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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestron" title="Oestron – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oestron" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вестран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вестран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestron" title="Oestron – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oestron" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westron" title="Westron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestron" title="Oestron – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oestron" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidentalien" title="Occidentalien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occidentalien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80%EC%96%B4" title="서부어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서부어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovestron" title="Ovestron – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ovestron" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westron" title="Westron – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Westron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westron" title="Westron – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Westron" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ovestron" title="Lengua ovestron – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua ovestron" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westron" title="Westron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="西方語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西方語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestr%C3%B8nt" title="Vestrønt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestrønt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestron" title="Oestron – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oestron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вестрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahod%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Zahodščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zahodščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westron" title="Westron – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Westron" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4str%C3%B6na" title="Väströna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väströna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเวสทรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเวสทรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Вестрон (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вестрон (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="西方通用语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西方通用语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1232159" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Speech&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Speech">Common Speech</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language invented by J. R. R. Tolkien</div> <p> <b>Westron</b>, <i><b>Adûni</b></i>, or <i><b>Sôval Phârë</b></i>, is the constructed language that was supposedly the <b>Common Speech</b> used in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s world of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a>, at the time of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. It supposedly developed from <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a>, the ancient language of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>. In practice in the novel, Westron is nearly always represented by modern English, in a process of <a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">pseudo-translation</a> which also sees <a href="/wiki/Rohirric" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohirric">Rohirric</a> represented by <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>. That process allowed Tolkien not to develop Westron or Rohirric in any detail. In the Appendices of the novel, Tolkien gives some examples of Westron words. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_mapping">Linguistic mapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Linguistic mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_Map_of_Middle-Earth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Linguistic_Map_of_Middle-Earth.svg/390px-Linguistic_Map_of_Middle-Earth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Linguistic_Map_of_Middle-Earth.svg/585px-Linguistic_Map_of_Middle-Earth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Linguistic_Map_of_Middle-Earth.svg/780px-Linguistic_Map_of_Middle-Earth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>According to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a>, Tolkien invented parts of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> to resolve the linguistic puzzle he had accidentally created by using three different <a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">pseudo-translated</a> European languages for those of peoples in his legendarium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When writing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954–55), a sequel to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937), Tolkien came up with the literary device of using real languages to "translate" fictional languages. He pretended that he had not composed the book himself but translated it from Westron (named <i>Adûni</i> in Westron) or Common Speech (<i>Sôval Phârë</i>, in Westron) into English. The purpose of this was to provide an explanation for why the Common Speech is almost entirely rendered as English in the novel. This device of rendering an <i>imaginary</i> language with a <i>real</i> one was carried further by rendering:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohirric" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohirric">Rohirric</a>, the language of <a href="/wiki/Rohan_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohan (Middle-earth)">Rohan</a> (related to Westron) by the <a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>names in the tongue of <a href="/wiki/Dale_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dale (Middle-earth)">Dale</a> by <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> forms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>names of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rhovanion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Rhovanion">Kingdom of Rhovanion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> forms, thus mapping the genetic relation of his fictional languages on to the existing historical relations of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The whole device of linguistic mapping was essentially a fix for the problems Tolkien had created for himself by using real Norse names for the Dwarves in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, rather than inventing new names in Khuzdul. This seemed a clever solution, as it allowed him to explain the book's use of Modern English as representing Westron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2010189–191_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2010189–191-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, Tolkien did not need to work out the details of Westron grammar or vocabulary in any detail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemmi2010147–174_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemmi2010147–174-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-Rohirric,_Westron,_Gothic,_Old_English,_Modern_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pre-Rohirric%2C_Westron%2C_Gothic%2C_Old_English%2C_Modern_English.svg/390px-Pre-Rohirric%2C_Westron%2C_Gothic%2C_Old_English%2C_Modern_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pre-Rohirric%2C_Westron%2C_Gothic%2C_Old_English%2C_Modern_English.svg/585px-Pre-Rohirric%2C_Westron%2C_Gothic%2C_Old_English%2C_Modern_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pre-Rohirric%2C_Westron%2C_Gothic%2C_Old_English%2C_Modern_English.svg/780px-Pre-Rohirric%2C_Westron%2C_Gothic%2C_Old_English%2C_Modern_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>The mapping of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> to Modern English is like the mapping of <a href="/wiki/Rohirric" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohirric">Rohirric</a> to Westron, and Tolkien uses the two Germanic languages to represent the two Middle-earth languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Rohanese_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Rohanese-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Tolkien uses <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> names for the early leaders of the Northmen of Rhovanion, ancestors of Rohan.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Gothic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Tolkien went further, using <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> names for the early leaders of the Northmen of <a href="/wiki/Rhovanion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhovanion">Rhovanion</a>, ancestors of Rohan, and for the first Kings of Rohan.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Gothic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gothic was an <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic language</a>, and as such is a forerunner of Old English, not a direct ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadoff1979_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadoff1979-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Tolkien suggests that his father intended the correspondence between the language families to extend back to the ancestral language of the Northmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Gothic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Mapping of names of leaders<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_Gothic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Realm</th> <th>Leader's name</th> <th>Etymology</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">"Translated from"</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Northmen<br />of <a href="/wiki/Rhovanion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhovanion">Rhovanion</a></td> <td>Vidugavia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> from<br /><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <i>widu</i>, <i>gauja</i></td> <td>wood-dweller</td> <td>(Pre-Rohirric) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northmen<br />of Rhovanion</td> <td>Marhwini</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <i>marh</i>, <i>wini</i></td> <td>horse-friend</td> <td>(Pre-Rohirric) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></td> <td>Folcwine</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>folc</i>, <i>winë</i></td> <td>folk-friend</td> <td>Rohirric </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rohan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89owyn" title="Éowyn">Éowyn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>eo[h]</i>, <i>wyn</i></td> <td>horse-joy</td> <td>Rohirric </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westron (also called Adûni) supposedly developed from <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a>, the ancient language of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauron_Defeated_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauron_Defeated-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for all the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolopova200970,_84_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolopova200970,_84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien gives some examples of Westron words in Appendix F to <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, where he summarizes Westron's origin and role as <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in Middle-earth:<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The language represented in this history by English was the Westron or 'Common Speech' of the West-lands of Middle-earth in the Third Age. In the course of that age it had become the native language of nearly all the speaking-peoples (save the Elves) who dwelt within the bounds of the old kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor ... At the time of the War of the Ring at the end of the age these were still its bounds as a native tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He explains further that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the Númenóreans had maintained ... havens upon the western coasts of Middle-earth for the help of their ships; and one of the chief of these was at Pelargir near the Mouths of Anduin. There Adûnaic was spoken, and mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men it became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tolkien gives a few names in Westron, saying that <i>Karningul</i> was the translation of Elvish <i>Imladris</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a>, while <i>Sûza</i> was Westron for <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a>. Hobbit surnames Took and Boffin were "anglicize[d]" from Westron <i>Tûk</i> and <i>Bophîn</i>. The original form of Brandybuck was <i>Zaragamba</i>, "Oldbuck", from Westron <i>zara</i>, "old", and <i>gamba</i>, "buck".<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explains, too, that <a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Sam[wise]</a> and Ham[fast] "were really called <i>Ban</i> and <i>Ran</i>", shortened from Westron <i>Banazîr</i> and <i>Ranugad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien states that these had been nicknames, meaning "halfwise, simple" and "stay-at-home", which he had chosen to render by English names, from Old English <i>samwís</i> and <i>hámfoest</i> with equivalent meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a> states that <i>Sûza</i>, <i>Banazîr</i>, and the Westron for Sam's surname "Gamgee", <i>Galbasi</i>, are all derived from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, adding yet another layer of linguistic complexity to the pseudotranslation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroom2022101_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroom2022101-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a>, which the narrator admits "is an invention", could, he explains, easily be a much-worn form of the Old English <i>holbytla</i>, "hole-dweller". This corresponds to the Westron dialect form <i>kuduk</i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a> and the Shire, which the narrator supposes was probably a worn form of the word <i>kûd-dûkan</i>, of the same meaning, stating that Merry had heard King <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a> of Rohan use this name for Hobbit.<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tolkien_Rohanese-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Rohanese_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien2001">Tolkien 2001</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolkien_Gothic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_Gothic_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1980">Tolkien 1980</a>, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix A: Annals of the Kings and Rulers, II: The House of Eorl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauron_Defeated-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sauron_Defeated_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1992">Tolkien 1992</a>, pp. 241, 247–250, 413–440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appendix_F-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_F_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix F</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005131–133_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 131–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFimi2010189–191-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi2010189–191_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFimi2010">Fimi 2010</a>, pp. 189–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemmi2010147–174-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemmi2010147–174_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemmi2010">Hemmi 2010</a>, pp. 147–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2020202–214_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2020">Smith 2020</a>, pp. 202–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadoff1979-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadoff1979_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadoff1979">Madoff 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolopova200970,_84-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolopova200970,_84_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolopova2009">Solopova 2009</a>, pp. 70, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroom2022101-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroom2022101_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroom2022">Groom 2022</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFimi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Fimi, Dimitra</a> (2010) [2008]. <i>Tolkien, Race, and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-21951-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-21951-9"><bdi>978-0-230-21951-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222251097">222251097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%2C+Race%2C+and+Cultural+History%3A+From+Fairies+to+Hobbits&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F222251097&rft.isbn=978-0-230-21951-9&rft.aulast=Fimi&rft.aufirst=Dimitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroom2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Groom, Nick</a> (2022). <i>Twenty-First Century Tolkien: What Middle-earth Means to Us Today</i>. Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1838-95700-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1838-95700-1"><bdi>978-1838-95700-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty-First+Century+Tolkien%3A+What+Middle-earth+Means+to+Us+Today&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1838-95700-1&rft.aulast=Groom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemmi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hemmi, Yoko (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353/tks.0.0063">"Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and His Concept of Native Language: Sindarin and British-Welsh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies">Tolkien Studies</a></i>. <b>7</b>: 147–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.0.0063">10.1353/tks.0.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170366632">170366632</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project Muse</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tolkien+Studies&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings+and+His+Concept+of+Native+Language%3A+Sindarin+and+British-Welsh&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=147-174&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftks.0.0063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170366632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hemmi&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%2Ftks.0.0063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadoff1979" class="citation journal cs1">Madoff, Mark (1979). "The Useful Myth of Gothic Ancestry". <i>Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 337–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsec.1979.0019">10.1353/sec.1979.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-6133">1938-6133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Eighteenth-Century+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Useful+Myth+of+Gothic+Ancestry&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=337-350&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsec.1979.0019&rft.issn=1938-6133&rft.aulast=Madoff&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth"><i>The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology</i></a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0"><bdi>978-0-261-10275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-Earth%3A+How+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Created+a+New+Mythology&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10275-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Smith, Arden R.</a> (2020) [2014]. "Invented Languages and Writing Systems". In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. pp. 202–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119656029" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119656029"><bdi>978-1119656029</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1183854105">1183854105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Invented+Languages+and+Writing+Systems&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=202-214&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1183854105&rft.isbn=978-1119656029&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Arden+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolopova2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Solopova, Elizabeth</a> (2009). <i>Languages, Myths and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J. R. R. Tolkien's Fiction</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/North_Landing_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="North Landing Books">North Landing Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9816607-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9816607-1-4">978-0-9816607-1-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages%2C+Myths+and+History%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Linguistic+and+Literary+Background+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Fiction&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=North+Landing+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Solopova&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1955). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821">519647821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+King&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F519647821&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3"><bdi>978-0-395-29917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfinished+Tales&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-395-29917-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Sauron_Defeated" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauron Defeated">Sauron Defeated</a></i>. Boston, New York, & London: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-60649-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-60649-7"><bdi>0-395-60649-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sauron+Defeated&rft.place=Boston%2C+New+York%2C+%26+London&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-395-60649-7&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (July 2001). <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Hostetter, Carl F.</a> (ed.). "The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor". <i><a href="/wiki/Vinyar_Tengwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyar Tengwar">Vinyar Tengwar</a></i> (42).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vinyar+Tengwar&rft.atitle=The+Rivers+and+Beacon-hills+of+Gondor&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2001-07&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestron" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Tolkien">Languages of Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_(Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvish languages (Tolkien)">Elvish languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respective_case" title="Respective case">Respective case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a> (<i>Vinyar Tengwar</i>, <i>Parma Eldalamberon</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language in Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering of the Elves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westron&oldid=1242911602">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westron&oldid=1242911602</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tolkien_linguistic_studies" title="Category:Tolkien linguistic studies">Tolkien linguistic studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_languages" title="Category:Middle-earth languages">Middle-earth languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use British English from June 2024">Use British English from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 August 2024, at 12:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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