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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vitamin (disambiguation)">Vitamin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Vitamins are <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a> (or a set of closely related molecules called <a href="/wiki/Vitamer" title="Vitamer">vitamers</a>) that are essential to an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> in small quantities for proper <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> function. <a href="/wiki/Nutrient#Essential_nutrients" title="Nutrient">Essential nutrients</a> cannot be <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesized</a> in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>: four <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Tocotrienol" title="Tocotrienol">tocotrienols</a>. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Vitamin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/330px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/500px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/960px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="2387"></a><div class="infobox-caption">A bottle of B-complex vitamin pills</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɪtəmɪn, ˈvaɪt-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VIT-ə-min, VYTE-</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvaɪtəmɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VY-tə-min</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956" class="extiw" title="d:Q34956">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The term vitamin does not include the three other groups of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Major health organizations list thirteen vitamins:<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> (all-trans-<a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinols</a>, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-<a href="/wiki/%CE%92-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carotene">β-carotene</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Provitamin" title="Provitamin">provitamin</a> A carotenoids)</li> <li>Vitamin B1 (<a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B2 (<a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B3 (<a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">niacin</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B5 (<a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B6 (<a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B7 (<a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B9 (<a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folates</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin B12 (<a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">cobalamins</a>)</li> <li>Vitamin C (<a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">ascorbates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Calciferol">calciferols</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tocopherols" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocopherols">tocopherols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocotrienols" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocotrienols">tocotrienols</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">phylloquinones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menaquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Menaquinone">menaquinones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menadione" title="Menadione">menadiones</a>)</li></ul> Some sources include a fourteenth, <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The <a href="/wiki/B_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="B complex">B complex</a> vitamins function as enzyme <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> (coenzymes) or the <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursors</a> for them. Vitamins C and E function as <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bender-7">[7]</a> Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so. All the vitamins were discovered between 1913 and 1948. Historically, when intake of vitamins from diet was lacking, the results were vitamin deficiency diseases. Then, starting in 1935, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.<a href="#cite_note-Price-8">[8]</a> This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and marketing of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin supplement">vitamin supplements</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">multivitamins</a>, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-Price-8">[8]</a> Governments have mandated the addition of some vitamins to <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> such as flour or milk, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">food fortification</a>, to prevent deficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-FoodFortif-9">[9]</a> Recommendations for folic acid supplementation during <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">pregnancy</a> reduced risk of infant <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">neural tube defects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2015-10">[10]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#List_of_vitamins">1 List of vitamins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#%22Vitamine%22_to_vitamin">2.1 "Vitamine" to vitamin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Nobel_Prizes_for_vitamin_research">2.2 Nobel Prizes for vitamin research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#History_of_promotional_marketing">2.3 History of promotional marketing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Etymology">3 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Classification">4 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Anti-vitamins">5 Anti-vitamins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Biochemical_functions">6 Biochemical functions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#On_fetal_growth_and_childhood_development">6.1 On fetal growth and childhood development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#On_adult_health_maintenance">6.2 On adult health maintenance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Intake">7 Intake</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sources">7.1 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Deficient_intake">7.2 Deficient intake</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Excess_intake">7.3 Excess intake</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Effects_of_cooking">7.4 Effects of cooking</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Recommended_levels">8 Recommended levels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Supplementation">9 Supplementation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Governmental_regulation">9.1 Governmental regulation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Naming">10 Naming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="List_of_vitamins">List of vitamins</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <table class="wikitable sortable col3center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Vitamin </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Vitamer" title="Vitamer">Vitamers</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">U.S. <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">recommended dietary allowances</a> per day ages 19–70)<a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11">[11]</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">Deficiency disease(s) </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">Overdose syndrome/symptoms </th> <th class="unsortable" scope="col">Food sources </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>all-trans-<a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid" title="Retinoic acid">retinoic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinoids">retinoids</a>)</li><li>provitamin A <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-carotene">alpha-carotene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-carotene">gamma-carotene</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophyll</a> beta-<a href="/wiki/Cryptoxanthin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptoxanthin">cryptoxanthin</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>900 μg/700 μg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Night_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Night blindness">night blindness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keratomalacia" title="Keratomalacia">keratomalacia</a><a href="#cite_note-GOVa-12">[12]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A" title="Hypervitaminosis A">hypervitaminosis A</a> </td> <td>from animal origin as vitamin A / all-trans-retinol: fish in general, liver and dairy products; from plant origin as provitamin A / all-trans-beta-carotene: orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">B1</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine_monophosphate" title="Thiamine monophosphate">thiamine monophosphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphate" title="Thiamine pyrophosphate">thiamine pyrophosphate</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>1.2 mg/1.1 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a> </td> <td>drowsiness and muscle relaxation<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>pork, wholemeal grains, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B2">B2</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">flavin mononucleotide</a> (FMN)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">flavin adenine dinucleotide</a> (FAD)</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>1.3 mg/1.1 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariboflavinosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariboflavinosis">ariboflavinosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossitis" title="Glossitis">glossitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angular_stomatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular stomatitis">angular stomatitis</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>dairy products, bananas, green beans, asparagus </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3">B3</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">nicotinic acid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">niacinamide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_riboside" title="Nicotinamide riboside">nicotinamide riboside</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>16 mg/14 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> damage (doses > 2g/day)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">other problems</a> </td> <td>meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B5">B5</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panthenol" title="Panthenol">panthenol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pantethine" title="Pantethine">pantethine</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>5 mg/5 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a> </td> <td>diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>meat, broccoli, avocados </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">B6</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxamine" title="Pyridoxamine">pyridoxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxal" title="Pyridoxal">pyridoxal</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GOVb6-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a> </td> <td>impairment of <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">B7</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>AI: 30 μg/30 μg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">enteritis</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">B9</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>400 μg/400 μg </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">megaloblastic anemia</a> and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural-tube</a> defects) </td> <td>may mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency; <a href="/wiki/Folate#Toxicity" title="Folate">other effects</a>. </td> <td>leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B12</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">cyanocobalamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">hydroxocobalamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">methylcobalamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosylcobalamin" title="Adenosylcobalamin">adenosylcobalamin</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>2.4 μg/2.4 μg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia">vitamin B12 deficiency anemia</a><a href="#cite_note-GOVb12-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>none proven </td> <td>meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #D9F1E6;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">water </td> <td>90 mg/75 mg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> </td> <td>stomach pain, diarrhoea, and flatulence.<a href="#cite_note-NHS-19">[19]</a> </td> <td>many fruits and vegetables, liver </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">D</a> </th> <th style="whitespace:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D1">D1</a> </th> <td>mixture of molecular compounds of <a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">ergocalciferol</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lumisterol" title="Lumisterol">lumisterol</a>, 1:1 </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td rowspan="5">15 μg/15 μg </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">osteomalacia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervitaminosis D">hypervitaminosis D</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D2">D2</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">ergocalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>sunlight-exposed mushrooms and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">D3</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">cholecalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>fatty fish (mackerel, salmon, sardines), fish liver oils, eggs from hens fed vitamin D </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D4">D4</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/22-dihydroergocalciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="22-dihydroergocalciferol">22-dihydroergocalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D5" title="Vitamin D5">D5</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitocalciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitocalciferol">sitocalciferol</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocotrienol" title="Tocotrienol">tocotrienols</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>15 mg/15 mg </td> <td align="left">deficiency is very rare; mild <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> in newborn infants<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a> </td> <td>possible increased incidence of congestive heart failure.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Higdon-22">[22]</a> </td> <td>many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and seed oils </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin K1">K1</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">phylloquinone</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td rowspan="2">AI: 110 μg/120 μg </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_diathesis" title="Bleeding diathesis">bleeding diathesis</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">decreased anticoagulation effect of <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td> <td>leafy green vegetables such as spinach </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K2" title="Vitamin K2">K2</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Menaquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Menaquinone">menaquinone</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background: #FFF2AE;vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">fat </td> <td>poultry and eggs, <a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">nattō</a>, beef, pork, or fish </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The value of eating certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a> knew that feeding <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a> to a person may help with <a href="/wiki/Night_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Night blindness">night blindness</a>, an illness now known to be caused by a <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-Challem-24">[24]</a> The advance of ocean voyages during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> resulted in prolonged periods without access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and made illnesses from vitamin deficiency common among ships' crews.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:15px"> <caption>The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th>Year of discovery</th> <th>Vitamin</th> <th>Food source </th></tr> <tr> <td>1913</td> <td>Vitamin A (Retinol)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td>Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice bran">Rice bran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a>, most fresh foods </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>Vitamin D (Calciferol)</td> <td>Cod liver oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td>Vitamin E (Tocopherol)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a>, unrefined vegetable oils </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929</td> <td>Vitamin K1 (<a href="/wiki/Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">Phylloquinone</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">Leaf vegetables</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)</td> <td>Meat, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, in many foods </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934</td> <td>Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)</td> <td>Meat, dairy products </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>Vitamin B7 (<a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td> <td>Meat, dairy products, Eggs </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>Vitamin B3 (Niacin)</td> <td>Meat, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)</td> <td>Leaf vegetables </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a> (Cobalamins)</td> <td>Meat, organs (<a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a>), Eggs </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 1747, the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lind (physician)">James Lind</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> foods helped prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> is not properly formed, causing poor wound healing, bleeding of the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gums</a>, severe pain, and death.<a href="#cite_note-Challem-24">[24]</a> In 1753, Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy, which recommended using <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">limes</a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, which was adopted by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. This led to the nickname <a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">limey</a> for British sailors. However, during the 19th century, limes grown in the West Indies were substituted for lemons; these were subsequently found to be much lower in vitamin C.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy and other <a href="/wiki/Deficiency_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficiency disease">deficiency diseases</a>. In the early 20th century, when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> made his two expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>, the prevailing medical theory was that scurvy was caused by "tainted" <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canned food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> medical doctor <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Lunin_(scientist)" title="Nikolai Lunin (scientist)">Nikolai Lunin</a> studied the effects of scurvy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>. He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>. The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that "a natural food such as milk must therefore contain, besides these known principal ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential to life." However, his conclusions were rejected by his advisor, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Bunge" title="Gustav von Bunge">Gustav von Bunge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gratzer-29">[29]</a> A similar result by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Adrianus_Pekelharing" title="Cornelis Adrianus Pekelharing">Cornelis Adrianus Pekelharing</a> appeared in Dutch medical journal <a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Tijdschrift_voor_Geneeskunde" title="Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde">Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde</a> in 1905,<a href="#cite_note-31">[a]</a> but it was not widely reported.<a href="#cite_note-Gratzer-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, where polished <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a> was the common staple food of the middle class, <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a> resulting from lack of vitamin B1 was <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a>. In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Takaki_Kanehiro" title="Takaki Kanehiro">Takaki Kanehiro</a>, a British-trained medical doctor of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he experimented using crews of two <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld-32">[31]</a> That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a>, who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent a kind of <a href="/wiki/Polyneuritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyneuritis">polyneuritis</a> that was the equivalent of beriberi.<a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33">[32]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hopkins">Frederick Hopkins</a> postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors" – in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats etc. – that are necessary for the functions of the human body.<a href="#cite_note-Challem-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._C._Drummond,_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_(Vitamins),_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png/250px-J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="3420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 258px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png/250px-J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png" data-width="220" data-height="258" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png/330px-J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png/500px-J._C._Drummond%2C_The_Nomenclature_of_the_So-called_Accessory_Food_Factors_%28Vitamins%29%2C_1920.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_Drummond" title="Jack Drummond">Jack Drummond</a>'s single-paragraph article in 1920 which provided structure and nomenclature used today for vitamins</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"Vitamine"_to_vitamin'>"Vitamine" to vitamin</h3></div> In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist <a href="/wiki/Umetaro_Suzuki" title="Umetaro Suzuki">Umetaro Suzuki</a>, who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it <a href="/wiki/Aberic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberic acid">aberic acid</a> (later Orizanin). He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. In 1912 Polish-born biochemist <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Funk" title="Casimir Funk">Casimir Funk</a>, working in London, isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named "vitamine".<a href="#cite_note-Funk-35">[34]</a> It was later to be known as vitamin B3 (niacin), though he described it as "anti-beri-beri-factor" (which would today be called thiamine or vitamin B1). Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Nierenstein" title="Maximilian Nierenstein">Max Nierenstein</a> a friend and Reader of Biochemistry at Bristol University reportedly suggested the "vitamine" name (from "vital amine").<a href="#cite_note-Combs_2008-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' "accessory factors", and, by the time it was shown that not all vitamins are <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, the word was already ubiquitous. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cecil_Drummond" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cecil Drummond">Jack Cecil Drummond</a> proposed that the final "e" be dropped to deemphasize the "amine" reference, hence "vitamin", after researchers began to suspect that not all "vitamines" (in particular, vitamin A) have an amine component.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prizes_for_vitamin_research">Nobel Prizes for vitamin research</h3></div> The Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1928 was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a> "for his studies on the constitution of the sterols and their connection with vitamins", the first person to receive an award mentioning vitamins, even though it was not specifically about vitamin D.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for 1929 was awarded to Christiaan Eijkman and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> for their contributions to the discovery of vitamins. Thirty-five years earlier, Eijkman had observed that chickens fed polished white rice developed neurological symptoms similar to those observed in military sailors and soldiers fed a rice-based diet, and that the symptoms were reversed when the chickens were switched to whole-grain rice. He called this "the anti-beriberi factor", which was later identified as vitamin B1, thiamine.<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-39">[38]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a> elucidated the correct structure for <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, the main precursor of vitamin A, and identified other <a href="/wiki/Carotenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a>. Karrer and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi's discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> and made significant contributions to the chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Flavins" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavins">flavins</a>, which led to the identification of <a href="/wiki/Lactoflavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactoflavin">lactoflavin</a>. For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2, they both received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Karrer-40">[39]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> and a fellow researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Svirbely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Svirbely (page does not exist)">Joseph Svirbely</a> suspected that "hexuronic acid" was actually <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, and gave a sample to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glen_King" title="Charles Glen King">Charles Glen King</a>, who proved its activity counter to scurvy in his long-established <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a> scorbutic assay. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Adelbert Doisy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> and its chemical structure. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B2 and B6.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhn-41">[40]</a> Five people have been awarded <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> for direct and indirect studies of vitamin B12: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William P. Murphy</a> (1934), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander R. Todd</a> (1957), and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1964).<a href="#cite_note-NobelPrizeRef-42">[41]</a> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Keffer Hartline</a> were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "...for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye." Wald's contribution was discovering the role vitamin A had in the process.<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1967-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_promotional_marketing">History of promotional marketing</h3></div> Once discovered, vitamins were actively promoted in articles and advertisements in <a href="/wiki/McCall%27s" title="McCall's">McCall's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a>, and other media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33">[32]</a> Marketers enthusiastically promoted <a href="/wiki/Cod-liver_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod-liver oil">cod-liver oil</a>, a source of vitamin D, as "bottled sunshine", and bananas as a "natural vitality food".<a href="#cite_note-Yeast-44">[43]</a> They promoted foods such as <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> cakes, a source of B vitamins, on the basis of scientifically determined nutritional value, rather than taste or appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Yeast-44">[43]</a> In 1942, when flour <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">enrichment</a> with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said "Tobacco in Your Bread." In response, the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> approved of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Nutrition Board">Food and Nutrition Board</a>'s new names niacin and niacin amide for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate nicotinic acid from <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name niacin was derived from nicotinic acid + vitamin.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Researchers also focused on the need to ensure adequate nutrition, especially to compensate for what was lost in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed foods">processed foods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33">[32]</a> Robert W. Yoder is credited with first using the term vitamania, in 1942, to describe the appeal of relying on nutritional supplements rather than on obtaining vitamins from a varied diet of foods. The continuing preoccupation with a healthy lifestyle led to an obsessive consumption of vitamins and multi-vitamins, the beneficial effects of which are questionable.<a href="#cite_note-Price-8">[8]</a> As one example, in the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Bread" title="Wonder Bread">Wonder Bread</a> company sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Howdy_Doody" title="Howdy Doody">Howdy Doody</a> television show, with host <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bob_Smith" title="Buffalo Bob Smith">Buffalo Bob Smith</a> telling the audience, "Wonder Bread builds strong bodies 8 ways", referring to the number of <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">added nutrients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The term "vitamin" was derived from "vitamine", a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">portmanteau</a> coined in 1912 by the <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> Casimir Funk while working at the <a href="/wiki/Lister_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine" title="Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine">Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Funk-35">[34]</a> Funk created the name from vital and amine, because it appeared that these organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases were required for life, hence "vital", and were chemical amines, hence "amine". This was true of <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, but after it was found that vitamin C and other such micronutrients were not amines, the word was shortened to "vitamin" in English.<a href="#cite_note-Combs_2008-36">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Vitamins are classified as either <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilicity">water-soluble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">fat-soluble</a>. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18635909-48">[47]</a> Because they are not as readily stored, more consistent intake is important.<a href="#cite_note-urlWater-Soluble_Vitamins-49">[48]</a> Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> (fats). Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body, which can result in dangerous <a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis" title="Hypervitaminosis">hypervitaminosis</a>. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency due to malabsorption is of particular significance in <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18812835-50">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Anti-vitamins">Anti-vitamins</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">Antinutrient</a></div> Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins. For example, <a href="/wiki/Avidin" title="Avidin">avidin</a> is a protein in raw egg whites that inhibits the absorption of <a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a>; it is deactivated by cooking.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Pyrithiamine, a synthetic compound, has a molecular structure similar to thiamine, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">vitamin B1</a>, and inhibits the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that use thiamine.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Biochemical_functions">Biochemical functions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions.<a href="#cite_note-Kutsky-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_fetal_growth_and_childhood_development">On fetal growth and childhood development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">Nutrition and pregnancy</a></div> Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents, a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">develops</a> from the nutrients it absorbs. It requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2015-10">[10]</a> These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce among other things, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>. If there is serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_adult_health_maintenance">On adult health maintenance</h3></div> Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food it eats, and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required for <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bender-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Intake">Intake</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> For the most part, vitamins are obtained from the diet, but some are acquired by other means: for example, microorganisms in the <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> produce vitamin K and biotin; and one form of vitamin D is synthesized in skin cells when they are exposed to a certain wavelength of ultraviolet light present in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume: for example, vitamin A is synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Beta_carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carotene">beta carotene</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> is synthesized from the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DRI-Niacin-55">[54]</a> Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a> is the only vitamin or nutrient not available from plant sources. The Food Fortification Initiative lists countries which have mandatory fortification programs for vitamins folic acid, niacin, vitamin A and vitamins B1, B2 and B12.<a href="#cite_note-FoodFortif-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficient_intake">Deficient intake</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body's</a> stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B12 are stored in significant amounts, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a> and an adult's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and B12 in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition. However, vitamin B3 (niacin and niacinamide) is not stored in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks.<a href="#cite_note-GOVa-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a> For vitamin C, the first symptoms of scurvy in experimental studies of complete vitamin C deprivation in humans have varied widely, from a month to more than six months, depending on previous dietary history that determined body stores.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a "lifestyle factor", such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the vitamin.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a> People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency, but may be consuming less than the recommended amounts; a national food and supplement survey conducted in the US over 2003–2006 reported that over 90% of individuals who did not consume vitamin supplements were found to have inadequate levels of some of the essential vitamins, notably vitamins D and E.<a href="#cite_note-:03-57">[56]</a> Well-researched human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (<a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">pellagra</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33">[32]</a> vitamin C (scurvy), folate (neural tube defects) and vitamin D (rickets).<a href="#cite_note-Price-8">[8]</a> In much of the developed world these deficiencies are rare due to an adequate supply of food and the addition of vitamins to common foods.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a> In addition to these classical vitamin deficiency diseases, some evidence has also suggested links between vitamin deficiency and a number of different disorders.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess_intake">Excess intake</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis" title="Hypervitaminosis">Hypervitaminosis</a></div> Some vitamins have documented acute or chronic toxicity at larger intakes, which is referred to as hypertoxicity. The European Union and the governments of several countries have established <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake levels">Tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for those vitamins which have documented toxicity (see table).<a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61">[60]</a> The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is remote, but excessive intake (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin poisoning">vitamin poisoning</a>) from dietary supplements does occur. In 2016, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins and multi-vitamin/mineral formulations was reported by 63,931 individuals to the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Poison_Control_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Poison Control Centers">American Association of Poison Control Centers</a> with 72% of these exposures in children under the age of five.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In the US, analysis of a national diet and supplement survey reported that about 7% of adult supplement users exceeded the UL for folate and 5% of those older than age 50 years exceeded the UL for vitamin A.<a href="#cite_note-:03-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_cooking">Effects of cooking</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> has conducted extensive studies on the percentage losses of various nutrients from food types and cooking methods.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Some vitamins may become more "bio-available" – that is, usable by the body – when foods are cooked.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The table below shows whether various vitamins are susceptible to loss from heat—such as heat from boiling, steaming, frying, etc. The effect of cutting vegetables can be seen from exposure to air and light. Water-soluble vitamins such as B and C dissolve into the water when a vegetable is boiled, and are then lost when the water is discarded.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Vitamin </th> <th colspan="4">Is substance susceptible to losses under given condition? </th></tr> <tr> <th>Soluble in Water </th> <th>Air Exposure </th> <th>Light Exposure </th> <th>Heat Exposure </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin A </td> <td>no </td> <td>partially </td> <td>partially </td> <td>relatively stable </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin C </td> <td>very unstable </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin D </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin E </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin K </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thiamine (B1) </td> <td>highly </td> <td>no </td> <td>? </td> <td>> 100 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Riboflavin (B2) </td> <td>slightly </td> <td>no </td> <td>in solution </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niacin (B3) </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pantothenic Acid (B5) </td> <td>quite stable </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B6 </td> <td>yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>yes </td> <td>< 160 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biotin (B7) </td> <td>somewhat </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>Folic Acid (B9) </td> <td>yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>when dry </td> <td>at high temp </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cobalamin (B12) </td> <td>yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>yes </td> <td>no </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Recommended_levels">Recommended levels</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61">[60]</a> For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India<a href="#cite_note-NIN-66">[65]</a> to 155 mg/day for the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-EFSA-Recommended-67">[66]</a> The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date to 1997–2004.<a href="#cite_note-DRI-68">[67]</a> All values are consumption per day: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Nutrient</th> <th rowspan="2">U.S. EAR<a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11">[11]</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Highest U.S. RDA or AI<a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11">[11]</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Highest EU PRI or AI<a href="#cite_note-EFSA-Recommended-67">[66]</a></th> <th colspan="3">Upper limit (UL)</th> <th rowspan="2">Unit </th></tr> <tr> <th>U.S.<a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11">[11]</a></th> <th>EU <a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60">[59]</a></th> <th>Japan<a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61">[60]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></td> <td>625</td> <td>900</td> <td>1300</td> <td>3000</td> <td>3000</td> <td>2700</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></td> <td>75</td> <td>90</td> <td>155</td> <td>2000</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>100</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></td> <td>NE</td> <td>120</td> <td>70</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">α-tocopherol</a> (Vitamin E)</td> <td>12</td> <td>15</td> <td>13</td> <td>1000</td> <td>300</td> <td>650–900</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a> (Vitamin B1)</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.1 mg/MJ</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> (Vitamin B2)</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a> (Vitamin B3)</td> <td>12</td> <td>16</td> <td>1.6 mg/MJ</td> <td>35</td> <td>10</td> <td>60–85</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (Vitamin B5)</td> <td>NE</td> <td>5</td> <td>7</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>100</td> <td>25</td> <td>40–60</td> <td>mg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a> (Vitamin B7)</td> <td>NE</td> <td>30</td> <td>45</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate</a> (Vitamin B9)</td> <td>320</td> <td>400</td> <td>600</td> <td>1000</td> <td>1000</td> <td>900–1000</td> <td>μg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin</a> (Vitamin B12)</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>μg </td></tr></tbody></table> EAR US Estimated Average Requirements. RDA US Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. AI US and EFSA Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. PRI Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin the PRIs are expressed as amounts per MJ of calories consumed. MJ = megajoule = 239 food calories. UL or Upper Limit Tolerable upper intake levels. ND ULs have not been determined. NE EARs have not been established. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Supplementation">Supplementation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg/330px-500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="2122"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg/330px-500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg/500px-500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg/960px-500_mg_calcium_supplements_with_vitamin_D.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Calcium combined with vitamin D (as calciferol) supplement tablets with fillers.</figcaption></figure> In those who are otherwise healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fort2013-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moy2014-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smokers</a> for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful.<a href="#cite_note-Moy2014-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> A 2018 meta-analysis found no evidence that intake of vitamin D or calcium for community-dwelling elderly people reduced bone fractures.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Europe has regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as dietary supplements. Most vitamins that are sold as dietary supplements are not supposed to exceed a maximum daily dosage referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">tolerable upper intake level</a> (UL or Upper Limit). Vitamin products above these regulatory limits are not considered supplements and should be registered as prescription or non-prescription (<a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a>) due to their potential side effects. The European Union, United States and Japan establish ULs.<a href="#cite_note-DRITable-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanDRI-61">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a> often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> supports the benefits of dietary supplements for persons with certain health conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Sup-74">[73]</a> In some cases, vitamin supplements may have unwanted effects, especially if taken before surgery, with other dietary supplements or medicines, or if the person taking them has certain health conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Sup-74">[73]</a> They may also contain levels of vitamins many times higher, and in different forms, than one may ingest through food. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_regulation">Governmental regulation</h3></div> Most countries place dietary supplements in a special category under the general umbrella of foods, not drugs. As a result, the manufacturer, and not the government, has the responsibility of ensuring that its dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Regulation of supplements varies widely by country. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a dietary supplement is defined under the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Supplement_Health_and_Education_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act">Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act</a> of 1994.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> There is no FDA approval process for dietary supplements, and no requirement that manufacturers prove the safety or efficacy of supplements introduced before 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Wendt-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> must rely on its Adverse Event Reporting System to monitor adverse events that occur with supplements.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In 2007, the US <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> (CFR) Title 21, part III took effect, regulating Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) in the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Even though product registration is not required, these regulations mandate production and quality control standards (including testing for identity, purity and adulterations) for dietary supplements.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Food_Supplements_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Supplements Directive">Food Supplements Directive</a> requires that only those supplements that have been proven safe can be sold without a prescription.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> For most vitamins, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeial standards</a> have been established. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a> (USP) sets standards for the most commonly used vitamins and preparations thereof. Likewise, monographs of the <a href="/wiki/European_Pharmacopoeia" title="European Pharmacopoeia">European Pharmacopoeia</a> (Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects of identity and purity for vitamins on the European market. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:20px"> <caption>Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th>Previous name </th> <th>Chemical name </th> <th>Reason for name change<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-79">[78]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a> </td> <td>DNA metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylic acid">Adenylic acid</a> </td> <td>DNA metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin BT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a> </td> <td>Synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin F </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a> </td> <td>Needed in large quantities (does not fit the definition of a vitamin). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin G </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin H </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin J </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catechol" title="Catechol">Catechol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">Flavin</a> </td> <td>Catechol nonessential; flavin reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin L1<a href="#cite_note-VitaminL-80">[79]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthranilic_acid" title="Anthranilic acid">Anthranilic acid</a> </td> <td>Nonessential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin L2<a href="#cite_note-VitaminL-80">[79]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2-Methylthioadenosine" title="5′-Methylthioadenosine">5′-Methylthioadenosine</a> </td> <td>RNA metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin M or Bc<a href="#cite_note-Welch1983-81">[80]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavonoids">Flavonoids</a> </td> <td>Many compounds, not proven essential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin PP </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin</a> </td> <td>Reclassified as <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">Vitamin B3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin S </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a> </td> <td>Nonessential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin U </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S-Methylmethionine" title="S-Methylmethionine">S-Methylmethionine</a> </td> <td>Protein metabolite; synthesized in body </td></tr></tbody></table> The reason that the set of vitamins skips directly from E to K is that the vitamins corresponding to letters F–J were either reclassified over time, discarded as false leads, or renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which became a complex of vitamins. The Danish-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the coagulation of blood following wounding (from the <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> word Koagulation). At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through to J were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-quiz-82">[81]</a> The table Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. The missing numbered B vitamins were reclassified or determined not to be vitamins. For example, B9 is <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> and five of the folates are in the range B11 through B16. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="4-Aminobenzoic acid">PABA</a> (formerly B10), are biologically inactive, toxic, or with unclassifiable effects in humans, or not generally recognised as vitamins by science,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> such as the highest-numbered, which some <a href="/wiki/Naturopath" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturopath">naturopath</a> practitioners call B21 and B22. There are also lettered B substances (e.g., Bm) listed at <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> that are not recognized as vitamins. There are other "D vitamins" now recognised as other substances, which some sources of the same type number up to D7. The controversial cancer treatment <a href="/wiki/Laetrile" class="mw-redirect" title="Laetrile">laetrile</a> was at one point lettered as vitamin B17. There appears to be no consensus on the existence of substances that may have at one time been named as vitamins Q, R, T, V, W, X, Y or Z. "Vitamin N" is a term popularized for the mental health benefits of spending time in nature settings. "Vitamin I" is slang among athletes for frequent/daily consumption of <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> as a pain-relieving treatment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypervitaminosis" title="Hypervitaminosis">Hypervitaminosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). 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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0"><bdi>978-0-13-981176-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32308337">32308337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32308337&rft.isbn=978-0-13-981176-0&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+J&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+CW&rft.au=Johnson%2C+S&rft.au=Warner%2C+MQ&rft.au=LaHart%2C+D&rft.au=Wright%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/vitamins-and-minerals">"Vitamins and Minerals"</a>. National Institute on Aging. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+on+Aging&rft.atitle=Vitamins+and+Minerals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nia.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fvitamins-and-minerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212005813/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241546123/en/">Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition 2nd Edition</a>. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2004. pp. 340–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9241546123" title="Special:BookSources/9241546123"><bdi>9241546123</bdi></a>. 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McGraw-Hill. p. 992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071354691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071354691"><bdi>978-0071354691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodman+and+Gilman%27s+Pharmacological+Basis+of+Therapeutics&rft.pages=992&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0071354691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-vitaminb5.html">"Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements"</a>. MedlinePlus. 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(1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/nikkashi1880/32/1/_contents">"Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis"</a>. 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Beri-beri, polyneuritis in birds, epidemic dropsy, scurvy, experimental scurvy in animals, infantile scurvy, ship beri-beri, pellagra"</a>. Journal of State Medicine. 20: 341–368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+State+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+etiology+of+the+deficiency+diseases.+Beri-beri%2C+polyneuritis+in+birds%2C+epidemic+dropsy%2C+scurvy%2C+experimental+scurvy+in+animals%2C+infantile+scurvy%2C+ship+beri-beri%2C+pellagra&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015069802166%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"> The word "vitamine" is coined on p. 342: "It is now known that all these diseases, with the exception of pellagra, can be prevented and cured by the addition of certain preventative substances; the deficient substances, which are of the nature of organic bases, we will call "vitamines"; and we will speak of a beri-beri or scurvy vitamine, which means a substance preventing the special disease." </li> <li id="cite_note-Combs_2008-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Combs_2008_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Combs_2008_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombs2008" class="citation book cs1">Combs G (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CMHiWum0Y4C&pg=PA16">"Discovery of Vitamins"</a>. 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Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (in Dutch). 41: 111–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nederlands+Tijdschrift+voor+Geneeskunde&rft.atitle=Over+onze+kennis+van+de+waarde+der+voedingsmiddelen+uit+chemische+fabrieken&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Pekelharing&rft.aufirst=CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-semba-99-30">[30]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Intakes Reference Chart for Vitamins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/Health_Information/Vitamin_and_Mineral_Supplement_Fact_Sheets.aspx">NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Fact Sheets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916005417/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/Health_Information/Vitamin_and_Mineral_Supplement_Fact_Sheets.aspx">Archived</a> 16 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/">"Vitamins and minerals"</a>. nhs.uk. 23 October 2017.</cite><span 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id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamien" title="Vitamien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vitamien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيتامين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيتامين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կենսանիւթեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կենսանիւթեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভিটামিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভিটামিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminl%C9%99r" title="Vitaminlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vitaminlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভিটামিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিটামিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AE-t%C3%A1-b%C3%ADn" title="Bî-tá-bín – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bî-tá-bín" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Витаминдар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Витаминдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вітаміны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вітаміны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Вітаміны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вітаміны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="विटामिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विटामिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Витамин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витамин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini" title="Vitamini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitamini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Витаминсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Витаминсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C3%ADn" title="Vitamín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vitamín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitamin" title="Fitamin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fitamin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ވިޓަމިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޓަމިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="भिटामिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भिटामिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamiinid" title="Vitamiinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vitamiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Βιταμίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιταμίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamino" title="Vitamino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitamino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویتامین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتامین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitim%C3%ADn" title="Vitimín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vitimín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD-ta-m%C3%ACn" title="Ví-ta-mìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ví-ta-mìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC" title="비타민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비타민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Վիտամին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիտամին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="विटामिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विटामिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini" title="Vitamini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vitamini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtam%C3%ADn" title="Vítamín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vítamín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ויטמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויטמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಜೀವಸತ್ವಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವಸತ್ವಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვიტამინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიტამინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%90%D9%86" title="وایٹامِن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وایٹامِن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дәрумен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дәрумен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini" title="Vitamini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vitamini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Витаминдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Витаминдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ວິຕາມິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິຕາມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminum" title="Vitaminum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitaminum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C4%ABni" title="Vitamīni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vitamīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminn" title="Vitaminn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vitaminn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminas" title="Vitaminas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vitaminas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Витамин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витамин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminina" title="Vitaminina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vitaminina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="जीवनसत्त्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवनसत्त्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ვიტამინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიტამინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فيتامينات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيتامينات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AC-s%C4%95ng-s%C3%B3" title="Mì-sĕng-só – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mì-sĕng-só" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဗီတာမင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီတာမင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="भिटामिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भिटामिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="ビタミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビタミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witamiin" title="Witamiin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Witamiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Vitamine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ଜୀବସାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୀବସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminlar" title="Vitaminlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vitaminlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਟਾਮਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="وٹامن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وٹامن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ويټامين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويټامين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="វីតាមីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីតាមីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witaminy" title="Witaminy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Witaminy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%C4%83" title="Vitamină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vitamină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Витамин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Витамин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Витамины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витамины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Битэмииннэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Битэмииннэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina" title="Vitamina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vitamina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="විටමින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විටමින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C3%ADn" title="Vitamín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vitamín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiitamiin" title="Fiitamiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiitamiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڤیتامین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیتامین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamiini" title="Vitamiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vitamiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="உயிர்ச்சத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்ச்சத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Витаминнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Витаминнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="విటమిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విటమిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="วิตามิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิตามิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Витаминҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Витаминҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witaminler" title="Witaminler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Witaminler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Витаминнер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Витаминнер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вітаміни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітаміни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حیاتین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vitamin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamene" title="Vitamene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vitamene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bitamina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维生素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וויטאמין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויטאמין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80m%C3%ADn%C3%ACam%C3%A1ral%C3%B3kun" title="Àmínìamáralókun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àmínìamáralókun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD" title="維他命 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維他命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维生素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" 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