenue%2C_Malate%2C_Manila%3B_2015-06-25%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Lasallian_educational_institutions" title="Lasallian educational institutions">Lasallian educational institution</a> established in 1911.</figcaption></figure> Manila has been a center of education since the colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs-2010-397">[394]</a> The city has several Philippine universities and colleges, some of which are the county's oldest. The city's <a href="/wiki/University_Belt" title="University Belt">University Belt</a> has a high concentration of colleges and universities, which are a short walking distance of each other. The University Belt is at the boundaries between <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila" title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a> districts, while other clusters colleges lie along the southern bank of the Pasig River – mostly in Intramuros and Ermita districts; and at the southernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a> near the city limits. The historic district Intramuros once housed the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> (1611), <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran" title="Colegio de San Juan de Letran">Colegio de San Juan de Letran</a> (1620), and <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a> (1859).<a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs-2010-397">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-PACUOrg-MemberSchools-398">[395]</a> Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927 and Ateneo de Manila University relocated to Loyola Heights, Quezon City, in 1952. In the 20th century, new non-sectarian schools were built; <a href="/wiki/Map%C3%BAa_University" title="Mapúa University">Mapúa University</a> (1925), <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_of_the_Philippines_University" title="Lyceum of the Philippines University">Lyceum of the Philippines University</a> (1952), and <a href="/wiki/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila" title="Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila">Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila</a> (1965) – which is owned and operated by the Manila city government.<a href="#cite_note-399">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[397]</a> The four schools in the district formed the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros_Consortium" title="Intramuros Consortium">Intramuros Consortium</a>. Other notable universities in the city include <a href="/wiki/National_University_(Philippines)" title="National University (Philippines)">National University</a> (1900), <a href="/wiki/San_Beda_University" title="San Beda University">San Beda University</a> (1901), the only <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> university in Asia, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a> (1911), the largest of all <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University_System" class="mw-redirect" title="De La Salle University System">De La Salle University System</a> of schools, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_University_Manila" title="St. Paul University Manila">St. Paul University Manila</a> (1912), one of the seven campuses comprising the <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_University_System" title="St. Paul University System">St. Paul University System</a> of schools, <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_University" title="Far Eastern University">Far Eastern University</a> (1928), and <a href="/wiki/Adamson_University" title="Adamson University">Adamson University</a> (1939). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> (1908), the country's main state university, was established in Ermita, Manila. It moved its central administrative offices from Manila to Diliman in 1949 and eventually made the original campus the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Manila" title="University of the Philippines Manila">University of the Philippines Manila</a>, the oldest of the constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System, and the center of health-sciences education in the country.<a href="#cite_note-401">[398]</a> Manila is also the site of the main campus of the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines_Santa_Mesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Mesa">Polytechnic University of the Philippines</a>, the largest university in the country in terms of student population.<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a> The city's three-tier public education system, the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_City_Schools%E2%80%93Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of City Schools–Manila">Division of the City Schools of Manila</a>, is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a>. The division oversees 71 public elementary schools and 32 public high schools, all located within the city's territory, except for Rafael Palma Elementary School, which is situated in Barangay La Paz, <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, near the border with Manila.<a href="#cite_note-403">[400]</a> The city also contains <a href="/wiki/Manila_Science_High_School" title="Manila Science High School">Manila Science High School</a>, a pilot science high school.<a href="#cite_note-:1-404">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of sister cities in Metro Manila">List of sister cities in Metro Manila</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan_%28latin%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan_%28latin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan_%28latin%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan_%28latin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan_%28latin%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan_%28latin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="170" /> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PH-CAV_Flag.png/23px-PH-CAV_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PH-CAV_Flag.png/35px-PH-CAV_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PH-CAV_Flag.png/46px-PH-CAV_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a>, Cavite<a href="#cite_note-406">[403]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand<a href="#cite_note-407">[404]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, People's Republic of China<a href="#cite_note-408">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChinaEmbassyOrg-409">[406]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, East Timor<a href="#cite_note-410">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, People's Republic of China<a href="#cite_note-ChinaEmbassyOrg-409">[406]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Haifa.svg/21px-Flag_of_Haifa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Haifa.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haifa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Haifa.svg/41px-Flag_of_Haifa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel<a href="#cite_note-412">[409]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-413">[410]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Incheon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Incheon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Incheon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Incheon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Incheon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Incheon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, South Korea<a href="#cite_note-414">[411]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-415">[412]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Nantan%2C_Kyoto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nantan%2C_Kyoto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Nantan%2C_Kyoto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nantan%2C_Kyoto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Nantan%2C_Kyoto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nantan%2C_Kyoto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nantan,_Kyoto" title="Nantan, Kyoto">Nantan, Kyoto</a>, Japan<a href="#cite_note-PrefKyotoJP-416">[413]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/45px-Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan (business partner)<a href="#cite_note-Business_Partner_Cities_PC-417">[414]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, Northern Mariana Islands<a href="#cite_note-418">[415]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, People's Republic of China<a href="#cite_note-Shanghai_twinnings-419">[416]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Taipei_City.svg/23px-Flag_of_Taipei_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Taipei_City.svg/35px-Flag_of_Taipei_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Taipei_City.svg/45px-Flag_of_Taipei_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan<a href="#cite_note-420">[417]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Takatsuki%2C_Osaka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Takatsuki%2C_Osaka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Takatsuki%2C_Osaka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Takatsuki%2C_Osaka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Takatsuki%2C_Osaka.svg/43px-Flag_of_Takatsuki%2C_Osaka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Takatsuki,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Takatsuki, Osaka">Takatsuki</a>, Osaka, Japan<a href="#cite_note-421">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanCLAIRSingapore-422">[419]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanagawa">Kanagawa</a>, Japan<a href="#cite_note-JapanCLAIRSingapore-422">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[420]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ROU_Bucharest_Flag.svg/23px-ROU_Bucharest_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ROU_Bucharest_Flag.svg/35px-ROU_Bucharest_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ROU_Bucharest_Flag.svg/45px-ROU_Bucharest_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Lisbon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lisbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Lisbon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lisbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Lisbon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lisbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal<a href="#cite_note-424">[421]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/23px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/35px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Warsaw.svg/46px-Flag_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bandera_de_la_ciudad_de_Madrid.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_ciudad_de_Madrid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bandera_de_la_ciudad_de_Madrid.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_ciudad_de_Madrid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bandera_de_la_ciudad_de_Madrid.svg/45px-Bandera_de_la_ciudad_de_Madrid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain<a href="#cite_note-hermanadas-425">[422]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, Spain<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="356" /> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bandi%C3%A8ra_de_Ni%C3%A7a.svg/23px-Bandi%C3%A8ra_de_Ni%C3%A7a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bandi%C3%A8ra_de_Ni%C3%A7a.svg/35px-Bandi%C3%A8ra_de_Ni%C3%A7a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bandi%C3%A8ra_de_Ni%C3%A7a.svg/45px-Bandi%C3%A8ra_de_Ni%C3%A7a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1198" /> <a href="/wiki/Nice,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice, France">Nice</a>, France<a href="#cite_note-Nice_Jumellage-426">[423]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: The Americas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>, Mexico<a href="#cite_note-427">[424]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Santiago_de_Cali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Santiago_de_Cali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Santiago_de_Cali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Santiago_de_Cali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Santiago_de_Cali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Santiago_de_Cali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cartagena.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cartagena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cartagena.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cartagena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Cartagena.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cartagena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, Colombia<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Official_flag_of_Havana%2C_Cuba.svg/23px-Official_flag_of_Havana%2C_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Official_flag_of_Havana%2C_Cuba.svg/35px-Official_flag_of_Havana%2C_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Official_flag_of_Havana%2C_Cuba.svg/46px-Official_flag_of_Havana%2C_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1500" /> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay<a href="#cite_note-SC-429">[426]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Montreal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montreal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Montreal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montreal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Montreal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montreal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="217" /> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada<a href="#cite_note-430">[427]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, United States (global partner)<a href="#cite_note-431">[428]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bandera_de_Ciudad_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Ciudad_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bandera_de_Ciudad_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Ciudad_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bandera_de_Ciudad_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg/46px-Bandera_de_Ciudad_de_Panam%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="454" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, Panama<a href="#cite_note-432">[429]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Sacramento%2C_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sacramento%2C_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Sacramento%2C_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sacramento%2C_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Sacramento%2C_California.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sacramento%2C_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="284" /> <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, California, United States</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg/23px-Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg/35px-Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg/45px-Flag_of_San_Francisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, United States<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Santiago%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Santiago%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Santiago%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Santiago%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Santiago%2C_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Santiago%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile<a href="#cite_note-About_Manila:_Sister_Cities-405">[402]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Winnipeg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Winnipeg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Winnipeg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Winnipeg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Winnipeg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Winnipeg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="438" /> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba, Canada<a href="#cite_note-434">[431]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.svg/45px-Flag_of_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, United States<a href="#cite_note-SCI-435">[432]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Maui_County%2C_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maui_County%2C_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Maui_County%2C_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maui_County%2C_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Maui_County%2C_Hawaii.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maui_County%2C_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/Maui_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui County">Maui County</a>, Hawaii, United States<a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> Manila hosts the foreign embassies of the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Manila" title="Embassy of the United States, Manila">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[434]</a> and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-438">[435]</a> Honorary consulates of Belize, Burkina Faso, Jordan, Nepal, Poland, Iceland, Paraguay, Thailand, and Tunisia are based in the city.<a href="#cite_note-DFAGovPH-ForeignConsulates-439">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_personalities">Notable personalities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notable personalities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Manila" title="List of people from Manila">List of people from Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Metro_Manila" title="List of people from Metro Manila">List of people from Metro Manila</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Greater Manila Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Manila">Province of Manila</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> This was spurred by a locally found sacred image, i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a> of unknown origin; one theory is that it is from Portuguese-Macau, another is that it is a Tantric goddess and this was worshiped by the natives in a Pagan-Hindu manner and had survived Islamic iconoclasm by the Sultanate of Brunei. This image was interpreted to be of Marian nature, and it was found during the Miguel de Legazpi expedition and eventually, a Mexican hermit built a chapel around that image. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manila_Note_II-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Manila_Note_II_271-0">^</a> The city limits was at Vicente Sotto Street. The rest of the place south of the street belongs to <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>. Buildings and structures in CCP that falls under the jurisdiction of Manila includes the National Theater. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1945/02/05/archives/pearl-of-orient-stripped-of-food-manila-before-pearl-harbor-had.html">"'Pearl of Orient' Stripped of Food; Manila, Before Pearl Harbor, Had Been Prosperous—Its Harbor One, of Best Focus for Two Attacks Osmeña Succeeded Quezon"</a>. New York Times. February 5, 1945. Retrieved March 3, 2014. <q>Manila, modernized and elevated to the status of a metropolis by American engineering skill, was before Pearl Harbor a city of 623,000 population, contained in an area of 14 square miles (36 km2).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Pearl+of+Orient%27+Stripped+of+Food%3B+Manila%2C+Before+Pearl+Harbor%2C+Had+Been+Prosperous%E2%80%94Its+Harbor+One%2C+of+Best+Focus+for+Two+Attacks+Osme%C3%B1a+Succeeded+Quezon&rft.date=1945-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1945%2F02%2F05%2Farchives%2Fpearl-of-orient-stripped-of-food-manila-before-pearl-harbor-had.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a>  [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=13&p=39">https://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=13&p=39</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manila.gov.ph/city-profile/">"Manila"</a>. City Government of Manila.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manila&rft.pub=City+Government+of+Manila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanila.gov.ph%2Fcity-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-h947mt/Manila/?zoom=19&center=14.5891%2C120.98159&popup=14.58932%2C120.98165">"Mappa topografica Manila"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved November 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mappa+topografica+Manila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit-ch.topographic-map.com%2Fmap-h947mt%2FManila%2F%3Fzoom%3D19%26center%3D14.5891%252C120.98159%26popup%3D14.58932%252C120.98165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA20–NCR-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSA20–NCR_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA20–NCR_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA20–NCR_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_of_Population2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Census of Population (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Table%2520B%2520-%2520Population%2520and%2520Annual%2520Growth%2520Rates%2520by%2520Province%252C%2520City%252C%2520and%2520Municipality%2520-%2520By%2520Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx">Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Retrieved July 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Table+B+-+Population+and+Annual+Growth+Rates+by+Province%2C+City%2C+and+Municipality+-+By+Region&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Census+of+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fphcd%2F2022-12%2FTable%252520B%252520-%252520Population%252520and%252520Annual%252520Growth%252520Rates%252520by%252520Province%25252C%252520City%25252C%252520and%252520Municipality%252520-%252520By%252520Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSApopden-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSApopden_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSApopden_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSApopden_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population">"Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population)"</a>. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.atitle=Philippine+Population+Density+%28Based+on+the+2015+Census+of+Population%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fphilippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The original form as used by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2021-city-and-municipal-level-poverty-estimates">"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates"</a>. Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PSA+Releases+the+2021+City+and+Municipal+Level+Poverty+Estimates&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fpsa-releases-2021-city-and-municipal-level-poverty-estimates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSub-national_HDI" class="citation web cs1">Sub-national HDI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Area Database – Global Data Lab"</a>. hdi.globaldatalab.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft.au=Sub-national+HDI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ra409-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ra409_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ra409_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Act_No._4091949" class="citation cs2">Republic Act No. 409 (June 18, 1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1949/06/18/republic-act-no-409">Revised Charter of the City of Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_(Philippines)" title="Official Gazette (Philippines)">Official Gazette</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831222511/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1949/06/18/republic-act-no-409/">archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2017, retrieved June 30, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revised+Charter+of+the+City+of+Manila&rft.pub=Official+Gazette&rft.date=1949-06-18&rft.au=Republic+Act+No.+409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1949%2F06%2F18%2Frepublic-act-no-409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104083035/http://www.coa.gov.ph/phocadownloadpap/userupload/annual_audit_report/LGUs/2014/NCR/Cities/City_of_Manila_ES2014.pdf">"Annual Audit Report: City of Manila"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/local-government-units/2014/category/5447-cities">the original</a> on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commission+on+Audit&rft.atitle=Annual+Audit+Report%3A+City+of+Manila&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coa.gov.ph%2Findex.php%2Flocal-government-units%2F2014%2Fcategory%2F5447-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century, by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1998" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Andre G. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reorient00andr/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520214743" title="Special:BookSources/9780520214743"><bdi>9780520214743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReOrient%3A+Global+Economy+in+the+Asian+Age&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520214743&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Andre+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freorient00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population">"Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population"</a>. 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Manila: Bureau of Public Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Plant+Names+of+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Public+Printing&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Elmer+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofplan00merr%23page%2F88%2Fsearch%2Fnilar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAloma_Monte_de_los_Santos1994" class="citation book cs1">Aloma Monte de los Santos (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hibkAAAAMAAJ">Parish of Santo Niño de Molino – Bacoor, Cavite – 1984–1994: The Making of a Parish</a>. Parish of Santo Niño de Molino. 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCZyAAAAMAAJ">Looking Back, Volume 1</a>. Anvil Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789712700583" title="Special:BookSources/9789712700583"><bdi>9789712700583</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Back%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789712700583&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCZyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Nakpil, Julio. "A Suggestion to the Tagalistas to Elucidate the Origin of the Name of the Capital City of the Philippines: Manila. Which of these Three Terms or Names Is the More Accurate: Maynilad, Manilad, or Manila?". August 26, 1940. </li> <li id="cite_note-blairandrobertson-30"><a href="#cite_ref-blairandrobertson_30-0">^</a> Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, Vol. VIII, p. 96-141. The Arthur H. Clarke Company.; Census of the Philippines, 1903 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelasquez-TyGarcíaMaceda1955" class="citation book cs1">Velasquez-Ty, Catalina; García, Tomas; Maceda, Antonio J. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IE8OAQAAIAAJ">Your Country and Mine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Country+and+Mine&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Velasquez-Ty&rft.aufirst=Catalina&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Tomas&rft.au=Maceda%2C+Antonio+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIE8OAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saenger-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Saenger_32-0">^</a> An example is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaenger2013" class="citation book cs1">Saenger, Peter (June 29, 2013). Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation. 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(1886) On the flora of Philippine Islands and its probable derivation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QacI71mt_EoXKTo6hqZy18tFfIPj1o_TgmmrtgsqWr7j6DpWOgxOT9LTw0NxQt1mHWMh3agvkguqMaqyBThP9gC9IDKgvIEGMYl1BB6FB_WrQ102ahtPSLsN-gXh-biwM_obsuWI4ucnyFMRyI8gyH8G98iPlEJA-hVG_pX_lhl1PUubpFVfEjV2g8Obhoaqn8aNV33BkWiFut-CgccEKYY_CMlZnr07eRZB6klbXQK42aA-5KkyR9yD4xeFXu1ou0cxK0a7vcy34FWfZlBAnpAKb8horQ">The Journal of the Linnean Society - Botany 21: 285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia_Plantarum_bhl-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Historia_Plantarum_bhl_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayCamelTournefort1686" class="citation book cs1">Ray, John; Camel, Georg Joseph; Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1686). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126270">Historia plantarum : species hactenus editas aliasque insuper multas noviter inventas & descriptas complectens</a>. Vol. 3 ([Large paper issue] ed.). Londini: Typis Mariæ Clark, prostant apud Henricum Faithorne [etc.] p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+plantarum+%3A+species+hactenus+editas+aliasque+insuper+multas+noviter+inventas+%26+descriptas+complectens&rft.place=Londini&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=%5BLarge+paper+issue%5D&rft.pub=Typis+Mari%C3%A6+Clark%2C+prostant+apud+Henricum+Faithorne+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1686&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Camel%2C+Georg+Joseph&rft.au=Tournefort%2C+Joseph+Pitton+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F126270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). .<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9">The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9">Archived</a> July 7, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 26: 72–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker2000" class="citation book cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (2000). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 184–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9715503471" title="Special:BookSources/978-9715503471"><bdi>978-9715503471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raiding%2C+Trading%2C+and+Feasting%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Philippine+Chiefdoms&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=184-192&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9715503471&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Laura+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Wakan Sansai Zue, Pages 202-216 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf">Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines</a> By Wang Zhenping Page 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl Page 12, citing: "Groenveldt, Notes Page 112" </li> <li id="cite_note-Pusat_Sejarah_Brunei2-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Pusat_Sejarah_Brunei2_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm">"Pusat Sejarah Brunei"</a> (in Malay). Government of Brunei Darussalam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm">the original</a> on April 15, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pusat+Sejarah+Brunei&rft.pub=Government+of+Brunei+Darussalam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-centre.gov.bn%2Fsultanbrunei.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro</a> (1990) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KjxFOQAACAAJ">History of the Filipino People</a> (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-2415-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-10-2415-2"><bdi>971-10-2415-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Garotech+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-10-2415-2&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKjxFOQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Wright, Hamilton M. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahandbookphilip01wriggoog/page/n208">"A Handbook of the Philippines"</a>, p. 143. A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kane-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Kane_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herb_Kawainui_Kane" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb Kawainui Kane">Kane, Herb Kawainui</a> (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaiʻi Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. Vol. I. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 25–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1829-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1829-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Manila+Galleons&rft.btitle=Hawai%CA%BBi+Chronicles%3A+Island+History+from+the+Pages+of+Honolulu+Magazine&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=25-32&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Herb+Kawainui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/578752#page=22">The "Indo-Pacific" Crossroads</a>: The Asian Waters as Conduits of Knowledge, People, Cargoes, and Technologies Page 107 (Citing:"Wang 1953; Tanaka Takeo 1961.") </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Bartolome Juan Leonardy y de Argensola, Conquistas de las islas Molucas (Madrid: Alonso Martin, 1909) pp. 351-8; Cesar Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973) pp. 119-20; Hal, History of Southeast Asia, pp. 249-50. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Borschberg2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Borschberg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4302783">Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: NUS Press. pp. 82, 84, 126, 421. Retrieved August 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal%2C+Memorials+and+Letters+of+Cornelis+Matelieff+de+Jonge.+Security%2C+Diplomacy+and+Commerce+in+17th-Century+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=82%2C+84%2C+126%2C+421&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Peter+Borschberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4302783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pFDQEACAAJ">The Silver Way: China, Spanish America and the birth of globalisation 1565-1815 By Morales, Juan Jose; Gordon, Peter</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bhattacharya, Bhaswati (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/abs/making-money-at-the-blessed-place-of-manila-armenians-in-the-madrasmanila-trade-in-the-eighteenth-century/5B0481C8F3C2F0D7D470D38408B956BB">"Making money at the blessed place of Manila: Armenians in the Madras–Manila trade in the eighteenth century*"</a>. Journal of Global History. 3 (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022808002416">10.1017/S1740022808002416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-0236">1740-0236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Making+money+at+the+blessed+place+of+Manila%3A+Armenians+in+the+Madras%E2%80%93Manila+trade+in+the+eighteenth+century%2A&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022808002416&rft.issn=1740-0236&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Bhaswati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-global-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmaking-money-at-the-blessed-place-of-manila-armenians-in-the-madrasmanila-trade-in-the-eighteenth-century%2F5B0481C8F3C2F0D7D470D38408B956BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362270/Manila">"Manila (Philippines)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. Retrieved March 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manila+%28Philippines%29&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F362270%2FManila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backhouse-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Backhouse_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse,_Thomas1765" class="citation book cs1">Backhouse, Thomas (1765). The Secretary at War to Mr. Secretary Conway. London: British Library. pp. v. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secretary+at+War+to+Mr.+Secretary+Conway&rft.place=London&rft.pages=v.+40&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=1765&rft.au=Backhouse%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish2003" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Shirley (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4goyHgAACAAJ">When Britain Ruled The Philippines 1762–1764</a>. 1stBooks. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4107-1069-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4107-1069-7"><bdi>978-1-4107-1069-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Britain+Ruled+The+Philippines+1762%E2%80%931764&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=1stBooks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4107-1069-7&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4goyHgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html">"Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763)"</a>. www.u-s-history.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Battles%3A+Treaty+of+Paris+%281763%29&rft.pub=www.u-s-history.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-s-history.com%2Fpages%2Fh754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrows2014" class="citation journal cs1">Barrows, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139">"A History of the Philippines"</a>. Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1: 179. <q>Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales", all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guttenburg+Free+Online+E-books&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Barrows&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F38269%2F38269-h%2F38269-h.htm%23pb139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-en.radio86.com-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-en.radio86.com_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-en.radio86.com_56-1">b</a> Raitisoja, Geni <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.radio86.com/travel/travel-destinations/chinatown-manila-oldest-world">" Chinatown Manila: Oldest in the world"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110402180844/http://en.radio86.com/travel/travel-destinations/chinatown-manila-oldest-world">Archived</a> April 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tradio86.com, July 8, 2006, accessed March 19, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425. "In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each." La Pérouse, ii, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> (Page 10) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Pérez, Marilola (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114232555/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6xj6f1jt/qt6xj6f1jt_noSplash_fd187448d1120e8904337fe47b42df2a.pdf">Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology</a> (PDF) (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xj6f1jt">the original</a> on January 14, 2021. <q>The galleon activities also attracted a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican Pacific coast as ships' crewmembers (Grant 2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or hombres de pueblo) (Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant society, even becoming tulisanes "bandits" who in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the Spanish garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough historical information on the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick integration into the local society: "los hombres del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados, absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina." (Bernal 1964: 188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian commodities including slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even after the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and trade of slaves: "from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India... with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove spice, cinnamon, and pepper and black slaves, and Kafir [slaves]" (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21)." Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued until late in the 17th century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila (Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor; Africans were brought to work on the agricultural production, and skilled slaves from India served as caulkers and carpenters. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Cavite+Chabacano+Philippine+Creole+Spanish%3A+Description+and+Typology&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Marilola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6xj6f1jt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.530346/2015.530346.jesuits-in_djvu.txt">"Jesuits In The Philippines (1581-1768)" Page 132</a> "In 1591 there arrived in Manila a secular priest named Juan Fernandez de Leon. He had led a hermit's life in Mexico and planned to continue it in the Philippines. For this purpose he built himself a retreat near a wayside shrine just outside the city walls which was dedicated to Our Lady of Guidance, Nuestra Sehora de Guia. His hermitage later gave its name to the entire district, which is called Ermita to this day." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mexicans-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_60-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419">Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson</a> AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v . </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200644/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila">"West Coast of the Island Of Luzon | Tourist Attractions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila">the original</a> on December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Coast+of+the+Island+Of+Luzon+%26%23124%3B+Tourist+Attractions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginthephilippines.com%2Ftravel-guides%2Fgetting-to-philippines%2F979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10609164.2023.2205233">Colonial Latin Asia? The case for incorporating the Philippines and the Spanish Pacific into colonial Latin American studies</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipski-63"><a href="#cite_ref-lipski_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn._M._Lipski,_with_P._Mühlhaüsler_and_F._Duthin1996" class="citation book cs1">John. M. Lipski, with P. Mühlhaüsler and F. Duthin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnlipski.github.io/pacific.pdf">"Spanish in the Pacific"</a> (PDF). In Stephen Adolphe Wurm & Peter Mühlhäusler (ed.). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Texts, Volume 2. Walter de Gruyter. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110134179" title="Special:BookSources/9783110134179"><bdi>9783110134179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+in+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Texts%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783110134179&rft.au=John.+M.+Lipski%2C+with+P.+M%C3%BChlha%C3%BCsler+and+F.+Duthin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohnlipski.github.io%2Fpacific.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estadismo1-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estadismo1_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf">"ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESTADISMO+DE+LAS+ISLAS+FILIPINAS+TOMO+PRIMERO+By+Joaqu%C3%ADn+Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga+%28Original+Spanish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xeniaeditrice.it%2Fzu%25C3%25B1igaIocrpdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy by Arturo Giraldez </li> <li id="cite_note-philislands-66"><a href="#cite_ref-philislands_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson,_James_AlexanderBlair,_Emma_Helen1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Robertson" title="James Alexander Robertson">Robertson, James Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emma_Helen_Blair" title="Emma Helen Blair">Blair, Emma Helen</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924070600261#page/n29/mode/2up">The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898</a>. Vol. XLIV. p. 29. Retrieved September 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Robertson%2C+James+Alexander&rft.au=Blair%2C+Emma+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924070600261%23page%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Bartolomé de Letona, La perfecta religiosa (Puebla, 1662), as quoted in Irving, Colonial Counterpoint, page 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316871600">"Connecting the Indies: the hispano-asian Pacific world in early Modern Global History"</a>. ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Connecting+the+Indies%3A+the+hispano-asian+Pacific+world+in+early+Modern+Global+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316871600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriado1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Criado, Buenaventura Delgado, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDegTDTzMlAC&pg=PA508">Historia de la educación en España y América</a> (in Spanish). Vol. 3: La educación en la España contemporánea (1789–1975). Madrid: Fundación Santa María. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7112-378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7112-378-7"><bdi>978-84-7112-378-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+educaci%C3%B3n+en+Espa%C3%B1a+y+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-84-7112-378-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDegTDTzMlAC%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> John Bowring, "Travels in the Philippines", p. 18, London, 1875 </li> <li id="cite_note-a112-71"><a href="#cite_ref-a112_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen" class="citation web cs1">Olsen, Rosalinda N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bulatlat.com/news/7-4/7-4-semantics.htm">"Semantics of Colonization and Revolution"</a>. www.bulatlat.com. Retrieved January 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semantics+of+Colonization+and+Revolution&rft.pub=www.bulatlat.com&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Rosalinda+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulatlat.com%2Fnews%2F7-4%2F7-4-semantics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804134705/http://adoborepublic.net/live-local-mexico/filipinos-in-mexican-history/filipinos-in-mexicos-history-4/">"Filipinos In Mexico's History 4 (The Mexican Connection – The Cultural Cargo Of The Manila-Acapulco Galleons) By Carlos Quirino"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adoborepublic.net/live-local-mexico/filipinos-in-mexican-history/filipinos-in-mexicos-history-4/">the original</a> on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filipinos+In+Mexico%27s+History+4+%28The+Mexican+Connection+%E2%80%93+The+Cultural+Cargo+Of+The+Manila-Acapulco+Galleons%29+By+Carlos+Quirino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadoborepublic.net%2Flive-local-mexico%2Ffilipinos-in-mexican-history%2Ffilipinos-in-mexicos-history-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeede1994" class="citation book cs1">Beede, Benjamin R. (May 1, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rg6BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA418">The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rg6BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA418">417-418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74690-1"><bdi>978-1-136-74690-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898+and+U.S.+Interventions%2C+1898T1934%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=417-418&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-136-74690-1&rft.aulast=Beede&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drg6BAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roca_de_Togores_y_SaraviaRemigio_GarciaNational_Historical_Institute_(Philippines)2003" class="citation cs2">José Roca de Togores y Saravia; Remigio Garcia; National Historical Institute (Philippines) (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhZ3AAAAMAAJ">Blockade and siege of Manila</a>, National Historical Institute, pp. 148–150, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-538-167-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-538-167-3"><bdi>978-971-538-167-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blockade+and+siege+of+Manila&rft.pages=148-150&rft.pub=National+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-971-538-167-3&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roca+de+Togores+y+Saravia&rft.au=Remigio+Garcia&rft.au=National+Historical+Institute+%28Philippines%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhZ3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> See also <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_from_E.S._Otis_to_the_inhabitants_of_the_Philippine_Islands,_January_4,_1899" class="extiw" title="s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899">s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Magoc-2015-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Magoc-2015_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocBernstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Magoc, Chris J.; Bernstein, David (December 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMEnCwAAQBAJ">Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMEnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA731">731</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-430-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-430-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-430-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+Expansionism+in+American+History%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Cultural+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Cultural+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.pages=731&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-430-8&rft.aulast=Magoc&rft.aufirst=Chris+J.&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMEnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JN-76"><a href="#cite_ref-JN_76-0">^</a> Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc. p. 137, 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Moore 1921, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Moore 1921, p. 162B. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Moore 1921, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-Torres-2010-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Torres-2010_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2010" class="citation book cs1">Torres, Cristina Evangelista (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVKrcWhwPsUC">The Americanization of Manila, 1898-1921</a>. UP Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVKrcWhwPsUC&pg=PA169">169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-613-8"><bdi>978-971-542-613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americanization+of+Manila%2C+1898-1921&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=UP+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-971-542-613-8&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Cristina+Evangelista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVKrcWhwPsUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/2825808/posts">"Japanese Bombs Fire Open City Of Manila; Civilian Toll Heavy; In=vaders Gain In Luzon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. XCI (30, 654): 1. December 28, 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japanese+Bombs+Fire+Open+City+Of+Manila%3B+Civilian+Toll+Heavy%3B+In%3Dvaders+Gain+In+Luzon&rft.volume=XCI&rft.issue=30%2C+654&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1941-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freerepublic.com%2Ffocus%2Ff-chat%2F2825808%2Fposts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2010" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David (January 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBX2LsCCYYcC&pg=PA30">World War II: The Pacific</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-9133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-9133-3"><bdi>978-1-4358-9133-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Pacific&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-9133-3&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBX2LsCCYYcC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stich-2010-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Stich-2010_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStich2010" class="citation book cs1">Stich, Rodney (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-44dpgvU0YC">Japanese and U.S. World War II Plunder and Intrigue</a>. Silverpeak Enterprises. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-44dpgvU0YC&pg=PA26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932438-70-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932438-70-6"><bdi>978-0-932438-70-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+and+U.S.+World+War+II+Plunder+and+Intrigue&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Silverpeak+Enterprises&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-932438-70-6&rft.aulast=Stich&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-44dpgvU0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/battles.htm#Manila">"Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century"</a>. 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(February 7, 1970) The January 26 Confrontation: A Highly Personal Account. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Free_Press" title="Philippines Free Press">Philippines Free Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-TigerMoon-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TigerMoon_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TigerMoon_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TigerMoon_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin1986" class="citation book cs1">Joaquin, Nick (1986). The Quartet of the Tiger Moon: Scenes from the People-Power Apocalypse. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 21, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philippine+Development&rft.atitle=IMF+Stabilization+Program+and+Economic+Growth%3A+The+Case+of+the+Philippines&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=35&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Balbosa&rft.aufirst=Joven+Zamoras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirp4.pids.gov.ph%2Fris%2Fpjd%2Fpidsjpd92-2imf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cororaton1997-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Cororaton1997_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCororaton" class="citation journal cs1">Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DPIDS+Discussion+Paper+Series+97-05&rft.atitle=Exchange+Rate+Movements+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=3%2C+19&rft.aulast=Cororaton&rft.aufirst=Cesar+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CamilleDiola-100"><a href="#cite_ref-CamilleDiola_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiola" class="citation news cs1">Diola, Camille. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/golden-era">"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship: 31 years of amnesia"</a>. 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"On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution". In Javate -de Dios, Aurora; Daroy, Petronilo Bn.; Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna (eds.). Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power (1st ed.). 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September 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ricky+Lee%2C+martial+law+detainee%2C+on+historical+revisionism%3A+%27Para+akong+binubura%27&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2Fcontent%2F803518%2Fricky-lee-martial-law-detainee-on-historical-revisionism-para-akong-binubura%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS-CBN_News-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ABS-CBN_News_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/31/16/victims-recall-horrors-of-marcos-martial-law">"Victims recall horrors of Marcos' martial law"</a>. ABS-CBN News. 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September 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=They+were+tortured+under+Philippine+dictator+Ferdinand+Marcos+SNR.+Now+they+fear+their+stories+are+being+erased&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F09%2F29%2Fasia%2Fphilippines-martial-law-50-years-marcos-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RocamoraBook-108"><a href="#cite_ref-RocamoraBook_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocamora2023" class="citation book cs1">Rocamora, Rick (2023). Dark Memories of Torture, Incarceration, Disappeareance, and Death under Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr.'s Martial Law. 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ABS-CBN News and Public Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229150137/https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/02/29/20/the-m-16-bullet-that-changed-fidel-nemenzos-life">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News+and+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+M-16+bullet+that+changed+Fidel+Nemenzo%27s+life&rft.date=2020-02-29&rft.aulast=Ore%C3%B1a-Drilon&rft.aufirst=Ces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fancx%2Fculture%2Fspotlight%2F02%2F29%2F20%2Fthe-m-16-bullet-that-changed-fidel-nemenzos-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard,_Vincent_Kelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Vincent Kelly (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L37RZlzA530C&pg=PA50">Globalization, democratization and Asian leadership: power sharing, foreign policy and society in the Philippines and Japan</a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-1539-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-1539-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization%2C+democratization+and+Asian+leadership%3A+power+sharing%2C+foreign+policy+and+society+in+the+Philippines+and+Japan&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-1539-2&rft.au=Pollard%2C+Vincent+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL37RZlzA530C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnell,_Philip_C.2003" class="citation book cs1">Parnell, Philip C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2hpz4_fob4C&pg=PA214">"Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila"</a>. In Parnell, Philip C.; Kane, Stephanie C. (eds.). Crime's power: anthropologists and the ethnography of crime. Palgrave-Macmillan. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6179-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6179-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criminalizing+Colonialism%3A+Democracy+Meets+Law+in+Manila&rft.btitle=Crime%27s+power%3A+anthropologists+and+the+ethnography+of+crime&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6179-2&rft.au=Parnell%2C+Philip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2hpz4_fob4C%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSM-119"><a href="#cite_ref-NSM_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunesAsherKurtz1999" class="citation book cs1">Zunes, Stephen; Asher, Sarah Beth; Kurtz, Lester (November 5, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlIH-NQbFQgC&pg=PA129">Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective</a>. 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Retrieved September 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Tomas+Mapua+%E2%80%94+first+Philippine+architect&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Ronquillo&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2022%2F08%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Freal-estate-and-property%2Ftomas-mapua-first-philippine-architect%2F1856445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeocampo2017" class="citation book cs1">Deocampo, Nick (November 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT310">Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema</a>. Anvil Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2896-9"><bdi>978-971-27-2896-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film%3A+American+Influences+on+Philippine+Cinema&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft.isbn=978-971-27-2896-9&rft.aulast=Deocampo&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzaWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302171227/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/escolta-street-tour-shows-retro-architecture-and-why-its-worth-reviving-as-a-gimmick-place">"Escolta Street tour shows retro architecture and why it's worth reviving as a gimmick place"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News5" title="News5">News5</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/escolta-street-tour-shows-retro-architecture-and-why-its-worth-reviving-as-a-gimmick-place">the original</a> on March 2, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Escolta+Street+tour+shows+retro+architecture+and+why+it%27s+worth+reviving+as+a+gimmick+place&rft.pub=News5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interaksyon.com%2Flifestyle%2Fescolta-street-tour-shows-retro-architecture-and-why-its-worth-reviving-as-a-gimmick-place&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_F._Manongdo2016" class="citation news cs1">Jenny F. Manongdo (June 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mb.com.ph/culture-agency-moves-to-restore-manila-paris-of-the-east-image/">"Culture agency moves to restore "Manila, Paris of the East" image"</a>. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved July 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Culture+agency+moves+to+restore+%22Manila%2C+Paris+of+the+East%22+image&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.au=Jenny+F.+Manongdo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Fculture-agency-moves-to-restore-manila-paris-of-the-east-image%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manila.coconuts.co/2016/06/17/lets-bring-back-glory-days-manila-rehabilitation-met">"Let's bring back the glory days of Manila with the rehabilitation of the Met!"</a>. Coconuts Manila. June 17, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+bring+back+the+glory+days+of+Manila+with+the+rehabilitation+of+the+Met%21&rft.pub=Coconuts+Manila&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanila.coconuts.co%2F2016%2F06%2F17%2Flets-bring-back-glory-days-manila-rehabilitation-met&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLila_Ramos_Shahani2015" class="citation news cs1">Lila Ramos Shahani (May 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090248/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake">"Living on a Fault Line: Manila in a 7.2 Earthquake"</a>. The Philippine Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake">the original</a> on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Living+on+a+Fault+Line%3A+Manila+in+a+7.2+Earthquake&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft.au=Lila+Ramos+Shahani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F05%2F11%2F1453392%2Fliving-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA20–13-217"><a href="#cite_ref-PSA20–13_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_of_Population2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Census of Population (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/NCR.xlsx">"National Capital Region (NCR)"</a>. Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Retrieved July 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Capital+Region+%28NCR%29&rft.btitle=Total+Population+by+Province%2C+City%2C+Municipality+and+Barangay&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Census+of+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fphcd%2F2022-12%2FNCR.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA15–13-218"><a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–13_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_of_Population2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Census of Population (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rssoncr.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NCR.xlsx">"National Capital Region (NCR)"</a>. Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Retrieved June 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Capital+Region+%28NCR%29&rft.btitle=Total+Population+by+Province%2C+City%2C+Municipality+and+Barangay&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Census+of+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frssoncr.psa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNCR.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSO10–13-219"><a href="#cite_ref-NSO10–13_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_of_Population_and_Housing2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Census of Population and Housing (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/National%2520Capital%2520Region.pdf">"National Capital Region (NCR)"</a> (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">National Statistics Office</a>. Retrieved June 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Capital+Region+%28NCR%29&rft.btitle=Total+Population+by+Province%2C+City%2C+Municipality+and+Barangay&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fphcd%2F2022-12%2FNational%252520Capital%252520Region.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSO07-13-220"><a href="#cite_ref-NSO07-13_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensuses_of_Population_(1903–2007)" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Censuses of Population (1903–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007/NCR%20Philippines%20Census%20of%20Population%201903%20-%202007.xls">"National Capital Region (NCR)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007">Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">National Statistics Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Capital+Region+%28NCR%29&rft.btitle=Table+1.+Population+Enumerated+in+Various+Censuses+by+Province%2FHighly+Urbanized+City%3A+1903+to+2007&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office&rft.au=Censuses+of+Population+%281903%E2%80%932007%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FPhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007%2FNCR%2520Philippines%2520Census%2520of%2520Population%25201903%2520-%25202007.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LWUA-PopulationData-221"><a href="#cite_ref-LWUA-PopulationData_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://122.54.214.222/population/MunPop.asp?prov=NC1&province=Metro%20Manila,%201st">"Province of Metro Manila, 1st (Not a Province)"</a>. Municipality Population Data. <a href="/wiki/Local_Water_Utilities_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Water Utilities Administration">Local Water Utilities Administration</a> Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municipality+Population+Data&rft.atitle=Province+of+Metro+Manila%2C+1st+%28Not+a+Province%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F122.54.214.222%2Fpopulation%2FMunPop.asp%3Fprov%3DNC1%26province%3DMetro%2520Manila%2C%25201st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA15–NCR-222"><a href="#cite_ref-PSA15–NCR_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_of_Population2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Census of Population (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/2015%2520population%2520counts%2520Summary_0.xlsx">Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. Retrieved June 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+the+Philippine+Population+2015+Census+of+Population&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Census+of+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fphcd%2F2022-12%2F2015%252520population%252520counts%252520Summary_0.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-manilapop-223"><a href="#cite_ref-manilapop_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121093537/http://www.manilacityph.com/pdf/population.pdf">"Manila – The city, History, Sister cities"</a> (PDF). Cambridge Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilacityph.com/pdf/population.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 21, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manila+%E2%80%93+The+city%2C+History%2C+Sister+cities&rft.pub=Cambridge+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilacityph.com%2Fpdf%2Fpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> (from <a href="/wiki/Webcite" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcite">Webcite</a> archive) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-Spanish-period">"The Philippines: The Spanish Period"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Philippines%3A+The+Spanish+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPhilippines%2FThe-Spanish-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzana2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzana, Jozon A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23902933">"Being Indian in Post-colonial Metro Manila: Ethnic Identities, Class, Race and the Media"</a>. Philippine Sociological Review. 56: 56–79. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23902933">23902933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Being+Indian+in+Post-colonial+Metro+Manila%3A+Ethnic+Identities%2C+Class%2C+Race+and+the+Media&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=56-79&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23902933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lorenzana&rft.aufirst=Jozon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23902933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrows2014" class="citation journal cs1">Barrows, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb139">"A History of the Philippines"</a>. Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1: 229. <q>Reforms under General Arandía.—The demoralization and misery with which Obando's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía, who succeeded him. Arandía was one of the few men of talent, energy, and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized military force, establishing what was known as the "Regiment of the King," made up very largely of Mexican soldiers. He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos. These were regular troops, who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guttenburg+Free+Online+E-books&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Barrows&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F38269%2F38269-h%2F38269-h.htm%23pb139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Go, Matthew C. (January 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329903258">"An Admixture Approach to Trihybrid Ancestry Variation in the Philippines with Implications for Forensic Anthropology"</a>. Human Biology. 232 (3): 178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.90.3.01">10.13110/humanbiology.90.3.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33947174">33947174</a>. Retrieved September 11, 2020. <q>Filipinos appear considerably admixed with respect to the other Asian population samples, carrying on average less Asian ancestry (71%) than our Korean (99%), Japanese (96%), Thai (93%), and Vietnamese (84%) reference samples. We also revealed substructure in our Filipino sample, showing that the patterns of ancestry vary within the Philippines—that is, between the four differently sourced Filipino samples. Mean estimates of Asian (76%) and European (7%) ancestry are greatest for the cemetery sample of forensic signifĳicance from Manila.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=An+Admixture+Approach+to+Trihybrid+Ancestry+Variation+in+the+Philippines+with+Implications+for+Forensic+Anthropology&rft.volume=232&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.90.3.01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33947174&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329903258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoJonesAlgee-HewittDudzik2019" class="citation journal cs1">Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38744342">"Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1"</a>. Human Biology. 2 (4). University of Florida Press: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005">10.5744/fa.2019.1005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159266278">159266278</a>. Retrieved September 13, 2020. <q>[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Classification+Trends+among+Contemporary+Filipino+Crania+Using+Fordisc+3.1&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159266278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Jones%2C+AR&rft.au=Algee-Hewitt%2C+B&rft.au=Dudzik%2C+B&rft.au=Hughes%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38744342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeppers1994" class="citation journal cs1">Doeppers, Daniel F. 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Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75421-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75421-2"><bdi>978-1-134-75421-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Politics+and+Society+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Colonial+Legacies%2C+Post-Colonial+Trajectories&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75421-2&rft.aulast=Hedman&rft.aufirst=Eva-Lotta&rft.au=Sidel%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_lDpY3vj60C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2018" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, David Joel (2018). 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The Spanish Empire had lost its universality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+%E2%80%93+3+A+SINGULAR+AND+A+PLURAL+FOLK&rft.btitle=THE+PHILIPPINES+A+Singular+and+a+Plural+Place&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429494383&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=David+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NFMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeppers1994" class="citation journal cs1">Doeppers, Daniel F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792149">"Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century"</a>. 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Retrieved December 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relaciones+internacionales&rft.pub=Intendencia+Municipal+de+Montevideo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montevideo.gub.uy%2Finstitucional%2Frelaciones-internacionales%2Fintegracion-regional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Relations2005" class="citation web cs1">Foreign Relations (June 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5lnDvv2sF?url=http://www.gov.ph/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=23170">"Manila-Montreal Sister City Agreement Holds Potential for Better Cooperation"</a>. The Republic of the Philippines. 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New York City Global Partners. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml">the original</a> on August 14, 2013. 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Philippine Consulate General in San Francisco. May 5, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcgsanfrancisco.org/sf-mayor-london-breed-fetes-san-francisco-manila-sister-city-committee-on-60th-anniversary/">the original</a> on August 12, 2022. 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Manila: Asia Pacific Communications Network, Inc. pp. 15–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1898%3AThe+Shaping+of+Philippine+History&rft.atitle=April+Was+a+Cruel+Month+for+the+Greatest+Manila+Mayor+Ever+Had&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=15-20&rft.date=2000-04&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManila" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Moore, Charles (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aR7iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA162">"Daniel H. Burnham: Planner of Cities"</a>. Houghton Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Manila" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Manila">Manila</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Manila</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manila.gov.ph/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/?q=psgc/citimuni/133900000">Philippine Standard Geographic Code</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/103703">Manila</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> 1571–1762 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bacolor" title="Bacolor">Bacolor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bacolor" title="Bacolor">Bacolor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> 1764–1896 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Independence declared</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital of the Philippines</a> 1898–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor Island</a></div>as Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_Manila" title="City of Greater Manila">City of Greater Manila</a></div>as Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></div>as Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital of the Philippines</a> 1945–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital of the Philippines</a> 1976–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Province established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Capital of <a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Manila</a> 1571–1898 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Mariquina</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Mariquina</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Capital of <a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Manila</a> 1899–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Province abolished </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Manila" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Manila" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Manila</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> (South)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Manila<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Manila" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manila" title="Template:Manila"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manila" title="Template talk:Manila"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manila" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manila"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Manila" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Manila</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital of the Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Manila" title="Seal of Manila">Seal and coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Manila" title="Geography of Manila">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Manila" title="Timeline of Manila">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_markers_of_the_Philippines_in_Metro_Manila#Manila" title="List of historical markers of the Philippines in Metro Manila">historical markers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Manila" title="Category:People from Manila">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_City_Schools_%E2%80%93_Manila" title="Division of City Schools – Manila">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Belt" title="University Belt">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of tallest buildings in Metro Manila">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Manila" title="Timeline of Manila">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Metro_Manila" title="Tourism in Metro Manila">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Transportation in Metro Manila">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg/100px-Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg/150px-Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg/200px-Ph_seal_ncr_manila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila" title="Mayor of Manila">City Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Council" title="Manila City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Hall" title="Manila City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Manila" title="Politics of Manila">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita">Ermita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malate,_Manila" title="Malate, Manila">Malate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paco,_Manila" title="Paco, Manila">Paco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandacan" title="Pandacan">Pandacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Area,_Manila" title="Port Area, Manila">Port Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila" title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andres,_Manila" title="San Andres, Manila">San Andres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicolas,_Manila" title="San Nicolas, Manila">San Nicolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Santa Ana, Manila">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila" title="Santa Cruz, Manila">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mesa" title="Santa Mesa">Santa Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed-use developments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Manila" title="Horizon Manila">Horizon Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Solar_City" title="Manila Solar City">Manila Solar City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Waterfront_City" title="Manila Waterfront City">Manila Waterfront City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila#Planned_and/or_proposed" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">New Manila Bay–City of Pearl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseco_Beach" title="Baseco Beach">Baseco Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Dolomite_Beach" title="Manila Dolomite Beach">Manila Dolomite Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Manila" title="Legislative districts of Manila">Legislative districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Manila's 1st congressional district">First District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Manila's 2nd congressional district">Second District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Manila's 3rd congressional district">Third District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Manila's 4th congressional district">Fourth District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Manila's 5th congressional district">Fifth District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Manila's 6th congressional district">Sixth District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manila" title="Category:Manila">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Manila" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Manila" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Manila</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_Locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_Locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> Geographic Locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">Lat. and Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manila&params=14_35_45_N_120_58_38_E_">14°35′45″N 120°58′38″E / 14.59583°N 120.97722°E / 14.59583; 120.97722</a> Manila</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metro_Manila" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metro_Manila" title="Template:Metro Manila"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metro_Manila" title="Template talk:Metro Manila"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metro_Manila" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metro Manila"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metro_Manila" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">National Capital Region of the Philippines</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">capital city</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Metro_Manila" title="Administrative divisions of Metro Manila">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon">Malabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pateros" title="Pateros">Pateros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barangays_of_Metro_Manila" title="List of barangays of Metro Manila">Barangays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legislative_districts_of_Metro_Manila" title="Category:Legislative districts of Metro Manila">Legislative districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Manila" title="Geography of Manila">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina_River" title="Marikina River">Marikina River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)" title="Sierra Madre (Philippines)">Sierra Madre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mesa_Watershed_Reservation" title="La Mesa Watershed Reservation">La Mesa Watershed Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina_Valley_Fault_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikina Valley Fault System">Marikina Valley Fault System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_estuaries_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of rivers and estuaries in Metro Manila">Rivers and esteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of islands in the Greater Manila Area">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of parks in Metro Manila">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of beaches in the Greater Manila Area">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slums_in_Metro_Manila" title="Slums in Metro Manila">Slums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Metro_Manila" title="Bay City, Metro Manila">Bay City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggahan_Floodway" title="Manggahan Floodway">Manggahan Floodway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Greater Manila Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Manila" title="Mega Manila">Mega Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Metropolitan Manila Development Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Chairperson of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Metro_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Metro Manila">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Metro_Manila" title="Governor of Metro Manila">Governor</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Manila" title="Prehistory of Manila">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Province of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila–Acapulco Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Luzon_earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 Luzon earthquakes">1880 Luzon earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Battle of Manila (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Province of Rizal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_Manila" title="City of Greater Manila">City of Greater Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Man" title="City of Man">City of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">World Youth Day 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_of_the_Pasig_River" title="Rehabilitation of the Pasig River">Rehabilitation of the Pasig River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day_bombings" title="Rizal Day bombings">Rizal Day bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana" title="Typhoon Ketsana">Typhoon Ketsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Manila" title="Timeline of Manila">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Metro Manila">Oldest buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_markers_of_the_Philippines_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of historical markers of the Philippines in Metro Manila">Historical markers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makati_Central_Business_District" title="Makati Central Business District">Makati CBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayala_Avenue" title="Ayala Avenue">Ayala Avenue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Global_City" title="Bonifacio Global City">Bonifacio Global City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escolta_Street" title="Escolta Street">Escolta Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Philippine Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Commodity_Exchange" title="Manila Commodity Exchange">Manila Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Mint" title="Manila Mint">Manila Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Metro_Manila" title="Tourism in Metro Manila">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Manila_attractions" title="Template:Manila attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of hotels in Metro Manila">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Metro_Manila" title="Gambling in Metro Manila">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_City" title="Entertainment City">Entertainment City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mixed-use_developments_in_Metro_Manila" title="Category:Mixed-use developments in Metro Manila">Mixed-use developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of tallest buildings in Metro Manila">Skyscrapers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public services and utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of hospitals in Metro Manila">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_Police_Office" title="National Capital Region Police Office">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meralco" title="Meralco">Manila Electric Company (Meralco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Waterworks_and_Sewerage_System" title="Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System">Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization_in_Metro_Manila" title="Water privatization in Metro Manila">Water privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Water" title="Manila Water">Manila Water Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynilad_Water_Services" title="Maynilad Water Services">Maynilad Water Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_River_Rehabilitation_Commission" title="Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission">Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Lake_Development_Authority" title="Laguna Lake Development Authority">Laguna Lake Development Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of colleges and universities in Metro Manila">Colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Belt" title="University Belt">University Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of schools in Metro Manila">Primary and secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_schools_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of international schools in Metro Manila">International schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of libraries in Metro Manila">Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_events_in_Metro_Manila" title="Annual events in Metro Manila">Annual events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of cemeteries in Metro Manila">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of cinemas in Metro Manila">Cinemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of museums in Metro Manila">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of public art in Metro Manila">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_buildings_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of religious buildings in Metro Manila">Religious buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of Roman Catholic churches in Metro Manila">Roman Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of shopping malls in Metro Manila">Shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Manila" title="List of songs about Manila">Songs about Manila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sporting_events_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of sporting events in the Greater Manila Area">Sporting events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of sports venues in the Greater Manila Area">Sports venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_concert_halls_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of theaters and concert halls in Metro Manila">Theaters and concert halls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Art_Deco_theaters_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of Art Deco theaters in Metro Manila">Art Deco theaters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_published_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of newspapers published in Metro Manila">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metro_Manila_TV" title="Template:Metro Manila TV">Television stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of radio stations in Metro Manila">Radio stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Transportation in Metro Manila">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)" title="Department of Transportation (Philippines)">Department of Transportation (DOTr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Authority" title="Light Rail Transit Authority">LRTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways" title="Philippine National Railways">PNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_International_Airport_Authority" title="Manila International Airport Authority">MIAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of roads in Metro Manila">Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of bus routes in Metro Manila">Bus routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_Point-to-Point_Bus_Service" title="Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service">P2P routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Metro_Manila#Intermodal_terminals" title="Transportation in Metro Manila">Intermodal terminals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System">LRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Metro_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Metro Rail Transit System">MRT</a></li></ul></li> <li>Water <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Port of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_River_Ferry_Service" title="Pasig River Ferry Service">Pasig River Ferry Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of airports in the Greater Manila Area">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_in_Metro_Manila" title="Traffic in Metro Manila">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Manila" title="Imperial Manila">Imperial Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Manila" title="Nicknames of Manila">Nicknames of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Metro_Manila" title="List of people from Metro Manila">Notable Manileños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of sister cities in Metro Manila">Sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila_Dream_Plan" title="Metro Manila Dream Plan">Metro Manila Dream Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Manila" title="Burnham Plan of Manila">Burnham Plan of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_Plan" title="Frost Plan">Frost Plan of Quezon City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Metro_Manila" title="Outline of Metro Manila">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Metro_Manila-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Metro Manila-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Metro_Manila" title="Category:Metro Manila">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">List of cities in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities" title="Cities of the Philippines">Highly urbanized cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Santos" title="General Santos">General Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iligan" title="Iligan">Iligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapu-Lapu_City" title="Lapu-Lapu City">Lapu-Lapu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucena" title="Lucena">Lucena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon">Malabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaue" title="Mandaue">Mandaue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa" title="Puerto Princesa">Puerto Princesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Independent_cities" title="Cities of the Philippines">Independent component cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagupan" title="Dagupan">Dagupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga, Camarines Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormoc" title="Ormoc">Ormoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Isabela" title="Santiago, Isabela">Santiago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Component cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaminos,_Pangasinan" title="Alaminos, Pangasinan">Alaminos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago,_Negros_Occidental" title="Bago, Negros Occidental">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bais,_Negros_Oriental" title="Bais, Negros Oriental">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanga,_Bataan" title="Balanga, Bataan">Balanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliwag" title="Baliwag">Baliwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batac" title="Batac">Batac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batangas_City" title="Batangas City">Batangas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayawan" title="Bayawan">Bayawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay" title="Baybay">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayugan" title="Bayugan">Bayugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%B1an" title="Biñan">Biñan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bislig" title="Bislig">Bislig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo,_Cebu" title="Bogo, Cebu">Bogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borongan" title="Borongan">Borongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabadbaran" title="Cabadbaran">Cabadbaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanatuan" title="Cabanatuan">Cabanatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabuyao" title="Cabuyao">Cabuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadiz,_Negros_Occidental" title="Cadiz, Negros Occidental">Cadiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaca,_Batangas" title="Calaca, Batangas">Calaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calapan" title="Calapan">Calapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calbayog" title="Calbayog">Calbayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candon" title="Candon">Candon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canlaon" title="Canlaon">Canlaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcar" title="Carcar">Carcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Cavite" title="Carmona, Cavite">Carmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catbalogan" title="Catbalogan">Catbalogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauayan,_Isabela" title="Cauayan, Isabela">Cauayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danao,_Cebu" title="Danao, Cebu">Danao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digos" title="Digos">Digos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipolog" title="Dipolog">Dipolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumaguete" title="Dumaguete">Dumaguete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador,_Misamis_Oriental" title="El Salvador, Misamis Oriental">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante,_Negros_Occidental" title="Escalante, Negros Occidental">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapan" title="Gapan">Gapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Trias" title="General Trias">General Trias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingoog" title="Gingoog">Gingoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guihulngan" title="Guihulngan">Guihulngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himamaylan" title="Himamaylan">Himamaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilagan" title="Ilagan">Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iriga" title="Iriga">Iriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabela,_Basilan" title="Isabela, Basilan">Isabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabankalan" title="Kabankalan">Kabankalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidapawan" title="Kidapawan">Kidapawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronadal" title="Koronadal">Koronadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Carlota,_Negros_Occidental" title="La Carlota, Negros Occidental">La Carlota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamitan" title="Lamitan">Lamitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoag" title="Laoag">Laoag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligao" title="Ligao">Ligao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas" title="Lipa, Batangas">Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasin" title="Maasin">Maasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabalacat" title="Mabalacat">Mabalacat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaybalay" title="Malaybalay">Malaybalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marawi" title="Marawi">Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate_City" title="Masbate City">Masbate City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mati,_Davao_Oriental" title="Mati, Davao Oriental">Mati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meycauayan" title="Meycauayan">Meycauayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B1oz,_Nueva_Ecija" title="Muñoz, Nueva Ecija">Muñoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga,_Cebu" title="Naga, Cebu">Naga, Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroquieta" title="Oroquieta">Oroquieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozamiz" title="Ozamiz">Ozamiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagadian" title="Pagadian">Pagadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palayan" title="Palayan">Palayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panabo" title="Panabo">Panabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passi,_Iloilo" title="Passi, Iloilo">Passi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxas_City" title="Roxas City">Roxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagay,_Negros_Occidental" title="Sagay, Negros Occidental">Sagay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samal,_Davao_del_Norte" title="Samal, Davao del Norte">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Negros_Occidental" title="San Carlos, Negros Occidental">San Carlos, Negros Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Pangasinan" title="San Carlos, Pangasinan">San Carlos, Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_La_Union" title="San Fernando, La Union">San Fernando, La Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando, Pampanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_Nueva_Ecija" title="San Jose, Nueva Ecija">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">San Jose del Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo,_Laguna" title="San Pablo, Laguna">San Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna" title="San Pedro, Laguna">San Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna" title="Santa Rosa, Laguna">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Tomas,_Batangas" title="Santo Tomas, Batangas">Santo Tomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silay" title="Silay">Silay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipalay" title="Sipalay">Sipalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon_City" title="Sorsogon City">Sorsogon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigao_City" title="Surigao City">Surigao City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco">Tabaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga" title="Tabuk, Kalinga">Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacurong" title="Tacurong">Tacurong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagaytay" title="Tagaytay">Tagaytay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbilaran" title="Tagbilaran">Tagbilaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagum" title="Tagum">Tagum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisay,_Cebu" title="Talisay, Cebu">Talisay, Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisay,_Negros_Occidental" title="Talisay, Negros Occidental">Talisay, Negros Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanauan,_Batangas" title="Tanauan, Batangas">Tanauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandag" title="Tandag">Tandag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangub" title="Tangub">Tangub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjay" title="Tanjay">Tanjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlac_City" title="Tarlac City">Tarlac City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayabas" title="Tayabas">Tayabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Cebu" title="Toledo, Cebu">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trece_Martires" title="Trece Martires">Trece Martires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuguegarao" title="Tuguegarao">Tuguegarao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdaneta,_Pangasinan" title="Urdaneta, Pangasinan">Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Bukidnon" title="Valencia, Bukidnon">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorias" title="Victorias">Victorias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities in the Philippines <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/Table%20B%20-%20Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20by%20Province%2C%20City%2C%20and%20Municipality%20-%20By%20Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx">2020 Philippine census of population and housing</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastwood_Libis_(Quezon_City;_03-01-2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quezon City"><img alt="Quezon City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/120px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/180px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/240px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_(Thomas_Yie)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila"><img alt="Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/120px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/180px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/240px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,960,048</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">714,978 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Davao City"><img alt="Davao City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/120px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/180px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/240px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Bonifacio_Monument_(Caloocan)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caloocan"><img alt="Caloocan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/120px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/180px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/240px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,846,513</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">703,141 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,776,949</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/General_Santos" title="General Santos">General Santos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">697,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,661,584</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">689,992 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,261,738</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">664,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">977,234</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">San Jose del Monte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">651,813 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">964,169</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">606,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">887,399</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">Negros Island Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">600,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">803,159</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">543,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">728,402</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">539,671 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Philippines_cities_with_a_100,000+_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Most populous cities in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Philippines_cities_with_a_100,000+_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Philippines cities with a 100,000+ population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (2,960,048)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000–1,999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a> (1,846,513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> (1,776,949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> (1,661,584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a> (1,261,738)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> (977,234)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> (964,169)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a> (887,399)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a> (803,159)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a> (728,402)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a> (714,978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a> (703,141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Santos" title="General Santos">General Santos</a> (697,315)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a> (689,992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a> (664,625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">San Jose del Monte</a> (651,813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a> (606,293)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a> (600,783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a> (543,445)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a> (539,671)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapu-Lapu_City" title="Lapu-Lapu City">Lapu-Lapu City</a> (497,604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a> (496,794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles City</a> (462,928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a> (457,626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a> (456,059)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Trias" title="General Trias">General Trias</a> (450,583)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a> (440,656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a> (425,758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna" title="Santa Rosa, Laguna">Santa Rosa</a> (414,812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%B1an" title="Biñan">Biñan</a> (407,437)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlac_City" title="Tarlac City">Tarlac City</a> (385,398)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon">Malabon</a> (380,522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas" title="Lipa, Batangas">Lipa</a> (372,931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a> (372,910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> (366,358)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaue" title="Mandaue">Mandaue</a> (364,116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iligan" title="Iligan">Iligan</a> (363,115)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabuyao" title="Cabuyao">Cabuyao</a> (355,330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando (Pampanga)</a> (354,666)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batangas_City" title="Batangas City">Batangas City</a> (351,647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanatuan" title="Cabanatuan">Cabanatuan</a> (327,325)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna" title="San Pedro, Laguna">San Pedro</a> (326,001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a> (325,079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa" title="Puerto Princesa">Puerto Princesa</a> (307,079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagum" title="Tagum">Tagum</a> (296,202)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabalacat" title="Mabalacat">Mabalacat</a> (293,244)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> (292,743)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo,_Laguna" title="San Pablo, Laguna">San Pablo</a> (285,348)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucena" title="Lucena">Lucena</a> (278,924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisay,_Cebu" title="Talisay, Cebu">Talisay (Cebu)</a> (263,048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> (261,189)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</a> (260,317)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a> (251,881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a> (247,543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormoc" title="Ormoc">Ormoc</a> (230,998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meycauayan" title="Meycauayan">Meycauayan</a> (225,673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Tomas,_Batangas" title="Santo Tomas, Batangas">Santo Tomas</a> (218,500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Bukidnon" title="Valencia, Bukidnon">Valencia (Bukidnon)</a> (216,546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagadian" title="Pagadian">Pagadian</a> (210,542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trece_Martires" title="Trece Martires">Trece Martires</a> (210,503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi</a> (209,533)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panabo" title="Panabo">Panabo</a> (209,230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga (Camarines Sur)</a> (209,170)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Cebu" title="Toledo, Cebu">Toledo</a> (207,314)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marawi" title="Marawi">Marawi</a> (207,010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Pangasinan" title="San Carlos, Pangasinan">San Carlos (Pangasinan)</a> (205,424)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabankalan" title="Kabankalan">Kabankalan</a> (200,198)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koronadal" title="Koronadal">Koronadal</a> (195,398)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago,_Negros_Occidental" title="Bago, Negros Occidental">Bago</a> (191,210)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaybalay" title="Malaybalay">Malaybalay</a> (190,712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digos" title="Digos">Digos</a> (188,376)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calbayog" title="Calbayog">Calbayog</a> (186,960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon_City" title="Sorsogon City">Sorsogon City</a> (182,237)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxas_City" title="Roxas City">Roxas City</a> (179,292)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagupan" title="Dagupan">Dagupan</a> (174,302)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigao_City" title="Surigao City">Surigao City</a> (171,107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliwag" title="Baliwag">Baliwag</a> (168,470)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuguegarao" title="Tuguegarao">Tuguegarao</a> (166,334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidapawan" title="Kidapawan">Kidapawan</a> (160,791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadiz,_Negros_Occidental" title="Cadiz, Negros Occidental">Cadiz</a> (158,544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilagan" title="Ilagan">Ilagan</a> (158,258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danao,_Cebu" title="Danao, Cebu">Danao</a> (156,321)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_Nueva_Ecija" title="San Jose, Nueva Ecija">San Jose (Nueva Ecija)</a> (150,917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagay,_Negros_Occidental" title="Sagay, Negros Occidental">Sagay</a> (148,894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Isabela" title="Santiago, Isabela">Santiago</a> (148,580)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mati,_Davao_Oriental" title="Mati, Davao Oriental">Mati</a> (147,547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdaneta,_Pangasinan" title="Urdaneta, Pangasinan">Urdaneta</a> (144,577)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauayan,_Isabela" title="Cauayan, Isabela">Cauayan</a> (143,403)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calapan" title="Calapan">Calapan</a> (145,786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco">Tabaco</a> (140,961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozamis">Ozamis</a> (140,443)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipolog" title="Dipolog">Dipolog</a> (138,141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingoog" title="Gingoog">Gingoog</a> (136,698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcar" title="Carcar">Carcar</a> (136,453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumaguete" title="Dumaguete">Dumaguete</a> (134,103)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga,_Cebu" title="Naga, Cebu">Naga (Cebu)</a> (133,184)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Negros_Occidental" title="San Carlos, Negros Occidental">San Carlos (Negros Occidental)</a> (132,650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silay" title="Silay">Silay</a> (130,478)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabela,_Basilan" title="Isabela, Basilan">Isabela (Basilan)</a> (130,379)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan (Metro Manila)</a> (126,347)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_La_Union" title="San Fernando, La Union">San Fernando (La Union)</a> (125,640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapan" title="Gapan">Gapan</a> (122,968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayawan" title="Bayawan">Bayawan</a> (122,747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Kalinga" title="Tabuk, Kalinga">Tabuk</a> (121,033)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligao" title="Ligao">Ligao</a> (118,096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samal,_Davao_del_Norte" title="Samal, Davao del Norte">Samal (Davao del Norte)</a> (116,771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himamaylan" title="Himamaylan">Himamaylan</a> (116,240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iriga" title="Iriga">Iriga</a> (114,457)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayabas" title="Tayabas">Tayabas</a> (112,658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay" title="Baybay">Baybay</a> (111,848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoag" title="Laoag">Laoag</a> (111,651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacurong" title="Tacurong">Tacurong</a> (109,319)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisay,_Negros_Occidental" title="Talisay, Negros Occidental">Talisay (Negros Occidental)</a> (108,909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catbalogan" title="Catbalogan">Catbalogan</a> (106,440)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Cavite" title="Carmona, Cavite">Carmona</a> (106,256)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbilaran" title="Tagbilaran">Tagbilaran</a> (104,976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate_City" title="Masbate City">Masbate City</a> (104,522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanga,_Bataan" title="Balanga, Bataan">Balanga</a> (104,173)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guihulngan" title="Guihulngan">Guihulngan</a> (102,656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a> (100,674)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamitan" title="Lamitan">Lamitan</a> (100,150)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Administrative divisions of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" />  <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Philippines"><img alt="Map of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/80px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/120px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/160px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="6105" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">I – Ilocos Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">II – Cagayan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">III – Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">IV-A – Calabarzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">V – Bicol Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">VI – Western Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">VII – Central Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">VIII – Eastern Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">IX – Zamboanga Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">X – Northern Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">XI – Davao Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">XII – Soccsksargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">XIII – Caraga Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">NCR – National Capital Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">NIR – Negros Island Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Norte" title="Agusan del Norte">Agusan del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur" title="Agusan del Sur">Agusan del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aklan" title="Aklan">Aklan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_(province)" title="Antique (province)">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apayao" title="Apayao">Apayao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliran" title="Biliran">Biliran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiz" title="Capiz">Capiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_de_Oro" title="Davao de Oro">Davao de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Norte" title="Davao del Norte">Davao del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Occidental" title="Davao Occidental">Davao Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Oriental" title="Davao Oriental">Davao Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinagat_Islands" title="Dinagat Islands">Dinagat Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Samar" title="Eastern Samar">Eastern Samar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guimaras" title="Guimaras">Guimaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyte_(province)" title="Leyte (province)">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_del_Norte" title="Maguindanao del Norte">Maguindanao del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_del_Sur" title="Maguindanao del Sur">Maguindanao del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misamis_Occidental" title="Misamis Occidental">Misamis Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misamis_Oriental" title="Misamis Oriental">Misamis Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Samar" title="Northern Samar">Northern Samar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro" title="Occidental Mindoro">Occidental Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirino" title="Quirino">Quirino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samar_(province)" title="Samar (province)">Samar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani" title="Sarangani">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siquijor" title="Siquijor">Siquijor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Leyte" title="Southern Leyte">Southern Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat" title="Sultan Kudarat">Sultan Kudarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Norte" title="Surigao del Norte">Surigao del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur" title="Surigao del Sur">Surigao del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Sibugay" title="Zamboanga Sibugay">Zamboanga Sibugay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">List of cities in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_municipalities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines">List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_barangays_in_Philippine_provinces" title="Category:Lists of barangays in Philippine provinces">Lists of barangays by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_local_government_units_of_the_Philippines" title="List of primary local government units of the Philippines">List of primary LGUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Legislative districts of the Philippines">Legislative districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Philippines" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Geographic_Area" title="Special Geographic Area">Special Geographic Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines#Formally_proposed_provinces" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Formally proposed provinces</a></li> <li>Autonomous regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_autonomy_movement" title="Cordillera autonomy movement">Cordillera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_former_provinces_and_cities" title="Template:Philippines former provinces and cities">Former provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Sub-provinces of the Philippines">Sub-provinces</a></li> <li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">East Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">North Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (de facto) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>* Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Asian_Games" title="1951 Asian Games">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Asian_Games" title="1954 Asian Games">1954</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Asian_Games" title="1958 Asian Games">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Asian_Games" title="1966 Asian Games">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Asian_Games" title="1970 Asian Games">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Asian_Games" title="1974 Asian Games">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Asian_Games" title="1982 Asian Games">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Games" title="1990 Asian Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Asian_Games" title="1994 Asian Games">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Asian_Games" title="2002 Asian Games">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Asian_Games" title="2006 Asian Games">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Asian_Games" title="2010 Asian Games">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Asian_Games" title="2014 Asian Games">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Asian_Games" title="2018 Asian Games">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Asian_Games" title="2022 Asian Games">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Asian_Games" title="2026 Asian Games">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Asian_Games" title="2030 Asian Games">2030</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2034_Asian_Games" title="2034 Asian Games">2034</a>: <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Games_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asian Games logo"><img alt="Asian Games logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/70px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/105px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/140px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="406" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1986 Asian Winter Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1990 Asian Winter Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1999 Asian Winter Games">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Kangwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2003 Asian Winter Games">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2007 Asian Winter Games">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2011 Asian Winter Games">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2017 Asian Winter Games">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2025 Asian Winter Games">2025</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2029_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2029 Asian Winter Games">2029</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trojena" title="Trojena">Trojena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangalore" title="Greater Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">National symbols of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Narra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Philippine pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius" title="Saribus rotundifolius">Anahaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">Bahay kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakya" title="Bakya">Bakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">Baro't saya</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">Lechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">National Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipa" title="Sipa">Sipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waling-waling" title="Waling-waling">Waling-waling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">National heroes</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared from national legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Day_(Philippines)" title="National Heroes Day (Philippines)">National Heroes Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Valor" title="Day of Valor">Veterans of the Second World War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From proposed laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Silang" title="Gabriela Silang">Gabriela Silang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kudarat" title="Muhammad Kudarat">Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1219497266"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_in_LuzonPSA_Census_May_2020" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_Luzon" title="Template:Largest cities in Luzon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_Luzon" title="Template talk:Largest cities in Luzon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_in_Luzon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities in Luzon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_in_LuzonPSA_Census_May_2020" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">cities</a> in Luzon <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/Table%20B%20-%20Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20by%20Province%2C%20City%2C%20and%20Municipality%20-%20By%20Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx">PSA Census May 2020</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:EDSA-Cubao_-_Q-Mart,_Kamuning_and_Timog_areas_(Quezon_City)(2017-08-13).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quezon City"><img alt="Quezon City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EDSA-Cubao_-_Q-Mart%2C_Kamuning_and_Timog_areas_%28Quezon_City%29%282017-08-13%29.jpg/120px-EDSA-Cubao_-_Q-Mart%2C_Kamuning_and_Timog_areas_%28Quezon_City%29%282017-08-13%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EDSA-Cubao_-_Q-Mart%2C_Kamuning_and_Timog_areas_%28Quezon_City%29%282017-08-13%29.jpg/180px-EDSA-Cubao_-_Q-Mart%2C_Kamuning_and_Timog_areas_%28Quezon_City%29%282017-08-13%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EDSA-Cubao_-_Q-Mart%2C_Kamuning_and_Timog_areas_%28Quezon_City%29%282017-08-13%29.jpg/240px-EDSA-Cubao_-_Q-Mart%2C_Kamuning_and_Timog_areas_%28Quezon_City%29%282017-08-13%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila"><img alt="Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg/120px-Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg/180px-Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg/240px-Manila_as_seen_from_Intramuros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5170" data-file-height="3447" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,960,048</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">San Jose del Monte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">651,813 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:EDSA-Monumento_(Caloocan;_03-21-2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caloocan"><img alt="Caloocan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EDSA-Monumento_%28Caloocan%3B_03-21-2021%29.jpg/120px-EDSA-Monumento_%28Caloocan%3B_03-21-2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EDSA-Monumento_%28Caloocan%3B_03-21-2021%29.jpg/180px-EDSA-Monumento_%28Caloocan%3B_03-21-2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EDSA-Monumento_%28Caloocan%3B_03-21-2021%29.jpg/240px-EDSA-Monumento_%28Caloocan%3B_03-21-2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Global_City_-_skyline_(view_from_Pioneer)_(Taguig_and_Makati)(2018-04-24)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taguig"><img alt="Taguig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bonifacio_Global_City_-_skyline_%28view_from_Pioneer%29_%28Taguig_and_Makati%29%282018-04-24%29_cropped.jpg/120px-Bonifacio_Global_City_-_skyline_%28view_from_Pioneer%29_%28Taguig_and_Makati%29%282018-04-24%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bonifacio_Global_City_-_skyline_%28view_from_Pioneer%29_%28Taguig_and_Makati%29%282018-04-24%29_cropped.jpg/180px-Bonifacio_Global_City_-_skyline_%28view_from_Pioneer%29_%28Taguig_and_Makati%29%282018-04-24%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bonifacio_Global_City_-_skyline_%28view_from_Pioneer%29_%28Taguig_and_Makati%29%282018-04-24%29_cropped.jpg/240px-Bonifacio_Global_City_-_skyline_%28view_from_Pioneer%29_%28Taguig_and_Makati%29%282018-04-24%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3646" data-file-height="2051" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,846,513</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">606,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,661,584</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">543,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,261,738</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">539,671 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">887,399</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">496,794 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">803,159</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">462,928 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">714,978</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">456,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">703,141</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/General_Trias" title="General Trias">General Trias</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">450,583 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">689,992</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">440,656 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">664,625</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">425,758 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Manila at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manila" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Manila">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Manila" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Manila">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Manila" class="extiw" title="voy:Manila">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1461#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000397175415">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122695754">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205230/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhkwm6CYdwmTpTF7D8YP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037344-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056525">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119450586">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119450586">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629285">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138763&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452463">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561800605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/dcdf2469-1d20-4378-a2a2-f5f462fcc873">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026392186">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044833">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manila&oldid=1258676046">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manila&oldid=1258676046</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manila" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fhqv7","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_a822a369bdd0694190fbe97396e74d32519ed877":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1461","properties":{"title":"Manila","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#000000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1461","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#000000","title":"Manila"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.269","walltime":"6.228","ppvisitednodes":{"value":50367,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1375962,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":219741,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":55,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1605618,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5211.728 1 -total"," 39.34% 2050.518 5 Template:Reflist"," 24.28% 1265.396 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 21.63% 1127.547 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.01% 625.826 35 Template:PH_wikidata"," 11.28% 587.675 138 Template:Cite_news"," 11.08% 577.614 160 Template:Cite_web"," 4.69% 244.570 58 Template:Cite_book"," 4.07% 211.880 71 Template:Main_other"," 4.00% 208.705 1 Template:Philippine_Census"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.113","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29517072,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAberia,_Jaimie_Rose2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAberia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgoncillo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlave2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlcabaza2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlcazaren2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAloma_Monte_de_los_Santos1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbeth_Ocampo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrade,_Jeannette2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAning2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArveen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory,_Hurricane_Research_Division\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAurelio2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvecilla2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackhouse,_Thomas1765\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadilla2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalbosa1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrows2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBaumgartner1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeede1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoldorfOkazaki2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolido2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabalza,_Dexter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabico2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabuenas,_Jon_Viktor_D.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaliwan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvelo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCappelenJensen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasas,_Bill2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClapano,_Jose_Rodel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoconuts_Manila2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCororaton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortés2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCriado1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDacanay2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDario2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaroy1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Leon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDela_Cruz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeocampo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiola\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoeppers1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdgardo_S._Tugade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsguerra2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabonan_III2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFacility2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenix2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Relations2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoJonesAlgee-HewittDudzik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodinez2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwen_de_la_Cruz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedmanSidel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInocencioDavid2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaime_Rose_R._Aberia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaimie_Rose_Aberia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenny_F._Manongdo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoaquin1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoel_E._Surbano2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn._M._Lipski,_with_P._Mühlhaüsler_and_F._Duthin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesDouglass2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé_Roca_de_Togores_y_SaraviaRemigio_GarciaNational_Historical_Institute_(Philippines)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovic_Lee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahlon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalu,_Gabriel_Pabico2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayug2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLectura2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegaspi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLila_Ramos_Shahani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzana2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLozada2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuci-AtienzaCahiles-Magkilat2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacairan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacapagal2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadarang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocBernstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaru2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathews1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMawis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayuga2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCargo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedina2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercurio\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrill1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoaje2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFModesto2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontemayor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonPersoniusRimandoPunongbayan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolas2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOcampo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdronia,_Cris_G.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_Economic_Coordination1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOreña-Drilon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrozcoZafaralla2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPante2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParnell,_Philip_C.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_SagmayaoTatad1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Borschberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimentel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimentel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard,_Vincent_Kelly2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoppellwell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRambo_Talabong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamos2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanada2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanada2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayCamelTournefort1686\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_of_the_Philippines._Office_of_the_President.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRex_Remitio2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefsLockhartLau2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWilliamsPreston2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson,_James_AlexanderBlair,_Emma_Helen1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocamora2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocamora2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRola\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonquillo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoque2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosabell_C._Toledo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaenger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaludes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantelices\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos_G.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchock1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSee,_Aie_Balagtas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicatVirata2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiytangcoHermoso2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoliman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSub-national_HDI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSynott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalabong,_Rambo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalao2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrado2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrado2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTianco,_Minka_Klaudia2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodeno,_Junhan_B.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToledo,_Rosabell_C.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomacruz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomas_S._Noda_III2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValderramaBautista\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelasquez-TyGarcíaMaceda1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillafuerte2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitugAlmonte2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernstedtSpencer1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZunesAsherKurtz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Guzman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Information_provided_in_part_by_the_Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"Journal_Online\"] = 1,\n [\"PUP_Website\"] = 1,\n [\"Tectonophysics,_Volume_415,_Issues_1–4,_March_27,_2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Areacodestyle\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Asian Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Battles of Manila\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite PH act\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 138,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 159,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 56,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DILG detail\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-la\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 35,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 6,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mapframe\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"LWUA population data\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Largest Cities and Municipalities in Luzon\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities of the Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"List of Asian capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Manila\"] = 1,\n [\"Megacities\"] = 1,\n [\"Metro Manila\"] = 1,\n [\"Most populous cities in Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NSCB detail\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-la\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-lr\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Okina\"] = 1,\n [\"PH barangay count\"] = 1,\n [\"PH census\"] = 8,\n [\"PH census population\"] = 15,\n [\"PH electricity distribution\"] = 1,\n [\"PH legislative district\"] = 1,\n [\"PH wikidata\"] = 35,\n [\"PSGC detail\"] = 1,\n [\"PSGCstyle\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippine Census\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippine cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Philippine peso\"] = 2,\n [\"Philippines political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 4,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-inc\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 2,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 14,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 2,\n [\"Sup\"] = 2,\n [\"Symbols of the Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"Thinsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Philippine English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikidata\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n [\"World's most populous urban areas\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","560","16.0"],["?","540","15.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","10.3"],["dataWrapper 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-04T17:59:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T23:54:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f3\/Intramuros%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines.jpg","headline":"capital city of the Philippines"}</script> </body> </html>