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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soul_and_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Soul and perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soul_and_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarship_on_Leucippus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship_on_Leucippus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Scholarship on Leucippus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship_on_Leucippus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leucippus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ليوكيبوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليوكيبوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levkipp" title="Levkipp – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Levkipp" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8" title="লেউকিপ্পোস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেউকিপ্পোস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF" title="Леўкіп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леўкіп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF" title="Леўкіп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леўкіп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Левкип – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Левкип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukip" title="Leukip – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leukip" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucip" title="Leucip – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leucip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos_z_Mil%C3%A9tu" title="Leukippos z Milétu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leukippos z Milétu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukipp" title="Leukipp – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leukipp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leukippos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λεύκιππος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεύκιππος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucipo_de_Mileto" title="Leucipo de Mileto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leucipo de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%ADkipo_(filozofo)" title="Leŭkipo (filozofo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leŭkipo (filozofo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuzipo" title="Leuzipo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leuzipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81)" title="لئوکیپوس (فیلسوف) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئوکیپوس (فیلسوف)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippe" title="Leucippe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leucippe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leucippus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucipo_de_Mileto" title="Leucipo de Mileto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leucipo de Mileto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9A%B0%ED%82%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="레우키포스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레우키포스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%87%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Լևկիպոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լևկիպոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukip" title="Leukip – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leukip" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leukippos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippo" title="Leucippo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leucippo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levkippos" title="Levkippos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Levkippos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippo" title="Leucippo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leucippo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1" title="לוקיפוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוקיפוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Левкипп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Левкипп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Левкипп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Левкипп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leucippus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikips" title="Leikips – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leikips" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukipas" title="Leukipas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leukipas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukipposz" title="Leukipposz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leukipposz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94" title="ლევკიპე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლევკიპე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ليوكيبوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليوكيبوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لئوکیپوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لئوکیپوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="လူးဆစ်ပပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူးဆစ်ပပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leucippus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9" title="レウキッポス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レウキッポス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levkippos" title="Levkippos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Levkippos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucip" title="Leucip – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leucip" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levkipp" title="Levkipp – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Levkipp" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucip" title="Leucip – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Leucip" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leukippos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucipo" title="Leucipo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leucipo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucip" title="Leucip – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leucip" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Левкипп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левкипп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leucippus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukipi" title="Leukipi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leukipi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippu" title="Leucippu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Leucippu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leucippus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos_z_Mil%C3%A9tu" title="Leukippos z Milétu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leukippos z Milétu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levkip" title="Levkip – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Levkip" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Леукип из Елеје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леукип из Елеје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukip" title="Leukip – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leukip" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leukippos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leukippos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucipo" title="Leucipo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leucipo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="லியூசிப்பஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியூசிப்பஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Левкипп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Левкипп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA" title="เลวกิปโปส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลวกิปโปส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leukippos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Левкіпп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Левкіпп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus_(nh%C3%A0_tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Leucippus (nhà triết học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leucippus (nhà triết học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus_(filosofiya)" title="Leucippus (filosofiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leucippus (filosofiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF" title="留基伯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="留基伯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF" title="留基伯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="留基伯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF" title="留基伯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="留基伯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">5th-century BCE Greek philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the philosopher. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Leucippus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Leucippus (disambiguation)">Leucippus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leucippus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinacoteca_Querini_Stampalia_-_Leucippus_-_Luca_Giordano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of Leucippus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pinacoteca_Querini_Stampalia_-_Leucippus_-_Luca_Giordano.jpg/220px-Pinacoteca_Querini_Stampalia_-_Leucippus_-_Luca_Giordano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pinacoteca_Querini_Stampalia_-_Leucippus_-_Luca_Giordano.jpg/330px-Pinacoteca_Querini_Stampalia_-_Leucippus_-_Luca_Giordano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pinacoteca_Querini_Stampalia_-_Leucippus_-_Luca_Giordano.jpg/440px-Pinacoteca_Querini_Stampalia_-_Leucippus_-_Luca_Giordano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4201" data-file-height="5221" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Leucippus, as imagined by the 17th-century painter <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">5th century BCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient Greek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leucippus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λεύκιππος</span></span>, <i>Leúkippos</i>; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century BCE</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosopher</a>. He is traditionally credited as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a>, which he developed with his student <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>. Leucippus divided the world into two entities: atoms, indivisible particles that make up all things, and <a href="/wiki/The_Void_(philosophy)" title="The Void (philosophy)">the void</a>, the nothingness that exists between the atoms. He developed his philosophy as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a>, who believed that <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">all things are one</a> and the void does not exist. Leucippus's ideas were influential in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a>. Leucippus was the first Western philosopher to develop the concept of atoms, but his ideas only bear a superficial resemblance to modern <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>. </p><p>Leucippus's atoms come in infinitely many forms and exist in constant motion, creating a <a href="/wiki/Deterministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic">deterministic</a> world in which everything is caused by the collisions of atoms. Leucippus described the <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">beginning</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> as a vortex of atoms that formed the Earth, the Sun, the stars, and other celestial bodies. As Leucippus considered both atoms and the void to be infinite, he presumed that other worlds must exist as cosmoses are formed elsewhere. Leucippus and Democritus described the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> as an arrangement of spherical atoms, which are cycled through the body through respiration and create thought and sensory input. </p><p>The only records of Leucippus come from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, ancient philosophers who lived after him, and little is known of his life. Most scholars agree that Leucippus existed, but some have questioned this, instead attributing his ideas purely to Democritus. Contemporary philosophers rarely distinguish their respective ideas. Two works are attributed to Leucippus (<i>The Great World System</i> and <i>On Mind</i>), but all of his writing has been lost with the exception of one sentence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost nothing is known about the life of Leucippus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335McKirahan2011303Cerri201612_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335McKirahan2011303Cerri201612-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born in the first half of the 5th century BCE, and he presumably developed the philosophy of atomism during the 430s BCE, but the exact dates are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402Hasper201465McKirahan2011203_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402Hasper201465McKirahan2011203-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was a contemporary of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, Leucippus is categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Socratic philosopher">pre-Socratic philosopher</a> because he continued the pre-Socratic tradition of physical inquiry that began with the <a href="/wiki/Milesian_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesian philosophers">Milesian philosophers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussey1972141–142_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey1972141–142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus is traditionally understood to have been a student of <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009210KirkRaven1957401Barnes2012306_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009210KirkRaven1957401Barnes2012306-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though various ancient records have suggested <a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus of Samos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> as possible instructors of Leucippus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201613_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201613-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No students of Leucippus have been confirmed other than Democritus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> has been described as a student of Leucippus, but Epicurus has also been said to have denied the existence of Leucippus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012306_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012306-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a> have all been suggested as places where Leucippus lived, but these are most likely described as his home city because of their associations with other philosophers: Miletus was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian School</a> that influenced Leucippus, Elea was associated with the Eleatic philosophers whom Leucippus challenged, and Abdera was the home of his student Democritus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011303_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011303-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 20th-century classicists such as <a href="/wiki/Walther_Kranz" title="Walther Kranz">Walther Kranz</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">John Burnet</a> have suggested that he lived in all three cities—that he was born in Miletus before studying under Zeno in Elea and then settling in Abdera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335,_348n12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335,_348n12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atoms">Atoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Atoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leucippus is credited with developing the philosophical school of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a>. He proposed that all things are made up of microscopic, indivisible particles that interact and combine to produce all the things of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atoms postulated by Leucippus come in infinitely many shapes and sizes, although the size and shape of each atom is fixed and unchanging. They are in a state of constant motion and continuously change arrangements with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZilioli20204_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZilioli20204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012365–366,_440_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012365–366,_440-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reasoned that there must be infinite types of atoms because there is no reason why there should not be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202024,_452_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202024,_452-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012363–365_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012363–365-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 4th-century BCE philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, Leucippus argued that logically there must be indivisible points in everything. His reasoning was that if an object was made entirely of divisible points, then it would not have any structure and it would be intangible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasper201466_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasper201466-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012360_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012360-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus developed atomism along with his student, <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Leucippus is credited with the philosophy's creation, Democritus is understood to have elaborated upon it and applied it to natural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011304_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011304-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two works are attributed to Leucippus: <i>The Great World System</i> and <i>On Mind</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former may have originally been titled <i>The World System</i> and then later renamed to avoid confusion with Democritus's <i>The Little World System</i>. Leucippus's <i>The Great World System</i> has sometimes been attributed to Democritus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201615–16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201615–16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one extant <a href="/wiki/Literary_fragment" title="Literary fragment">fragment</a> is attributed to Leucippus, taken from <i>On Mind</i>: "Nothing happens at random, but everything for a reason and by necessity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202034_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202034-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009218_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus believed that all things must happen <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">deterministically</a>, as the positions and motions of the atoms guarantee that they will collide in a certain way,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011320_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011320-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957418_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957418-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invoking the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_causality" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of causality">principle of causality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012413_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012413-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was reminiscent of the 6th-century BCE philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>'s argument that movement is created by differences, and it was later codified by the 17th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason" title="Principle of sufficient reason">principle of sufficient reason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas200940_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas200940-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus rejected the idea that there was an intelligent force governing the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012414_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012414-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleatics_and_the_void">Eleatics and the void</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eleatics and the void"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leucippus's atomism was a direct response to <a href="/wiki/Eleatic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleatic philosophy">Eleatic philosophy</a>. The Eleatics believed that nothingness, or <a href="/wiki/The_Void_(philosophy)" title="The Void (philosophy)">the void</a>, cannot exist in its own right. They concluded that if there is no void, then there is no motion and all things <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">must be one</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus agreed with their logic, but he said that the void did exist, and he was therefore able to accept the existence of motion and <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">plurality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971219_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1971219-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Eleatics, Leucippus believed that everything exists in an eternal state and nothing can come into or out of existence, applying this to both atoms and the void.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212–213_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212–213-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957405_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957405-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle described Leucippus as saying that atoms are not an addition to the void, but that atoms and the void are two opposites that exist beside one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212–213_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212–213-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th-century CE philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a> also wrote about this idea, but he attributed it to Democritus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008345_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008345-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Christian author <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, Leucippus compared atoms to the particles of floating dust that are visible in sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012366_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012366-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leucippus's atomism kept the <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">concepts of reality</a> developed by the Eleatics, but it applied them to a physical explanation of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaks201889_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaks201889-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By moving away from the abstract points and units of geometry, he formed a possible solution to the <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">paradoxes of motion</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a>, which held that indivisibility made motion impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987110_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987110-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957372_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957372-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus also contested the Eleatic argument against divisibility: that any divider between two objects can also be divided. He argued that the void is a divider that does not have being and therefore cannot be divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971221–222_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1971221–222-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Leucippus described atoms as being able to touch one another, Aristotle understood this to mean atoms being near one another, as Leucippus maintained that the void must exist between all atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971219_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1971219-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012349_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012349-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soul_and_perception">Soul and perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soul and perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leucippus and Democritus proposed that heat, fire, and the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> are made of spherical atoms, as this shape would let them move past one another and cause the others to move more efficiently. They believed in a physical soul that drives motion in living things, and they described respiration as the process of expelling soul atoms and absorbing new ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021615–616_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021615–616-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Death then coincides with the last breath, as soul atoms are no longer being replenished. Sleep is a similar state in which a reduced number of soul atoms are in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021617–618_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021617–618-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leucippus was the first philosopher to describe a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">theory of thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011332_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011332-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described sensory input as a transfer between atoms, created when external atoms come into contact with the atoms of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011329_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011329-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus said that sight is caused by a film of atoms emitted from an object, maintaining the shapes of its atoms and creating a reflection of the object in the viewer's eye. His description of vision was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a>, who formed a similar concept of objects emitting films of themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011330_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011330-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus posited that concepts such as color and texture are created by different arrangements of atoms, and that abstract concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> are produced through the arrangement of soul atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987171_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987171-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Epiphanius, Leucippus said that reasoned <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> is impossible to obtain and only unreasoned <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012562_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012562-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th-century writer Constantine Vamvacas said that Leucippus rejected this belief, and that it was the Eleatic philosopher Parmenides who held it. According to Vamvacas, Leucippus and Democritus "believe that sense experience, however limited, constitutes objective knowledge of the physical world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009211_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009211-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th-century scholar C. C. W. Taylor said that "we have no evidence to suggest that Leucippus was concerned with <a href="/wiki/Epistemological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a> questions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999189_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999189-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leucippus said that the void extends infinitely, expanding across the entire universe. He also said that there is an infinite number of atoms, spread across the void. The Earth and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>—including the Sun, the Moon, the stars, and anything else visible in the night sky—exist together in the void.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987136_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987136-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leucippus said that the cosmos was created when a large group of atoms came together and swirled as a vortex. They shifted around each other until they were sorted "like to like". The larger atoms gathered in the center while the smaller ones were pushed to the edge. The smaller atoms became the celestial bodies of the cosmos. The larger atoms in the center came together as a membrane from which the Earth was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957411–412_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957411–412-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient writers disagreed about what Leucippus meant when he described the membrane: <a href="/wiki/Aetius_(philosopher)" title="Aetius (philosopher)">Aetius</a> said that the smaller atoms were part of the membrane, encasing the larger atoms, but <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a> said that the larger atoms formed a membrane themselves and the smaller ones were excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957411–412_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957411–412-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus also believed that there were distant cosmoses in other parts of the void; this makes him the first known philosopher to propose the existence of other worlds besides Earth, though some ancient doxographers have attributed these ideas to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Ionian_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian philosophers">Ionian philosophers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957412_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957412-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other pre-Socratic philosophers, Leucippus believed that the Earth was in the center of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011327_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011327-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that the other celestial bodies orbited around the Earth, with the Moon being the closest to the Earth and the Sun being the farthest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008338_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008338-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the stars as orbiting the fastest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While initially "moist and muddy", the stars dried and then ignited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141,_145_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141,_145-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leucippus adopted the idea of the Ionian philosophers that the Earth is flat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957412_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957412-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Aetius, Leucippus thought of the Earth as "drum-shaped", with a flat surface and some degree of depth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that the flat Earth is tilted on its horizontal axis so that the south is lower than the north, explaining that the northern region is colder than the southern region, and the cold compacted air of the north can better support the Earth's weight than the warm rarefied air of the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339–340_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339–340-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aetius also tells of Leucippus's explanation for thunder: that it is caused by fire being compressed in clouds and then bursting out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008340–341_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008340–341-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many early philosophers were confused by the fact that earthly objects fell downward while celestial objects moved in a curved trajectory. This prompted many of them to believe in a non-earthly substance that composes the celestial bodies. With his model of the cosmos, Leucippus was able to justify why these entities move differently even though they are made of the same substance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987146–147_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987146–147-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leucippus gave no explanation for how motion began, for which he was criticized by Aristotle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987149_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987149-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957417_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957417-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether Leucippus considered vorticies to arise by chance or as a deterministic outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2013459–460_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2013459–460-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leucippus._Line_engraving_by_S._Beyssent_after_Mlle_C._Reyde_Wellcome_V0003528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line engraving of Leucippus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leucippus._Line_engraving_by_S._Beyssent_after_Mlle_C._Reyde_Wellcome_V0003528.jpg/170px-Leucippus._Line_engraving_by_S._Beyssent_after_Mlle_C._Reyde_Wellcome_V0003528.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leucippus._Line_engraving_by_S._Beyssent_after_Mlle_C._Reyde_Wellcome_V0003528.jpg/255px-Leucippus._Line_engraving_by_S._Beyssent_after_Mlle_C._Reyde_Wellcome_V0003528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leucippus._Line_engraving_by_S._Beyssent_after_Mlle_C._Reyde_Wellcome_V0003528.jpg/340px-Leucippus._Line_engraving_by_S._Beyssent_after_Mlle_C._Reyde_Wellcome_V0003528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="3425" /></a><figcaption>A 1773 <a href="/wiki/Line_engraving" title="Line engraving">line engraving</a> of Leucippus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern understanding of Leucippus's role in the development of atomism comes from the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle's 4th-century BCE record of Leucippus and Democritus's philosophy is the oldest surviving source on the subject,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasper201465_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasper201465-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he did not distinguish who developed which atomist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aetius also wrote about Leucippus, but it was well after Leucippus's own time and derivative of previous writings on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later histories of philosophy omitted Leucippus entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since ancient times, Leucippus has languished in obscurity compared to Democritus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since the earliest records of atomist thought, it has been common practice to consider the ideas of Leucippus and Democritus collectively rather than attempting to distinguish them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The atomist philosophy of Leucippus and Democritus influenced Greek philosophy for centuries, particularly in the work of Aristotle and Epicurus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999199–200_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999199–200-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle was critical of atomism. He questioned why stone should fall but fire should rise if they are both made of the same material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987184_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987184-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes of Apollonia</a>'s interpretation of the void may have been inspired by Leucippus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012569_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012569-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971243_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1971243-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> explored cosmological ideas similar to those of Leucippus in the dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2013449_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2013449-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient atomism was revived in the 16th and 17th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202026_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202026-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999219–220_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999219–220-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially by proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">mechanical philosophy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> (1592–1655) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> (1627–1691).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmers2005–2014_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2005–2014-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in practice experimental chemists such as Boyle rather relied on the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Corpuscularianism" title="Corpuscularianism">corpuscularianism</a> which had developed in medieval <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> and ultimately goes back to works such as Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)"><i>Meteorology IV</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerryman2005–2022_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerryman2005–2022-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 18th century chemists worked independently from philosophical atomism, which only changed when <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (1766–1844) proposed a form of atomism that was rooted in chemical experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmers2005–2014_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2005–2014-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Leucippus' ideas form an important historical precedent for the concept of atoms in general, they only bear a superficial resemblance to modern <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>. Leucippus's philosophy was conjecture based on <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a></i> evidence, while modern atomic theory is supported by empirical evidence found through the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011341–342_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011341–342-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012343–344_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012343–344-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main practical difference between Leucippus's atomism and modern atomic theory is the introduction of non-tangible phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental force">fundamental forces</a>. Instead of the purely material atoms of Leucippus, modern atomic theory shows that fundamental forces combine <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a> into atoms and link atoms together into <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011342_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011342-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th-century physicist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> argued that Plato's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">theory of forms</a> was closer to the 20th-century understanding of physics than Leucippus's conception of atoms, saying that modern atoms are more like the intangible Platonic forms than the discrete material units of Leucippus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012344_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012344-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarship_on_Leucippus">Scholarship on Leucippus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scholarship on Leucippus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern philosophy generally takes more interest in Leucippus's concept of atoms than his cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008344_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008344-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two major systems have been created to distinguish Leucippus and Democritus. The 20th-century philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Dyroff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Dyroff (page does not exist)">Adolf Dyroff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Dyroff" class="extiw" title="de:Adolf Dyroff">de</a>]</span> developed a set of distinctions between Leucippus and Democritus: he proposed that Leucippus was responsible for the atomist response to the Eleatics while Democritus responded to the <a href="/wiki/Sophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophists">Sophists</a> and that Leucippus was a cosmologist while Democritus was a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th-century classicist <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Bailey" title="Cyril Bailey">Cyril Bailey</a> proposed another system to differentiate the two philosophers, attributing atomism and belief in the void to Leucippus while attributing <i>The Great Cosmology</i> to Democritus as an application of Leucippus's philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008336_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008336-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Democritus, Leucippus is only known to have studied cosmology and physics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasper201465_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasper201465-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Diogenes Laertius, Epicurus alleged that Leucippus never existed—an allegation that triggered extensive philosophical debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern philosophers agree that Leucippus existed, but there is disagreement on whether his work can be meaningfully distinguished from that of Democritus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the philosopher Daniel Graham wrote that no significant work on the historicity of Leucippus has been produced since the early 20th century, arguing that "recent scholarship tends to avoid the question as much as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars who maintain that Leucippus existed argue that he only taught orally or that any written works he produced were never meant for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th-century classicist John Burnet proposed an alternate reading of Epicurus's claims, according to which Epicurus may have been saying that Leucippus was not worth discussing as a philosopher, not that he literally did not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting this argument is that Epicurus considered ethics to be foundational to philosophy, and Leucippus had no teachings on that subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201621_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201621-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among scholars who argue against Leucippus's existence, alternate ideas have been proposed: Leucippus may have been a pseudonym of Democritus, or he may have been a character in a <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">dialogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars who have rejected the existence of Leucippus include <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Erwin Rohde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Natorp" title="Paul Natorp">Paul Natorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tannery" title="Paul Tannery">Paul Tannery</a>, P. Bokownew, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Howald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Howald (page does not exist)">Ernst Howald</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Howald" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Howald">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_De_Ley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman De Ley (page does not exist)">Herman De Ley</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55233263#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q55233263"><span title=""Herman De Ley" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Brieger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Brieger (page does not exist)">Adolf Brieger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Brieger" class="extiw" title="de:Adolf Brieger">de</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Nestle" title="Wilhelm Nestle">Wilhelm Nestle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201613_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201613-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of Leucippus was an issue in 19th-century German philosophy, where it spawned a debate between Rohde, Natorp, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Alexander_Diels" title="Hermann Alexander Diels">Hermann Alexander Diels</a>. Rhode believed that even in the time of Epicurus there was no evidence of Leucippus's existence, and there was therefore no purpose in attributing the atomism of Democritus to an unknown figure such as Leucippus, rejecting Theophrastus's account. Natorp likewise rejected that Diogenes of Apollonia was preceded by Leucippus. Diels affirmed the account of Theophrastus and produced writings criticizing Rhode and Natorp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334–335_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334–335-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem was significant enough that it was given its own name in German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die Leukipp-frage</i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> <i>the Leucippus problem</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201613_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201613-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333,_348n1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333,_348n1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two works are attributed to Leucippus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403SkordoulisKoutalis2013467Graham2008334_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403SkordoulisKoutalis2013467Graham2008334-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μέγας διάκοσμος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Megas Diakosmos</i></span>; translated as <i>The Great World System</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011303_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011303-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Great Cosmology</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>The Great World Order</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987116_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987116-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περί Νού</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Peri Nou</i></span>; translated as <i>On Mind</i>) – This work includes the only surviving fragment written by Leucippus: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">"οὐδὲν χρῆμα μάτην γίνεται, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἐκ λόγου τε καὶ ὑπ’ ἀνάγκης"</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201612_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201612-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "Nothing happens at random, but everything for a reason and by necessity."</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202034_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202034-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009218_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a> – An ancient Indian philosopher who also developed an early atomist philosophy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335McKirahan2011303Cerri201612-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335McKirahan2011303Cerri201612_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 335; <a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFCerri2016">Cerri 2016</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402Hasper201465McKirahan2011203-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402Hasper201465McKirahan2011203_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 402; <a href="#CITEREFHasper2014">Hasper 2014</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey1972141–142-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussey1972141–142_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussey1972">Hussey 1972</a>, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009210KirkRaven1957401Barnes2012306-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009210KirkRaven1957401Barnes2012306_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvacas2009">Vamvacas 2009</a>, p. 210; <a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 401; <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201613-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201613_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201613_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201613_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCerri2016">Cerri 2016</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012306-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012306_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011303-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011303_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011303_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335,_348n12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008335,_348n12_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, pp. 335, 348n12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkordoulisKoutalis2013">Skordoulis & Koutalis 2013</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181–182_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZilioli20204-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZilioli20204_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZilioli2020">Zilioli 2020</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012365–366,_440-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012365–366,_440_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, pp. 365–366, 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202024,_452-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202024,_452_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2020">Gregory 2020</a>, pp. 24, 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012363–365-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012363–365_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, pp. 363–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasper201466-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasper201466_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasper2014">Hasper 2014</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012360-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012360_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011304-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011304_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201615–16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201615–16_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCerri2016">Cerri 2016</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202034-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202034_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202034_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2020">Gregory 2020</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009218-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009218_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009218_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvacas2009">Vamvacas 2009</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011320-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011320_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957418-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957418_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012413-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012413_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas200940-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas200940_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvacas2009">Vamvacas 2009</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012414-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012414_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkordoulisKoutalis2013467–468_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkordoulisKoutalis2013">Skordoulis & Koutalis 2013</a>, pp. 467–468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202023–24_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2020">Gregory 2020</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvacas2009">Vamvacas 2009</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1971219-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971219_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971219_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokes1971">Stokes 1971</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212–213-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212–213_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009212–213_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvacas2009">Vamvacas 2009</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957405-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957405_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008345-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008345_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012366-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012366_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaks201889-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaks201889_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaks2018">Laks 2018</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987110-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987110_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957372-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957372_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1971221–222-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971221–222_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokes1971">Stokes 1971</a>, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012349-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012349_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021615–616-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021615–616_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugustinPellò2021">Augustin & Pellò 2021</a>, pp. 615–616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021617–618-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugustinPellò2021617–618_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAugustinPellò2021">Augustin & Pellò 2021</a>, pp. 617–618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011332-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011332_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011329-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011329_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011330-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011330_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987171-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987171_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012562-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012562_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009211-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvacas2009211_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvacas2009">Vamvacas 2009</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999189-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999189_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987136-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987136_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957411–412-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957411–412_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957411–412_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, pp. 411–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957412-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957412_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957412_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011327-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011327_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008338-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008338_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141,_145-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987140–141,_145_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, pp. 140–141, 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339–340-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008339–340_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, pp. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008340–341-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008340–341_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, pp. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987146–147-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987146–147_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987149-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987149_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957417-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957417_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2013459–460-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2013459–460_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2013">Gregory 2013</a>, pp. 459–460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasper201465-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasper201465_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasper201465_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasper2014">Hasper 2014</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008337_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999181_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999199–200-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999199–200_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987184-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987184_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012569-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012569_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1971243-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1971243_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokes1971">Stokes 1971</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2013449-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2013449_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2013">Gregory 2013</a>, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory202026-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory202026_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2020">Gregory 2020</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1999219–220-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1999219–220_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmers2005–2014-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmers2005–2014_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmers2005–2014_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalmers2005–2014">Chalmers 2005–2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerryman2005–2022-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerryman2005–2022_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerryman2005–2022">Berryman 2005–2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011341–342-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011341–342_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, pp. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012343–344-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012343–344_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, pp. 343–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011342-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKirahan2011342_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKirahan2011">McKirahan 2011</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012344-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2012344_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes2012">Barnes 2012</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008344-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008344_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008336-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008336_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957402_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201621-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201621_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCerri2016">Cerri 2016</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334–335-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008334–335_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, pp. 334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333,_348n1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2008333,_348n1_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, pp. 333, 348n1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403SkordoulisKoutalis2013467Graham2008334-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403SkordoulisKoutalis2013467Graham2008334_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 403; <a href="#CITEREFSkordoulisKoutalis2013">Skordoulis & Koutalis 2013</a>, p. 467; <a href="#CITEREFGraham2008">Graham 2008</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957403_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">Kirk & Raven 1957</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurley1987116-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurley1987116_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurley1987">Furley 1987</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECerri201612-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECerri201612_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCerri2016">Cerri 2016</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAugustinPellò2021" class="citation journal cs1">Augustin, Michael; Pellò, Caterina (2021). "Life and Lifeforms in Early Greek Atomism". <i>Apeiron</i>. <b>55</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">601–</span>625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fapeiron-2021-0035">10.1515/apeiron-2021-0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F24515">10023/24515</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6390">0003-6390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apeiron&rft.atitle=Life+and+Lifeforms+in+Early+Greek+Atomism&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E601-%3C%2Fspan%3E625&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F24515&rft.issn=0003-6390&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fapeiron-2021-0035&rft.aulast=Augustin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pell%C3%B2%2C+Caterina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Barnes, Jonathan</a> (2012) [1982]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presocratics-arg-philosophers/"><i>The Presocratic Philosophers</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203007372">10.4324/9780203007372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20351-7"><bdi>978-0-415-20351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presocratic+Philosophers&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203007372&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20351-7&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresocratics-arg-philosophers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryman2005–2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Berryman, Sylvia (2005–2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/atomism-ancient">"Ancient Atomism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a>; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Atomism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2005%2F2022&rft.aulast=Berryman&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2022%2Fentries%2Fatomism-ancient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerri2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cerri, Giovanni (2016). "A Scholarch Denied: Leucippus, Founder of Ancient Atomism". In Colesanti, Giulio; Lulli, Laura (eds.). <i>Submerged Literature in Ancient Greek Culture</i>. Vol. 2: Case Studies. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110428636">10.1515/9783110428636</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042863-6"><bdi>978-3-11-042863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Scholarch+Denied%3A+Leucippus%2C+Founder+of+Ancient+Atomism&rft.btitle=Submerged+Literature+in+Ancient+Greek+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110428636&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042863-6&rft.aulast=Cerri&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers2005–2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Chalmers" title="Alan Chalmers">Chalmers, Alan</a> (2005–2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/atomism-modern">"Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atomism+from+the+17th+to+the+20th+Century&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2005%2F2014&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2019%2Fentries%2Fatomism-modern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurley1987" class="citation book cs1">Furley, David (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekcosmologist0001furl"><i>The Greek Cosmologists: Volume 1, The Formation of the Atomic Theory and its Earliest Critics</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511552540">10.1017/CBO9780511552540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33328-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33328-8"><bdi>0-521-33328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Cosmologists%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Formation+of+the+Atomic+Theory+and+its+Earliest+Critics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511552540&rft.isbn=0-521-33328-8&rft.aulast=Furley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekcosmologist0001furl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2008" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Daniel W. (2008). "Leucippus' Atomism". In Curd, Patricia; Graham, Daniel W. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">333–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195146875.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195146875.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514687-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514687-5"><bdi>978-0-19-514687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leucippus%27+Atomism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Presocratic+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195146875.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514687-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory, Andrew (2013). "Leucippus and Democritus on Like to Like and ou mallon". <i>Apeiron</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">446–</span>468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fapeiron-2013-0021">10.1515/apeiron-2013-0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-7093">2156-7093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170653648">170653648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apeiron&rft.atitle=Leucippus+and+Democritus+on+Like+to+Like+and+ou+mallon&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E468&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170653648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2156-7093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fapeiron-2013-0021&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2020" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Andrew (2020). "Early Ancient Atomism". In Zilioli, Ugo (ed.). <i>Atomism in Philosophy: A History from Antiquity to the Present</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350107526.0008">10.5040/9781350107526.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10750-2"><bdi>978-1-350-10750-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Ancient+Atomism&rft.btitle=Atomism+in+Philosophy%3A+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781350107526.0008&rft.isbn=978-1-350-10750-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasper2014" class="citation book cs1">Hasper, Pieter Sjoerd (2014). "Leucippus and Democritus". In Warren, James; Sheffield, Frisbee C. C. (eds.). <i>The Routledge Companion to Ancient Philosophy</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315871363">10.4324/9781315871363</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-87136-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-87136-3"><bdi>978-1-315-87136-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leucippus+and+Democritus&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Ancient+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315871363&rft.isbn=978-1-315-87136-3&rft.aulast=Hasper&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Sjoerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussey1972" class="citation book cs1">Hussey, Edward (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presocratics0000huss/"><i>The Presocratics</i></a></span>. Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/SBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SBN (identifier)">SBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-13687-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-13687-2"><bdi>684-13687-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presocratics&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Hussey&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresocratics0000huss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkRaven1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Raven" title="John Raven">Raven, John Earle</a> (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presocraticphilo0000kirk_g0e7"><i>The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511813375">10.1017/CBO9780511813375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27455-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27455-5"><bdi>978-0-521-27455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presocratic+Philosophers%3A+A+Critical+History+with+a+Selection+of+Texts&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511813375&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27455-5&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Stephen&rft.au=Raven%2C+John+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresocraticphilo0000kirk_g0e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaks2018" class="citation book cs1">Laks, André (2018). <i>The Concept of Presocratic Philosophy: Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i>. Translated by Most, Glenn W. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvc7765p">10.2307/j.ctvc7765p</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17545-4"><bdi>978-0-691-17545-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Presocratic+Philosophy%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvc7765p&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17545-4&rft.aulast=Laks&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKirahan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_McKirahan" title="Richard McKirahan">McKirahan, Richard D.</a> (2011) [1994]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophybefore00mcki"><i>Philosophy Before Socrates</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Hackett Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-182-5"><bdi>978-1-60384-182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+Before+Socrates&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-182-5&rft.aulast=McKirahan&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophybefore00mcki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkordoulisKoutalis2013" class="citation book cs1">Skordoulis, Constantine D.; Koutalis, Vangelis (2013). "Investigating the Historical Development of the Concept of Matter: Controversies About/In Ancient Atomism". In Tsaparlis, Georgios (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789400759138_19"><i>Concepts of Matter in Science Education</i></a></span>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">463–</span>483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5914-5">10.1007/978-94-007-5914-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5914-5"><bdi>978-94-007-5914-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+Historical+Development+of+the+Concept+of+Matter%3A+Controversies+About%2FIn+Ancient+Atomism&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Matter+in+Science+Education&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E483&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5914-5&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5914-5&rft.aulast=Skordoulis&rft.aufirst=Constantine+D.&rft.au=Koutalis%2C+Vangelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9789400759138_19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1971" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Michael C. (1971). <i>One and Many in Presocratic Philosophy</i>. Center for Hellenic Studies. <a href="/wiki/SBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SBN (identifier)">SBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-63825-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-63825-5"><bdi>674-63825-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+Many+in+Presocratic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, C.C.W. (1999). "The Atomists". In Long, A. A. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_w6c1"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fccol0521441226">10.1017/ccol0521441226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44122-3"><bdi>978-0-521-44122-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170976113">170976113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Atomists&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Early+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170976113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fccol0521441226&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44122-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=C.C.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_w6c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVamvacas2009" class="citation book cs1">Vamvacas, Constantine I. (2009). <i>The Founders of Western Thought: The Presocratics a Diachronic Parallelism Between Presocratic Thought and Philosophy and the Natural Sciences</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9791-1">10.1007/978-1-4020-9791-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9790-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-9790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founders+of+Western+Thought%3A+The+Presocratics+a+Diachronic+Parallelism+Between+Presocratic+Thought+and+Philosophy+and+the+Natural+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9791-1&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9790-4&rft.aulast=Vamvacas&rft.aufirst=Constantine+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZilioli2020" class="citation book cs1">Zilioli, Ugo (2020). "General Introduction". <i>Atomism in Philosophy: A History from Antiquity to the Present</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10750-2"><bdi>978-1-350-10750-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Introduction&rft.btitle=Atomism+in+Philosophy%3A+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-350-10750-2&rft.aulast=Zilioli&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeucippus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/">"Leucippus"</a> entry by Sylvia Berryman in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, 9 January 2023</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Solon of Athens">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periander_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periander of Corinth">Periander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleobulus_of_Lindos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleobulus of Lindos">Cleobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Sparta" title="Chilon of Sparta">Chilon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ionian37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Milesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italian105" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiskos" title="Lamiskos">Lamiskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brontinus" title="Brontinus">Brontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damo_(philosopher)" title="Damo (philosopher)">Damo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliphon_of_Croton" title="Calliphon of Croton">Calliphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermotimus_of_Clazomenae" title="Hermotimus of Clazomenae">Hermotimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Cos" title="Metrodorus of Cos">Metrodorus of Cos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia" title="Myia">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurytus_(Pythagorean)" title="Eurytus (Pythagorean)">Eurytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoreans" title="Category:Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_(philosopher)" title="Hippo (philosopher)">Hippo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">Pluralist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_elder)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acron" title="Acron">Acron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Sicily" title="Pausanias of Sicily">Pausanias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus" title="Thrasymachus">Thrasymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_of_Athens" title="Damon of Athens">Damon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callicles" title="Callicles">Callicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophron_(sophist)" title="Lycophron (sophist)">Lycophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus_(sophist)" title="Dionysodorus (sophist)">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_of_Chios" title="Euthydemus of Chios">Euthydemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek philosophy">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Socrates" title="Category:Pupils of Socrates">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cynic_philosophers" title="List of Cynic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus_the_Younger" title="Aristippus the Younger">Aristippus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus the Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniceris" title="Anniceris">Anniceris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrenaic_philosophers" title="Category:Cyrenaic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus" title="Menedemus">Menedemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Phlius" title="Asclepiades of Phlius">Asclepiades of Phlius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyas" title="Ichthyas">Ichthyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus_of_Corinth" title="Thrasymachus of Corinth">Thrasymachus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicarete_of_Megara" title="Nicarete of Megara">Nicarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasicles_of_Thebes" title="Pasicles of Thebes">Pasicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Achaea" title="Bryson of Achaea">Bryson</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dialecticians33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Dialecticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinomachus" title="Clinomachus">Clinomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Cronus" title="Apollonius Cronus">Apollonius Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphantus" title="Euphantus">Euphantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Chalcedon" title="Dionysius of Chalcedon">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexinus" title="Alexinus">Alexinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthoides" title="Panthoides">Panthoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peripatetic_philosophers" title="Category:Peripatetic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Skeptic_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Lucius Annaeus Cornutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_younger)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Oenoanda" title="Diogenes of Oenoanda">Diogenes of Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epicurean_philosophers" title="List of Epicurean philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderatus_of_Gades" title="Moderatus of Gades">Moderatus of Gades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Pythagoreans" title="Category:Neo-Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicetes_of_Smyrna" title="Nicetes of Smyrna">Nicetes of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman-era_Sophists" title="Category:Roman-era Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000085701017">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71029333">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/307157891">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22159518392332772744">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309868833">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316450149">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1398158070640508780008">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/437868/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjFYPgCKTc9mMDHKJwFrD3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119217805">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99064639">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16572998t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16572998t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516203206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12455460?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:leucippus.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119217805.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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