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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measures_and_provisions_of_the_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Measures and provisions of the Convention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measures_and_provisions_of_the_Convention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measures and provisions of the Convention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measures_and_provisions_of_the_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_provisions_(Chapter_I,_Articles_1–4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_provisions_(Chapter_I,_Articles_1–4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General provisions (Chapter I, Articles 1–4)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_provisions_(Chapter_I,_Articles_1–4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventive_measures_(Chapter_II,_Articles_5–14)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventive_measures_(Chapter_II,_Articles_5–14)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Preventive measures (Chapter II, Articles 5–14)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventive_measures_(Chapter_II,_Articles_5–14)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminalization_and_law_enforcement_(Chapter_III,_Articles_15–44)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminalization_and_law_enforcement_(Chapter_III,_Articles_15–44)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Criminalization and law enforcement (Chapter III, Articles 15–44)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminalization_and_law_enforcement_(Chapter_III,_Articles_15–44)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation_(Chapter_IV,_Articles_43–49)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation_(Chapter_IV,_Articles_43–49)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>International cooperation (Chapter IV, Articles 43–49)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation_(Chapter_IV,_Articles_43–49)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asset_recovery_(Chapter_V,_Articles_51–59)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asset_recovery_(Chapter_V,_Articles_51–59)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Asset recovery (Chapter V, Articles 51–59)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asset_recovery_(Chapter_V,_Articles_51–59)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_assistance_and_information_exchange_(Chapter_VI,_Articles_60–62)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_assistance_and_information_exchange_(Chapter_VI,_Articles_60–62)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Technical assistance and information exchange (Chapter VI, Articles 60–62)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_assistance_and_information_exchange_(Chapter_VI,_Articles_60–62)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms_for_implementation_(Chapter_VII,_Articles_63–64)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms_for_implementation_(Chapter_VII,_Articles_63–64)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Mechanisms for implementation (Chapter VII, Articles 63–64)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms_for_implementation_(Chapter_VII,_Articles_63–64)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_provisions_(Chapter_VIII,_Articles_65–71)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_provisions_(Chapter_VIII,_Articles_65–71)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Final provisions (Chapter VIII, Articles 65–71)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_provisions_(Chapter_VIII,_Articles_65–71)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conference_of_the_States_Parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conference_of_the_States_Parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conference of the States Parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conference_of_the_States_Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_the_UNCAC_and_monitoring_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_the_UNCAC_and_monitoring_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implementation of the UNCAC and monitoring mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_the_UNCAC_and_monitoring_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNCAC_Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNCAC_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>UNCAC Coalition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNCAC_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Convention Against Corruption</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT-nin_Korrupsiyaya_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1_Konvensiyas%C4%B1" title="BMT-nin Korrupsiyaya qarşı Konvensiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="BMT-nin Korrupsiyaya qarşı Konvensiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3_de_les_Nacions_Unides_contra_la_Corrupci%C3%B3" title="Convenció de les Nacions Unides contra la Corrupció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convenció de les Nacions Unides contra la Corrupció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbereinkommen_der_Vereinten_Nationen_gegen_Korruption" title="Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen gegen Korruption – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen gegen Korruption" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_de_las_Naciones_Unidas_contra_la_Corrupci%C3%B3n" title="Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustelkeriaren_Aurkako_Nazio_Batuen_Konbentzioa" title="Ustelkeriaren Aurkako Nazio Batuen Konbentzioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ustelkeriaren Aurkako Nazio Batuen Konbentzioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_des_Nations_unies_contre_la_corruption" title="Convention des Nations unies contre la corruption – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention des Nations unies contre la corruption" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_das_Naci%C3%B3ns_Unidas_contra_a_Corrupci%C3%B3n" title="Convención das Nacións Unidas contra a Corrupción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención das Nacións Unidas contra a Corrupción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%94_%EB%B6%80%ED%8C%A8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A7%80_%ED%98%91%EC%95%BD" title="유엔 부패 방지 협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유엔 부패 방지 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार-विरोधी अभिसमय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र भ्रष्टाचार-विरोधी अभिसमय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_delle_Nazioni_Unite_contro_la_corruzione" title="Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite contro la corruzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite contro la corruzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA" title="האמנה נגד שחיתות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האמנה נגד שחיתות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventio_Nationum_Unitarum_contra_corruptionem" title="Conventio Nationum Unitarum contra corruptionem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conventio Nationum Unitarum contra corruptionem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_de_Verenigde_Naties_tegen_corruptie" title="Verdrag van de Verenigde Naties tegen corruptie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van de Verenigde Naties tegen corruptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%90%E6%95%97%E3%81%AE%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="腐敗の防止に関する国際連合条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腐敗の防止に関する国際連合条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNs_konvensjon_mot_korrupsjon" title="FNs konvensjon mot korrupsjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FNs konvensjon mot korrupsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas_contra_a_Corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Convenção das Nações Unidas contra a Corrupção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção das Nações Unidas contra a Corrupção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Конвенция ООН против коррупции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конвенция ООН против коррупции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konventa_e_Kombeve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara_Kund%C3%ABr_Korrupsionit" title="Konventa e Kombeve të Bashkuara Kundër Korrupsionit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konventa e Kombeve të Bashkuara Kundër Korrupsionit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN:s_konvention_mot_korruption" title="FN:s konvention mot korruption – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FN:s konvention mot korruption" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">United Nations Convention Against Corruption</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UNCACmap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/UNCACmap.svg/300px-UNCACmap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/UNCACmap.svg/450px-UNCACmap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/UNCACmap.svg/600px-UNCACmap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Signatories (yellow) and ratifiers (green) of the treaty; those who did not sign are in red.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">9 December 2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a> and New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">30 ratifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">141</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">191</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Nations Convention Against Corruption</b> (UNCAC) is the only legally binding international <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">anti-corruption</a> <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">multilateral treaty</a>. Negotiated by <a href="/wiki/UN_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="UN member states">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> in October 2003 and entered into force in December 2005. The treaty recognises the importance of both preventive and punitive measures, addresses the cross-border nature of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> with provisions on <a href="/wiki/International_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="International cooperation">international cooperation</a> and on the return of the proceeds of corruption. The <a href="/wiki/UN_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Office on Drugs and Crime">UN Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC) in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> serves as the Secretariat for the UNCAC. UNCAC's goal is to reduce various types of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> that can occur across country borders, such as trading in influence and <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>, as well as corruption in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>. Another goal of the UNCAC is to strengthen <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> enforcement and judicial cooperation between countries by providing effective legal mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">international asset recovery</a>. </p><p>States Parties – countries that have ratified the convention – are expected to cooperate in criminal matters and consider assisting each other in investigations of and proceedings in civil and administrative matters relating to corruption. The Convention further calls for the participation of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> and non-governmental organisations in accountability processes and underlines the importance of citizens' access to information. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signatures,_ratifications,_and_entry_into_force"><span id="Signatures.2C_ratifications.2C_and_entry_into_force"></span>Signatures, ratifications, and entry into force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signatures, ratifications, and entry into force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UNCAC was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> on 31 October 2003 by Resolution 58/4. It was opened for signature in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a>, Mexico, from 9 to 11 December 2003 and thereafter at <a href="/wiki/UN_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="UN headquarters">UN headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. It was signed by 141 countries. As of October 2023, there are 191 parties, which includes 186 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNtreaties_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNtreaties-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 7th, 2024, the 7 UN member states that have not <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a> the convention are (asterisk indicates that the state has signed the convention): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>*</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measures_and_provisions_of_the_Convention">Measures and provisions of the Convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measures and provisions of the Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UNCAC covers five main areas that includes both mandatory and non-mandatory provisions: </p> <ul><li>Preventive measures,</li> <li>Criminalization and law enforcement,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="International cooperation">International cooperation</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_recovery" title="Asset recovery">Asset recovery</a>, and</li> <li>Technical assistance and information exchange.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_provisions_(Chapter_I,_Articles_1–4)"><span id="General_provisions_.28Chapter_I.2C_Articles_1.E2.80.934.29"></span>General provisions (Chapter I, Articles 1–4)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General provisions (Chapter I, Articles 1–4)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNCAC_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/220px-UNCAC_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/330px-UNCAC_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/440px-UNCAC_1.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>The opening Articles of UNCAC include a statement of purpose (Article1), which covers both the promotion of integrity and accountability within each country and the support of international cooperation and technical assistance between States Parties. They also include definitions of critical terms used in the instrument. Some of these are similar to those used in other instruments, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Transnational Organized Crime">United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime</a> (UNTOC), but those defining "public official", "foreign public official", and "official of a public international organization" are new and are important for determining the scope of application of UNCAC in these areas. UNCAC does not provide a definition of corruption. In accordance with Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a>, Article 4 of UNCAC provides for the protection of the <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a> of the States Parties.,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventive_measures_(Chapter_II,_Articles_5–14)"><span id="Preventive_measures_.28Chapter_II.2C_Articles_5.E2.80.9314.29"></span>Preventive measures (Chapter II, Articles 5–14)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preventive measures (Chapter II, Articles 5–14)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UNCAC recognizes the importance of prevention in both the public and private sectors. Chapter II includes preventive policies, such as the establishment of anti-corruption bodies and enhanced transparency in the financing of election campaigns and political parties. <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Anti-corruption</a> bodies should implement anti-corruption policies, disseminate knowledge and must be independent, adequately resourced and have properly trained staff. </p><p>Countries that sign the convention must assure safeguards their public services are subject to safeguards that promote efficiency, transparency and recruitment based on merit. Once recruited, public servants should be bound by codes of conduct, requirements for <a href="/wiki/Financial_disclosure_of_public_servants" title="Financial disclosure of public servants">financial and other disclosures</a>, and appropriate disciplinary measures. Transparency and accountability in the management of public finances must also be promoted, and specific requirements are established for the prevention of corruption in the particularly critical areas of the public sector, such as the judiciary and public procurement. Preventing corruption also requires an effort from all members of society at large. For these reasons, UNCAC calls on countries to promote actively the involvement of civil society, and to raise public awareness of corruption and what can be done about it. The requirements made for the public sector also apply to the private sector – it too is expected to adopt transparent procedures and codes of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminalization_and_law_enforcement_(Chapter_III,_Articles_15–44)"><span id="Criminalization_and_law_enforcement_.28Chapter_III.2C_Articles_15.E2.80.9344.29"></span>Criminalization and law enforcement (Chapter III, Articles 15–44)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criminalization and law enforcement (Chapter III, Articles 15–44)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter III calls for parties to establish or maintain a series of specific criminal offences including not only long-established crimes such as bribery and embezzlement, but also conducts not previously criminalized in many states, such as trading in influence and other abuses of official functions. The broad range of ways in which corruption has manifested itself in different countries and the novelty of some of the offences pose serious legislative and constitutional challenges, a fact reflected in the decision of the Ad Hoc Committee to make some of the provisions either optional ("...shall consider adopting...") or subject to domestic constitutional or other fundamental requirements ("...subject to its constitution and the fundamental principles of its legal system...").<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC_Anti-Corruption_Toolkit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC_Anti-Corruption_Toolkit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific acts that parties must criminalize include </p> <ul><li>active bribery of a national, international or foreign public officials</li> <li>passive bribery of a national public official</li> <li>embezzlement of public funds</li></ul> <p>Other mandatory crimes include obstruction of justice, and the concealment, conversion or transfer of criminal proceeds (money laundering). Sanctions extend to those who participate in and may extend to those who attempt to commit corruption offences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNCAC thus goes beyond previous instruments of this kind that request parties to criminalize only basic forms of corruption. Parties are encouraged – but not required – to criminalize, <i>inter alia</i>, passive bribery of foreign and international public officials, trading in influence, abuse of function, <a href="/wiki/Illicit_enrichment" title="Illicit enrichment">illicit enrichment</a>, private sector bribery and embezzlement, and the concealment of illicit assets. </p><p>Furthermore, parties are required to simplify rules pertaining to evidence of corrupt behavior by, inter alia, ensuring that obstacles that may arise from the application of <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">bank secrecy</a> laws are overcome. This is especially important, as corrupt acts are frequently very difficult to prove in court. Particularly important is also the introduction of the liability of legal persons. In the area of law enforcement, UNCAC calls for better cooperation between national and international bodies and civil society. There is a provision for the protection of witnesses, victims, expert witnesses and whistle-blowers to ensure that law enforcement is truly effective. </p><p>Russia ratified the convention in 2006, but failed to include Article 20, which criminalizes "illicit enrichment". In March 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a> submitted a petition with 115,000 signatures to the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> in favour of doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, however, no such law was yet in effect in Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation_(Chapter_IV,_Articles_43–49)"><span id="International_cooperation_.28Chapter_IV.2C_Articles_43.E2.80.9349.29"></span>International cooperation (Chapter IV, Articles 43–49)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International cooperation (Chapter IV, Articles 43–49)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Chapter IV of UNCAC, States Parties are obliged to assist one another in every aspect of the fight against corruption, including prevention, investigation, and prosecution of offenders. Cooperation takes the form of extradition, mutual legal assistance, transfer of sentences persons and criminal proceedings, and law enforcement cooperation. Cooperation in civil and administrative matters is also encouraged. Based on Chapter IV, UNCAC itself can be used as a basis for extradition, mutual legal assistance and law enforcement concerning corruption-related offences. "Dual criminality", which is a requirement that the relevant offence shall be criminalized in both the requesting and requested country, is considered fulfilled irrespective of whether the same terminology or category of offense is used in both jurisdictions. In case of a request for assistance involving non-coercive measures, States Parties are required to provide assistance even when dual criminality is absent subject only to the basic concepts of their legal systems. Chapter IV also contains other innovative provisions designed to facilitate international cooperation. For example, States Parties that use UNCAC as a basis for extradition shall not consider corruption-related offences as political ones; assistance can also be provided in relation to offences for which legal persons can be held responsible; and bank secrecy cannot be cited as a ground to refuse a request for assistance. In order to ensure speedy and efficient cooperation, each State Party is required to designate a central authority responsible for receiving MLA requests. Overall, Chapter IV provides a broad and flexible platform for international cooperation. However, its provisions do not exhaust all international cooperation issues covered by UNCAC, thus the purposes of UNCAC and provisions of other chapters also need to be taken into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asset_recovery_(Chapter_V,_Articles_51–59)"><span id="Asset_recovery_.28Chapter_V.2C_Articles_51.E2.80.9359.29"></span>Asset recovery (Chapter V, Articles 51–59)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asset recovery (Chapter V, Articles 51–59)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></div> <p>The agreement on asset recovery is considered a major breakthrough and many observers claim that it is one of the reasons why so many developing countries have signed UNCAC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asset recovery is indeed a very important issue for many developing countries where high-level corruption has plundered the national wealth. Reaching an agreement on this Chapter involved intensive negotiations, as the legitimate interests of countries wishing to recover illicit assets had to be reconciled with the legal and procedural safeguards of the countries from which assistance will be sought.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, in the course of the negotiations, countries seeking to recover assets sought to establish presumptions that would make clear their ownership of the assets and give priority for return over other means of disposal. Countries from which the return was likely to be sought, on the other hand, had concerns about the language that might have compromised basic human rights and procedural protections associated with criminal liability and the freezing, seizure, forfeiture and return of such assets. </p><p>Chapter V of UNCAC establishes asset recovery as a "fundamental principle" of the convention. The provisions on asset recovery lay a framework, in both civil and criminal law, for tracing, freezing, forfeiting and returning funds obtained through corrupt activities. The requesting state will in most cases receive the recovered funds as long as it can prove ownership. In some cases, the funds may be returned directly to individual victims. </p><p>If no other arrangement is in place, States Parties may use the Convention itself as a legal basis. Article 54(1)(a) of UNCAC provides that: "Each State Party (shall)... take such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to give effect to an order of confiscation issued by a court of another state party" Indeed, Article 54(2)(a) of UNCAC also provides for the provisional freezing or seizing of property where there are sufficient grounds for taking such actions in advance of a formal request being received.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recognizing that recovering assets once transferred and concealed is an exceedingly costly, complex and all-too-often unsuccessful process, this Chapter also incorporates elements intended to prevent illicit transfers and generate records that can be used where illicit transfers eventually have to be traced, frozen, seized and confiscated (Article 52). The identification of experts who can assist developing countries in this process is also included as a form of technical assistance (Article 60(5)). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_assistance_and_information_exchange_(Chapter_VI,_Articles_60–62)"><span id="Technical_assistance_and_information_exchange_.28Chapter_VI.2C_Articles_60.E2.80.9362.29"></span>Technical assistance and information exchange (Chapter VI, Articles 60–62)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technical assistance and information exchange (Chapter VI, Articles 60–62)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter VI of UNCAC is dedicated to technical assistance, meaning support offered to developing and transition countries in the implementation of UNCAC. The provisions cover training, material and human resources, research, and information sharing. UNCAC also calls for cooperation through international and regional organizations (many of which already have established anti-corruption programmes), research efforts, and the contribution of financial resources both directly to developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanisms_for_implementation_(Chapter_VII,_Articles_63–64)"><span id="Mechanisms_for_implementation_.28Chapter_VII.2C_Articles_63.E2.80.9364.29"></span>Mechanisms for implementation (Chapter VII, Articles 63–64)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mechanisms for implementation (Chapter VII, Articles 63–64)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter VII deals with international implementation through the CoSP and the UN Secretariat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_provisions_(Chapter_VIII,_Articles_65–71)"><span id="Final_provisions_.28Chapter_VIII.2C_Articles_65.E2.80.9371.29"></span>Final provisions (Chapter VIII, Articles 65–71)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final provisions (Chapter VIII, Articles 65–71)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final provisions are similar to those found in other UN treaties. Key provisions ensure that UNCAC requirements are to be interpreted as minimum standards, which States Parties are free to exceed with measures "more strict or severe" than those set out in specific provisions; and the two Articles governing signature, ratification and the coming into force of the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-UNODC_Anti-Corruption_Toolkit_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNODC_Anti-Corruption_Toolkit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conference_of_the_States_Parties">Conference of the States Parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conference of the States Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pursuant to article 63 of UNCAC, a <i>Conference of the States Parties</i> (CoSP) to UNCAC was established to improve the capacity of and cooperation between States Parties to achieve the objectives set forth in UNCAC, and to promote and review its implementation. UNODC acts as the secretariat to the CoSP. At its different sessions, besides regularly calling States Parties and signatories to adapt their laws and regulations to bring them into conformity with the provisions of UNCAC<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CoSP has adopted resolutions and has mandated UNODC to implement them, including through the development of technical assistance projects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CoSP has established several subsidiary bodies to further the implementation of specific aspects of UNCAC. The <i>Implementation Review Group</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-unodc.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unodc.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focuses on the implementation review mechanism and technical assistance, the <i>Working Group on Asset Recovery</i>, the <i>Working Group on Prevention</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as expert group meetings on international cooperation<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meet regularly in the inter-sessional period. </p> <ul><li>The <b>first session</b> of the CoSP took place on 10–14 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, Jordan. In its resolution 1/1, States Parties agreed that it was necessary to establish an appropriate and effective mechanism to assist in the review of the implementation of UNCAC. An inter-governmental working group was established to start working on the design of such a mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other working groups were set up to promote coordination of activities related to technical assistance and <a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">asset recovery</a>, respectively.</li> <li>The <b>second session</b> was held in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali, Indonesia</a>, from 28 January to 1 February 2008. As to the mechanism for the review of implementation, the States Parties decided to take into account a balanced geographical approach, to avoid any adversarial or punitive elements, to establish clear guidelines for every aspect of the mechanism and to promote universal adherence to UNCAC and the constructive collaboration in preventive measures, asset recovery, international cooperation and other areas. The CoSP also requested donors and receiving countries to strengthen coordination and enhance technical assistance for the implementation of UNCAC, and dealt with the issue of bribery of officials of public international organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>third session</b> of the CoSP took place in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha, Qatar</a>, from 9 to 13 November 2009. The CoSP adopted the landmark Resolution 3/1 on the review of the implementation of UNCAC, containing the terms of reference of the <i>Implementation Review Mechanism</i> (IRM).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the establishment of the IRM, and considering that the identification of needs and the delivery of technical assistance to facilitate the successful and consistent implementation of UNCAC are at the core of the mechanism, the CoSP decided to abolish the <i>Working Group on Technical Assistance</i> and to fold its mandate into the work of the <i>Implementation Review Group</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time, the CoSP also adopted a resolution on preventive measures, in which it established the <i>Open-Ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Prevention</i> to further explore good practices in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CoSP was preceded and accompanied by numerous side events, such as the last Global Forum for Fighting Corruption and Safeguarding Integrity (in cooperation with businesses) and a Youth Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>fourth session</b> of the CoSP took place in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakech, Morocco</a>, from 24 to 28 October 2011. The Conference considered the progress made in the IRM and recognized the importance of addressing technical assistance needs in the <i>Review Mechanism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-unodc.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unodc.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also reiterated its support for the <i>Working Groups on Asset Recovery<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Prevention</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established <i>Open-Ended Intergovernmental Expert Group Meetings on International Cooperation</i> to advise and assist the CoSP with respect to <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> and mutual legal assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other sessions of the CoSP took place in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> Federation in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> in 2017 and <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">the United Arab Emirates</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_of_the_UNCAC_and_monitoring_mechanism">Implementation of the UNCAC and monitoring mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Implementation of the UNCAC and monitoring mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RR5111-0308R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RR5111-0308R.jpg/220px-RR5111-0308R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RR5111-0308R.jpg/330px-RR5111-0308R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RR5111-0308R.jpg/440px-RR5111-0308R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with Article 63(7) of UNCAC, "the Conference shall establish, if it deems necessary, any appropriate mechanism or body to assist in the effective implementation of the Convention".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its first session, the CoSP established an open-ended intergovernmental expert group to make recommendations to the Conference on the appropriate mechanism. A voluntary "<i>Pilot Review Programme</i>", which was limited in scope, was initiated to offer the adequate opportunity to test possible methods to review the implementation of UNCAC, with the overall objective to evaluate efficiency and effectiveness of the tested mechanism(s) and to provide to the CoSP information on lessons learnt and experience acquired, thus enabling the CoSP to make informed decisions on the establishment of an appropriate mechanism for reviewing the implementation of UNCAC. </p><p>The CoSP at its third session, held in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> in November 2009, adopted <i>Resolution 3/1</i> on the review of the implementation of the convention, containing the terms of reference of an <i>Implementation Review Mechanism</i> (IRM). It established a review mechanism aimed at assisting countries to meet the objectives of UNCAC through a peer review process. The IRM is intended to further enhance the potential of the UNCAC, by providing the means for countries to assess their level of implementation through the use of a comprehensive self-assessment checklist, the identification of potential gaps and the development of action plans to strengthen the implementation of UNCAC domestically. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a> serves as the secretariat to the review mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Terms of Reference contain procedures and processes for the <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> of the States Parties' implementation of the UNCAC, including the formation of an oversight body called the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/IRG/implementation-review-group.html">Implementation Review Group</a> (IRG). </p><p>In July 2010 the IRG met for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and adopted the guidelines for governmental experts<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the UNCAC secretariat – the <a href="/wiki/UN_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Office on Drugs and Crime">UN Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC) – in the conduct of a country review. The mechanism consists of a multi-stage peer review which involves the review of each State Party by two peers – one from the same UN region and one from another one. To cover all States Parties, the review process is divided into two five-year cycles where countries are randomly selected to be reviewed in each year of the cycle. The first cycle started in 2010 and covers Chapters III and IV of the convention. The second cycle was launched in November 2015 and is currently underway, covering Chapters II and V, reviewing corruption prevention measures and asset recovery. While the second cycle is scheduled to end in 2021, the process is facing substantial delays, more than three years into the second cycle, only 20 of the 184 countries had completed the review process by May 2019. </p><p>It has yet to be decided if and how the review mechanism will continue after the end of the five years foreseen for the second cycle, but if the first cycle is a guide, then the reviews will continue beyond the five years. </p><p>A country review process follows these phases: </p> <ol><li><b>Self-assessment</b>: UNODC informs the State Party that it is under review. The State Party identifies a focal point to coordinate the country's participation in the review and then fills out a standardised <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/self-assessment.html">self-assessment checklist</a></b>.</li> <li><b>Peer review</b>: two reviewer States Parties – decided by lots<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – provide <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/IRG-experts.html">experts</a> to form a review team. The team conducts a desk review of the completed self-assessment checklist. It may require further information from the focal point and direct dialogue through conference calls, or a country visit if agreed by the country reviewed.</li> <li><b>Country review report and executive summary</b>: with the assistance of UNODC, the expert review team prepares a <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/country-profile/">country review report</a></b> (80–300 pages). The report is sent to the focal point for approval. In cases of disagreement, the reviewers and the contact point engage in dialogue to arrive at a consensual final report, which is published in full only with the agreement of the country under review. The expert review team produces an <b>executive summary</b> of this report (7–12 pages), which is automatically published on the UNODC website.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNCAC_Coalition">UNCAC Coalition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: UNCAC Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncaccoalition.org/">UNCAC Coalition</a>, established in 2006, is a global network of over 350 civil society organisations (CSOs) in over 100 countries, committed to promoting the ratification, implementation and monitoring of the UNCAC. The Coalition engages in joint action around common positions on the UNCAC, facilitates the exchange of information among members, and supports national civil society efforts to promote the UNCAC. Coalition members share views via the Coalition website and a mailing list and <i>ad hoc</i> working groups. The Coalition supports civil society organisations to engage in and contribute to the UNCAC review process, including through technical support. </p><p>The Coalition, directly and through its members, advocates for greater transparency and space for civil society participation in all UNCAC fora – the Conference of States Parties, the meetings of the Implementation Review Group, working groups and the review process on the national level. Furthermore, the Coalition seeks to advance discussions on key issues covered by the convention, including: </p> <ul><li>Access to information</li> <li>Asset recovery</li> <li>Beneficial company ownership transparency</li> <li>Protection of whistleblowers and anti-corruption activists</li></ul> <p>It aims to mobilize broad civil society support for UNCAC and to facilitate strong civil society action at national, regional and international levels in support of UNCAC. The Coalition is open to all organizations and individuals committed to these goals. The breadth of UNCAC means that its framework is relevant for a wide range of CSOs, including groups working in the areas of human rights, labour rights, governance, economic development, environment and private sector accountability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ratification of UNCAC, while essential, is only the first step. Fully implementing its provisions presents significant challenges for the international community as well as individual States parties, particularly in relation to the innovative areas of UNCAC. For this reason, countries have often needed policy guidance and technical assistance to ensure the effective implementation of UNCAC. The results of the first years of IRM have shown that many developing countries have identified technical assistance needs. The provision of technical assistance, as foreseen in UNCAC, is crucial to ensure the full and effective incorporation of the provisions of UNCAC into domestic legal systems and, above all, into the reality of daily life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_general" title="Auditor general">Auditor general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_against_Corruption" title="Group of States against Corruption">Group of States against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Day" title="International Anti-Corruption Day">International Anti-Corruption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_anti-corruption" title="Maritime anti-corruption">Maritime anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime">United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">United Nations Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNtreaties-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNtreaties_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-14&chapter=18&clang=_en#1">"Status as at : 14-11-2022 10:15:41 EDT. 14. United Nations Convention against Corruption Signatories to the UNCAC"</a>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+as+at+%3A+14-11-2022+10%3A15%3A41+EDT.+14.+United+Nations+Convention+against+Corruption+Signatories+to+the+UNCAC&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DIND%26mtdsg_no%3DXVIII-14%26chapter%3D18%26clang%3D_en%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+Against+Corruption" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter">UN Charter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50026_E.pdf">United Nations Convention against Corruption (Full text)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-gtz-highlights-of-the-uncac-2007.pdf">GTZ document on highlights of the UNCAC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNODC_Anti-Corruption_Toolkit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC_Anti-Corruption_Toolkit_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNODC_Anti-Corruption_Toolkit_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/publications_toolkit_sep04.pdf">UNODC Anti-Corruption Toolkit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718080026/http://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/publications_toolkit_sep04.pdf">Archived</a> 18 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u4.no/themes/uncac/introduction.cfm#what">U4 The United Nations Convention against Corruption A Primer for Development Practitioners</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719084024/http://www.u4.no/themes/uncac/introduction.cfm#what">Archived</a> 19 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/communists-get-115k-signatures-for-anti-graft-convention/477210.html">Communists Get 115K Signatures for Anti-Graft Convention</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a></i>, 21 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/convention-highlights.html">Highlights of the UN Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u4.no/themes/uncac/introduction.cfm#what/">U4 Introduction to the UN Convention against Corruption</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719084024/http://www.u4.no/themes/uncac/introduction.cfm#what/">Archived</a> 19 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-gtz-asset-recovery-2007.pdf">GTZ article on Asset Recovery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asset recovery</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/convention_corruption/cosp/session1/V0659563e.pdf">Resolutions 1/3 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session2/V0851339e.pdf">2/4 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/CAC-COSP.html">Resolutions of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unodc.org-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unodc.org_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unodc.org_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Resolution 4/1 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Resolution 4/3 and 4/4 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Resolution 4/2 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Resolution 1/1 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/CAC-COSP-session2-resolutions.html">Second Session of the CoSP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session3/V0988538e.pdf">Resolution 3/1 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session3/V0988538e.pdf">Resolution 3/4 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session3/V0988538e.pdf">Resolution 3/2 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/CAC-COSP-session3.html">Third Session of the CoSP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Resolution 4/4 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Resolution 4/3 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session3/V0988538e.pdf">Decision 3/1 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Decision 4/1 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/COSP/session4/V1187058e.pdf">Decision 4/2 of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNODC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/CAC-COSP-session1-resolutions.html">CoSP Session 1 resolutions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNODC" class="citation web cs1">UNODC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/ReviewMechanism-BasicDocuments/Mechanism_for_the_Review_of_Implementation_-_Basic_Documents_-_E.pdf">"Mechanism for the review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption – Basic Documents"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mechanism+for+the+review+of+Implementation+of+the+United+Nations+Convention+against+Corruption+%E2%80%93+Basic+Documents&rft.au=UNODC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Ftreaties%2FUNCAC%2FPublications%2FReviewMechanism-BasicDocuments%2FMechanism_for_the_Review_of_Implementation_-_Basic_Documents_-_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+Against+Corruption" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNODC" class="citation web cs1">UNODC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Review-Mechanism/CountryPairingSchedule/Country_pairings_-_Year_1-4_update-27-09-2013.pdf">"UNCAC Country Pairings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNCAC+Country+Pairings&rft.au=UNODC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Ftreaties%2FUNCAC%2FReview-Mechanism%2FCountryPairingSchedule%2FCountry_pairings_-_Year_1-4_update-27-09-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Convention+Against+Corruption" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corruption" title="Template:Corruption"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corruption" title="Template talk:Corruption"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corruption in different fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">Corruption in local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Interest group corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects<br />of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing<br /> with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission">Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_of_Myanmar" title="Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar">Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission" title="Independent Corrupt Practices Commission">Independent Corrupt Practices Commission</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep" title="Investigation Task Force Sweep">Investigation Task Force Sweep</a> (Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_General_Directorate" title="Anti-Corruption General Directorate">Anti-Corruption General Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Anti-corruption_Commission" title="Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission">Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_and_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission">Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine" title="National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine">National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warioba_Commission" title="Warioba Commission">Warioba Commission</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption</a> (Vietnam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and<br />enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">UK Bribery Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower#Legal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />instruments<br />and efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-corruption_campaign" title="Russian anti-corruption campaign">Russian anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Russian_protests" title="2017–2018 Russian protests">2017–2018 Russian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_criminal_law467" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_criminal_law" 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href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">Customary international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">Peremptory norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">Convention against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime">Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">Convention Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">Crimes against<br />international law</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crime of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">Genocidal intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">International courts</a><br /><span class="nobold">(in order of foundation)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Panels_for_Serious_Crimes_(East_Timor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)">Special Panels of the Dili District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International anti-crime bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime">Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Congress_on_Crime_Prevention_and_Criminal_Justice" title="United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice">UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UN Office on Drugs and Crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_speech_crimes" title="International speech crimes">International speech crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&oldid=1273860255">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_Against_Corruption&oldid=1273860255</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Nations_treaties" title="Category:United Nations treaties">United Nations treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corruption" title="Category:Corruption">Corruption</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_concluded_in_2003" title="Category:Treaties concluded in 2003">Treaties concluded in 2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_entered_into_force_in_2005" title="Category:Treaties entered into force in 2005">Treaties entered into force in 2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:Treaties of Afghanistan">Treaties of Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties of Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Algeria" title="Category:Treaties of Algeria">Treaties of Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Angola" title="Category:Treaties of Angola">Treaties of Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda">Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Argentina" title="Category:Treaties of Argentina">Treaties of Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Armenia" title="Category:Treaties of Armenia">Treaties of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Australia" title="Category:Treaties of Australia">Treaties of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Austria" title="Category:Treaties of Austria">Treaties of Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan">Treaties of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Bahamas" title="Category:Treaties of the Bahamas">Treaties of the Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Bahrain" title="Category:Treaties of Bahrain">Treaties of Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Treaties of Bangladesh">Treaties of Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Barbados" title="Category:Treaties of Barbados">Treaties of Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Belarus" title="Category:Treaties of Belarus">Treaties of Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Belgium" title="Category:Treaties of Belgium">Treaties of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Belize" title="Category:Treaties of Belize">Treaties of Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Benin" title="Category:Treaties of Benin">Treaties of Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Bhutan" title="Category:Treaties of Bhutan">Treaties of Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Treaties of Bolivia">Treaties of Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Botswana" title="Category:Treaties of Botswana">Treaties of Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Brazil" title="Category:Treaties of Brazil">Treaties of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Brunei" title="Category:Treaties of Brunei">Treaties of Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Bulgaria" title="Category:Treaties of Bulgaria">Treaties of Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Treaties of Burkina Faso">Treaties of Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Burundi" title="Category:Treaties of Burundi">Treaties of Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cambodia" title="Category:Treaties of Cambodia">Treaties of Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cameroon" title="Category:Treaties of Cameroon">Treaties of Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Canada" title="Category:Treaties of Canada">Treaties of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cape_Verde" title="Category:Treaties of Cape Verde">Treaties of Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Central African Republic">Treaties of the Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Chile" title="Category:Treaties of Chile">Treaties of Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties of the People's Republic of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Colombia" title="Category:Treaties of Colombia">Treaties of Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Comoros" title="Category:Treaties of the Comoros">Treaties of the Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo">Treaties of the Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Category:Treaties of the Cook Islands">Treaties of the Cook Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Costa_Rica" title="Category:Treaties of Costa Rica">Treaties of Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast">Treaties of Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Croatia" title="Category:Treaties of Croatia">Treaties of Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cuba" title="Category:Treaties of Cuba">Treaties of Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Treaties of Cyprus">Treaties of Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic">Treaties of the Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Denmark" title="Category:Treaties of Denmark">Treaties of Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Djibouti" title="Category:Treaties of Djibouti">Treaties of Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Dominica" title="Category:Treaties of Dominica">Treaties of Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic">Treaties of the Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ecuador" title="Category:Treaties of Ecuador">Treaties of Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Egypt" title="Category:Treaties of Egypt">Treaties of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Treaties of El Salvador">Treaties of El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Category:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea">Treaties of Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Estonia" title="Category:Treaties of Estonia">Treaties of Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Treaties of Ethiopia">Treaties of Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_entered_into_by_the_European_Union" title="Category:Treaties entered into by the European Union">Treaties entered into by the European Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Fiji" title="Category:Treaties of Fiji">Treaties of Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Finland" title="Category:Treaties of Finland">Treaties of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_France" title="Category:Treaties of France">Treaties of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Gabon" title="Category:Treaties of Gabon">Treaties of Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Gambia" title="Category:Treaties of the Gambia">Treaties of the Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Germany" title="Category:Treaties of Germany">Treaties of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)">Treaties of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ghana" title="Category:Treaties of Ghana">Treaties of Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties of Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Grenada" title="Category:Treaties of Grenada">Treaties of Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Treaties of Guatemala">Treaties of Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guinea" title="Category:Treaties of Guinea">Treaties of Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Category:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau">Treaties of Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guyana" title="Category:Treaties of Guyana">Treaties of Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Haiti" title="Category:Treaties of Haiti">Treaties of Haiti</a></li><li><a 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Kuwait">Treaties of Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan">Treaties of Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Laos" title="Category:Treaties of Laos">Treaties of Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Latvia" title="Category:Treaties of Latvia">Treaties of Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Lebanon" title="Category:Treaties of Lebanon">Treaties of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Lesotho" title="Category:Treaties of Lesotho">Treaties of Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Liberia" title="Category:Treaties of Liberia">Treaties of Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Category:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Liechtenstein" title="Category:Treaties of Liechtenstein">Treaties of Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Treaties of Lithuania">Treaties of Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Luxembourg" title="Category:Treaties of Luxembourg">Treaties of Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Madagascar" title="Category:Treaties of Madagascar">Treaties of Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Malawi" title="Category:Treaties of Malawi">Treaties of Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Treaties of Malaysia">Treaties of Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Maldives" title="Category:Treaties of the Maldives">Treaties of the Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mali" title="Category:Treaties of Mali">Treaties of Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Malta" title="Category:Treaties of Malta">Treaties of Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Category:Treaties of the Marshall Islands">Treaties of the Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mauritania" title="Category:Treaties of Mauritania">Treaties of Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mauritius" title="Category:Treaties of Mauritius">Treaties of Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mexico" title="Category:Treaties of Mexico">Treaties of Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Category:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia">Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Treaties of Mongolia">Treaties of Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Montenegro" title="Category:Treaties of Montenegro">Treaties of Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Morocco" title="Category:Treaties of Morocco">Treaties of Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mozambique" title="Category:Treaties of Mozambique">Treaties of Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Treaties of Myanmar">Treaties of Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Namibia" title="Category:Treaties of Namibia">Treaties of Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nauru" title="Category:Treaties of Nauru">Treaties of Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nepal" title="Category:Treaties of Nepal">Treaties of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Treaties of the Netherlands">Treaties of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Treaties of New Zealand">Treaties of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Treaties of Nicaragua">Treaties of Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Niger" title="Category:Treaties of Niger">Treaties of Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Treaties of Nigeria">Treaties of Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Niue" title="Category:Treaties of Niue">Treaties of Niue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Norway" title="Category:Treaties of Norway">Treaties of Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Oman" title="Category:Treaties of Oman">Treaties of Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Treaties of Pakistan">Treaties of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Palau" title="Category:Treaties of Palau">Treaties of Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Palestine" title="Category:Treaties of Palestine">Treaties of Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Panama" title="Category:Treaties of Panama">Treaties of Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea">Treaties of Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Paraguay" title="Category:Treaties of Paraguay">Treaties of Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Peru" title="Category:Treaties of Peru">Treaties of Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Treaties of the Philippines">Treaties of the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Poland" title="Category:Treaties of Poland">Treaties of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Portugal" title="Category:Treaties of Portugal">Treaties of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Qatar" title="Category:Treaties of Qatar">Treaties of Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_South_Korea" title="Category:Treaties of South Korea">Treaties of South Korea</a></li><li><a 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