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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_work_of_grace:_Christian_perfection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_work_of_grace:_Christian_perfection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Second work of grace: Christian perfection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_work_of_grace:_Christian_perfection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assurance_of_faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assurance_of_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Assurance of faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assurance_of_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conditional security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covenant_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Covenant theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ecclesiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Eschatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelism_and_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelism_and_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Evangelism and missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelism_and_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Free will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_sources_of_theological_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_sources_of_theological_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Four sources of theological authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_sources_of_theological_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_Last_Things" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_Last_Things"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Four Last Things</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_Last_Things-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments_and_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments_and_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Sacraments and rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments_and_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1</span> <span>Baptism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Lord's_Supper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Lord's_Supper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.2</span> <span>Real presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Lord's_Supper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.3</span> <span>Confession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lovefeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lovefeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.4</span> <span>Lovefeast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lovefeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footwashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footwashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.5</span> <span>Footwashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footwashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Validity_of_Holy_Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Validity_of_Holy_Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.6</span> <span>Validity of Holy Orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Validity_of_Holy_Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outward_holiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outward_holiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Outward holiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outward_holiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teetotalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teetotalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Teetotalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teetotalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Fasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Law and Gospel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunday_Sabbatarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Sunday Sabbatarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunday_Sabbatarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches_upholding_Wesleyan_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_upholding_Wesleyan_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Churches upholding Wesleyan theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_upholding_Wesleyan_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship with other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Methodism" title="Category:Methodism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;font-size:160%;"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_clipped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wesley"><img alt="John Wesley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/125px-John_Wesley_clipped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/188px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/250px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="349" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Methodism#Origins" title="Methodism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a>)</div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Doctrinal standards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></i></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Distinctive beliefs and practices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation<br />of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Ashbel Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Churches</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Methodist_Church" title="Global Methodist Church">Global Methodist Church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Other Methodist denominations</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Other relevant topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">Methodist views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">Itinerant preacher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism" title="Homosexuality and Methodism">Homosexuality and Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Bishops in Methodism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Methodism" title="Template:Methodism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodism" title="Template talk:Methodism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford%27s_Christ_Church_Cathedral,_floor_memorial_(d)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2352762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Oxford%27s_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_floor_memorial_%28d%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2352762.jpg/220px-Oxford%27s_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_floor_memorial_%28d%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2352762.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Oxford%27s_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_floor_memorial_%28d%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2352762.jpg/330px-Oxford%27s_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_floor_memorial_%28d%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2352762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Oxford%27s_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_floor_memorial_%28d%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2352762.jpg/440px-Oxford%27s_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_floor_memorial_%28d%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2352762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wesleyan theology</b>, otherwise known as <b>Wesleyan–<a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> theology</b>, or <b>Methodist theology</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theological</a> tradition in <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> based upon the <a href="/wiki/Christian_ministry" title="Christian ministry">ministry</a> of the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> reformer brothers <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>. More broadly it refers to the theological system inferred from the various <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Forty-four_Sermons" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-four Sermons">Forty-four Sermons</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theological <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a>, letters, journals, diaries, <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, and other spiritual writings of the Wesleys and their contemporary coadjutors such as <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a>, Methodism's <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theologian</a>. </p><p>In 1736, the Wesley brothers travelled to the Georgia colony in America as <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a>; they left rather disheartened at what they saw. Both of them subsequently had "religious experiences", especially John in 1738, being greatly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Christians</a>. They began to organize a renewal movement within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> to focus on personal faith and holiness, putting emphasis on the importance of <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">growth in grace</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">New Birth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danker2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danker2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling it "the grand depositum" of the Methodist faith, John Wesley taught that the propagation of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>—the work of grace that enables Christians to be made perfect in love—was the reason that God raised up the Methodists in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-DaviesGeorge2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaviesGeorge2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wesleyan–Arminian theology, manifest today in <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> (inclusive of the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>), is named after its founders, John Wesley in particular, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a>, since it is a subset of <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> theology. The Wesleys were clergymen in the Church of England, though the Wesleyan tradition places stronger emphasis on extemporaneous preaching, <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>, as well as personal faith and personal experience, especially on the <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">new birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">growth in grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>. In his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">Sunday Service</a></i> John Wesley included the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>, which were based on the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> of the Church of England, though stripped of their more peculiarly <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinistic</a> theological leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesleyan theology asserts the <a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura" title="Prima scriptura">primary authority</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a> and affirms the <a href="/wiki/Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> orthodoxy of the first five centuries of church history.<sup id="cite_ref-FMC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Arminius_5.jpg/170px-Arminius_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Arminius_5.jpg/255px-Arminius_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Arminius_5.jpg/340px-Arminius_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> was a 17th-century Dutch theologian</figcaption></figure> <p>Wesleyan–Arminianism developed as an attempt to explain Christianity in a manner unlike the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynkoop1967chap._3,_Wesleyan-Arminianism_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynkoop1967chap._3,_Wesleyan-Arminianism-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminianism is a theological study conducted by Jacobus Arminius, from the Netherlands, in opposition to Calvinist orthodoxy on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StanglinMcCall2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanglinMcCall2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1610, after the death of Arminius his followers, the <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a>, presented a document to the Netherlands. This document is known today as the <i><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-StanglinMcCall2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanglinMcCall2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesleyan theology, on the other hand, was founded upon the teachings of John Wesley, an English evangelist, and the beliefs of this <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> are derived from his many publications, including his <a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">collected sermons</a>, journal, abridgements of theological, devotional, and historical Christian works, and a variety of tracts and treatises on theological subjects. Subsequently, the two theories have joined into one set of values for the contemporary church;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayer2006Ch._Wesleyan-Arminian_theology_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer2006Ch._Wesleyan-Arminian_theology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet, when examined separately, their unique details can be discovered, as well as their similarities in ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-StanglinMcCall2012_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanglinMcCall2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley._Engraving_by_J._Thomson_after_J._Jackson._Wellcome_V0006250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Wesley._Engraving_by_J._Thomson_after_J._Jackson._Wellcome_V0006250.jpg/200px-John_Wesley._Engraving_by_J._Thomson_after_J._Jackson._Wellcome_V0006250.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Wesley._Engraving_by_J._Thomson_after_J._Jackson._Wellcome_V0006250.jpg/300px-John_Wesley._Engraving_by_J._Thomson_after_J._Jackson._Wellcome_V0006250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Wesley._Engraving_by_J._Thomson_after_J._Jackson._Wellcome_V0006250.jpg/400px-John_Wesley._Engraving_by_J._Thomson_after_J._Jackson._Wellcome_V0006250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> was an Anglican clergyman</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1770s, John Wesley, aided by the theological writings of <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a>, emphasized Arminian doctrines in his controversy with the Calvinistic wing of the evangelicals in England. Then, in 1778, he founded a theological journal which he titled the <i><a href="/wiki/Arminian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian Magazine">Arminian Magazine</a></i>. This period, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">during the Calvinist–Arminian debate</a>, was influential in forming a lasting link between Arminian and Wesleyan theology.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wesley's opposition to Calvinism was more successful than Arminius's, especially in the United States where Arminianism would become the dominant school of soteriology of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Protestantism, largely because it was spread through popular preaching in a series of <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknellWhite2005100_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECracknellWhite2005100-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminius's work was not a direct influence on Wesley. Yet, he chose the term "Arminianism" to distinguish the kind of Evangelicalism his followers were to espouse from that of their Calvinist theological opponents. Many have considered the most accurate term for Wesleyan theology to be "Evangelical Arminianism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknellWhite2005100_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECracknellWhite2005100-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wesley is remembered for visiting the Moravians of both Georgia and Germany and examining their beliefs, then founding the Methodist movement, which gave rise to a variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Methodist denominations</a>. Wesley's desire was not to form a new sect, but rather to reform the nation and "spread scriptural holiness" as truth.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the creation of Wesleyan–Arminianism has today developed into a popular standard for many contemporary churches. </p><p>Methodism also navigated its own theological intricacies concerning salvation and human agency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrider198253–55_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrider198253–55-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds201150&#x200c;_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBounds201150&#x200c;-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830s, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, critics accused the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Movement">Holiness Movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagian</a> teaching. Consequently, detractors of Wesleyan theology have occasionally unfairly perceived or labeled its broader thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds201150_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBounds201150-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its core is recognized to be Arminianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrider198255_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrider198255-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds201150&#x200c;_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBounds201150&#x200c;-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its primary legacy remains within the various Methodist denominations and the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a> (which includes Methodism, but spread to other traditions too) spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a> of the Methodist Episcopal Church,<sup id="cite_ref-Winn_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and involved leaders such as <a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a> (who founded the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Phineas_F._Bresee" title="Phineas F. Bresee">Phineas F. Bresee</a> (who founded the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>), among others (see <i><a href="#Churches_upholding_Wesleyan_theology">§ Churches upholding Wesleyan theology</a></i>). A modified form of Wesleyan theology became the basis for other distinct denominations as well, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Pentecostal">Holiness Pentecostal</a> movement launched by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Seymour" title="William J. Seymour">William J. Seymour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Parham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Parham">Charles Parham</a>, represented by denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Church" title="Apostolic Faith Church">Apostolic Faith Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" title="International Pentecostal Holiness Church">International Pentecostal Holiness Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wesleyan_distinctives">Wesleyan distinctives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wesleyan distinctives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_sin">Definition of sin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition of sin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Christian views on sin</a></div> <p>Methodist theology teaches: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We believe that sin is the willful transgression of the known law of God, and that such sin condemns a soul to eternal punishment unless pardoned by God through repentance, confession, restitution, and believing in Jesus Christ as his personal Savior. This includes all men "For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God." Rom. 3:23. (Prov. 28:13, John 6:47; Acts 16:31; Rom. 6:23, I John 1:9; I John 3:4). —<i>Manual of the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches</i><sup id="cite_ref-WHAC2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHAC2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Firstly, it categorizes sin as being <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actual_sin" title="Actual sin">actual sin</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1998_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Original sin is the sin which corrupts our nature and gives us the tendency to sin. Actual sins are the sins we commit every day before we are saved, such as lying, swearing, stealing.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1998_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Wesleyans have a distinct understanding of the nature of actual sin, which is divided into the categories of "sin proper" and "sin improper".<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As explained by John Wesley, "Nothing is sin, strictly speaking, but a voluntary transgression of a known law of God. Therefore, every voluntary breach of the law of love is sin; and nothing else, if we speak properly. To strain the matter farther is only to make way for Calvinism."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this narrower understanding of sin, John Wesley believed that it was not only possible but necessary to live without committing sin. Wesley explains this in his comments on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%203:8&version=nrsv">1 John 3:8</a> "Whosoever abideth in communion with him—By loving faith, sinneth not—While he so abideth. Whosoever sinneth certainly seeth him not—The loving eye of his soul is not then fixed upon God; neither doth he then experimentally know him—Whatever he did in time past."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Salvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atonement">Atonement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Atonement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg/220px-Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg/330px-Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg/440px-Sankt_Georgen_am_Laengsee_Launsdorf_Kreisverkehr_Bildstock_Kreuzigung_Christi_02122015_2428.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="4712" /></a><figcaption>Methodists believe Jesus Christ died for all humanity, not a limited few: the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">unlimited atonement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wesleyan–Arminian theology falls squarely in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a>, though it is linked with <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence</a> theories.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley, reflecting on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:14&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:14</a>, connects <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">penal substitution</a> with victory over <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i>: "the voluntary passion of our Lord appeased the Father's wrath, obtained pardon and acceptance for us, and consequently, dissolved the dominion and power which Satan had over us through our sins."<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In elucidating <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%203:8&version=nrsv">1 John 3:8</a>, John Wesley says that Christ manifesting himself in the hearts of humans destroys the work of Satan, thus making Christus Victor imagery "one part of the framework of substitutionary atonement."<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist divine <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>'s hymns "Sinners, Turn, Why Will You Die" and "And Can It be That I Should Gain" concurrently demonstrate that Christ's sacrifice is the example of supreme love, while also convicting the Christian believer of his/her sins, thus using the moral influence theory within the structure of penal substitution in accordance with the Augustinian theology of <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">illumination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesleyan theology also emphasizes a participatory nature in atonement, in which the Methodist believer spiritually dies with Christ and Christ dies for humanity; this is reflected in the words of the following Methodist hymn (122):<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>"Vouchsafe us eyes of faith to see<br /> The Man transfixed on Calvary,<br /> To know thee, who thou art—<br /> The one eternal God and true;<br /> And let the sight affect, subdue,<br /> And break my stubborn heart...<br /> The unbelieving veil remove,<br /> And by thy manifested love,<br /> And by thy sprinkled blood,<br /> Destroy the love of sin in me,<br /> And get thyself the victory,<br /> And bring me back to God...<br /> Now let thy dying love constrain<br /> My soul to love its God again,<br /> Its God to glorify;<br /> And lo! I come thy cross to share,<br /> Echo thy sacrificial prayer,<br /> </p><p> And with my Saviour die."<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Christian believer <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">mystically</a> draws themselves into the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> in order to experience the power of salvation that it possesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a>, the Methodist especially experiences the participatory nature of substitutionary atonement as "the sacrament sets before our eyes Christ's death and suffering whereby we are transported into an experience of the crucifixion."<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2007_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to the <a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">fate of the unlearned</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Francis_Mallalieu" title="Willard Francis Mallalieu">Willard Francis Mallalieu</a>, a Methodist <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">bishop</a>, wrote in <i>Some Things That Methodism Stands For</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Mallalieu1903_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallalieu1903-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Starting on the assumption that salvation was possible for every redeemed soul, and that all souls are redeemed, it has held fast to the fundamental doctrine that repentance towards God and faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ are the divinely-ordained conditions upon which all complying therewith may be saved, who are <a href="/wiki/Age_of_accountability" title="Age of accountability">intelligent enough to be morally responsible</a>, and have heard the glad tidings of salvation. At the same time Methodism has insisted that all children who are not willing transgressors, and all irresponsible persons, are saved by the grace of God manifest in the atoning work of Christ; and, further, that all in every nation, who fear God and work righteousness, are accepted of him, through the Christ that died for them, though they have not heard of him. This view of the atonement has been held and defended by Methodist theologians from the very first. And it may be said with ever-increasing emphasis that it commends itself to all sensible and unprejudiced thinkers, for this, that it is rational and Scriptural, and at the same time honorable to God and gracious and merciful to man.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallalieu1903_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallalieu1903-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justification_and_sanctification">Justification and sanctification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Justification and sanctification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_preaching_in_the_City_Chapel._Engraving_by_T._Bl_Wellcome_V0006869_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/John_Wesley_preaching_in_the_City_Chapel._Engraving_by_T._Bl_Wellcome_V0006869_%28Cropped%29.jpg/260px-John_Wesley_preaching_in_the_City_Chapel._Engraving_by_T._Bl_Wellcome_V0006869_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/John_Wesley_preaching_in_the_City_Chapel._Engraving_by_T._Bl_Wellcome_V0006869_%28Cropped%29.jpg/390px-John_Wesley_preaching_in_the_City_Chapel._Engraving_by_T._Bl_Wellcome_V0006869_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/John_Wesley_preaching_in_the_City_Chapel._Engraving_by_T._Bl_Wellcome_V0006869_%28Cropped%29.jpg/520px-John_Wesley_preaching_in_the_City_Chapel._Engraving_by_T._Bl_Wellcome_V0006869_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Wesley preaching to his assistants in the City Road Chapel (now <a href="/wiki/Wesley%27s_Chapel" title="Wesley's Chapel">Wesley's Chapel</a>), London</figcaption></figure> <p>In Methodism, the way of salvation includes conviction, <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">repentance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restitution_(theology)#Methodism" title="Restitution (theology)">restitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith#Methodism" title="Faith">faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Arminianism/Methodism" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)#Wesleyan-Arminianism" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">adoption</a>, which is followed by <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witness_of_the_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness of the Spirit">witness of the Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsonTrim2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POF1948_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POF1948-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being convicted of sin and the need for a saviour, as well as repenting of sin and making restitution, is "essential preparation for saving faith".<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsonTrim2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesleyan theology teaches that the <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">new birth</a> contains two phases that occur together, <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmanuel2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though these two phases of the new birth occur simultaneously, they are, in fact, two separate and distinct acts. Justification is that gracious and judicial act of God whereby a soul is granted complete absolution from all guilt and a full release from the penalty of sin (Romans 3:23–25). This act of divine grace is wrought by faith in the merits of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (Romans 5:1). Regeneration is the impartation of divine life which is manifested in that radical change in the moral character of man, from the love and life of sin to the love of God and the life of righteousness (2 Corinthians 5:17; 1 Peter 1:23). ―Principles of Faith, Emmanuel Association of Churches<sup id="cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmanuel2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the moment a person experiences the New Birth, he/she is "<a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">adopted</a> into the family of God".<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsonTrim2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wesleyan tradition seeks to establish <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a> as the gateway to <a href="/wiki/Sanctification#Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a> or "scriptural holiness."<sup id="cite_ref-Joyner2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyner2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesleyans teach that God provides <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">grace that enables</a> any person to freely choose to place faith in Christ or reject his salvation (see <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fahlbusch2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POF1948_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POF1948-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the person accepts it, then God justifies them and continues to give further grace to spiritually heal and sanctify them.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahlbusch2008_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wesleyan theology, justification specifically refers to "pardon, the forgiveness of sins", rather than "being made actually just and righteous", which Wesleyans believe is accomplished through sanctification,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, the pursuit of holiness in salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Joyner_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyner-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley taught that the keeping of the moral law contained in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268&#x200c;_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268&#x200c;-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as engaging in the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">works of piety</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>, were "indispensable for our sanctification".<sup id="cite_ref-Knight2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wesley insisted that <a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">imputed righteousness</a> must become <a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">imparted righteousness</a>. He taught that a believer could progress in love until love became devoid of self-interest at the moment of entire sanctification.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesleyan theology teaches that there are two distinct phases in the Christian experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Synan1997_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synan1997-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/First_work_of_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="First work of grace">first work of grace</a> (the new birth) a person <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repents</a> of his/her sin that he/she confesses to God, places his/her faith in Jesus, receives <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness#Christianity" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a> and becomes a Christian;<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POF1948_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POF1948-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">second work of grace</a>, entire sanctification, the believer is purified and made holy.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wesley understood faith as a necessity for salvation, even calling it "the sole condition" of salvation, in the sense that it led to justification, the beginning point of salvation. At the same time, "as glorious and honorable as [faith] is, it is not the end of the commandment. God hath given this honor to love alone" ("The Law Established through Faith II," §II.1). Faith is "an unspeakable blessing" because "it leads to that end, the establishing anew the law of love in our hearts" ("The Law Established through Faith II," §II.6) This end, the law of love ruling in our hearts, is the fullest expression of salvation; it is Christian perfection. —Amy Wagner<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wesleyan Methodism, inclusive of the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>, thus teaches that <a href="/wiki/Restitution_(theology)" title="Restitution (theology)">restitution</a> occurs subsequent to repentance.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsonTrim2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POF1948_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POF1948-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, "justification [is made] conditional on obedience and progress in sanctification"<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasizing "a deep reliance upon Christ not only in coming to faith, but in remaining in the faith."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Scott_J._Jones" title="Scott J. Jones">Scott J. Jones</a> states that "United Methodist doctrine thus understands true, saving faith to be the kind that, give time and opportunity, will result in good works. Any supposed faith that does not in fact lead to such behaviors is not genuine, saving faith."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Methodists, "true faith...<i>cannot</i> subsist without works".<sup id="cite_ref-Knight2013_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:14–26&version=nrsv">James 2:14–26</a>.) Methodist evangelist <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a> stated that "justification would have ended with me had I refused to be holy."<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer2016_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While "faith is essential for a meaningful relationship with God, our relationship with God also takes shape through our care for people, the community, and creation itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Langford2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="First_work_of_grace:_new_birth">First work of grace: new birth</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First work of grace: new birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Wesley held that the new birth "is that great change which God works in the soul when he brings it into life, when he raises it from the death of sin to the life of righteousness" (<i>Works</i>, vol. 2, pp. 193–194).<sup id="cite_ref-Joyner2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyner2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the life of a Christian, the new birth is considered the first work of grace.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>, in Article XVII—Of Baptism, state that baptism is a "sign of regeneration or the new birth."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <i><a href="#Baptism">§ Baptism</a></i>.) <i>The Methodist Visitor</i> in describing this doctrine, admonishes individuals: "'Ye must be born again.' Yield to God that He may perform this work in and for you. Admit Him to your heart. 'Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved.'"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RicheyRowe1993_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RicheyRowe1993-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In congruence with the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Definition_of_sin">Wesleyan (Methodist) definition of sin</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Olson2022_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson2022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wesley explains that those born of God do not sin <i>habitually</i> since to do so means that sin still reigns, which is a mark of an unbeliever. Neither does the Christian sin <i>willfully</i> since the believer’s will is now set on living for Christ. He further claims that believers do not sin by desire because the heart has been thoroughly transformed to desire only God’s perfect will. Wesley then addresses “sin by infirmities.” Since infirmities involve no “concurrence of (the) will,” such deviations, whether in thought, word, or deed, are not “properly” sin. He therefore concludes that those born of God do not commit sin, having been saved from “all their sins” (II.2, 7).<sup id="cite_ref-Olson2022_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson2022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is reflected in the Articles of Religion of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> (emphasis added in italics), which uses the wording of John Wesley:<sup id="cite_ref-McClintockStrong2024_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintockStrong2024-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Justified persons, while they do not outwardly commit sin</i>, are nevertheless conscious of sin still remaining in the heart. They feel a natural tendency to evil, a proneness to depart from God, and cleave to the things of earth. Those that are sanctified wholly are saved from all inward sin-from evil thoughts and evil tempers. No wrong temper, none contrary to love remains in the soul. All their thoughts, words, and actions are governed by pure love. Entire sanctification takes place subsequently to justification, and is the work of God wrought instantaneously upon the consecrated, believing soul. After a soul is cleansed from all sin, it is then fully prepared to grow in grace" (<i>Discipline</i>, "Articles of Religion," ch. i, § 1, p. 23).<sup id="cite_ref-McClintockStrong2024_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintockStrong2024-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the New Birth, if a person commits sin, he/she may be restored to fellowship with God through sincere <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repentance</a> and then "by the grace of God, rise[s] again and amend[s]" his/her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Long2012_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept is taught in the Methodist <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>, in Article XII.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Second_work_of_grace:_Christian_perfection">Second work of grace: Christian perfection</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second work of grace: Christian perfection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga" title="File:Love Divine All Loves Excelling.oga">Love Divine, All Loves Excelling</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="271" data-mwtitle="Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga/Love_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALove_Divine_All_Loves_Excelling.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"<a href="/wiki/Love_Divine,_All_Loves_Excelling" title="Love Divine, All Loves Excelling">Love Divine, All Loves Excelling</a>" is a popular hymn by Charles Wesley with a theme of Christian perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Methodists, following in John Wesley's footsteps, believe in the second work of grace— enabling entire sanctification, also called <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Wesleyan_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a>—which removes <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> (the carnal nature of the person) and makes the believer holy (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></i>); Wesley explained: "Entire sanctification, or Christian perfection, is neither more nor less than pure love; love expelling sin, and governing both the heart and life of a child of God. The Refiner's fire purges out all that is contrary to love."<sup id="cite_ref-White2008_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesley taught both that sanctification could be an instantaneous experience,<sup id="cite_ref-AlexanderFerguson1988_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlexanderFerguson1988-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it could be a gradual process.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis2006_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis2006-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Southey1820_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southey1820-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before a believer is entirely sanctified, he/she consecrates himself/herself to God; the theology behind <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Methodist_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> is summarized with the maxim "Give yourself to God in all things, if you would have God give Himself to you."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruth2017_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruth2017-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Methodist Churches teach that <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> can occur through a loss of faith or through <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">sinning</a> (refusing to be holy).<sup id="cite_ref-Pinson2002_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinson2002-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a person <a href="/wiki/Backsliding" title="Backsliding">backslides</a> but later decides to return to God, he or she must confess his or her sins and be entirely sanctified again (see <a href="/wiki/Conditional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional security">conditional security</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CaugheyAllen1850_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaugheyAllen1850-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown2008_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2008-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard P. Bucher, contrasts this position with the Lutheran one, discussing an analogy put forth by Wesley:<sup id="cite_ref-Bucer_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucer-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whereas in Lutheran theology the central doctrine and focus of all our worship and life is justification by grace through faith, for Methodists the central focus has always been holy living and the striving for perfection. Wesley gave the analogy of a house. He said repentance is the porch. Faith is the door. But holy living is the house itself. Holy living is true religion. "Salvation is like a house. To get into the house you first have to get on the porch (repentance) and then you have to go through the door (faith). But the house itself—one's relationship with God—is holiness, holy living" (Joyner, paraphrasing Wesley, 3).<sup id="cite_ref-Bucer_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucer-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assurance_of_faith">Assurance of faith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assurance of faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg/200px-John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg/300px-John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg/400px-John_Wesley_memorial_Aldersgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>This monument marks the approximate location of John Wesley's "Aldersgate experience", in London. It features Wesley's account of the experience, taken from his journal.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>John Wesley believed that all Christians have a faith which implies an "assurance" of God's forgiving love, and that one would feel that assurance, or the "witness of the Spirit". This understanding is grounded in <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>'s affirmation, "...ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry Abba, Father. The same Spirit beareth witness with our spirits, that we are the children of God..." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%208:15–16&version=nrsv">Romans 8:15–16</a>, <i>Wesley's translation</i>). This experience was mirrored for Wesley in his <a href="/wiki/Aldersgate_Day" title="Aldersgate Day">Aldersgate experience</a> wherein he "knew" he was loved by God and that his sins were forgiven. </p> <dl><dd>"I felt my heart <i>strangely warmed</i>. I felt I <i>did</i> trust in Christ, Christ <i>alone</i> for salvation, and an assurance was given me that He had taken my sin, <i>even mine</i>." — from Wesley's Journal<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_security">Conditional security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conditional security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Methodism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism § Methodism</a></div> <p>John Wesley was an outspoken defender of the doctrine of conditional preservation of the saints, or commonly "conditional security". In 1751, Wesley defended his position in a work titled, "Serious Thoughts Upon the Perseverance of the Saints." In it he argued that a believer remains in a saving relationship with God if he "continue in faith" or "endureth in faith unto the end."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesley affirmed that a child of God, "while he continues a true believer, cannot go to hell."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if he makes a "shipwreck of the faith, then a man that believes now may be an unbeliever some time hence" and become "a child of the devil."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then adds, "God is the Father of them that believe, so long as they believe. But the devil is the father of them that believe not, whether they did once believe or no."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like his Arminian predecessors, Wesley was convinced from the testimony of the Scriptures that a true believer may abandon faith and the way of righteousness and "fall from God as to perish everlastingly."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant_theology">Covenant theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Covenant theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology#Wesleyan_covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology § Wesleyan covenant theology</a></div> <p>Methodism maintains the superstructure of <a href="/wiki/Classical_covenant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical covenant theology">classical covenant theology</a>, but being Arminian in soteriology, it discards the "predestinarian template of Reformed theology that was part and parcel of its historical development."<sup id="cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodes2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difference between Wesleyan covenant theology and classical covenant theology is as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The point of divergence is Wesley's conviction that not only is the inauguration of the covenant of grace coincidental with the fall, but so is the termination of the covenant of works. This conviction is of supreme importance for Wesley in facilitating an Arminian adaptation of covenant theology—first, by reconfiguring the reach of the covenant of grace; and second, by disallowing any notion that there is a reinvigoration of the covenant of works beyond the fall.</p></blockquote> <p>As such, in the traditional Wesleyan view, only <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> were under the covenant of works, while on the other hand, all of their progeny are under the covenant of grace.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodes2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Mosaic Law belonging to the covenant of grace, all of humanity is brought "within the reach of the provisions of that covenant."<sup id="cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodes2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief is reflected in John Wesley's sermon <i>Righteousness of Faith</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodes2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Apostle does not here oppose the covenant given by Moses, to the covenant given by Christ. ... But it is the covenant of grace, which God, through Christ, hath established with men in all ages".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The covenant of grace was therefore administered through "promises, prophecies, sacrifices, and at last by circumcision" during the patriarchal ages and through "the paschal lamb, the scape goat, [and] the priesthood of Aaron" under <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1815_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, the covenant of grace is mediated through the greater <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, baptism and the Lord's Supper.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1815_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ecclesiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Camp_meeting_of_the_Methodists_in_N._America_J._Milbert_del_M._Dubourg_sculp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption>Methodist preachers are known for promulgating the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">new birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> to the public at events such as <a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">tent revivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">brush arbour revivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a>, which they believe is the reason that God raised them up into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Methodists affirm belief in "<a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">the one true Church, Apostolic and Universal</a>", viewing their Churches as constituting a "privileged branch of this true church".<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1863_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1863-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to the position of Methodism within <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, the founder of the movement "John Wesley once noted that what God had achieved in the development of Methodism was no mere human endeavor but the work of God. As such it would be preserved by God so long as history remained."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling it "the grand depositum" of the Methodist faith, Wesley specifically taught that the propagation of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> was the reason that God raised up the Methodists in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-DaviesGeorge2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaviesGeorge2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eschatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Wesley described his <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> views on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i> (1755). He struggled with how to interpret the middle of the book which describes heavenly and earthy conflict in very symbolic language. He relied heavily on the works of German theologian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Albrecht_Bengel" title="Johann Albrecht Bengel">Johann Albrecht Bengel</a>(1687-1752) for a mathematical interpretation of the numbers in the book to find a correspondence between church history and the events described in Revelation. For example, by Wesley's calculations, using Bengel's mathematical key, the story of the <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">woman in the wilderness</a> in Revelation 12 was the story of the Christian church in two overlapping periods of church history (847-1524 CE and 1058-1836 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Revelation_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revelation-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wesley's primary concern, however, was not so much with prophecy or chronology, but rather with how to use Revelation to help believers have strength in times of trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Revelation_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revelation-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelism_and_missions">Evangelism and missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evangelism and missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission#Methodist_missions" title="Christian mission">Christian mission § Methodist missions</a></div> <p>Methodism has emphasized <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missions</a>. Wesleyan-Arminian theology stresses <a href="/wiki/Missional_living" title="Missional living">missional living</a> as normative for Methodist Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragos2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragos2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, ordinands were asked by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> "Will you visit from house to house?" with the assumed answer being "yes" as <a href="/wiki/Door-to-door#Religious_work" title="Door-to-door"> door-to-door evangelism</a> was the expectation of Methodist clergy for the purpose of reaching people outside the walls of churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Torpy2009_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torpy2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will">Free will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Free will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methodist theology teaches the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-IMC1986_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMC1986-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our Lord Jesus Christ did so die for all men as to make salvation attainable by every man that cometh into the world. If men are not saved that fault is entirely their own, lying solely in their own unwillingness to obtain the salvation offered to them. (John 1:9; I Thess. 5:9; Titus 2:11–12).<sup id="cite_ref-IMC1986_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMC1986-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_sources_of_theological_authority">Four sources of theological authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Four sources of theological authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura#Wesleyan_Methodism" title="Prima scriptura">Prima scriptura § Wesleyan Methodism</a></div> <p>The 20th-century Wesley scholar <a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert Outler</a> argued in his introduction to the 1964 collection <i>John Wesley</i> that Wesley developed his theology by using a method that Outler termed the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> teaches:<sup id="cite_ref-FMC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Free Methodist church, we believe all truth is God's truth. If something is true, we embrace it as from the Lord. First and foremost, we hold scripture up to be the primary source of God's inspired revealed truth to us. And, we also embrace truth that is found in three other places: reason, tradition, and experience. Along with scripture, this has come to be called the Wesleyan Quadrilateral and we believe it informs our theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FMC_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a> refers to the quadrilateral as "a fourfold approach" to learning and applying the Christian faith,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> asserts that:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wesley believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. Scripture [however] is primary, revealing the Word of God 'so far as it is necessary for our salvation'.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_Last_Things">Four Last Things</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Four Last Things"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment#Anglicanism_and_Methodism" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment § Anglicanism and Methodism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_burial#Methodist_funeral" title="Christian burial">Christian burial § Methodist funeral</a></div> <p>With respect to the <a href="/wiki/Four_last_things" title="Four last things">four last things</a>, Wesleyan theology affirms the belief in <a href="/wiki/Hades_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades in Christianity">Hades</a>, "the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> of souls between death and the <a href="/wiki/General_resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="General resurrection">general resurrection</a>," which is divided into <a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Paradise</a> (for the righteous) and <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a> (for the wicked).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithson1859_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithson1859-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/General_judgment" title="General judgment">general judgment</a>, Hades will be abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithson1859_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithson1859-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley "made a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on hell">hell</a> (the receptacle of the damned) and Hades (the receptacle of all separate spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">heaven</a> itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Jr.Warrick2005_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jr.Warrick2005-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University2001_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University2001-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead will remain in Hades "until the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a> when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2025&version=nrsv">Matthew 25</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Everyone that has a saving knowledge of Jesus Christ our Lord on departing from this life, goes to be in felicity with Him, and will share the eternal glories of His everlasting Kingdom; the fuller rewards and the greater glories, being reserved until the final Judgment. Matt. 25:34, 46; John 14:2, 3; II Cor. 5:6, 8, 19; Phil. 1:23, 24 —Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline (¶24)<sup id="cite_ref-EMCC2017_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCC2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While the saint goes from the judgment to enjoy eternal bliss, the impenitent sinner is turned away into everlasting condemnation, punishment and misery. As heaven is described in the Bible as a place of everlasting happiness, so hell is described as a place of endless torment, where the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched. Matt. 25:41, 46; Mark 9:44–48; Luke 13:3; John 8:21, 23 —Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline (¶25)<sup id="cite_ref-EMCC2017_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCC2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wesley stated that: "I believe it to be a duty to observe, to <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">pray for the Faithful Departed</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1885_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1885-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He "taught the propriety of Praying for the Dead, practised it himself, provided <i>Forms</i> that others might."<sup id="cite_ref-HoldenWesley1872_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoldenWesley1872-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a joint statement with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a> affirmed that "Methodists who pray for the dead thereby commend them to the continuing mercy of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments_and_rites">Sacraments and rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sacraments and rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Anglicanism_and_Methodism" title="Sacrament">Sacrament § Anglicanism and Methodism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptism">Baptism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Baptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptistry_(United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg/220px-Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg/330px-Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg/440px-Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistry">baptistry</a> in a Methodist church</figcaption></figure> <p>The Methodist <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>, with regard to baptism, teach:<sup id="cite_ref-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Baptism is not only a sign of profession and mark of difference whereby Christians are distinguished from others that are not baptized; but it is also a sign of regeneration or the new birth. The Baptism of young children is to be retained in the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While baptism imparts regenerating grace, its permanence is contingent upon <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (theology)">repentance</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">personal commitment to Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Method_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Method-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesleyan theology holds that baptism is a sacrament of initiation into the visible Church.<sup id="cite_ref-StuartChappell1922_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StuartChappell1922-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology#Wesleyan_covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Wesleyan covenant theology</a> further teaches that baptism is a sign and a seal of the covenant of grace:<sup id="cite_ref-Summers1857_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summers1857-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of this great new-covenant blessing, baptism was therefore eminently the <i>sign</i>; and it represented "the <i>pouring out</i>" of the Spirit, "the <i>descending</i>" of the Spirit, the "falling" of the Spirit "upon men," by the mode in which it was administered, the pouring of water from above upon the subjects baptized. As a seal, also, or <i>confirming</i> sign, baptism answers to circumcision.<sup id="cite_ref-Summers1857_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summers1857-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Methodists recognize three modes of baptism as being valid—immersion, aspersion or affusion—in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Lord's_Supper"><span id="Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Lord.27s_Supper"></span>Real presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Real presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The followers of John Wesley have typically affirmed that the sacrament of Holy Communion (the Lord's Supper) is an instrumental <a href="/wiki/Means_of_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Means of Grace">Means of Grace</a> through which the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real presence">real presence</a> of Christ is communicated to the believer,<sup id="cite_ref-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have otherwise allowed the details to remain a mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_2_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Methodists reject the Catholic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> (see "Article XVIII" of the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist_Church" title="Primitive Methodist Church">Primitive Methodist Church</a>, in its <i>Discipline</i> also rejects the <a href="/wiki/Lollardist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollardist">Lollardist</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">consubstantiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC2013_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC2013-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist">United Methodist</a> Church affirmed its view of the sacrament and its belief in the real presence in an official document entitled <i>This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion</i>. Of particular note here is the church's unequivocal recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(Christianity)" title="Anamnesis (Christianity)">anamnesis</a> as more than just a memorial but, rather, a <i>re-presentation</i> of Christ Jesus and his love.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Holy Communion is remembrance, commemoration, and memorial, but this remembrance is much more than simply intellectual recalling. "Do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:19; 1 Corinthians 11:24–25) is <i>anamnesis</i> (the biblical Greek word). This dynamic action becomes re-presentation of past gracious acts of God in the present, so powerfully as to make them truly present now. Christ is risen and is alive here and now, not just remembered for what was done in the past.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methodistcommunion6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Methodistcommunion6.jpg/170px-Methodistcommunion6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Methodistcommunion6.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>A United Methodist minister consecrates the elements</figcaption></figure> <p>This affirmation of real presence can be seen clearly illustrated in the language of the United Methodist Communion Liturgy<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where, in the <a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">epiclesis</a> of the Great Thanksgiving, the celebrating minister prays over the elements: </p> <dl><dd>Pour out your Holy Spirit on us gathered here, and on these gifts of bread and wine. Make them be for us the body and blood of Christ, that we may be for the world the body of Christ, redeemed by his blood.</dd></dl> <p>Methodists assert that Jesus is truly present, and that the means of his presence is a "Holy Mystery". A celebrating minister will pray for the Holy Spirit to make the elements "be for us the body and blood of Christ", and the congregation can even sing, as in the third stanza of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley's</a> hymn <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Come,_Sinners,_to_the_Gospel_Feast_(version_2)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Come, Sinners, to the Gospel Feast (version 2)">Come Sinners to the Gospel Feast</a></i>: </p> <dl><dd>Come and partake the gospel feast,</dd> <dd>be saved from sin, in Jesus rest;</dd> <dd>O taste the goodness of our God,</dd> <dd>and eat his flesh and drink his blood.</dd></dl> <p>The distinctive feature of the Methodist doctrine of the real presence is that the way Christ manifests his presence in the sacrament is a sacred mystery—the focus is that Christ <i>is</i> truly present in the sacrament.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Discipline</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> thus teaches: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Lord's Supper is a sacrament of our redemption by Christ's death. To those who rightly, worthily, and with faith receive it, the bread which we break is a partaking of the body of Christ; and likewise the cup of blessing is a partaking of the blood of Christ. The supper is also a sign of the love and unity that Christians have among themselves. Christ, according to his promise, is really present in the sacrament. –<i>Discipline</i>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oden2008_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oden2008-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confession">Confession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Confession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a>, including the practice of confessing sins, is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> as one those "Commonly called Sacraments but not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel", also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">five lesser sacraments</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt1891_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt1891-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley held "the validity of Anglican practice in his day as reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Underwood1992_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwood1992-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that "We grant confession to men to be in many cases of use: public, in case of public scandal; private, to a spiritual guide for disburdening of the conscience, and as a help to repentance."<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1882_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1882-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, per the recommendation of Wesley, Methodist <a href="/wiki/Class_meeting#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">class meetings</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">penitent bands</a>, traditionally met weekly in order to confess sins to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lovefeast">Lovefeast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lovefeast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lovefeast#Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovefeast">Lovefeast § Methodist</a></div> <p>Lovefeasts (in which bread and the loving-cup is shared between members of the congregation) are a <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a>, a "converting ordinance" that John Wesley believed to be an apostolic institution.<sup id="cite_ref-Tovey2016_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tovey2016-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One account from July 1776 expounded on the fact that people experienced entire sanctification at a Lovefeast:<sup id="cite_ref-Tovey2016_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tovey2016-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We held our general love-feast. It began between eight and nine on Wednesday morning, and continued till noon. Many testified that they had 'redemption in the blood of Jesus, even the forgiveness of sins.' And many were enabled to declare that it had 'cleansed them from all sin.' So clear, so full, so strong was their testimony that while some were speaking their experience hundreds were in tears, and others vehemently crying to God for pardon or holiness. About eight our <a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">watch-night</a> began. Mr. J. preached an excellent sermon: the rest of the preachers exhorted and prayed with divine energy. Surely, for the work wrought on these two days, many will praise God to all eternity (ibid.: pp. 93–4)<sup id="cite_ref-Tovey2016_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tovey2016-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Footwashing">Footwashing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footwashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain Methodist connexions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Methodist_Church" title="Missionary Methodist Church">Missionary Methodist Church</a> and the New Congregational Methodist Church, <a href="/wiki/Footwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwashing">footwashing</a> is practiced at the time that the Lord's Supper is celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton1987_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton1987-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MMC2004_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMC2004-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Missionary Methodist Church states in its <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline" title="Book of Discipline">Book of Discipline</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-MMC2004_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMC2004-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Feet Washing: We would sanction and encourage the rite of feet washing as a religious act. It is provided that each church be required to partake of the Supper of the Lord as often as is convenient; it is provided that each church observe the rite of feet washing.<br /> </p><p><i>John 13:1–17; 1 Timothy 5:10</i><br /> Four reasons why Jesus washed His disciples' feet:<br /> 1. "That He might testify His love to His disciplines."<br /> 2. "That He might give an instance of His own voluntary humility and condescension."<br /> 3. "That He might signify to them spiritual washing, which is referred to in His discourse with Peter."<br /> </p><p> 4. "That He might set them an example."<sup id="cite_ref-MMC2004_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMC2004-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In other connexions such as the United Methodist Church, footwashing is practiced especially on <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Validity_of_Holy_Orders">Validity of Holy Orders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Validity of Holy Orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Methodist)" title="Elder (Methodist)">Elder (Methodist)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Bishops in Methodism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17_22_169_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/17_22_169_window.jpg/220px-17_22_169_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/17_22_169_window.jpg/330px-17_22_169_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/17_22_169_window.jpg/440px-17_22_169_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass of three Methodist ministers, Charles Wesley, John Wesley, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Junaluska,_North_Carolina" title="Lake Junaluska, North Carolina">Lake Junaluska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>John Wesley held that the offices of bishop and <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> constituted one <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-John_McClintock,_James_Strong_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_McClintock,_James_Strong-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing an ancient opinion from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-John_McClintock,_James_Strong_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_McClintock,_James_Strong-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, a Church Father, wrote: "For even at Alexandria from the time of Mark the Evangelist until the episcopates of Heraclas and Dionysius the presbyters always named as bishop one of their own number chosen by themselves and set in a more exalted position, just as an army elects a general, or as deacons appoint one of themselves whom they know to be diligent and call him archdeacon. For what function, excepting ordination, belongs to a bishop that does not also belong to a presbyter?" (Letter CXLVI).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley thus argued that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the Church of Alexandria, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>, was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone and was considered valid by that ancient Church.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hinson1995_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinson1995-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McClintockStrong1894_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintockStrong1894-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Bishop of London refused to ordain <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">ministers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British American colonies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-William_Joseph_Whalen_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Joseph_Whalen-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this constituted an emergency and as a result, on 2 September 1784, Wesley, along with a priest from the Anglican Church and two other elders,<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_Joseph_Cooke_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Joseph_Cooke_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating under the ancient Alexandrian habitude, ordained <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a> a superintendent, although Coke embraced the title bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Grant_Wilson,_John_Fiske_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Grant_Wilson,_John_Fiske_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abel_Stevens_–_Coke_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abel_Stevens_–_Coke-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Today, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> follows this ancient Alexandrian practice as bishops are elected from the presbyterate:<sup id="cite_ref-UMC_–_Election_of_a_Bishop_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMC_–_Election_of_a_Bishop-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">Discipline of the Methodist Church</a></i>, in ¶303, affirms that "ordination to this ministry is a gift from God to the Church. In ordination, the Church affirms and continues the apostolic ministry through persons empowered by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also cites Scripture in support of this practice, namely, 1 Timothy 4:14, which states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by the laying on of the hands of the <i>presbytery</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Sacred_Scripture_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Sacred_Scripture-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St. Paul of Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Methodist Church also buttresses this argument with the leg of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a> by citing the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, many of whom concur with this view.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers1_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers1-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Church_Fathers_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Church_Fathers-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the aforementioned arguments, in 1937 the annual Conference of the <a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="British Methodist Church">British Methodist Church</a> located the "true continuity" with the Church of past ages in "the continuity of Christian experience, the fellowship in the gift of the one Spirit; in the continuity in the allegiance to one Lord, the continued proclamation of the message; the continued acceptance of the mission;..." [through a long chain which goes back to] "the first disciples in the company of the Lord Himself ... This is our doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>" [which neither depends on, nor is secured by,] "an official succession of ministers, whether bishops or presbyters, from apostolic times, but rather by fidelity to apostolic truth".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated229_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated229-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer">Prayer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methodism has heavily emphasized "offerings of extempore and spontaneous prayer".<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols2012_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols2012-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, many <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> churches devote a portion of their Sunday evening service and mid-week Wednesday evening prayer meeting to having congregants share their prayer requests, in addition to hearing personal <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Religion" title="Testimony">testimonies</a> about their faith and experiences in living the Christian life.<sup id="cite_ref-POF1948_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POF1948-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After listening to various members of the congregation voice their prayer requests, congregants often kneel for <a href="/wiki/Intercession#Christianity" title="Intercession">intercessory prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WFMC2024_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFMC2024-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Methodism was known for its "almost monastic rigors, its living by rule, [and] its canonical hours of prayer".<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst1902_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst1902-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It inherited from its <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Anglican patrimony</a> the rubrics of reciting the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Office">Daily Office</a>, which Methodist Christians were expected to <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2019_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2019-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first prayer book of Methodism, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists with other occasional Services</a></i> thus included the canonical hours of both Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer; these services were observed everyday in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, though on the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>, worship included the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-Bercot2021_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bercot2021-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2019_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2019-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith2005_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith2005-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Methodist liturgical books, such as The Methodist Worship Book (1999) provide for Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer to be prayed daily; the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> encourages its communicants to pray the canonical hours as "one of the essential practices" of being a disciple of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Methodist religious orders publish the Daily Office to be used for that community, for example, <i>The Book of Offices and Services of The Order of Saint Luke</i> contains the canonical hours to be prayed traditionally at <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> (6 am), <a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a> (9 am), <a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a> (12 pm), <a href="/wiki/Nones_(liturgy)" title="Nones (liturgy)">None</a> (3 pm), <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> (6 pm), <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> (9 pm) and <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a> (12 am).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Methodist congregations offer daily Morning Prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outward_holiness">Outward holiness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Outward holiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Piety" class="mw-redirect" title="Works of Piety">Works of Piety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy#In_Methodism" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy § In Methodism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></div> <p>Early Methodists wore <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>, with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general".<sup id="cite_ref-Lyerly1998_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyerly1998-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley recommended that Methodists annually read his thoughts <i>On Dress</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that sermon, John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> congregation".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1858 Discipline of the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> thus stated that "we would ... enjoin on all who fear God plain dress".<sup id="cite_ref-America1858_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America1858-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(revivalist)" title="Peter Cartwright (revivalist)">Peter Cartwright</a>, a Methodist <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revivalist</a>, stated that in addition to wearing plain dress, the early Methodists distinguished themselves from other members of society by <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Methodism" title="Fasting">fasting</a> on Fridays, <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">abstaining from alcohol</a>, and devoutly <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism#Sunday_Sabbatarians" title="Sabbatarianism">observing the Sabbath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1825_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1825-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodist <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuit riders</a> were known for practicing the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice#Christianity" title="Spiritual practice">spiritual discipline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh#Methodism" title="Mortification of the flesh">mortifying the flesh</a> as they "arose well before dawn for solitary prayer; they remained on their knees <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Methodism" title="Fasting">without food or drink</a> or physical comforts sometimes for hours on end".<sup id="cite_ref-Bratt2012_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bratt2012-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Methodists did not participate in, and condemned, "worldly habits" including "playing cards, racing horses, gambling, attending the theater, dancing (both in frolics and balls), and cockfighting".<sup id="cite_ref-Lyerly1998_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyerly1998-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, many of these practices were gradually relaxed in mainline Methodism, although practices such as teetotalism and fasting are still very much encouraged, in addition to the current prohibition of gambling;<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denominations of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a>, continue to reflect the spirit of the historic Methodist practice of wearing plain dress, encouraging members in "abstaining from the wearing of extravagant hairstyles, jewelry—to include rings, and expensive clothing for any reason".<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EWC2015_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWC2015-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a>, which continues to observe the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">ordinance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">women's headcovering</a>, stipulates "renouncing all vain pomp and glory" and "adorning oneself with modest attire."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Rules of the Methodist Church in America, which are among the doctrinal standards of many Methodist Churches, promote first-day Sabbatarianism as they require "attending upon all the ordinances of God" including "the public worship of God" and prohibit "profaning the day of the Lord, either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling".<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2011_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2011-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbrahamKirby2009_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Teetotalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_Methodist_Temperance_Magazine_(Welsh_Journal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cardiff_Methodist_Temperance_Magazine_%28Welsh_Journal%29.jpg/220px-Cardiff_Methodist_Temperance_Magazine_%28Welsh_Journal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cardiff_Methodist_Temperance_Magazine_%28Welsh_Journal%29.jpg/330px-Cardiff_Methodist_Temperance_Magazine_%28Welsh_Journal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cardiff_Methodist_Temperance_Magazine_%28Welsh_Journal%29.jpg/440px-Cardiff_Methodist_Temperance_Magazine_%28Welsh_Journal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption><i>Methodist Temperance Magazine</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist</a> publication in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <p>John Wesley "laid foundations for Methodism's traditional call to abstain from beverage alcohol and its warnings about the use of drugs."<sup id="cite_ref-Yrigoyen2010_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yrigoyen2010-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesley referred to liquors as "certain, though slow, poison" and condemned those who sold it of leading people to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yrigoyen2010_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yrigoyen2010-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodist Churches are traditionally aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> and its call for <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker2011_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker2011-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Great Britain, both <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive Methodist">Primitive Methodists</a> championed the cause of temperance;<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1882_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1882-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Board_of_Temperance,_Prohibition,_and_Public_Morals" title="Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals">Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals</a> was later established in the United States to further the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler2018_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2018-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ¶91 of the 2014 <i>Discipline</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> summarizes the traditional practice of Methodists regarding their requirement of abstinence from alcohol and other drugs:<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We believe total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage to be the duty of all Christians. We heartily favor moral suasion and the gospel remedy to save men from the drink habit. We believe that law must be an adjunct of moral means in order to suppress the traffic side of this evil. We believe that the State and the citizen each has solemn responsibilities and duties to perform in regard to this evil. We believe that for the State to enact any law to license or tax the traffic, or derive revenues therefrom, is contrary to the policy of good government, and brings the State into guilty complicity with the traffic and all the evils growing out of it, and is also unscriptural and sinful in principle and ought to be opposed by every Christian and patriot. We therefore believe that the only true and proper remedy for the gigantic evil of the liquor traffic is its entire suppression; and that all our people and true Christians everywhere should pray and vote against this evil, and not suffer themselves to be controlled by or support political parties which are managed in the interest of the drink traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasting">Fasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fasting is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">works of piety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodism's principal liturgical book <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a> (put together by John Wesley), as well as The Directions Given to Band Societies (25 December 1744) by John Wesley, mandate <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Methodism" title="Fasting">fasting</a> and abstinence from meat on all Fridays of the year (in remembrance of the crucifixion of Jesus).<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley1825_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley1825-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKnight2010_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKnight2010-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1815Crowther_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1815Crowther-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesley himself also kept the Eucharistic Fast, thus <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline" title="Eucharistic discipline">fasting before receiving Holy Communion</a> "for the purpose of focusing his attention on God," and asked other Methodist Christians to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_Gospel">Law and Gospel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Law and Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments § Methodist</a></div> <p>John Wesley admonished Methodist preachers to emphasize both the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and the Gospel</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Seedbed2016_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seedbed2016-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Undoubtedly both should be preached in their turn; yea, both at once, or both in one. All the conditional promises are instances of this. They are law and gospel mixed together. According to this model, I should advise every preacher continually to preach the law — the law grafted upon, tempered by, and animated with the spirit of the gospel. I advise him to declare explain, and enforce every command of God. But meantime to declare in every sermon (and the more explicitly the better) that the flint and great command to a Christian is, 'Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ': that Christ is all in all, our wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption; that all life, love, strength are from Him alone, and all freely given to us through faith. And it will ever be found that the law thus preached both enlightens and strengthens the soul; that it both nourishes and teaches; that it is the guide, 'food, medicine, and stay' of the believing soul.<sup id="cite_ref-Seedbed2016_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seedbed2016-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Methodism makes a distinction between the ceremonial law and the moral law that is the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> given to Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dayton1991-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Methodist Christianity, the moral law is the "fundamental ontological principle of the universe" and "is grounded in eternity", being "engraved on human hearts by the finger of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dayton1991-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contradistinction to the teaching of the Lutheran Churches, the Methodist Churches bring the Law and the Gospel together in a profound sense: "the law is grace and through it we discover the good news of the way life is intended to be lived."<sup id="cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dayton1991-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Wesley, the father of the Methodist tradition taught:<sup id="cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dayton1991-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... there is no contrariety at all between the law and the gospel; ... there is no need for the law to pass away in order to the establishing of the gospel. Indeed neither of them supersedes the other, but they agree perfectly well together. Yea, the very same words, considered in different respects, are parts both of the law and the gospel. If they are considered as commandments, they are parts of the law: if as promises, of the gospel. Thus, 'Thou shalt love the Lord the God with all thy heart,' when considered as a commandment, is a branch of the law; when regarded as a promise, is an essential part of the gospel-the gospel being no other than the commands of the law proposed by way of promises. Accordingly poverty of spirit, purity of heart, and whatever else is enjoined in the holy law of God, are no other, when viewed in a gospel light, than so many great and precious promises. There is therefore the closest connection that can be conceived between the law and the gospel. On the one hand the law continually makes way for and points us to the gospel; on the other the gospel continually leads us to a more exact fulfilling of the law .... We may yet further observe that every command in Holy Writ is only a covered promise. (Sermon 25, "Sermon on the Mount, V," II, 2, 3)<sup id="cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dayton1991-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunday_Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sunday Sabbatarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism#Methodist_Churches" title="Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarianism § Methodist Churches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy#Methodist_views" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy § Methodist views</a></div> <p>The early Methodists were known for "religiously keeping the Sabbath day".<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright1857_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright1857-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regarded "keeping the Lord's Day as a duty, a delight, and a <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Rules of the Methodist Church require "attending upon all the ordinances of God" including "the public worship of God" and prohibit "profaning the day of the Lord, either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling".<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbrahamKirby2009_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarian">Sunday Sabbatarian</a> practices of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> in Great Britain are described by Jonathan Crowther in <i>A Portraiture of Methodism</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They believe it to be their duty to keep the first day of the week as a sabbath. This, before Christ, was on the last day of the week; but from the time of his resurrection, was changed into the first day of the week, and is in scripture called, <i>The Lord's Day</i>, and is to be continued to the end of the world as the Christian sabbath. This they believe to be set apart by God, and for his worship by a <i>positive</i>, <i>moral</i>, and <i>perpetual</i> commandment. And they think it to be agreeable to the law of nature, as well as divine institution, that a due proportion of time should be set apart for the worship of God. ... This day ought to be kept holy unto the Lord, and men and women ought so to order their affairs, and prepare their hearts, that they may not only have a holy rest on that day, from worldly employments, words, and thoughts, but spend the day in the public and private duties of piety. No part of the day should be employed in any other way, except in works of mercy and necessity. On this day, they believe it to be their duty to worship God, and that not only in form, but at the same time in spirit and in truth. Therefore, they employ themselves in prayer and thanksgiving, in reading and meditating on the scriptures, in hearing the public preaching of God's word, in singing psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs, in Christian conversation, and in commemorating the dying love of the Lord Jesus Christ. ... And with them it is a prevailing idea, that God must be worshipped in <i>spirit</i>, daily, in private families, in the closet, and in the public assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Churches_upholding_Wesleyan_theology">Churches upholding Wesleyan theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Churches upholding Wesleyan theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">List of Methodist denominations</a></div> <p>Methodism began as a reform movement within the Church of England, and, for a while, it remained as such. The movement separated itself from its "mother church" and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in America and the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> in Britain (as distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodism">Calvinistic Methodism</a>). Many divisions occurred within the Methodist Episcopal Church in the 19th century, mostly over attitudes towards slavery (though doctrinally, opposition to slavery is one of the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy#In_Methodism" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Smedley2005_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smedley2005-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these schisms healed in the early 20th century, and many of the splinter Methodist groups came together by 1939 to form the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">Methodist Church</a>. In 1968, the Methodist Church joined with the Radical Pietist <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_United_Brethren_Church" title="Evangelical United Brethren Church">Evangelical United Brethren Church</a> to form <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest Methodist church in America. Other groups include the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Methodist_Church" title="Congregational Methodist Church">Congregational Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church" title="Evangelical Methodist Church">Evangelical Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Methodist_Church" title="Global Methodist Church">Global Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lumber_River_Conference_of_the_Holiness_Methodist_Church" title="Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church">Holiness Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Protestant_Church" title="Methodist Protestant Church">Methodist Protestant Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist_Church" title="Primitive Methodist Church">Primitive Methodist Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_Church" title="Southern Methodist Church">Southern Methodist Church</a>. There are also various <a href="/wiki/Independent_Methodist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Independent Methodist (disambiguation)">Independent Methodist</a> associations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a>. </p><p>In 19th-century America, a dissension arose over the nature of <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>. Those who believed that entire sanctification could occur both instantaneously or could result from progressive sanctification culminating in Christian perfection, remained within the mainline Methodist Churches; others, however, heavily emphasized the instantaneous nature of entire sanctification. The latter line of thought came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a> and while many of those who supported it remained in mainline Methodism (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Asbury_Theological_Seminary" title="Asbury Theological Seminary">Asbury Theological Seminary</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Winn_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others began the various holiness churches,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Holiness)" title="Church of God (Holiness)">Church of God (Holiness)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (Anderson)">Church of God (Anderson)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Christian_Union" title="Churches of Christ in Christian Union">Churches of Christ in Christian Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a>, which later merged with the Pilgrim Holiness Church to form the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a>, which is present today. Other holiness groups, which also rejected the competing Pentecostal movement, merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> is another Wesleyan-Holiness group which traces its roots to early Methodism. The Salvation Army's founders Catherine and William Booth founded the organization to stress <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">social action</a> when William was a minister in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Reform_Church" title="Methodist Reform Church">Methodist Reform Church</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>, including denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_Methodist_Connection_of_Churches" title="Bible Methodist Connection of Churches">Bible Methodist Connection of Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a>, emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries to herald many of the strict standards of primitive Methodism, including <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">temperance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_religions">Relationship with other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Relationship with other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Christianity">Islam and Christianity</a></div> <p>John Wesley's statements against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic faith">Islamic faith</a> are well known. Wesley assumed the superiority of Christianity vis-a-vis to Islam, based on his commitment to the biblical revelation as "the book of God". His theologic interpretation of Christianity was seeking its imperative rather than considering other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern religion">Eastern religions</a> to be equal. He often regarded the lifestyles of Muslims as an "ox goad" to prick the collective Christian conscience (cf. Acts 9 :5). Furthermore, his Anglo-centrism and common lay preaching had pulled future Methodist churches in conflict with other world religions.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist#Methodist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist § Methodist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWesley" class="citation web cs1">Wesley, John. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Forty-four_Sermons">"John Wesley's Forty-Four Sermons"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/WikiSource" class="mw-redirect" title="WikiSource">WikiSource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley%27s+Forty-Four+Sermons&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FForty-four_Sermons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danker2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Danker2024_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanker2024" class="citation web cs1">Danker, Ryan N. (15 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seedbed.com/a-wesleyan-account-of-sanctifying-grace/">"A Wesleyan Account of Sanctifying Grace"</a>. Seedbed<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Wesleyan+Account+of+Sanctifying+Grace&rft.pub=Seedbed&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft.aulast=Danker&rft.aufirst=Ryan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseedbed.com%2Fa-wesleyan-account-of-sanctifying-grace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaviesGeorge2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DaviesGeorge2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaviesGeorge2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesGeorgeRupp2017" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Rupert E.; George, A. Raymond; Rupp, Gordon (14 June 2017). <i>A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, Volume Three</i>. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532630507" title="Special:BookSources/9781532630507"><bdi>9781532630507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Methodist+Church+in+Great+Britain%2C+Volume+Three&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft.isbn=9781532630507&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Rupert+E.&rft.au=George%2C+A.+Raymond&rft.au=Rupp%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529053529/http://ucmpage.org/sgca/wesley01.htm">"Wesleyan Heritage Series: Entire Sanctification"</a>. South Georgia Confessing Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucmpage.org/sgca/wesley01.htm">the original</a> on 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesleyan+Heritage+Series%3A+Entire+Sanctification&rft.pub=South+Georgia+Confessing+Association&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucmpage.org%2Fsgca%2Fwesley01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton2005_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2005" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (1 January 2005). <i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816069835" title="Special:BookSources/9780816069835"><bdi>9780816069835</bdi></a>. <q>Among the items deleted by Wesley as unnecessary for Methodists were articles on "Of Works Before Justification," which in Calvinism are largely discounted, but in Methodism lauded; "Of Predestination and Election," which Wesley felt would be understood in a Calvinist manner that the Methodists rejected; and "Of the Traditions of the Church," which Wesley felt to be no longer at issue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=9780816069835&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FMC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMC_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmcsb.org/event/2019/10/6/encounter-wesleyan-quadrilateral-tradition">"Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Tradition"</a>. Free Methodist Church of Santa Barbara. 6 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesleyan+Quadrilateral%3A+Tradition&rft.pub=Free+Methodist+Church+of+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmcsb.org%2Fevent%2F2019%2F10%2F6%2Fencounter-wesleyan-quadrilateral-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynkoop1967chap._3,_Wesleyan-Arminianism-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynkoop1967chap._3,_Wesleyan-Arminianism_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynkoop1967">Wynkoop 1967</a>, chap. 3, Wesleyan-Arminianism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StanglinMcCall2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StanglinMcCall2012_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanglinMcCall2012_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanglinMcCall2012_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (2012). <i>Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199755677" title="Special:BookSources/9780199755677"><bdi>9780199755677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Arminius%3A+Theologian+of+Grace&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199755677&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer2006Ch._Wesleyan-Arminian_theology-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayer2006Ch._Wesleyan-Arminian_theology_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayer2006">Sayer 2006</a>, Ch. Wesleyan-Arminian theology. "Evangelical Wesleyan-Arminianism has as its center the merger of both Wesley's concept of holiness and Arminianism's emphasis on synergistic soteriology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1858" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Abel (1858). <i>The History of the Religious Movement of the Eighteenth Century, called Methodism</i>. Vol. 1. London: Carlton & Porter. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Religious+Movement+of+the+Eighteenth+Century%2C+called+Methodism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Carlton+%26+Porter&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Abel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECracknellWhite2005100-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknellWhite2005100_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECracknellWhite2005100_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCracknellWhite2005">Cracknell & White 2005</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Thorsen, Don (2005). <i>The Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Scripture, Tradition, Reason, & Experience as a Model of Evangelical Theology</i>. Lexington, Ky: Emeth Press. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wesleyan+Quadrilateral%3A+Scripture%2C+Tradition%2C+Reason%2C+%26+Experience+as+a+Model+of+Evangelical+Theology&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Ky&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Emeth+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Thorsen&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrider198253–55-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrider198253–55_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrider1982">Grider 1982</a>, pp. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBounds201150&#x200c;-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds201150&#x200c;_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds201150&#x200c;_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBounds2011">Bounds 2011</a>, p. 50, ‌.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBounds201150-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBounds201150_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBounds2011">Bounds 2011</a>, p. 50. "The American Holiness movement, influenced heavily by the revivalism of Charles Finney, inculcated some of his Soft Semi-Pelagian tendencies among their preachers and teachers [...] This has provided critics of Wesleyan theology with fodder by which they pigeonhole inaccurately larger Wesleyan thought."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrider198255-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrider198255_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrider1982">Grider 1982</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winn-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2007" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Christian T. Collins (2007). <i>From the Margins: A Celebration of the Theological Work of Donald W. Dayton</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630878320" title="Special:BookSources/9781630878320"><bdi>9781630878320</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to these separate denominational groupings, one needs to give attention to the large pockets of the Holiness movement that have remained within the United Methodist Church. The most influential of these would be the circles dominated by Asbury College and Asbury Theological Seminary (both in Wilmore, KY), but one could speak of other colleges, innumerable local campmeetings, the vestiges of various local Holiness associations, independent Holiness oriented missionary societies and the like that have had great impact within United Methodism. A similar pattern would exist in England with the role of Cliff College within Methodism in that context.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Margins%3A+A+Celebration+of+the+Theological+Work+of+Donald+W.+Dayton&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781630878320&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Christian+T.+Collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayton" class="citation web cs1">Dayton, Donald W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.religion-online.org/article/the-holiness-and-pentecostal-churches-emerging-from-cultural-isolation/">"The Holiness and Pentecostal Churches: Emerging from Cultural Isolation –"</a>. <i>www.religion-online.org</i>. Religion Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.religion-online.org&rft.atitle=The+Holiness+and+Pentecostal+Churches%3A+Emerging+from+Cultural+Isolation+%E2%80%93&rft.aulast=Dayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-holiness-and-pentecostal-churches-emerging-from-cultural-isolation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight_III2010" class="citation book cs1">Knight III, Henry H., ed. (2010). <i>From Aldersgate to Azusa Street: Wesleyan, Holiness, and Pentecostal visions of the new creation</i>. Eugene, Or. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1630876562" title="Special:BookSources/978-1630876562"><bdi>978-1630876562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Aldersgate+to+Azusa+Street%3A+Wesleyan%2C+Holiness%2C+and+Pentecostal+visions+of+the+new+creation&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Or.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1630876562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHAC2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHAC2017_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Declaration of Principles: Manual of the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Holiness_Association_of_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches">Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches</a>. 2017. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Principles%3A+Manual+of+the+Wesleyan+Holiness+Association+of+Churches&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Holiness+Association+of+Churches&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwell1998-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1998_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1998_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwellRothwell1998" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, Mel-Thomas; Rothwell, Helen F. (1998). <i>A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts</i>. Schmul Publishing Co. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catechism+on+the+Christian+Religion%3A+The+Doctrines+of+Christianity+with+Special+Emphasis+on+Wesleyan+Concepts&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Schmul+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Mel-Thomas&rft.au=Rothwell%2C+Helen+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whidden2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhidden2005" class="citation web cs1">Whidden, Woodrow W. (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630044749/https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">"Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection"</a>. Biblical Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">the original</a> on 30 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventist+Theology%3A+The+Wesleyan+Connection&rft.pub=Biblical+Research+Institute&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.aulast=Whidden&rft.aufirst=Woodrow+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fes%2Fnode%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wesley, The Works of John Wesley, Third Edition., vol. 12 (London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room, 1872), 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wesley, <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a>, Fourth American Edition. (New York: J. Soule and T. Mason, 1818), 661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2007_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Darren Cushman (2007). "John Wesley's Use of Atonement". <i>The Asbury Journal</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 55–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asbury+Journal&rft.atitle=John+Wesley%27s+Use+of+Atonement&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-70&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Darren+Cushman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallalieu1903-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallalieu1903_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallalieu1903_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallalieu1903" class="citation book cs1">Mallalieu, Willard Francis (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fullnessofblessi00mall"><i>The Fullness of the Blessing of the Gospel of Christ</i></a>. Jennings and Pye. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fullnessofblessi00mall/page/28">28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fullness+of+the+Blessing+of+the+Gospel+of+Christ&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Jennings+and+Pye&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Mallalieu&rft.aufirst=Willard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffullnessofblessi00mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsonTrim2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsonTrim2012_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonTrim2012" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Edward W.; Trim, Peggy, eds. (2012). <i>The Evangelical Methodist Church Catechism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church" title="Evangelical Methodist Church">Evangelical Methodist Church</a>. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Catechism&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Evangelical+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POF1948-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POF1948_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POF1948_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POF1948_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POF1948_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POF1948_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Catechism of the Pillar of Fire Church</i>. Pillar of Fire Church. 1948. pp. 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Pillar+of+Fire+Church&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Pillar+of+Fire+Church&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmanuel2002-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches</i>. <a href="/wiki/Logansport,_Indiana" title="Logansport, Indiana">Logansport</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Association">Emmanuel Association</a>. 2002. pp. 7–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidebook+of+the+Emmanuel+Association+of+Churches&rft.place=Logansport&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Emmanuel+Association&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyner2007-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joyner2007_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joyner2007_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner2007" class="citation book cs1">Joyner, F. Belton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wH-h0WQ0aEC&pg=PA39"><i>United Methodist Questions, United Methodist Answers: Exploring Christian Faith</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664230395" title="Special:BookSources/9780664230395"><bdi>9780664230395</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>The new birth is necessary for salvation because it marks the move toward holiness. That comes with faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodist+Questions%2C+United+Methodist+Answers%3A+Exploring+Christian+Faith&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780664230395&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=F.+Belton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wH-h0WQ0aEC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahlbusch2008-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch2008_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch2008_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch2008" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824172" title="Special:BookSources/9780802824172"><bdi>9780802824172</bdi></a>. <q>Methodist 'synergism' is grounded in the conviction that in the justification begun in the new birth (the beginning of the divine work), there will have to be 'appropriate fruits.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802824172&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElwell2001">Elwell 2001</a>, p. 1268. "[Wesley] states what justification is not. It is not being made actually just and righteous (that is sanctification). It is not being cleared of the accusations of Satan, nor of the law, nor even of God. We have sinned, so the accusation stands. Justification implies pardon, the forgiveness of sins. [...] Ultimately for the true Wesleyan salvation is completed by our return to original righteousness. This is done by the work of the Holy Spirit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyner-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joyner_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner2007" class="citation book cs1">Joyner, F. Belton (2007). <i>United Methodist Answers</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664230395" title="Special:BookSources/9780664230395"><bdi>9780664230395</bdi></a>. <q>Jacob Albright, founder of the movement that led to the Evangelical Church flow in The United Methodist Church, got into trouble with some of his Lutheran, Reformed, and Mennonite neighbors because he insisted that salvation not only involved ritual but meant a change of heart, a different way of living.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodist+Answers&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780664230395&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=F.+Belton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ted A. (1 October 2011). <i>Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials, 2nd Edition</i>. Abingdon Press. pp. 40, 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426753473" title="Special:BookSources/9781426753473"><bdi>9781426753473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Doctrine%3A+The+Essentials%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=40%2C+68-69&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft.isbn=9781426753473&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ted+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268&#x200c;-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwell20011268&#x200c;_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElwell2001">Elwell 2001</a>, p. 1268, ‌. "The Wesleyan tradition insists that grace is not contrasted with law but with the works of the law. Wesleyans remind us that Jesus came to fulfill, not destroy the law. God made us in his perfect image, and he wants that image restored. He wants to return us to a full and perfect obedience through the process of sanctification. [...] Good works follow after justification as its inevitable fruit. Wesley insisted that Methodists who did not fulfill all righteousness deserved the hottest place in the lake of fire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2013-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2013_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2013_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight_III2013" class="citation web cs1">Knight III, Henry H. (9 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalystresources.org/wesley-on-faith-and-good-works/">"Wesley on Faith and Good Works"</a>. AFTE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesley+on+Faith+and+Good+Works&rft.pub=AFTE&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.aulast=Knight+III&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalystresources.org%2Fwesley-on-faith-and-good-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2014" class="citation web cs1">Wagner, Amy (20 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalystresources.org/wesley-on-faith-love-and-salvation/">"Wesley on Faith, Love, and Salvation"</a>. AFTE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesley+on+Faith%2C+Love%2C+and+Salvation&rft.pub=AFTE&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalystresources.org%2Fwesley-on-faith-love-and-salvation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan1997-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Synan1997_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynan1997" class="citation book cs1">Synan, Vinson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-npoRWoZuUC&pg=PA152"><i>The Holiness-Pentecostal tradition: Charismatic movements in the twentieth century</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4103-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4103-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holiness-Pentecostal+tradition%3A+Charismatic+movements+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4103-2&rft.aulast=Synan&rft.aufirst=Vinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-npoRWoZuUC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes1998-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes1998_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1998" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Mack B. (1998). <i>Major United Methodist Beliefs</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687082124" title="Special:BookSources/9780687082124"><bdi>9780687082124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+United+Methodist+Beliefs&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780687082124&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Mack+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer2016-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2016_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2016_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2016" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, M. James (11 April 2016). <i>The Survivor's Guide to Theology</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498294058" title="Special:BookSources/9781498294058"><bdi>9781498294058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survivor%27s+Guide+to+Theology&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.isbn=9781498294058&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=M.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennent2011" class="citation web cs1">Tennent, Timothy (9 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timothytennent.com/2011/07/09/means-of-grace-why-i-am-a-methodist-and-an-evangelical-part-3/">"Means of Grace: Why I am a Methodist and an Evangelical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asbury_Theological_Seminary" title="Asbury Theological Seminary">Asbury Theological Seminary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Means+of+Grace%3A+Why+I+am+a+Methodist+and+an+Evangelical&rft.pub=Asbury+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=2011-07-09&rft.aulast=Tennent&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimothytennent.com%2F2011%2F07%2F09%2Fmeans-of-grace-why-i-am-a-methodist-and-an-evangelical-part-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Scott J. (2002). <i>United Methodist Doctrine</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687034857" title="Special:BookSources/9780687034857"><bdi>9780687034857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodist+Doctrine&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780687034857&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Scott+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langford2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langford2011_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangfordLangford2011" class="citation book cs1">Langford, Andy; Langford, Sally (2011). <i>Living as United Methodist Christians: Our Story, Our Beliefs, Our Lives</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426711930" title="Special:BookSources/9781426711930"><bdi>9781426711930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+as+United+Methodist+Christians%3A+Our+Story%2C+Our+Beliefs%2C+Our+Lives&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781426711930&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Langford%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427002238/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1651">"The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church XVI-XVIII"</a>. <i>The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church</i>. The United Methodist Church. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1651">the original</a> on 27 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Article XVII—Of Baptism: Baptism is not only a sign of profession and mark of difference whereby Christians are distinguished from others that are not baptized; but it is also a sign of regeneration or the new birth. The Baptism of young children is to be retained in the Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Book+of+Discipline+of+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=The+Articles+of+Religion+of+the+Methodist+Church+XVI-XVIII&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D1%26mid%3D1651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA137"><i>The Methodist Visitor</i></a>. Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, E.C. 1876. p. 137. <q>Ye must be born again." Yield to God that He may perform this work in and for you. Admit Him to your heart. "Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+Visitor&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Elliot+Stock%2C+62%2C+Paternoster+Row%2C+E.C.&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEAEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RicheyRowe1993-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RicheyRowe1993_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicheyRoweSchmidt1993" class="citation book cs1">Richey, Russell E.; Rowe, Kenneth E.; Schmidt, Jean Miller (19 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P1vuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Perspectives on American Methodism: interpretive essays</i></a>. Kingswood Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687307821" title="Special:BookSources/9780687307821"><bdi>9780687307821</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+American+Methodism%3A+interpretive+essays&rft.pub=Kingswood+Books&rft.date=1993-01-19&rft.isbn=9780687307821&rft.aulast=Richey&rft.aufirst=Russell+E.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Jean+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP1vuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson2022-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson2022_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson2022_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2022" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Mark K. (4 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wesleyscholar.com/john-wesley-on-sin-and-holiness/">"John Wesley on Sin and Holiness"</a>. Wesley Scholar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+on+Sin+and+Holiness&rft.pub=Wesley+Scholar&rft.date=2022-06-04&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwesleyscholar.com%2Fjohn-wesley-on-sin-and-holiness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintockStrong2024-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClintockStrong2024_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClintockStrong2024_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/M/methodists-free.html">"Methodists, Free"</a>. McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodists%2C+Free&rft.pub=McClintock+and+Strong+Biblical+Cyclopedia+Online&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalcyclopedia.com%2FM%2Fmethodists-free.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long2012-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long2012_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2012" class="citation book cs1">Long, D. Stephen (1 March 2012). <i>Keeping Faith: An Ecumenical Commentary on the Articles of Religion and Confession of Faith in the Wesleyan Tradition</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-416-2"><bdi>978-1-62189-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+Faith%3A+An+Ecumenical+Commentary+on+the+Articles+of+Religion+and+Confession+of+Faith+in+the+Wesleyan+Tradition&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-416-2&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=D.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.ca/cr-methodist.htm">"Articles of Religion"</a>. The Interactive Bible<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Religion&rft.pub=The+Interactive+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.ca%2Fcr-methodist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the rubric for the hymn in the 1935 (U.S.) Methodist hymn book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2008-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2008_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2008" class="citation book cs1">White, Charles E. (2 September 2008). <i>The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist and Humanitarian</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-2173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-2173-4"><bdi>978-1-7252-2173-4</bdi></a>. <q>Wesley also taught that Christians experience several distinct acts of God's grace as they grow into the image of Christ. Two of these acts of grace are justification and entire sanctification. Justification occurs when a sinner is forgiven, regenerated, and made right with God. Entire sanctification happens when the carnal nature within a Christian is finally destroyed, and the believer is then enabled to love God with the whole heart, soul, mind, and strength. Entire sanctification makes Christians perfect in their love for God, but in now other way. Their hearts are so filled with the love of God that there is no room for a contrary affection. Hence they are sinless in that while in this state they do not willingly violate the known law of God. Although believers' hearts are filled with love and freed from sin, sanctified people still suffer the effects of sin on their minds and bodies. They are not free from errors in judgment or mistakes in action. Thus, they continually need the blood of Christ to cleanse them from these accidental "fallings short of the glory of God."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beauty+of+Holiness%3A+Phoebe+Palmer+as+Theologian%2C+Revivalist%2C+Feminist+and+Humanitarian&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-2173-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wesley, The Works of John Wesley, Third Edition., vol. 12 (London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room, 1872), 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexanderFerguson1988-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderFerguson1988_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderFerguson1988" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Donald L.; Ferguson, Sinclair B. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianspiritu00alex"><i>Christian spirituality: five views of sanctification</i></a></span>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianspiritu00alex/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1278-3"><bdi>978-0-8308-1278-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+spirituality%3A+five+views+of+sanctification&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1278-3&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Sinclair+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianspiritu00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis2006-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curtis2006_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2006" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Harold (2006-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvd5DJ3ibVkC&pg=PA86"><i>Following the Cloud: A Vision of the Convergence of Science and the Church</i></a>. Harold Curtis. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4196-4571-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4196-4571-6"><bdi>978-1-4196-4571-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+the+Cloud%3A+A+Vision+of+the+Convergence+of+Science+and+the+Church&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Harold+Curtis&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4196-4571-6&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnvd5DJ3ibVkC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southey1820-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southey1820_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthey1820" class="citation book cs1">Southey, Robert (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifewesleyandri04soutgoog"><i>The life of Wesley: and the rise and progress of Methodism</i></a>. Evert Duyckinck and George Long; Clayton & Kingsland, printers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifewesleyandri04soutgoog/page/n265">80</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Wesley%3A+and+the+rise+and+progress+of+Methodism&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Evert+Duyckinck+and+George+Long%3B+Clayton+%26+Kingsland%2C+printers&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Southey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifewesleyandri04soutgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches</i>. <a href="/wiki/Logansport,_Indiana" title="Logansport, Indiana">Logansport</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Association">Emmanuel Association</a>. 2002. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidebook+of+the+Emmanuel+Association+of+Churches&rft.place=Logansport&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Emmanuel+Association&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruth2017-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruth2017_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth2017" class="citation web cs1">Ruth, C.W. (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbs.edu/consecration-the-human-side-of-sanctification/">"Consecration: The Human Side of Sanctification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Bible_School_and_College" title="God's Bible School and College">God's Bible College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consecration%3A+The+Human+Side+of+Sanctification&rft.pub=God%27s+Bible+College&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Ruth&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbs.edu%2Fconsecration-the-human-side-of-sanctification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinson2002-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinson2002_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Pinson, J. Matthew (2002). <i>Four Views on Eternal Security</i>. Harper Collins. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310234395" title="Special:BookSources/9780310234395"><bdi>9780310234395</bdi></a>. <q>While for Arminius loss of salvation came only through ceasing to believe in Christ, Wesleyans held that it could result from eiter unbelief or unconfessed sin. ... Anabaptists (e.g., Mennonites, Brethren) and Restorationists (e.g., the Churches of Christ, Christian Churches, Disciples of Christ) have traditionally tended towards doctrines of salvation similar to that of Wesleyan Arminianism—without affirming a "second blessing" and entire sanctification. There have always been some in these groups, however, who has espoused a view more akin to Reformed Arminianism. Many traditional Lutherans also affirm the possibility of apostasy and reconversion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Views+on+Eternal+Security&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780310234395&rft.aulast=Pinson&rft.aufirst=J.+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2016-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2016_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Jeff (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/meet-a-reformed-arminian/">"Meet a Reformed Arminian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_Coalition" title="The Gospel Coalition">The Gospel Coalition</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Reformed Arminianism's understanding of apostasy veers from the Wesleyan notion that individuals may repeatedly fall from grace by committing individual sins and may be repeatedly restored to a state of grace through penitence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+a+Reformed+Arminian&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fmeet-a-reformed-arminian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Jeff (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/meet-a-reformed-arminian/">"Meet a Reformed Arminian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_Coalition" title="The Gospel Coalition">The Gospel Coalition</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Reformed Arminianism's understanding of apostasy veers from the Wesleyan notion that individuals may repeatedly fall from grace by committing individual sins and may be repeatedly restored to a state of grace through penitence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+a+Reformed+Arminian&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fmeet-a-reformed-arminian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaugheyAllen1850-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaugheyAllen1850_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaugheyAllen1850" class="citation book cs1">Caughey, James; Allen, Ralph William (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodisminearn00wisegoog"><i>Methodism in Earnest</i></a>. Charles H. Peirce. <q>She had lost the blessing of entire sanctification; but a few days after this she obtained it again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism+in+Earnest&rft.pub=Charles+H.+Peirce&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Caughey&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Allen%2C+Ralph+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmethodisminearn00wisegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2008-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2008_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Allan P. (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/">"Questions About Entire Sanctification"</a>. <i>God's Bible School & College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Does an entirely sanctified person who rebels against God but later comes back to Him need to be entirely sanctified again? We do know that a person can rebel against God and later turn back in repentance and then be "re-saved." Answer: Yes. To come back to God is the action of a backslider having his re in need of continual cleansing. The verb "cleanses us" is a present indica-relationship with God restored. After the restoration, one must walk in the light and obey Romans 12:1 and offer himself a living, holy, and acceptable sacrifice to God. This can be done only by a person in right relationship with God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=God%27s+Bible+School+%26+College&rft.atitle=Questions+About+Entire+Sanctification&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Allan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbs.edu%2Fquestions-about-entire-sanctification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucer-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bucer_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bucer_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucher2014" class="citation web cs1">Bucher, Richard P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725061927/http://www.orlutheran.com/html/methodism.html">"Methodism"</a>. Lexington: Lutheran Church Missouri Synod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlutheran.com/html/methodism.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodism&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church+Missouri+Synod&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bucher&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlutheran.com%2Fhtml%2Fmethodism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/aldersgateflame.htm">"John Wesley's Conversion Place Memorial – The 'Aldersgate Flame'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Methodist Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley%27s+Conversion+Place+Memorial+%E2%80%93+The+%27Aldersgate+Flame%27&rft.pub=Methodist+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodistheritage.org.uk%2Faldersgateflame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/journal.vi.ii.xvi.html">"I Felt My Heart Strangely Warmed"</a>. Journal of John Wesley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Works of John Wesley</i>, 10:288. In his Sermon: "The Repentance of Believers," Wesley proclaimed, "For, by that faith in his life, death, and intercession for us, renewed from moment to moment, we are every whit clean, and there is ... now no condemnation for us ... By the same faith we feel the power of Christ every moment resting upon us ... whereby we are enabled to continue in spiritual life ... As long as we retain our faith in him, we 'draw water out of the wells of salvation'" (<i>The Works of John Wesley</i>, 5:167).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Works of John Wesley</i>, 10:297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Works of John Wesley</i>, 10:298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodes2014-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodes2014_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodes2014" class="citation book cs1">Rodes, Stanley J. (25 September 2014). <i>From Faith to Faith: John Wesley's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation</i>. James Clarke & Co. pp. 7, 62–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227902202" title="Special:BookSources/9780227902202"><bdi>9780227902202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Faith+to+Faith%3A+John+Wesley%27s+Covenant+Theology+and+the+Way+of+Salvation&rft.pages=7%2C+62-76&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft.isbn=9780227902202&rft.aulast=Rodes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley" class="citation web cs1">Wesley, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-6-the-righteousness-of-faith/">"Sermon 6 – The Righteousness Of Faith"</a>. The Wesley Center Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sermon+6+%E2%80%93+The+Righteousness+Of+Faith&rft.pub=The+Wesley+Center+Online&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fjohn-wesley%2Fthe-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition%2Fsermon-6-the-righteousness-of-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther1815-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther1815_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther1815_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1815" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Jonathan (1815). <i>A Portraiture of Methodism</i>. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portraiture+of+Methodism&rft.pages=224&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley1863-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1863_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1863" class="citation book cs1">Newton, William F. (1863). <i>The Magazine of the Wesleyan Methodist Church</i>. J. Fry & Company. p. 673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magazine+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodist+Church&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=J.+Fry+%26+Company&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2007" class="citation web cs1">Bloom, Linda (20 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531215408/http://www.umc.org/who-we-are/vatican-stance-nothing-new-say-church-leader">"Vatican stance "nothing new" say church leader"</a>. The United Methodist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/who-we-are/vatican-stance-nothing-new-say-church-leader">the original</a> on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+stance+%22nothing+new%22+say+church+leader&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwho-we-are%2Fvatican-stance-nothing-new-say-church-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._Abraham2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Abraham" title="William J. Abraham">William J. Abraham</a> (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peopleneedjesus.net/2016/08/25/the-birth-pangs-of-united-methodism-as-a-unique-global-orthodox-denomination/">"The Birth Pangs of United Methodism as a Unique, Global, Orthodox Denomination"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+Pangs+of+United+Methodism+as+a+Unique%2C+Global%2C+Orthodox+Denomination&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.au=William+J.+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeopleneedjesus.net%2F2016%2F08%2F25%2Fthe-birth-pangs-of-united-methodism-as-a-unique-global-orthodox-denomination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revelation-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revelation_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revelation_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKülli_Tõniste2021" class="citation journal cs1">Külli Tõniste (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2527&&context=asburyjournal&&sei-redir=1">"John Wesley on the Book of Revelation"</a>. <i>The Asbury Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 227–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asbury+Journal&rft.atitle=John+Wesley+on+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-245&rft.date=2021&rft.au=K%C3%BClli+T%C3%B5niste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplace.asburyseminary.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2527%26%26context%3Dasburyjournal%26%26sei-redir%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dragos2012-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dragos2012_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragos2012" class="citation web cs1">Dragos, Andrew (8 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seedbed.com/how-prevenient-grace-shapes-our-missional-presence/">"How Prevenient Grace Shapes Our Missional Presence"</a>. Seedbed<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Prevenient+Grace+Shapes+Our+Missional+Presence&rft.pub=Seedbed&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.aulast=Dragos&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseedbed.com%2Fhow-prevenient-grace-shapes-our-missional-presence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torpy2009-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torpy2009_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorpy2009" class="citation book cs1">Torpy, Arthur Alan (26 October 2009). <i>The Prevenient Piety of Samuel Wesley, Sr</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7082-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-7082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prevenient+Piety+of+Samuel+Wesley%2C+Sr.&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7082-6&rft.aulast=Torpy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMC1986-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMC1986_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMC1986_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Discipline of the Immanuel Missionary Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/Shoals,_Indiana" title="Shoals, Indiana">Shoals, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Missionary_Church" title="Immanuel Missionary Church">Immanuel Missionary Church</a>. 1986. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discipline+of+the+Immanuel+Missionary+Church&rft.place=Shoals%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Immanuel+Missionary+Church&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor2003" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, G. Howard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://methodistevangelicals.org.uk/resources/wesleyan-quadrilateral">"The Wesleyan Quadrilateral"</a>. <i>Methodist Evangelicals Together</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Methodist+Evangelicals+Together&rft.atitle=The+Wesleyan+Quadrilateral&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=G.+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmethodistevangelicals.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fwesleyan-quadrilateral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Methodist Church of Great Britain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-church/what-is-distinctive-about-methodism/the-methodist-quadrilateral/">The Methodist quadrilateral</a>, accessed 10 January 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Methodist_Church2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">The book of discipline of the United Methodist Church</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Press" title="Abingdon Press">Abingdon Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofdiscipline00unit/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-02373-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-02373-4"><bdi>0-687-02373-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58046917">58046917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+discipline+of+the+United+Methodist+Church&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58046917&rft.isbn=0-687-02373-4&rft.au=United+Methodist+Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithington1878" class="citation book cs1">Withington, John Swann (1878). <i>The United Methodist Free Churches' Magazine</i>. London: Thomas Newton. p. 685. <q>The country is called Hades. That portion of it which is occupied by the good is called Paradise, and that province which is occupied by the wicked is called Gehenna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Methodist+Free+Churches%27+Magazine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=Thomas+Newton&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Withington&rft.aufirst=John+Swann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithson1859-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithson1859_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithson1859_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithson1859" class="citation book cs1">Smithson, William T. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodistpulpits00smit"><i>The Methodist Pulpit</i></a>. H. Polkinhornprinter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodistpulpits00smit/page/363">363</a>. <q>Besides, continues our critical authority, we have another clear proof from the New Testament, that <i>hades</i> denotes the intermediate state of souls between death and the general resurrection. In Revelations (xx, 14) we read that <i>death</i> and <i>hades</i>-by our translators rendered <i>hell</i>, as usual-shall, immediately after the general judgment, "be cast into the lake of fire: this is the second death." In other words, the death which consists in the separation of soul and body, and the receptacle of disembodied spirits shall be no more. <i>Hades</i> shall be emptied, death abolished.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+Pulpit&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=H.+Polkinhornprinter&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Smithson&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmethodistpulpits00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr.Warrick2005-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jr.Warrick2005_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyenWarrick2005" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles Jr.; Warrick, Susan E. (16 March 2005). <i>Historical Dictionary of Methodism</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810865464" title="Special:BookSources/9780810865464"><bdi>9780810865464</bdi></a>. <q>Considering the question of death and the intermediate state, John Wesley affirmed the immortality of the soul (as well as the future resurrection of the body), denied the reality of purgatory, and made a distinction between hell (the receptacle of the damned) and hades (the receptacle of all separate spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and heaven itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Methodism&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.isbn=9780810865464&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jr.&rft.au=Warrick%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University2001-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University2001_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_B._Westerfield_Tucker2001" class="citation book cs1">Karen B. Westerfield Tucker (8 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1TDD5-CLlEC"><i>American Methodist Worship</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198029267" title="Special:BookSources/9780198029267"><bdi>9780198029267</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Decisions made during life were therefore inseparably connected to what came after life. Upon death, according to Wesley, the souls of the deceased would enter an intermediate, penultimate state in which they would remain until reunited with the body at the resurrection of the dead. In that state variously identified as "the ante-chamber of heaven," "Abraham's bosom," and "paradise".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodist+Worship&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft.isbn=9780198029267&rft.au=Karen+B.+Westerfield+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1TDD5-CLlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2009" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Alan (20 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411115342/http://hermeneutic.org/2009/04/united-methodists-and-last-days.html"><i>United Methodists and the Last Days</i></a>. Hermeneutic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermeneutic.org/2009/04/united-methodists-and-last-days.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2012. <q>Wesley believed that when we die we will go to an Intermediate State (Paradise for the Righteous and Hades for the Accursed). We will remain there until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodists+and+the+Last+Days&rft.pub=Hermeneutic&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhermeneutic.org%2F2009%2F04%2Funited-methodists-and-last-days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMCC2017-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMCC2017_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCC2017_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline</i>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a>. 15 July 2017. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Discipline&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Conference&rft.date=2017-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1885-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker1885_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1885" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Walter James (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_16943"><i>Chapters on the Early Registers of Halifax Parish Church</i></a>. Whitley & Booth. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_16943/page/n34">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665169434" title="Special:BookSources/9780665169434"><bdi>9780665169434</bdi></a>. <q>The opinion of the Rev. John Wesley may be worth citing. "I believe it to be a duty to observe, to pray for the Faithful Departed."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapters+on+the+Early+Registers+of+Halifax+Parish+Church&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Whitley+%26+Booth&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9780665169434&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Walter+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_16943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoldenWesley1872-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoldenWesley1872_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1872" class="citation book cs1">Holden, Harrington William (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnwesleyincom00weslgoog"><i>John Wesley in Company with High Churchmen</i></a>. London: J. Hodges. p. 84. <q>Wesley taught the propriety of Praying for the Dead, practised it himself, provided <i>Forms</i> that others might. These forms, for daily use, he put fort, not tentatively or apologetically, but as considering such prayer a settled matter of Christian practice, with all who believe that the Faithful, living and dead, are one Body in Christ in equal need and like expectation of those blessings which they will together enjoy, when both see Him in His Kingdom. Two or three examples, out of many, may be given:--"O grant that we, with those who are already dead in Thy faith and fear, may together partake of a joyful resurrection."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+in+Company+with+High+Churchmen&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=J.+Hodges&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Harrington+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnwesleyincom00weslgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation book cs1">Gould, James B. (4 August 2016). <i>Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620329887" title="Special:BookSources/9781620329887"><bdi>9781620329887</bdi></a>. <q>The Roman Catholic and English Methodist churches both pray for the dead. Their consensus statement confirms that "over the centuries in the Catholic tradition praying for the dead has developed into a variety of practices, especially through the Mass. ... The Methodist church ... has prayers for the dead ... Methodists who pray for the dead thereby commend them to the continuing mercy of God."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prayer+for+the+Dead%3A+Its+Foundation+in+History+and+Logic&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.isbn=9781620329887&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUmAMlP8YOYC&pg=PA92"><i>Understanding Four Views on Baptism</i></a>. Zondervan. 30 August 2009. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310866985" title="Special:BookSources/9780310866985"><bdi>9780310866985</bdi></a>. <q>Thomas J. Nettles, Richard L. Pratt Jr., Robert Kolb, John D. Castelein</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Four+Views+on+Baptism&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft.isbn=9780310866985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUmAMlP8YOYC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Method-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Method_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=4&mid=992">"By Water and the Spirit: A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2007</span>. <q>In United Methodist churches, the water of baptism may be administered by sprinkling, pouring, or immersion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+Water+and+the+Spirit%3A+A+United+Methodist+Understanding+of+Baptism&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D4%26mid%3D992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StuartChappell1922-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StuartChappell1922_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuartChappell1922" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, George Rutledge; Chappell, Edwin Barfield (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateverymethod00chapgoog"><i>What Every Methodist Should Know</i></a>. Lamar & Barton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateverymethod00chapgoog/page/n87">83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+Methodist+Should+Know&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Lamar+%26+Barton&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=George+Rutledge&rft.au=Chappell%2C+Edwin+Barfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhateverymethod00chapgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summers1857-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Summers1857_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summers1857_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1857" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas Osmond (1857). <i>Methodist Pamphlets for the People</i>. E. Stevenson & F. A. Owen for the M. E. Church, South. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Pamphlets+for+the+People&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=E.+Stevenson+%26+F.+A.+Owen+for+the+M.+E.+Church%2C+South&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Osmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>. 2014. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection+%28Original+Allegheny+Conference%29&rft.place=Salem&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_1_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807115823/http://www.gbod.org/worship/thisholymystery/theologyofsacraments.html">"This Holy Mystery: Part One"</a>. The United Methodist Church GBOD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbod.org/worship/thisholymystery/theologyofsacraments.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Holy+Mystery%3A+Part+One&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church+GBOD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbod.org%2Fworship%2Fthisholymystery%2Ftheologyofsacraments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_2-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMC_–_This_Holy_Mystery_2_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707030906/http://www.gbod.org/worship/thisholymystery/parttwo.html">"This Holy Mystery: Part Two"</a>. The United Methodist Church GBOD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbod.org/worship/thisholymystery/parttwo.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Holy+Mystery%3A+Part+Two&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church+GBOD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbod.org%2Fworship%2Fthisholymystery%2Fparttwo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC2013-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMC2013_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Discipline of the Primitive Methodist Church in the United States of America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Methodist_Church" title="Primitive Methodist Church">Primitive Methodist Church</a>. 2013. <q>We reject the doctrine of transubstantiation: that is, that the substance of bread and wine are changed into the very body and blood of Christ in the Lord's Supper. We likewise reject that doctrine which affirms the physical presence of Christ's body and blood to be by, with and under the elements of bread and wine (consubstantiation).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discipline+of+the+Primitive+Methodist+Church+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Primitive+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbod.org.s3.amazonaws.com/legacy/kintera/entry_8350/19/THM-BYGC.PDF">This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion</a>. (PDF). General Conference of The United Methodist Church, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417073138/http://www.revneal.org/communionlit1.html">"United Methodist Communon Liturgy: Word and Table 1"</a>. <i>revneal.org</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revneal.org/communionlit1.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=revneal.org&rft.atitle=United+Methodist+Communon+Liturgy%3A+Word+and+Table+1&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revneal.org%2Fcommunionlit1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal2014" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Gregory S. (19 December 2014). <i>Grace Upon Grace</i>. WestBow Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490860060" title="Special:BookSources/9781490860060"><bdi>9781490860060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Upon+Grace&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft.isbn=9781490860060&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oden2008-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oden2008_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOden2008" class="citation book cs1">Oden, Thomas C. (2008). <i>Doctrinal Standards in the Wesleyan Tradition: Revised Edition</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687651115" title="Special:BookSources/9780687651115"><bdi>9780687651115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Standards+in+the+Wesleyan+Tradition%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780687651115&rft.aulast=Oden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt1891-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt1891_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt1891" class="citation book cs1">Blunt, John Henry (1891). <i>Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology</i>. Longmans, Green & Co. p. 670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Doctrinal+and+Historical+Theology&rft.pages=670&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2013" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt, Kenneth (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428000914/http://rethinkbishop.com/tag/the-united-methodist-church/">"Where The Line Is Drawn: Ordination and Sexual Orientation in the UMC"</a>. Rethink Bishop. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rethinkbishop.com/tag/the-united-methodist-church/">the original</a> on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Sacraments for the UMC include both Baptism and Eucharist. The Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions count five more, which many Protestants, including the UMC, acknowledge as sacramental: Confession/Absolution, Holy Matrimony, Confirmation/Chrismation, Holy Orders/Ordination, and Anointing/Unction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+The+Line+Is+Drawn%3A+Ordination+and+Sexual+Orientation+in+the+UMC&rft.pub=Rethink+Bishop&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frethinkbishop.com%2Ftag%2Fthe-united-methodist-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Underwood1992-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Underwood1992_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderwood1992" class="citation book cs1">Underwood, Ralph L. (1 October 1992). <i>Pastoral Care and the Means of Grace</i>. Fortress Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451416466" title="Special:BookSources/9781451416466"><bdi>9781451416466</bdi></a>. <q>The reason is simply that Wesley assumed the validity of Anglican practice in his day as reflected in the 1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>. His later comments on the priestly office substantiate this. Just as preaching in the Methodist movement was not a substitute for Holy Communion, so for Wesley class meetings did not take the place of personal confession and absolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pastoral+Care+and+the+Means+of+Grace&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992-10-01&rft.isbn=9781451416466&rft.aulast=Underwood&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley1882-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1882_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1882" class="citation book cs1">Morris, F.O. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8MHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10"><i>The Ghost of Wesley [extracts from his writings]</i></a>. p. 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+of+Wesley+%5Bextracts+from+his+writings%5D&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=F.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8MHAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orderofsaintpatrick.org/church/methodist-church.htm">"Methodist Christianity"</a>. The Order of Saint Patrick. 21 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>The society groups could be divided into smaller groups called "classes" that would provide for even more intimate spiritual support and nurture. These classes were composed of about a dozen people who met once a week for spiritual conversation and guidance. Members spoke about their temptations, confessed their faults, shared their concerns, testified to the working of God in their lives and exhorted & prayed for each other. Every Methodist was expected to attend class meetings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodist+Christianity&rft.pub=The+Order+of+Saint+Patrick&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forderofsaintpatrick.org%2Fchurch%2Fmethodist-church.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tovey2016-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tovey2016_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tovey2016_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tovey2016_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovey2016" class="citation book cs1">Tovey, Phillip (24 February 2016). <i>The Theory and Practice of Extended Communion</i>. Routledge. pp. 40–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317014201" title="Special:BookSources/9781317014201"><bdi>9781317014201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Extended+Communion&rft.pages=40-49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.isbn=9781317014201&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton1987-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton1987_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton1987" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (1987). <i>The Encyclopedia of American Religions</i>. Gale Research Company. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-2133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-2133-5"><bdi>978-0-8103-2133-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+American+Religions&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-2133-5&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMC2004-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMC2004_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMC2004_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMC2004_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Discipline of the Missionary Methodist Church</i>. Missionary Methodist Church. 2004. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discipline+of+the+Missionary+Methodist+Church&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Missionary+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsCones2019" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Stephen; Cones, Bryan (31 May 2019). <i>Liturgy with a Difference: Beyond Inclusion in the Christian Assembly</i>. SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-05742-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-05742-0"><bdi>978-0-334-05742-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liturgy+with+a+Difference%3A+Beyond+Inclusion+in+the+Christian+Assembly&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-334-05742-0&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Cones%2C+Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_McClintock,_James_Strong-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_McClintock,_James_Strong_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_McClintock,_James_Strong_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock1894" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, John (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBAMAAAAIAAJ&q=alexandria+wesley+ordination&pg=PA170"><i>Cyclopædia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 6</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Wesley had believed that bishops and presbyters constituted but one order, with the same right to ordain. He knew that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the Church of Alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone. "I firmly believe", he said, "I am a scriptural ἐπίσκοπος, as much as any man in England or in Europe; for the uninterrupted succession I know to be a fable which no man ever did or can prove;" but he also held that "Neither Christ nor his apostles prescribe any particular form of Church government." He was a true bishop of the flock which God had given to his care. He had hitherto refused "to exercise this right" of ordaining, because he would not come into needless conflict with the order of the English Church to which he belonged. But after the Revolution, his ordaining for American would violate no law of the Church; and when the necessity was clearly apparent, his hesitation ceased. "There does not appear," he said, "any other way of supplying them with ministers." Having formed his purpose, in February 1784, he invited Dr. Coke to his study in City Road, laid the case before him, and proposed to ordain and send him to America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Biblical%2C+theological%2C+and+ecclesiastical+literature%2C+Volume+6&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBAMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dalexandria%2Bwesley%2Bordination%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHixon2010" class="citation web cs1">Hixon, Daniel McLain (5 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gloria-deo.blogspot.com/2010/09/methodists-and-apostolic-succession.html">"Methodists and Apostolic Succession"</a>. Gloria Deo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>The succession normally proceeds from bishop to bishop, however, in certain instances where the death of a bishop made this impossible, groups of elders have consecrated new bishops, who in turn have been recognized as legitimate by the broader catholic Church. We read of one example of this in the Ancient Church in St. Jerome's Letter CXLVI when he describes the episcopal succession of the city of Alexandria. Thus, considering the unusual historical circumstances of Christians in the American colonies cut off from valid sacraments, Fr. John Wesley's action in consecrating Thomas Coke was irregular but not invalid, and the United Methodist Church enjoys a valid succession to this day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodists+and+Apostolic+Succession&rft.pub=Gloria+Deo&rft.date=2010-09-05&rft.aulast=Hixon&rft.aufirst=Daniel+McLain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgloria-deo.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F09%2Fmethodists-and-apostolic-succession.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Cambridge Medieval History Series, Volumes 1–5</i>. Plantagenet Publishing. p. 130. <q>Severus of Antioch, in the sixth century, mentions that "in the former days" the bishop was "appointed" by presbyters at Alexandria. Jerome (in the same letter that was cited above, but independent for the moment of Ambrosiaster) deduces the essential equality of priest and bishop from the consideration that the Alexandrian bishop "down to Heraclas and Dionysius" (232–265) was chosen by the presbyters from among themselves without any special form of consecration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History+Series%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Plantagenet+Publishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinson1995-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hinson1995_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinson1995" class="citation book cs1">Hinson, E. Glenn (1995). <i>The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Up to 1300</i>. Mercer University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865544369" title="Special:BookSources/9780865544369"><bdi>9780865544369</bdi></a>. <q>In Alexandria presbyters elected bishops and installed them until the fourth century. Throughout this critical era the power and importance of bishops increased steadily. At the beginning of the period Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Clement of Alexandria still thought of bishops as presbyters, albeit presbyters in a class by themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Triumphant%3A+A+History+of+Christianity+Up+to+1300&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780865544369&rft.aulast=Hinson&rft.aufirst=E.+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintockStrong1894-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClintockStrong1894_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintockStrong1894" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, John; Strong, James (1894). <i>Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature</i>. Vol. 6. Harper. p. 170. <q>For forty years Mr. Wesley had believed that bishops and presbyters constituted but one order, with the same right to ordain. He knew that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the Church of Alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Strong%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Joseph_Whalen-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_Joseph_Whalen_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sw9ILcqw2hsC&q=methodism+our+separated+brethren&pg=PA71"><i>Separated Brethren: A Review of Protestant, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox & Other Religions in the United States</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_Sunday_Visitor" title="Our Sunday Visitor">Our Sunday Visitor</a>. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931709057" title="Special:BookSources/9781931709057"><bdi>9781931709057</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>the Methodists were directed to receive baptism and Holy Communion from Episcopal priests. They soon petitioned to receive the sacraments from the same Methodist preachers who visited their homes and conducted their worship services. The Bishop of London refused to ordain Methodist preachers as deacons and priests for the colonies, so in 1784 Wesley assumed the power to ordain ministers himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separated+Brethren%3A+A+Review+of+Protestant%2C+Anglican%2C+Eastern+Orthodox+%26+Other+Religions+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781931709057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsw9ILcqw2hsC%26q%3Dmethodism%2Bour%2Bseparated%2Bbrethren%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Joseph_Cooke_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Joseph_Cooke_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/10166422.emory.edu"><i>The historic episcopate: a study of Anglican claims and Methodist orders</i></a>. Eaton & Mains. 1896. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/10166422.emory.edu/page/n145">145</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>IN September, 1784, the Rev. John Wesley, assisted by a presbyter of the Church of England and two other elders, ordained by solemn imposition of the hands of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Coke to the episcopal office.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historic+episcopate%3A+a+study+of+Anglican+claims+and+Methodist+orders&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Eaton+%26+Mains&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F10166422.emory.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Grant_Wilson,_John_Fiske_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_Grant_Wilson,_John_Fiske_–_Ordination_of_Dr._Coke_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=takoAAAAYAAJ&q=Thomas+Coke+bishop+1780&pg=PA438"><i>Appleton's cyclopædia of American biography, Volume 6</i></a>. D. Appleton & Company. 1889<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Being refused, he conferred with Thomas Coke, a presbyter of the Church of England, and with others, and on 2 Sept., 1784, he ordained Coke bishop, after ordaining Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat as presbyters, with his assistance and that of another presbyter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appleton%27s+cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+biography%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtakoAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThomas%2BCoke%2Bbishop%2B1780%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abel_Stevens_–_Coke-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abel_Stevens_–_Coke_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2QFAAAAQAAJ&q=alexandria+wesley+ordination&pg=PA544"><i>A compendious history of American Methodism</i></a>. Scholarly Publishing Office. 1885<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Wesley referes(sic) to the ordination of bishops by the presbyters of Alexandria, in justification of his ordination of Coke.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+compendious+history+of+American+Methodism&rft.pub=Scholarly+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2QFAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dalexandria%2Bwesley%2Bordination%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC_–_Election_of_a_Bishop-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMC_–_Election_of_a_Bishop_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528191618/http://www.gbhem.org/networking/ministry-elder">"The Ministry of the Elder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbhem.org/networking/ministry-elder">the original</a> on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ministry+of+the+Elder&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbhem.org%2Fnetworking%2Fministry-elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226171839/http://www.gbhem.org/atf/cf/%7B0BCEF929-BDBA-4AA0-968F-D1986A8EEF80%7D/DOM7DaysofPreparation.pdf">"Seven Days of Preparation – A Guide for Reading, Meditation and Prayer for all who participate in The Conversation: A Day for Dialogue and Discernment: Ordering of Ministry in the United Methodist Church"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbhem.org/atf/cf/%7B0BCEF929-BDBA-4AA0-968F-D1986A8EEF80%7D/DOM7DaysofPreparation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2007</span>. <q>The <i>Discipline</i> affirms that "ordination to this ministry is a gift from God to the Church. In ordination, the Church affirms and continues the apostolic ministry through persons empowered by the Holy Spirit" (¶303).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+Days+of+Preparation+%E2%80%93+A+Guide+for+Reading%2C+Meditation+and+Prayer+for+all+who+participate+in+The+Conversation%3A+A+Day+for+Dialogue+and+Discernment%3A+Ordering+of+Ministry+in+the+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbhem.org%2Fatf%2Fcf%2F%257B0BCEF929-BDBA-4AA0-968F-D1986A8EEF80%257D%2FDOM7DaysofPreparation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Sacred_Scripture-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Sacred_Scripture_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxZBAAAAcAAJ&q=apostolic+succession+methodist&pg=PA223"><i>Episcopal Methodism, as it was, and is;: Or, An account of the origin, progress, doctrines, church polity, usages, institutions, and statistics, of the Methodist Episcopal church in the United States</i></a>. Miller, Orton & Mulligan. 1852<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by the laying on of the hands of the <i>presbytery</i>." Here it is plain that the ministerial gift or power which Timothy possessed, was given him <i>by</i> the laying on of the hands of the body of the elders who ordained him. And in regard to the <i>government</i> of the church, it is equally plain that <i>bishops</i>, in distinction from <i>presbyters</i>, were not charged with the oversight thereof, for it is said – Acts xx. 17, 28, that Paul "called the elders (not the bishops) of the Church of Ephesus, and said unto them, 'Take heed therefore to yourselves, and to all the flock over which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers,' feed the church of God." On this passage we remark, 1st, that the original Greek term for the word "overseer" is "episcopos," they very word from which our term "bishop" is derived, and which is generally translated "bishop" in the English version of the New Testament. Now this term episcopos, overseer, or bishop, is applied to the <i>identical</i> persons called <i>elders</i> in the 17th verse, and to none other. Consequently, Paul must have considered elders and bishops as one, not only in office, but in order also; and so the Ephesian ministers undoubtedly understood him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Episcopal+Methodism%2C+as+it+was%2C+and+is%3B%3A+Or%2C+An+account+of+the+origin%2C+progress%2C+doctrines%2C+church+polity%2C+usages%2C+institutions%2C+and+statistics%2C+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+church+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Miller%2C+Orton+%26+Mulligan&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjxZBAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dapostolic%2Bsuccession%2Bmethodist%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers1-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_W._McLeod,_Charles_J._Shreve_–_Church_Fathers1_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EScYAAAAYAAJ&q=bishop+methodist+succession&pg=PA41"><i>The Methodist Ministry Defended, Or, a Reply to the Arguments in Favour of the Divine Institution, and the Uninterrupted Succession of Episcopacy</i></a>. General Books LLC. 1899<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Even "after the introduction of the practice by which the epithet Bishop was generally confined to one person, the older writers who dwell upon this, occasionally use that epithet as synonymous with presbyter, it not having been till the <i>third</i> century, that the appropriation was so complete as never to be cast out of view.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+Ministry+Defended%2C+Or%2C+a+Reply+to+the+Arguments+in+Favour+of+the+Divine+Institution%2C+and+the+Uninterrupted+Succession+of+Episcopacy&rft.pub=General+Books+LLC&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEScYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dbishop%2Bmethodist%2Bsuccession%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Church_Fathers-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P._Douglass_Gorrie_–_Church_Fathers_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxZBAAAAcAAJ&q=apostolic+succession+methodist&pg=PA223"><i>Episcopal Methodism, as it was, and is;: Or, An account of the origin, progress, doctrines, church polity, usages, institutions, and statistics, of the Methodist Episcopal church in the United States</i></a>. Miller, Orton & Mulligan. 1852<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>But if Scripture is opposed to modern high church claims and pretensions, so is <i>history</i>, on which successionists appear to lay so much stress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Episcopal+Methodism%2C+as+it+was%2C+and+is%3B%3A+Or%2C+An+account+of+the+origin%2C+progress%2C+doctrines%2C+church+polity%2C+usages%2C+institutions%2C+and+statistics%2C+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+church+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Miller%2C+Orton+%26+Mulligan&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjxZBAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dapostolic%2Bsuccession%2Bmethodist%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated229-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated229_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay, Eric G. <i>The Church: its changing image through twenty centuries</i>. John Knox Press: 1980, p.228f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols2012-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nichols2012_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2012" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Bridget (12 May 2012). <i>The Collect in the Churches of the Reformation</i>. SCM Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04207-5"><bdi>978-0-334-04207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collect+in+the+Churches+of+the+Reformation&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-334-04207-5&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WFMC2024-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WFMC2024_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wilmorefmc.org/worship/prayer/">"Prayer"</a>. Wilmore Free Methodist Church. 2024. <q>We gather each Wednesday at 7:00 p.m. for singing, joyful thanksgiving, sharing, and prayer. Anyone is welcome to come and share a burden for us to bear together or a blessing for us to celebrate together.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prayer&rft.pub=Wilmore+Free+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilmorefmc.org%2Fworship%2Fprayer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst1902-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurst1902_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1902" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1902). <i>The History of Methodism</i>. Eaton & Mains. p. 310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Methodism&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Eaton+%26+Mains&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2019-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2019_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2019_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Susan H. (30 April 2019). <i>Everyday Public Worship</i>. SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-05757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-05757-4"><bdi>978-0-334-05757-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Public+Worship&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-334-05757-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Susan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bercot2021-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bercot2021_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBercot2021" class="citation book cs1">Bercot, David W. (28 December 2021). <i>Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs: A Reference Guide to More Than 700 Topics Discussed by the Early Church Fathers</i>. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-168-7"><bdi>978-1-61970-168-7</bdi></a>. <q>Morning and Evening Prayer were liturgical services held each day at the local church, during which psalms were sung and prayers were offered to God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Early+Christian+Beliefs%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+More+Than+700+Topics+Discussed+by+the+Early+Church+Fathers&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.isbn=978-1-61970-168-7&rft.aulast=Bercot&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith2005-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith2005_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Beckwith, Roger T.</a> (2005). <i>Calendar, Chronology And Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism And Early Christianity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14603-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar%2C+Chronology+And+Worship%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Judaism+And+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14603-7&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Roger+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/praying-the-hours-of-the-day-recovering-daily-prayer">"Praying the Hours of the Day: Recovering Daily Prayer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Board_of_Discipleship" class="mw-redirect" title="General Board of Discipleship">General Board of Discipleship</a>. 6 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Praying+the+Hours+of+the+Day%3A+Recovering+Daily+Prayer&rft.pub=General+Board+of+Discipleship&rft.date=2007-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcdiscipleship.org%2Fresources%2Fpraying-the-hours-of-the-day-recovering-daily-prayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Book of Offices and Services</i>. <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Luke">Order of St. Luke</a>. 6 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Offices+and+Services&rft.pub=Order+of+St.+Luke&rft.date=2012-09-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpaulsfmc.org/guiding-philosophies.html">"Philosophy of St. Paul's"</a>. St Paul's Free Methodist Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+St.+Paul%27s&rft.pub=St+Paul%27s+Free+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpaulsfmc.org%2Fguiding-philosophies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyerly1998-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyerly1998_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyerly1998_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyerly1998" class="citation book cs1">Lyerly, Cynthia Lynn (24 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRiddXHU584C&pg=PA39"><i>Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770–1810</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195354249" title="Special:BookSources/9780195354249"><bdi>9780195354249</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism+and+the+Southern+Mind%2C+1770%E2%80%931810&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998-09-24&rft.isbn=9780195354249&rft.aulast=Lyerly&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRiddXHU584C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journals of Wesley, Nehemiah Curnock, ed., London: Epworth Press 1938, p. 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1999" class="citation web cs1">Wesley, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-88-on-dress/">"The Wesley Center Online: Sermon 88 – On Dress"</a>. Wesley Center for Applied Theology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wesley+Center+Online%3A+Sermon+88+%E2%80%93+On+Dress&rft.pub=Wesley+Center+for+Applied+Theology&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fjohn-wesley%2Fthe-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition%2Fsermon-88-on-dress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-America1858-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-America1858_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, of America</i>. Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America. 1858. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection%2C+of+America&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection+of+America&rft.date=1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright1857" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, Peter (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00incart"><i>Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher</i></a>. Carlton & Porter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00incart/page/74">74</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Peter+Cartwright%3A+The+Backwoods+Preacher&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Carlton+%26+Porter&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofp00incart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley1825-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1825_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley1825_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wesley1825" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (1825). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i>. J. Kershaw. p. 145. <q><i>Days of Fasting or Abstinence</i> All the Fridays in the Year, except Christmas-Day</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunday+Service+of+the+Methodists&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=J.+Kershaw&rft.date=1825&rft.au=John+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bratt2012-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bratt2012_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratt2012" class="citation book cs1">Bratt, James D. (2012). <i>By the Vision of Another World: Worship in American History</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802867100" title="Special:BookSources/9780802867100"><bdi>9780802867100</bdi></a>. <q>Methodist preachers, in particular, may have been tempted to take the elevation of the spirit and concomitant mortification of the body to extremes. Early circuit riders often arose well before dawn for solitary prayer; they remained on their knees without food or drink or physical comforts sometimes for hours on end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Vision+of+Another+World%3A+Worship+in+American+History&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780802867100&rft.aulast=Bratt&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Scott J. (2002). <i>United Methodist Doctrine: The Extreme Center</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687034857" title="Special:BookSources/9780687034857"><bdi>9780687034857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodist+Doctrine%3A+The+Extreme+Center&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780687034857&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Scott+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"I. The Church". <i>Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>. <q>Should we insist on plain and modest dress? Certainly. We should not on any account spend what the Lord has put into our hands as stewards, to be used for His glory, in expensive wearing apparel, when thousands are suffering for food and raiment, and millions are perishing for the Word of life. Let the dress of every member of every Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Church be plain and modest. Let the strictest carefulness and economy be used in these respects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+The+Church&rft.btitle=Discipline+of+the+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rft.pub=Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWC2015-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EWC2015_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a>. 2015. pp. 41, 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Evangelical+Wesleyan+Church&rft.pages=41%2C+57-58&rft.pub=Evangelical+Wesleyan+Church&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126234944/http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm">"Brief Description"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a>. 26 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fimc.org.uk/about_us.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Description&rft.pub=Fellowship+of+Independent+Methodist+Churches&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffimc.org.uk%2Fabout_us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2011-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2011_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (27 April 2011). <i>American Methodist Worship</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199774159" title="Special:BookSources/9780199774159"><bdi>9780199774159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodist+Worship&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.isbn=9780199774159&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Karen+B.+Westerfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbrahamKirby2009-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbrahamKirby2009_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbrahamKirby2009_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamKirby2009" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (24 September 2009). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191607431" title="Special:BookSources/9780191607431"><bdi>9780191607431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Methodist+Studies&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft.isbn=9780191607431&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yrigoyen2010-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yrigoyen2010_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yrigoyen2010_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyen2010" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles (1 October 2010). <i>John Wesley: Holiness of Heart and Life</i>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2945-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2945-4"><bdi>978-1-4267-2945-4</bdi></a>. <q>Wesley understood both the health and social issues related to the intemperate use of alcoholic beverages, especially liquors such as gin and brandy. He described distilled liquor as a "certain, though slow, poison," "liquid fire," prepared by the devil and his angels. Although he allowed for the use of liquor for "medicinal purposes," he cautioned against its consumption as a regular beverage and condemned those who sold it as "poisoners." About the "sellers of spirits" he stressed: "They murder His Majesty's subjects by wholesale, neither does their eye pity or spare [them]. They drive [their customers] to hell like sheep." Alcohol was not only a threat to good health, it was a menace to morality. Drunkenness affected the family and community, causing chaos in both. Wesley laid foundations for Methodism's traditional call to abstain from beverage alcohol and its warnings about the use of drugs (see United Methodism's Social Principles in The Book of Discipline).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley%3A+Holiness+of+Heart+and+Life&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-2945-4&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker2011-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker2011_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2011" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Sigur E. (31 March 2011). <i>James Allison: A Biography of the Engine Manufacturer and Indianapolis 500 Cofounder</i>. McFarland. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786486397" title="Special:BookSources/9780786486397"><bdi>9780786486397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Allison%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Engine+Manufacturer+and+Indianapolis+500+Cofounder&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.isbn=9780786486397&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Sigur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler1882-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1882_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1882" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Henry (1882). <i>Methodism and the Temperance Reformation</i>. Walden and Stowe. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodism+and+the+Temperance+Reformation&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Walden+and+Stowe&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler2018-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2018_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2018" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Robert Booth (4 April 2018). <i>Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429972799" title="Special:BookSources/9780429972799"><bdi>9780429972799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+America%3A+Faith%2C+Culture%2C+and+Strategic+Choices&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.isbn=9780429972799&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Robert+Booth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWMC2014-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AWMC2014_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWMC2014_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>. 2014. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection+%28Original+Allegheny+Conference%29&rft.place=Salem&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110150935/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/disciple.stm">"John Wesley and Spiritual Disciplines-- The Works of Piety"</a>. The United Methodist Church. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/wesley/disciple.stm">the original</a> on 10 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+and+Spiritual+Disciplines--+The+Works+of+Piety&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbgm-umc.org%2Fumw%2Fwesley%2Fdisciple.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKnight2010-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKnight2010_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Scot (2010). <i>Fasting: The Ancient Practices</i>. Thomas Nelson. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781418576134" title="Special:BookSources/9781418576134"><bdi>9781418576134</bdi></a>. <q>John Wesley, in his <i>Journal</i>, wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasting%3A+The+Ancient+Practices&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781418576134&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1815Crowther-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1815Crowther_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1815" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Jonathan (1815). <i>A Portraiture of Methodism: Or, The History of the Wesleyan Methodists</i>. T. Blanshard. pp. 251, 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portraiture+of+Methodism%3A+Or%2C+The+History+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodists&rft.pages=251%2C+257&rft.pub=T.+Blanshard&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beard_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2012" class="citation journal cs1">Beard, Steve (30 January 2012). "The spiritual discipline of fasting". <i>Good News Magazine</i>. 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Seedbed. 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesley+on+Preaching+Law+and+Gospel&rft.pub=Seedbed&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seedbed.com%2Flaw-gospel-wesley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dayton1991-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dayton1991_160-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayton1991" class="citation journal cs1">Dayton, Donald W. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/gtj/12-2_233.pdf">"Law and Gospel in the Wesleyan Tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Grace Theological Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 233–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grace+Theological+Journal&rft.atitle=Law+and+Gospel+in+the+Wesleyan+Tradition&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-243&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fgtj%2F12-2_233.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartwright1857-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cartwright1857_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Cartwright1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(revivalist)" title="Peter Cartwright (revivalist)">Peter Cartwright</a> (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00incart"><i>Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher</i></a>. Carlton & Porter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofp00incart/page/74">74</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Peter+Cartwright%3A+The+Backwoods+Preacher&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Carlton+%26+Porter&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Peter+Cartwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofp00incart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (27 April 2011). <i>American Methodist Worship</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 46, 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199774159" title="Special:BookSources/9780199774159"><bdi>9780199774159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodist+Worship&rft.pages=46%2C+117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.isbn=9780199774159&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Karen+B.+Westerfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1815" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Jonathan (1815). <i>A Portraiture of Methodism: Or, The History of the Wesleyan Methodists</i>. T. Blanshard. pp. 224, 249–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portraiture+of+Methodism%3A+Or%2C+The+History+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodists&rft.pages=224%2C+249-250&rft.pub=T.+Blanshard&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smedley2005-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smedley2005_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedley2005" class="citation book cs1">Smedley, R. C. (2005). <i>History of the Underground Railroad: In Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania</i>. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/216998131.pdf">"John Wesley and Mohammed"</a> core.ac.uk. Accessed 11 April 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBounds2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bounds, Christopher. T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fweslmethstud.3.2011.0031">"How are People Saved? The Major Views of Salvation with a Focus on Wesleyan Perspectives and their Implications"</a>. <i>Wesley and Methodist Studies</i>. <b>3</b>: 31–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fweslmethstud.3.2011.0031">10.5325/weslmethstud.3.2011.0031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909800">42909800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171804441">171804441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wesley+and+Methodist+Studies&rft.atitle=How+are+People+Saved%3F+The+Major+Views+of+Salvation+with+a+Focus+on+Wesleyan+Perspectives+and+their+Implications&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=31-54&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171804441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42909800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fweslmethstud.3.2011.0031&rft.aulast=Bounds&rft.aufirst=Christopher.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5325%252Fweslmethstud.3.2011.0031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracknellWhite2005" class="citation book cs1">Cracknell, Kenneth; White, Susan J. (2005). <i>An introduction to world Methodism</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+world+Methodism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cracknell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=White%2C+Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter A. (2001). <i>Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441200303" title="Special:BookSources/9781441200303"><bdi>9781441200303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781441200303&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrider1982" class="citation journal cs1">Grider, J. Kenneth (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wesleyjournal/1982-wtj-17-2.pdf">"The Nature of Wesleyan Theology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wesleyan Theological Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 43–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wesleyan+Theological+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Wesleyan+Theology&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Grider&rft.aufirst=J.+Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Ffileadmin%2Fimported_site%2Fwesleyjournal%2F1982-wtj-17-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayer2006" class="citation book cs1">Sayer, M. James (2006). <i>The Survivor's Guide to Theology</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survivor%27s+Guide+to+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sayer&rft.aufirst=M.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynkoop1967" class="citation book cs1">Wynkoop, Mildred Bangs (1967). <i>Foundations of Wesleyan-Arminian Theology</i>. Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Wesleyan-Arminian+Theology&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=Beacon+Hill+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wynkoop&rft.aufirst=Mildred+Bangs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, Mel-Thomas; Rothwell, Helen (1998). <i>A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nicholasville,_Kentucky" title="Nicholasville, Kentucky">Nicholasville</a>: Schmul Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880193867" title="Special:BookSources/0880193867"><bdi>0880193867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catechism+on+the+Christian+Religion%3A+The+Doctrines+of+Christianity+with+Special+Emphasis+on+Wesleyan+Concepts&rft.place=Nicholasville&rft.pub=Schmul+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0880193867&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Mel-Thomas&rft.au=Rothwell%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Catechism Prepared Especially for the Members of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cooperstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Cooperstown, Pennsylvania">Cooperstown</a>: LWD Publishing. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catechism+Prepared+Especially+for+the+Members+of+the+Evangelical+Wesleyan+Church&rft.place=Cooperstown&rft.pub=LWD+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesleyan+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wallace Thornton, Jr., <i>Radical Righteousness</i></li> <li>Wallace Thornton, Jr., <i>The Conservative Holiness Movement: A Historical Appraisal</i></li> <li>Steve Harper, <i>The Way to Heaven: The Gospel According to John Wesley</i></li> <li>Kenneth J. Collins, <i>Wesley on Salvation</i></li> <li>Kenneth J. Collins, <i>The Scripture Way of Salvation</i></li> <li>Harald Lindström, <i>Wesley and Sanctification</i></li> <li>Thomas C. Oden, <i>John Wesley's Scriptural Christianity</i></li> <li>Adam Clarke, <i>Clarke's Christian Theology</i></li> <li>John Wesley, <i>The Works of John Wesley</i> (Baker Books, 2002)</li> <li>Huzar, Eleanor, "Arminianism" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> (Danbury, 1994).</li> <li>Outler, Albert C., "John Wesley" in the <i>Encyclopedia Americana</i> (Danbury, 1994).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesleyan_theology&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steelesanswers.blogspot.com/2012/04/some-things-that-methodism-stands-for_20.html">Some Things That Methodism Stands For</a> by <a href="/wiki/Willard_Francis_Mallalieu" title="Willard Francis Mallalieu">Willard Francis Mallalieu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holinessmovement.org/resources/">Wesleyan theological texts, tracts, and discipleship resources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Methodism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Methodism_footer" title="Template:Methodism footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodism_footer" title="Template talk:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Methodism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">List of denominations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodism#Origins" title="Methodism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Doctrinal<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christianity" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8E0E0; color:black;">Distinctive beliefs<br /> and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalist_(person)" title="Revivalist (person)">Revivalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert C. Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Related <br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_of_the_British_Province" title="Moravian Church of the British Province">Moravian Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fetter_Lane_Society" title="Fetter Lane Society">Fetter Lane Society</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Christian perfection">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F8E0E0; color:black;;width:1%">Other relevant <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol#Methodism" title="Christian views on alcohol">Methodist views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">Itinerant preacher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steward_(Methodism)" title="Steward (Methodism)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Methodism" title="Homosexuality and Methodism">Homosexuality and Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Methodism" title="Ordination of women in Methodism">Ordination of women in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_Methodism" title="Bishops in Methodism">Bishops in Methodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arminianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arminianism_footer" title="Template:Arminianism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Arminius"><img alt="James Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/125px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/188px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/250px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrant_Confession" title="Remonstrant Confession">Remonstrant Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)" title="John Goodwin (preacher)">John Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osmond_Summers" title="Thomas Osmond Summers">Thomas Osmond Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burt_Pope" title="William Burt Pope">William Burt Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Orton_Wiley" title="Henry Orton Wiley">Henry Orton Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Oden" title="Thomas C. Oden">Thomas C. Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">B. J. Oropeza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template talk:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_theology_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">Social trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World 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