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<span>Fireplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fireplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mausoleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mausoleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mausoleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mausoleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Treasury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Side view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions_by_Shapur_I_and_Kartir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions_by_Shapur_I_and_Kartir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inscriptions by Shapur I and Kartir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions_by_Shapur_I_and_Kartir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="كعبة زرادشت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كعبة زرادشت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E2%80%98ba-je_Zardo%C5%A1t" title="Ka‘ba-je Zardošt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ka‘ba-je Zardošt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BFbe-ye_Zartuscht" title="Kaʿbe-ye Zartuscht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaʿbe-ye Zartuscht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-i-Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-i-Zartosht – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ka'ba-i-Zartosht" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-i-Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-i-Zartosht – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ka'ba-i-Zartosht" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="کعبه زرتشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کعبه زرتشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosyt" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosyt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosyt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%94-%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="כעבה-י זרתושת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כעבה-י זרתושת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardushtiylar_Ka%27basi" title="Zardushtiylar Ka'basi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zardushtiylar Ka'basi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo_de_Zaratustra" title="Cubo de Zaratustra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cubo de Zaratustra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кааба Зороастра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кааба Зороастра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BCba-je_Zardo%C5%A1t" title="Kaʼba-je Zardošt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaʼba-je Zardošt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaratustrova_kaaba" title="Zaratustrova kaaba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zaratustrova kaaba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%88%D1%82_%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Зәрдөшт Кәгъбәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәрдөшт Кәгъбәсе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82" title="Каъбаи Зардушт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Каъбаи Зардушт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2be-i_Zerd%C3%BC%C5%9Ft" title="Kâbe-i Zerdüşt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kâbe-i Zerdüşt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="کعبہ زرتشت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کعبہ زرتشت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2363092#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Cube of Zoroaster</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghsh-e_rostam,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_14.jpg/250px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_14.jpg/375px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_14.jpg/500px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5707" data-file-height="8560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_7ecfd09da6b51681d64bd44e31190a2651548133"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&revid=1265182925&groups=_7ecfd09da6b51681d64bd44e31190a2651548133" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&revid=1265182925&groups=_7ecfd09da6b51681d64bd44e31190a2651548133 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Bon-Khanak (<a href="/wiki/Sassanian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian empire">Sassanian</a> era)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Kornaykhaneh Naggarekhaneh</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Tower, stone chamber</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Marvdasht" title="Marvdasht">Marvdasht</a>, Iran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">First half of <a href="/wiki/6th_century_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="6th century B.C.">sixth century B.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid empire">Achaemenid</a> era</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage,_Handicrafts_and_Tourism_Organization_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran">Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.persepolis.ir/">http://www.persepolis.ir/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'ba</a>-ye Zartosht</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">کعبه زرتشت</span>), also called the <b>Cube of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a></b>, is a rectangular stepped stone structure in the <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> compound beside <a href="/wiki/Zangiabad,_Fars" title="Zangiabad, Fars">Zangiabad</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Marvdasht" title="Marvdasht">Marvdasht</a> county in <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>, Iran. The Naqsh-e Rustam compound also incorporates memorials of the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>. </p><p>The Ka'ba-ye Zartosht is 46 metres (151 ft) from the mountain, situated exactly opposite <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>'s mausoleum. It is rectangular and has only one entrance door. The material of the structure is white <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. It is about 12 metres (39 ft) high, or 14.12 metres (46.3 ft) if including the triple stairs, and each side of its base is about 7.30 metres (24.0 ft) long. Its entrance door leads to the chamber inside via a thirty-stair stone stairway. The stone pieces are rectangular and are simply placed on top of each other, without the use of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>; the sizes of the stones varies from 0.48 by 2.10 by 2.90 metres (1 ft 7 in by 6 ft 11 in by 9 ft 6 in) to 0.56 by 1.08 by 1.10 metres (1 ft 10 in by 3 ft 7 in by 3 ft 7 in), and they are connected to each other by <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetail joints</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure was built in the Achaemenid era and there is no information of the name of the structure in that era. It was called <i>Bon-Khanak</i> in the Sassanian era; the local name of the structure was <i>Naggarekhaneh</i> (<i>naggar</i> "keep/hold" + <i>-e</i> "of" + <i>khaneh</i> "house"). The phrase <i>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</i> has been used for the structure from the fourteenth century into the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">contemporary era</a>. </p><p>Various views and interpretations have been proposed for the purpose of the chamber, but none of them can be accepted with certainty. Some consider the tower a <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a> and a fireplace, and believe that it was used for igniting and worshiping the holy fire. Another theory is that it is the mausoleum of one of the Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahs</a> or grandees, due to its similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a> and some mausoleums of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian scholars</a> believe the stone chamber to be a structure for the safekeeping of royal documents and holy or religious books, but the chamber of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht is too small for this purpose. Other less noticed theories, such as its being a temple for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a>, have also been mentioned. </p><p>In the Sassanian era, three <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> were written in the three languages <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Arsacid</a> Middle Persian and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> on the northern, southern and eastern walls of the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them belongs to <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> the Sassanian, and another to the priest <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Walter Henning</a>, "These inscriptions are the most important historical documents from the Sassanian era."<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ka'ba-ye Zartosht is a beautiful structure: its proportions, lines and external beauty are based on well-executed architectural principles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, the structure is part of the Naqsh-e Rustam compound and owned by the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage,_Handicrafts_and_Tourism_Organization_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran">Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG/220px-Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG/330px-Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG/440px-Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht in front of <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>'s mausoleum</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Alireza Shapur Shahbazi</a> believes that the phrase <i>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</i> is relatively new and inaccurate, originating around the fourteenth century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the structure was discovered by the Europeans, its local name was <i>Karnaykhaneh</i> or <i>Naggarekhaneh</i>; the Europeans considered it a special site for worshiping fire, since the inside of the structure was blackened by smoke, and because they mistook the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> for fire-worshipers, they attributed the place to them and named it the Zoroastrians' <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a>. As the shape of the structure was cuboid and the black stones that were placed on the white background of its walls resembled the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>' <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, it became famous as <i>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</i>, the <i>Kaaba of Zoroaster</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a></i> explains about the name of the structure: "Ka'ba-ye Zartosht has probably acquired its name in the fourteenth century, the time that the ruined ancient sites in the whole <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> were attributed to characters in the <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>. This does not mean that the place has been <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>'s mausoleum and there is also no report of the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a>' travels there for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscription</a> on its walls, it is revealed that the name of the structure in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> era was <i>Bon Khaanak,</i> meaning the <i>Cold Foundation</i>, as the inscription reads:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "This Cold Foundation will belong to you. Act as the best way you see suitable that will delight our gods and purpose (implying <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>)." There is no knowledge of the name of the structure in any earlier periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn al-Balkhi has mentioned the name of the area of <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> and its mountain as <i>Kuhnebesht</i>, and has considered that the reason behind its naming was that the book <i><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></i> was held there.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Dezhnebesht</i> or <i>Dezhkatibehs</i> might have also been used for the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabe_Zartosht-inside_the_chamber.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kabe_Zartosht-inside_the_chamber.JPG/220px-Kabe_Zartosht-inside_the_chamber.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kabe_Zartosht-inside_the_chamber.JPG/330px-Kabe_Zartosht-inside_the_chamber.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kabe_Zartosht-inside_the_chamber.JPG/440px-Kabe_Zartosht-inside_the_chamber.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Inside the structure</figcaption></figure> <p>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht is <a href="/wiki/Cuboid" title="Cuboid">cuboid</a> in shape, and has only one entrance door, which leads inside its chamber by means of a stone stairway. There are four blind windows on each of its sides.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone used is white marbly <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, and there are dentate <a href="/wiki/Shelf_(storage)" title="Shelf (storage)">shelves</a> of black stone on its walls. The limestone blocks were brought from Mount Sivand, where they were quarried in a place called Na'l Shekan ("horseshoe breaker"), to <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> to build the Ka'ba.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These blocks were chiselled into large, mostly rectangular pieces and are put in place atop each other without using <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>; in some places, such as the rooftop, the stones are connected to each other by <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetail joints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the stones varies from 2.90 by 2.10 by 0.48 metres (9 ft 6 in by 6 ft 11 in by 1 ft 7 in) to 1.10 by 1.08 by 0.56 metres (3 ft 7 in by 3 ft 7 in by 1 ft 10 in); however in the west wall, there is a flat stone that is 4.40 metres (14 ft 5 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabe_Zartosht_Pelan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kabe_Zartosht_Pelan.png/220px-Kabe_Zartosht_Pelan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kabe_Zartosht_Pelan.png/330px-Kabe_Zartosht_Pelan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Kabe_Zartosht_Pelan.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Vertical and horizontal cross sections of the structure</figcaption></figure> <p>Four large rectangular pieces of stone form the ceiling/roof, placed along an east–west axis. Each of those stones are 7.30 metres (24.0 ft) long, connected to each other by dovetail joints, and the chipping method used to form them has given the roof the shape of a short pyramid. The <a href="/wiki/Anathyrosis" title="Anathyrosis">anathyrosis</a> style is used here in placing the stones atop each other, but no accurate order is retained in the 'ranking' of the stones. In some places, 20 rows, and in others 22 rows of stones are placed, and this continues to the ceiling. Wherever the original builders discovered any flaw in the main stone, the flawed area was removed and filled in with delicate joints, some of which still remain.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabe_Zartosht-6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kabe_Zartosht-6.JPG/220px-Kabe_Zartosht-6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kabe_Zartosht-6.JPG/330px-Kabe_Zartosht-6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kabe_Zartosht-6.JPG/440px-Kabe_Zartosht-6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Rectangular pits on the outer walls of the structure</figcaption></figure> <p>To prevent the finished building from becoming too simple or monochrome, its creators added two architectural diversities: firstly, forming double-edged shelves from one or two flat plates of grey-black stone and placing them on the walls; secondly, carving small rectangular pits into the upper and middle sections of the outer walls that give a more delicate appearance to the tower's faces. The black stones were probably brought from Mount Mehr in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, and installed on the walls in three rows:<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>High on the walls just below the ceiling, a small rectangular shelf in the northern side, and two similar shelves on each of the other sides</li> <li>Three metres (9.8 ft) below the ceiling, two large square shelves on three sides and one small rectangular shelf on the northern side</li> <li>Six metres (20 ft) below the ceiling, two medium-sized rectangular shelves on three sides and one large rectangular on the northern side</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stairway">Stairway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stairway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabe_Zartosht-Stairs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kabe_Zartosht-Stairs.JPG/220px-Kabe_Zartosht-Stairs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kabe_Zartosht-Stairs.JPG/330px-Kabe_Zartosht-Stairs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kabe_Zartosht-Stairs.JPG/440px-Kabe_Zartosht-Stairs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The stairway of the structure</figcaption></figure> <p>A thirty-stair stairway (each stair is 2 to 2.12 metres (6 ft 7 in to 6 ft 11 in) long, 26 centimetres (10 in) wide and 26 centimetres (10 in) high) is placed in the middle of the northern wall, reaching the threshold of the entrance doorway. Thus, the intention was for the Ka'ba to look like a three-floor tower that has seven doors or hatches on each floor; but only one hatch has been made into a true door, while the others are left as holeless blind windows.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure stands on a three-tiered platform. The first tier is 27 centimetres (11 in) above the ground, and the tower is 14.12 metres (46 ft 4 in) high including the triple tiers or stairs of its platform. The base is square-shaped, with each side approximately 7.30 metres (24.0 ft) long. The ceiling of the structure is smooth and flat on the inside, but its roof has a bilateral slope that begins from the line in the middle of the rooftop on the outside, creating the pyramid-like appearance previously mentioned. The doorway is 1.75 metres (5 ft 9 in) high and 87 centimetres (34 in) wide and at one point had a very heavy two-panel door which is now missing. There are carved-out notches for the upper and lower heels of each door panel in the stone frame which are visible to modern observers.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have assumed that the door would have been made of wood, but a stone door, very similar to the remains of the one found in Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, exists in Solomon's Prison in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, which indicates that both doors were made of stone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doorway leads to a single interior room. This space is quadrangular, has an area of 3.74 by 3.72 metres (12.3 by 12.2 ft), and is 5.5 metres (18 ft) high, with the thickness of its walls being between 1.54 and 1.62 metres (5 ft 1 in and 5 ft 4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqsh-eRostam_Chardin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Naqsh-eRostam_Chardin.jpg/220px-Naqsh-eRostam_Chardin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Naqsh-eRostam_Chardin.jpg/330px-Naqsh-eRostam_Chardin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Naqsh-eRostam_Chardin.jpg/440px-Naqsh-eRostam_Chardin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>A picture of <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> painted by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a> in 1723</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ka'ba-ye Zartosht is undoubtedly from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> era. Much of the available evidence shows that it was built in the early Achaemenid era; the most important evidence for this dating is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Using black stone on a white background is one of the features of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadian</a> architecture.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetail joints</a> are found mostly in the periods of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, and the way the stones are aligned is similar to the primary structures of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.</li> <li>The doorway and door of the structure is similar to those of the Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahs</a>' mausoleums, all of which have used the design of Darius I's mausoleum.</li> <li>The masonry, which lacks <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> or ordering, resembles the first parts of the platform of Persepolis that were constructed in Darius I's period. Especially, the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscription</a> on the lower part of the southern wall of Persepolis is almost the same size as the stones forming the ceiling of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_35.jpg/220px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_35.jpg/330px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the excavations performed by the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute, Chicago">Oriental Institute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a>, who had visited the structure in 1765, writes: "Opposite the mountain that has the mausoleums and <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a>'s braveries, a small structure is built of white stone that is covered by only two pieces of large stones."<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dieulafoy" title="Jane Dieulafoy">Jane Dieulafoy</a>, who visited <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1881, also reports in her <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel journal</a>: "...and then we saw a quadrilateral structure that was placed opposite the walls of the cliff. Each of its surfaces was like those of the ruined structure that we had seen in the Palvar desert..."<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first illustrations of the structure were made in the seventeenth century by European tourists like <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer" title="Engelbert Kaempfer">Engelbert Kaempfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bruijn" title="Cornelis de Bruijn">Cornelis de Bruijn</a> in their travel books; but the first scientific description and excavation reports of the structure were done by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmidt_(archaeologist)" title="Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)">Erich Friedrich Schmidt</a> that had pictures and illustrated <a href="/wiki/Blueprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueprints">blueprints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> compound was first investigated and probed along with the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht structure by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Herzfeld" title="Ernst Herzfeld">Ernst Herzfeld</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the compound was probed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago</a> under the leadership of Erich Schmidt in several seasons between 1936 and 1939, finding important works like the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> version of <i>the Great Inscription of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a></i>, which was written on the wall of the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_36.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_36.jpeg/220px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_36.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_36.jpeg/330px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_36.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_36.jpeg/440px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_36.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht from above the Mountain of Mercy</figcaption></figure> <p>The purpose or usage of the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht structure has always been controversial between <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> and researchers and various views and interpretations have been stated about its application; but what makes its interpretation even more difficult, is the existence of a similar structure in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, which makes one evaluate every probability with its circumstances too and consider a similar interpretation for both.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archaeologists have believed the structure to be a mausoleum;<sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some others like <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghirshman" title="Roman Ghirshman">Roman Ghirshman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmidt_(archaeologist)" title="Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)">Schmidt</a> have said that Ka'ba-ye Zartosht was a <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a> in which the holy fire was placed and it was used during religious ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group including <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Walter Henning</a> believe that the structure was the treasury and the place for keeping religious documents and <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small group believes the structure to be the temple of <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> and believes that the goddess's statue was kept in Ka'ba-ye Zartosht.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heleen_Sancisi_Weerdenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Heleen Sancisi Weerdenburg">Heleen Sancisi Weerdenburg</a> believes the building to be a structure constructed by <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> for <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shapur Shahbazi</a> believes that Ka'ba-ye Zartosht was an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> mausoleum that was used as a site for the treasury of religious documents in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmidt_(archaeologist)" title="Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)">Erich Friedrich Schmidt</a> says about the importance of the structure:<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The outstanding effort that was necessary for creating this architectural masterpiece, was only used for building a single and dark chamber. Besides, the fact that they did or could close the only entrance door of a structure with a heavy and two-panel door, makes it clear that its content should be kept safe from robbery and pollution.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fireplace">Fireplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fireplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer" title="Engelbert Kaempfer">Engelbert Kaempfer</a> first proposed the assumption of being a <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a> or fireplace; and following him, <a href="/wiki/James_Justinian_Morier" title="James Justinian Morier">James Justinian Morier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ker_Porter" title="Robert Ker Porter">Robert Ker Porter</a> supported the view in the early nineteenth century. The southwestern corner of the chamber is blackened by smoke; and has caused the assumption that the holy fire was glowing in there.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autophradate_l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Autophradate_l.jpg/220px-Autophradate_l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Autophradate_l.jpg/330px-Autophradate_l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Autophradate_l.jpg/440px-Autophradate_l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Vadfradad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadfradad I">Vadfradad I</a> (Autophradates I). The picture behind the coin is a structure similar to Ka'ba-ye Zartosht.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the following years, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Justi" title="Ferdinand Justi">Ferdinand Justi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghirshman" title="Roman Ghirshman">Ghirshman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmidt_(archaeologist)" title="Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)">Schmidt</a> and some others supported the hypothesis of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht being a fireplace. One of the reasons of this group is that <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> says in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> (First column, 63): "...I rebuilt the temples that <a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a> had destroyed. I returned the pastures, flocks, slaves and houses that Gaumata had taken to the people..."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, there were some "temples" in the periods of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> that Gaumata destroyed and Darius rebuilt them the same way; and since "Solomon's Prison" in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> is belonging to the first <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> era and destroyed, and its exact copy was built in <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> in Darius's period, it should be concluded that those two structures are the mentioned temples in the Behistun Inscription; and since any temple in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> during Darius's period could not be anything other than the holy fire, those were all fireplaces;<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> besides, Ka'ba-ye Zartosht has been conserved well even after the Achaemenid era and was not surrounded by soil and stones; and in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> composed the most important document of the Sasanian history on it and <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a> wrote a religious document on it. These show that the structure was religiously important. On the other hand, a structure is drawn on the coins of some <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> kings like those of Otophradates I that is a fireplace and the royal fire was kept above or inside it; and since the structure has a two-stair platform and its two doors are like Ka'ba-ye Zartosht and the center of the Persian kingdom was also in the city of <a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Istakhr</a>, it is the very Ka'ba-ye Zartosht that is drawn on their coins; and on the ceiling of this structure are put three fireboxes and the Persian king is standing in a praying posture in front of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, these reasons can not be true, for "Ayadana" only means "worshiping place" and a worshiping place is not necessarily a temple; and on the other hand, if you want to say that the people worshiped in this place, it is not true, for the Ka'ba is so small that the compound within can not fit more than two persons.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (section "On the Customs of the Persians"), the Persians, even in his time, had no temples or statues of gods. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duchesne-Guillemin" title="Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin">Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranica">Iranica</a></i> identifies the ayadana as podiums.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, in Achaemenid seals and on their mausoleums, it is seen that the fireboxes containing the royal fire were placed in the free space; and the royal fire was taken before the king in a portable firebox. A remarkable point that <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Herzfeld" title="Ernst Herzfeld">Herzfeld</a>, Sami and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a> have made is that it seems improbable to have spent all that price and effort to keep the fire in a dark and holeless room that needed the door open for the fire to ignite.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because fire requires <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and the inside of the Ka'ba is built in a way that even an <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamp</a> can not glow more than a few hours when the door and the large stone entrance are sealed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chamber does not have an exit way for smoke while its entrance door has always been sealed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure on the coins of Persian kings can not be Ka'ba-ye Zartosht; for the mentioned picture on the coins was not higher than 2 metres (6 ft 7 in), had a two-stair platform and no stairway is seen below its doorway; its entrance door is much larger relative to the structure than that of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht; its ceiling has no steepness, enough to be put three fireboxes on; there is no distance between its doorway and the ceiling; it has no crowns or <a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">portals</a>; and the dents showing the heads of its arrows are not more than six. These features generally contradict with those of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mausoleum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabe_Zartosht_Dieulafoy.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kabe_Zartosht_Dieulafoy.gif/220px-Kabe_Zartosht_Dieulafoy.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kabe_Zartosht_Dieulafoy.gif/330px-Kabe_Zartosht_Dieulafoy.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kabe_Zartosht_Dieulafoy.gif/440px-Kabe_Zartosht_Dieulafoy.gif 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht in the nineteenth century, by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dieulafoy" title="Jane Dieulafoy">Jane Dieulafoy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the researchers assume the tower as the mausoleum of one of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahs</a>. Since it is very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a> and some of the mausoleums of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a> in shape, solidness of architecture and having a small room with a very heavy door, it is considered a mausoleum. Welfram Klyse and <a href="/wiki/David_Stronach" title="David Stronach">David Stronach</a> believe that the Achaemenid structures in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> might have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> art in the tower-like temples of Urartu.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Cassandreia" title="Aristobulus of Cassandreia">Aristobulus</a>, one of the retainers of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III of Macedon</a>, mentions the structure known as "Solomon's Prison" as "the tower-like mausoleum" while describing Pasargadae;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and if the mentioned structure is presumed the mausoleum of one of the Achaemenid shahs, due to its similarity to the structure Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, and as Franz Heinrich Weißbach and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Demandt" title="Alexander Demandt">Alexander Demandt</a> have explained, the structure should inevitably be considered belonging to another one of the Achaemenid shahs. Besides that, Ka'ba-ye Zartosht is a near to the mausoleums that were built at the same time; and all of them were later separated from the other parts of Naqsh-e Rustam by a chain of fortifications, indicating that they were all originally the same type and had similar applications. In other words, all of them, including they very Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, were mausoleums of Achaemenid grandees.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other reasons can be stated for Ka'ba-ye Zartosht being a mausoleum; one is the triad and heptad units that are seen in the Achaemenid mausoleums. For example, the three-tomb chambers of the mausoleums connect them to making Ka'ba-ye Zartosht three-floor and its platform having three stairs;<sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the seven hatches of each floor of the structure remarks the Seven Persian Noblemen on the mausoleums and the Tomb of Cyrus having seven floors.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However the probations done do not confirm the idea and the writings carved on the walls of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht have no indication to the existence of a mausoleum or tomb either.<sup id="cite_ref-Gropp_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gropp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasury">Treasury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of the structure being a treasury was first stated by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Rawlinson</a> in 1871. Rawlinson's reasons were the accurate architecture and the proper size of the chamber, its sole door being heavy and solid and that it was difficult to reach inside the structure. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Walter Henning</a> presented the theory with newer reasons. One of his reasons is about the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> carved on the rim of the chamber; there is a large inscription by <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> on the walls of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht; and below that inscription, there is a writing by <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that states in its second line: "This "bon khanak" will be yours; do with it as you believe is better for the gods and us."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians conclude that it means the place was used for keeping religious bills, flags and documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While describing landmarks in <a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Istakhr</a>, Ibn-al Balkhi mentioned the site with the title "Kuh-Nefesht" or "Kuh-Nebesht" and said that the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> was kept there.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henning believed that Ibn-al Balkhi meant the very Ka'ba-ye Zartosht.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is to date no scholarly consensus. Some argue that the chamber of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht is too small to keep the Avesta and other religious books and royal flags; a wider and larger site was necessary for such an intention. In addition, some point out the relatively remote location of the structure suggests another use, as the various palaces of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">shahanshahs</a> as well as other official and governmental buildings would be better suited for keeping the Avesta and royal flags. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_view">Side view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Side view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the recent years, Reza Moradi Ghiasabadi has presented a new interpretation of the structure by doing <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field research</a> and considers it an <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a> and believes that the blind windows, the stairs opposite the entrance door and the construct have been a <a href="/wiki/Timer" title="Timer">timer</a> or a solar index for measuring the rotation of the sun and subsequently keeping the record of the year and counting the years and extracting calendars and detecting the first days of each solar month and summer and winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> and spring and fall <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>. He concludes that the beginning of each solar month could be detected by observing the shadows formed on the blind windows.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this theory can not be completely true; and one of the reasons that can be stated to refute the theory is that the direction of the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">geographic North</a> of each region could be different from the direction of the <a href="/wiki/North_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="North Magnetic Pole">magnetic North</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">orbital inclination</a> of the magnetic North from the geographic North is about 2.5 degrees in the <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> compound; and the magnetic orbital inclination of the structure is 18 degrees to the West relative to the magnetic North based on <a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmidt_(archaeologist)" title="Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)">Schmidt</a>'s calculations. Therefore, the inclination of the structure relative to the geographic North will be about 15.5 degrees; meanwhile Ghiasabadi has considered the 18 degrees as the inclination of the structure from the geographic North.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions_by_Shapur_I_and_Kartir">Inscriptions by Shapur I and Kartir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inscriptions by Shapur I and Kartir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_inscription_at_the_Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht.png/220px-Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht.png/330px-Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht.png/440px-Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>-language version of <a href="/wiki/Shapur-KZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapur-KZ">Shapur I's inscription</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 June 1936, following the probations by the digging department of The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">University of Chicago Oriental Institute</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> were found on the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht structure that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> and the priest <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur's Inscription is written in the three languages <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (70 lines), <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Arsacid</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (30 lines) and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> Middle Persian (35 lines) on three sides of the structure; and Kartir's Inscription, which is in 19 lines in Sassanian Middle Persian language, is below Shapur's.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shapur's Inscription, which should be considered the "Revolution Resolution" of the Sassanian dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he first introduces himself and mentions the regions he ruled and then describes the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Persian-Roman Wars</a> and indicates the defeat and death of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Marcus Antonius Gordianus</a>, after whom the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> forces proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Marcus Julius Philippus</a> the emperor; and the latter paid Shapur a compensation equal to half a million <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">reprieve</a> and returned to his homeland. Following that, Shapur has described his battle with the Romans along with an elaborate list of the Roman states from which he had gathered the forces. The battle, which was for <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, was the largest defeat that the Sassanians inflicted upon the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur then adds that "I apprehended <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> myself, by my own hands." and mentions the names of the lands that he conquered in that battle. He then appreciates the power of God for giving him the power for victory and launches a lot of <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temples</a> for his satisfaction to remark the names of the people who were involved in establishing the Sassanian government in front of the fire and finally advises the successors to strive for divine work and charity affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription is historically considered very interesting and one of first class proofs of the Sassanian era;<sup id="cite_ref-:14_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the most important documents of the period for the limits and spans of the Sassanian <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> borders.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the inscription is the last time that the Greek <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">alphabet</a> and language is used in Persian inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg/220px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg/330px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg/440px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The place of the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> version) on the walls of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</figcaption></figure> <p>Kartir's Inscription, which is situated below the Sassanian Middle Persian inscription of Shapur's, is written during <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a>'s reign and around 280 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first introduces himself and then mentions his ranks and titles during the periods of the previous kings and says that he had the <a href="/wiki/Herbad" title="Herbad">Herbad</a> title during Shapur I's period and was appointed as "the grand master of all priests by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">Shahanshah</a> Shapur I" and had the honor of receiving a hat and a belt by the shahanshah in <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a>'s period and has achieved an increasing power and acquired the nickname "The Priest of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, the god of gods".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, Kartir mentions his religious activities like fighting other religions such as Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and remarks founding fire temples and allocation of donations for them.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also talks about correcting the priests that were, in his opinion, perverted and mentions the list of the states that were conquered by Persia during Shapur I's period and eventually the inscription ends with a prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_inscription_at_the_Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenning" class="citation book cs1">Henning. <i>The Middle Persian Inscriptions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Persian+Inscriptions&rft.au=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/collections/pa/persepolis/kabah.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Chicago+Oriental+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fmuseum%2Fcollections%2Fpa%2Fpersepolis%2Fkabah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarehvashi" class="citation book cs1">Farehvashi. <i>Iranvij</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranvij&rft.au=Farehvashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarfaraz_and_Avarzamani" class="citation book cs1">Sarfaraz and Avarzamani. <i>Persian Coins: Since the Beginning until the Zand Era</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Coins%3A+Since+the+Beginning+until+the+Zand+Era&rft.au=Sarfaraz+and+Avarzamani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpp" class="citation book cs1">Sharpp. <i>The Commands of the Achaemenid 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ayadana-place-of-cult">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fayadana-place-of-cult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, W.B. <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafazzoli" class="citation book cs1">Tafazzoli. <i>The History of Persian Literature Before Islam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Persian+Literature+Before+Islam&rft.au=Tafazzoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater" class="citation book cs1">Yarshater. <i>Kartir's Inscriptions</i>.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazi" class="citation book cs1">Riazi. <i>The Criticism of Moradi Ghiasabadi's Theory about the Astronomic Application of Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Criticism+of+Moradi+Ghiasabadi%27s+Theory+about+the+Astronomic+Application+of+Ka%27ba-ye+Zartosht&rft.au=Riazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafisi" class="citation book cs1">Nafisi. <i>The History of the Sassanian Persian Civilization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Sassanian+Persian+Civilization&rft.au=Nafisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayani" class="citation book cs1">Bayani. <i>The Parthian Dusk and the Sassanian Dawn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthian+Dusk+and+the+Sassanian+Dawn&rft.au=Bayani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi" class="citation book cs1">Shahbazi. <i>"SHAPUR I". In Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22SHAPUR+I%22.+In+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.au=Shahbazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshraghi" class="citation book cs1">Eshraghi. <i>Introduction of Religion in the Sassanian Government</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+of+Religion+in+the+Sassanian+Government&rft.au=Eshraghi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafazzoli" class="citation book cs1">Tafazzoli. <i>The History of Persian Literature before Islam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Persian+Literature+before+Islam&rft.au=Tafazzoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1975" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1975), "On the Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>, <b>95</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">454–</span>465, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599356">10.2307/599356</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599356">599356</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Zoroastrian+Temple+Cult+of+Fire&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E465&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1974" class="citation cs2">Frye, Richard N. (1974), "Persepolis Again", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>, <b>33</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">383–</span>386, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372376">10.1086/372376</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222453940">222453940</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Persepolis+Again&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222453940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGropp2004" class="citation cs2">Gropp, Gerd (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kaba-ye-zardost">"Ka'ba-ye Zardošt"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>, OT 7</i>, New York: iranica.com</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ka%27ba-ye+Zardo%C5%A1t&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+OT+7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=iranica.com&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gropp&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkaba-ye-zardost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1965" class="citation cs2">Goldman, Bernard (1965), "Persian Fire Temples or Tombs?", <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>, <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>308, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F371824">10.1086/371824</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162207461">162207461</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Persian+Fire+Temples+or+Tombs%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F371824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162207461%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzfeld1935" class="citation cs2">Herzfeld, Ernst (1935), <i>Archaeological History of Iran</i>, London: H. Milford/<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+History+of+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+Milford%2FOUP&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Herzfeld&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/pahlavi/kz.html">"KARTIR KZ.; Royal inscription found on the Kabah of Zartusht. An account of how Zoroastrianism was propagated beyond Iranian territories during the Third Century, and other religions suppressed"</a>. <i>avesta.org</i>. AVESTA – Zoroastrian Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avesta.org&rft.atitle=KARTIR+KZ.%3B+Royal+inscription+found+on+the+Kabah+of+Zartusht.+An+account+of+how+Zoroastrianism+was+propagated+beyond+Iranian+territories+during+the+Third+Century%2C+and+other+religions+suppressed.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fpahlavi%2Fkz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2014" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8VIBQAAQBAJ&q=rapp+inscription+kartir"><i>The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472425522" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472425522"><bdi>978-1472425522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sasanian+World+through+Georgian+Eyes%3A+Caucasia+and+the+Iranian+Commonwealth+in+Late+Antique+Georgian+Literature&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1472425522&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8VIBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Drapp%2Binscription%2Bkartir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKa%27ba-ye+Zartosht" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht&action=edit&section=15" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire"><img alt="Achaemenid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/15px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/23px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Achaemenid Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Falcon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/150px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/225px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/300px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persian_Lion_Rhyton" title="Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton">Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana_hoard" title="Apadana hoard">Apadana hoard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Danake" title="Danake">Danake</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">Tombs at Xanthos</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Xerxes I's inscription at Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Lydian-Persian Wars <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Scythian campaign of Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naxos_(499_BC)" title="Siege of Naxos (499 BC)">Siege of Naxos (499 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lade" title="Battle of Lade">Battle of Lade</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eretria" title="Siege of Eretria">Siege of Eretria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Battle of Artemisium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Battle of Mycale</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)" title="Babylonian revolts (484 BC)">Babylonian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon" title="Battle of the Eurymedon">Battle of the Eurymedon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Battle of Cyzicus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cnidus" title="Battle of Cnidus">Battle of Cnidus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">Second conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Miletus" title="Siege of Miletus">Siege of Miletus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Siege of Halicarnassus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Siege of Tyre (332 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Siege of Gaza</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Battle of the Persian Gate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_water" title="Earth and water">Earth and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Callias" title="Peace of Callias">Peace of Callias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon#Persian_conquest" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapies</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Districts of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar Khaneh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarium" title="Angarium">Angarium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarum" title="Angarum">Angarum</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Pharnacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Lygdamid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Achaemenid_clans" title="Seven Achaemenid clans">Seven Achaemenid clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naqsh-e_Rustam121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Naqsh-e_Rustam" title="Template:Naqsh-e Rustam"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#363321">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Naqsh-e_Rustam" title="Template talk:Naqsh-e Rustam"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#363321">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Naqsh-e_Rustam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Naqsh-e Rustam"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#363321">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naqsh-e_Rustam121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">The works of Elam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_rock_relief_in_Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Elamite rock relief in Naqsh-e Rostam">Elamite rock relief in Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG/150px-Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG/225px-Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG/300px-Naqsh-e_rostam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">The works of Achaemenid Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Xerxes_I" title="Tomb of Xerxes I">Tomb of Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" title="Tomb of Artaxerxes I of Persia">Tomb of Artaxerxes I of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Darius_II" title="Tomb of Darius II">Tomb of Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">The works of Sasanian Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda_and_Ardashir_I" title="Ahura Mazda and Ardashir I">Ahura Mazda and Ardashir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_inscription_at_the_Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_victory_relief_at_Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Shapur I's victory relief at Naqsh-e Rostam">Shapur I's victory relief at Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Naqsh-e_Rustam" title="Category:Naqsh-e Rustam">Category:Naqsh-e Rustam</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fars_province,_Iran126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fars_province" title="Template:Fars province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fars_province" title="Template talk:Fars province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fars_province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fars province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fars_province,_Iran126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a>, Iran</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fars_in_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fars_in_Iran.svg/150px-Fars_in_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fars_in_Iran.svg/225px-Fars_in_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fars_in_Iran.svg/300px-Fars_in_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Counties</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iran">cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abadeh_County" title="Abadeh County">Abadeh County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadeh" title="Abadeh">Abadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman,_Fars" title="Bahman, Fars">Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izadkhvast" class="mw-redirect" title="Izadkhvast">Izadkhvast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soghad" title="Soghad">Soghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmaq" title="Surmaq">Surmaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bakhtegan_County" title="Bakhtegan County">Bakhtegan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadeh_Tashk" title="Abadeh Tashk">Abadeh Tashk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsanjan_County" title="Arsanjan County">Arsanjan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsanjan" title="Arsanjan">Arsanjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beyza_County" title="Beyza County">Beyza County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beyza" title="Beyza">Beyza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bavanat_County" title="Bavanat County">Bavanat County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surian" class="mw-redirect" title="Surian">Surian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chenar_Shahijan_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenar Shahijan County">Chenar Shahijan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaemiyeh" title="Qaemiyeh">Qaemiyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darab_County" title="Darab County">Darab County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darab" title="Darab">Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannat_Shahr" title="Jannat Shahr">Jannat Shahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eqlid_County" title="Eqlid County">Eqlid County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eqlid" title="Eqlid">Eqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedeh" title="Sedeh">Sedeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estahban_County" title="Estahban County">Estahban County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estahban" title="Estahban">Estahban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ij,_Iran" title="Ij, Iran">Ij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runiz" title="Runiz">Runiz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evaz_County" title="Evaz County">Evaz County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaz" title="Evaz">Evaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidshahr_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidshahr district">Bidshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishvar" title="Fishvar">Fishvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farashband_County" title="Farashband County">Farashband County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farashband" title="Farashband">Farashband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehram" title="Dehram">Dehram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nujin" title="Nujin">Nujin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fasa_County" title="Fasa County">Fasa County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasa" title="Fasa">Fasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_Bandegan" title="Now Bandegan">Now Bandegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshdeh" title="Sheshdeh">Sheshdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahedshahr" title="Zahedshahr">Zahedshahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firuzabad_County" title="Firuzabad County">Firuzabad County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firuzabad,_Fars" title="Firuzabad, Fars">Firuzabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meymand" title="Meymand">Meymand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gerash_County" title="Gerash County">Gerash County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerash" title="Gerash">Gerash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Iran" title="Arad, Iran">Arad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jahrom_County" title="Jahrom County">Jahrom County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahrom" title="Jahrom">Jahrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duzeh" title="Duzeh">Duzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qotbabad" title="Qotbabad">Qotbabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kavar_County" title="Kavar County">Kavar County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kavar" title="Kavar">Kavar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazerun_County" title="Kazerun County">Kazerun County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazerun" title="Kazerun">Kazerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladeh,_Fars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baladeh, Fars">Baladeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khesht" title="Khesht">Khesht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konartakhteh" title="Konartakhteh">Konartakhteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowdan" title="Nowdan">Nowdan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kharameh_County" title="Kharameh County">Kharameh County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharameh" title="Kharameh">Kharameh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khonj_County" title="Khonj County">Khonj County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khonj" title="Khonj">Khonj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khorrambid_County" title="Khorrambid County">Khorrambid County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safashahr" title="Safashahr">Safashahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaderabad" title="Qaderabad">Qaderabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamerd_County" title="Lamerd County">Lamerd County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamerd" title="Lamerd">Lamerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahel,_Fars" title="Ahel, Fars">Ahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamarvdasht" title="Alamarvdasht">Alamarvdasht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshkanan" title="Eshkanan">Eshkanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chah_Varz" title="Chah Varz">Chah Varz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Larestan_County" title="Larestan County">Larestan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lar,_Iran" title="Lar, Iran">Lar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyram,_Iran" title="Beyram, Iran">Beyram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaruiyeh" title="Banaruiyeh">Banaruiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juyom" title="Juyom">Juyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khur,_Fars" title="Khur, Fars">Khur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latifi" title="Latifi">Latifi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_County" title="Mamasani County">Mamasani County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nurabad,_Fars" title="Nurabad, Fars">Nurabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumeh_Zar" title="Khumeh Zar">Khumeh Zar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marvdasht_County" title="Marvdasht County">Marvdasht County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvdasht" title="Marvdasht">Marvdasht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamfiruz" title="Kamfiruz">Kamfiruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjerd" title="Ramjerd">Ramjerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyedan" title="Seyyedan">Seyyedan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mohr_County" title="Mohr County">Mohr County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohr,_Fars" title="Mohr, Fars">Mohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asir,_Iran" title="Asir, Iran">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleh_Dar" title="Galleh Dar">Galleh Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varavi" title="Varavi">Varavi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neyriz_County" title="Neyriz County">Neyriz County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neyriz" title="Neyriz">Neyriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshkan" title="Meshkan">Meshkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatruyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatruyeh">Qatruyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pasargad_County" title="Pasargad County">Pasargad County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadat_Shahr" title="Saadat Shahr">Saadat Shahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qir_and_Karzin_County" title="Qir and Karzin County">Qir and Karzin County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qir" title="Qir">Qir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efzar" title="Efzar">Efzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karzin" title="Karzin">Karzin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rostam_County" title="Rostam County">Rostam County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masiri" title="Masiri">Masiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarchehan_County" title="Sarchehan County">Sarchehan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korehi" title="Korehi">Korehi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_County" title="Sarvestan County">Sarvestan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan" title="Sarvestan">Sarvestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepidan_County" title="Sepidan County">Sepidan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardakan,_Fars" title="Ardakan, Fars">Ardakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamashahr" title="Hamashahr">Hamashahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zarqan_County" title="Zarqan County">Zarqan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapui" title="Lapui">Lapui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqan" title="Zarqan">Zarqan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_County" title="Shiraz County">Shiraz County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian,_Iran" title="Darian, Iran">Darian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zarrin_Dasht_County" title="Zarrin Dasht County">Zarrin Dasht County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hajjiabad,_Fars" title="Hajjiabad, Fars">Hajjiabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowbaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowbaran">Dowbaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Pir" title="Shahr-e Pir">Shahr-e Pir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khafr_County" title="Khafr County">Khafr County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Anar" title="Bab Anar">Bab Anar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khavaran,_Fars" title="Khavaran, Fars">Khavaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afif-Abad_Garden" title="Afif-Abad Garden">Afif-Abad Garden</a></li> <li>Amir's dam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arg_of_Karim_Khan" title="Arg of Karim Khan">Arg of Karim Khan</a></li> <li>Barmdelak lagoon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a></li> <li>Delgosha Garden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_Garden" title="Nazar Garden">Nazar Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Istakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghal%27eh_Dokhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghal'eh Dokhtar">Ghal'eh Dokhtar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li>Kazerun fire temple</li> <li>Lake Parishan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rajab" title="Naqsh-e Rajab">Naqsh-e Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangtarashan_cave" title="Sangtarashan cave">Sangtarashan cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_Museum" title="Pars Museum">Pars Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qavam_House" title="Qavam House">Qavam House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_Gate" title="Qur'an Gate">Qur'an Gate</a></li> <li>Saadi's mausoleum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Sassanian palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Cheragh" title="Shah Cheragh">Shah Cheragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Statue_of_Shapur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal Statue of Shapur I">Colossal Statue of Shapur I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shapur_cave" title="Shapur cave">Shapur cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangeh_Bolaghi" title="Tangeh Bolaghi">Tangeh Bolaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ali_ibn_Hamzah,_Shiraz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz">Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hafez" title="Tomb of Hafez">Hāfezieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Seyed_Alaeddin_Husayn" title="Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn">Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn</a></li> <li>Tounbbot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakil_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakil Bath">Vakil Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakil_Bazaar" title="Vakil Bazaar">Vakil Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakil_Mosque" title="Vakil Mosque">Vakil Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Fars Province">List of cities, towns and villages in Fars Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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