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工农兵学员 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-试点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#试点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>试点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-试点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-推广" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#推广"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>推广</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-推广-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-废除" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#废除"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>废除</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-废除-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弊端" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弊端"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>弊端</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弊端-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-知名人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#知名人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>知名人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-知名人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">工农兵学员</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。4种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker-Peasant-Soldier_student" title="Worker-Peasant-Soldier student – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Worker-Peasant-Soldier student" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid_Buruh-Petani-Prajurit" title="Murid Buruh-Petani-Prajurit – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Murid Buruh-Petani-Prajurit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudante_Oper%C3%A1rio-Campon%C3%AAs-Soldado" title="Estudante Operário-Camponês-Soldado – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estudante Operário-Camponês-Soldado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7i-K%C3%B6yl%C3%BC-Asker_%C3%B6%C4%9Frenci" title="İşçi-Köylü-Asker öğrenci – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşçi-Köylü-Asker öğrenci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24965042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论(页面不存在)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon 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href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5" title="工农兵">工农兵</a>塑像</figcaption></figure> <p>1966年<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>爆发后,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>的大學入學考試—<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%8B%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95" title="普通高等学校招生全国统一考试">高考</a>取消,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="大学">大学</a>停止招生;1970年起大学开始按推荐制招生,这些录取的学生後來遂称为“<b>工农兵大学生</b>”或“<b>工农兵学员</b>”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1970年到1976年间,全国共招生94万人<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。录取的学员包括工人、农民、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="解放军">解放军</a>士兵(简称<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5" title="工农兵">工农兵</a>),以及一些青年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="干部">干部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="知青">知青</a>和相当比例的干部子弟,多数人只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="初中">初中</a>甚至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="小学">小学</a>文化程度,造成当时各大学的教学内容和教学秩序混乱<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。文化大革命结束后该制度被取消,1977年「<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a>」期间,高考恢复<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>这期间经推荐入学的学员学历后来称作「<b>大学普通班</b>」,简称「<b>大普</b>」<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,学制为二至三年。虽然大学普通班学历也被承认作「<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="普通高等学校">普通高等学校</a>毕业生」,不同于当时设立的学制二年以内的推荐制进修班、培训班<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但它与大学<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="專科學校">专科</a>或授予<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="学士学位">学士学位</a>的本科有实质区别<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。这些学员毕业后的工资待遇比照专科毕业生,在专业<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E7%A7%B0" title="职称">职称</a>评审中有时可充作本科学历。不过选拔干部,很多地方都有限制使用工農兵大學生的规定。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1990年代,曾有学校为这批毕业生重新开具学历证明或换发毕业证书,但后来被宣告无效。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="试点"><span id=".E8.AF.95.E7.82.B9"></span>试点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:试点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8B%E4%B9%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="上山下乡运动">上山下乡运动</a></div><p>1968年7月21日的毛泽东《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%C2%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" title="七·二一指示">七·二一指示</a>》指出:“大学还是要办的,我这里主要说的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A7%91" title="理工科">理工科</a>大学还要办,但学制要缩短,教育要革命,要<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="无产阶级">无产阶级</a>政治挂帅,走上海机床厂从工人中培养技术人员的道路。要从有实践经验的工人农民中间选拔学生,到学校学几年以后,又回到生产实践中去。”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1968年9月,为了贯彻《七·二一指示》,上海机床厂创办了“七二一工人大学”,规定学制为两年,学员毕业后仍回厂工作<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style></p><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献:<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%8B%9B%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%88%E8%AF%95%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%89%E8%AF%B7%E7%A4%BA%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E7%A4%BA" class="extiw" title="s:中共中央关于北京大学、清华大学招生(试点)请示报告的批示">中共中央关于北京大学、清华大学招生(试点)请示报告的批示</a></b></div></div> </div><p>1970年6月27日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央">中共中央</a>批转《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="北京大学">北京大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="清华大学">清华大学</a>关于招生(试点)的请示报告》,决定“实行群众推荐、领导批准、学校复审相结合的办法”,从有实践经验的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5" title="工农兵">工农兵</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8B%E4%B9%A1%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="上山下乡运动">上山下乡</a>知青中招生,先在北京大学、清华大学试点<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。规定招收“政治思想好,身体健康,具有三年以上实践经验,年龄在20岁左右,有相当于初中以上文化程度的工人、贫下中农、解放军战士和青年干部”、“有丰富实践经验的工人、贫下中农,不受年龄和文化程度的限制”、“注意招收上山下乡和回乡<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4" title="知识青年">知识青年</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。当时,工农兵大学生的任务是:“上大学、管大学、用<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="毛泽东思想">毛泽东思想</a>改造大学。”<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 学习期满后(学制2至3年),原则上返回原单位、原地区工作,特殊需要的由国家统一分配<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="推广"><span id=".E6.8E.A8.E5.B9.BF"></span>推广</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:推广"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="1971年全国教育工作会议">1971年全国教育工作会议</a>通过了《全国教育工作会议纪要》,明令废除<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%8B%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95" title="普通高等学校招生全国统一考试">高考</a>文化课考试,提出了“十六字”招生办法及“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%AA%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="两个估计">两个估计</a>”,全国高等院校开始大规模招收工农兵学员<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1972年春,北京大学、清华大学招生试点经验在全国高校全面推广<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1973年3月10日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央">中共中央</a>作出《关于恢复邓小平同志的党的组织生活和国务院副总理的职务的决定》<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>复出后,经努力,1973年4月<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国国务院">国务院</a>批准国务院科教组《关于高等学校一九七三年招生工作的意见》,修订1971年开始实行的推荐和选拔工农兵上大学的规定,增加“文化考试”的内容<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其后由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%93%81%E7%94%9F" title="张铁生">张铁生</a>写信事件,文化考试结果作废,张铁生当时被封为“白卷英雄”、“反潮流英雄”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1973年8月10日,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》转载了张铁生的信,另加编者按语:“这封信提出了教育战线上两条路线、两种思想斗争的一个重要问题,确实发人深思。”《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%97%97_(%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97)" title="红旗 (杂志)">红旗</a>》杂志也转载并发表评论,认为搞文化考试是“旧高考制度的复辟”、“<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="资产阶级">资产阶级</a>向<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="无产阶级">无产阶级</a>反扑”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。张铁生获得“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%BA%E5%B8%AE" title="四人帮">四人帮</a>”的支持,该事件也严重阻碍了邓小平对招生制度改革的努力<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1976年9月6日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%82%AE%E6%94%BF" title="中国邮政">中国邮政</a>发行了《工农兵上大学》<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AE%E7%A5%A8" title="邮票">邮票</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="废除"><span id=".E5.BA.9F.E9.99.A4"></span>废除</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:废除"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="拨乱反正">拨乱反正</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WHU-wenge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WHU-wenge.jpg/220px-WHU-wenge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WHU-wenge.jpg/330px-WHU-wenge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WHU-wenge.jpg/440px-WHU-wenge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>文革时期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="武汉大学">武汉大学</a>。文革后,武汉大学教授<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7" title="查全性">查全性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="中国科技大学">中国科技大学</a>学者<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%85%83%E5%87%AF" title="温元凯">温元凯</a>等人成为最早向邓小平倡议恢复高考的人士<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:80_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:80-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <p>1976年10月6日,四人帮在北京<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E4%BB%81%E5%A0%82%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="怀仁堂事变">被捕</a>,文化大革命结束,工农兵学员制度也随着文化大革命的结束而消亡。1977年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在中共十届三中全会上第三次复出政坛,同年决定恢复高考<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。从1966年高考取消到1977年恢复高考的10年间,全国高等院校共招收94万基于推荐制的大学生<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。最后一届工农兵学员于1976年入学<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1993年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E9%83%A8" title="中华人民共和国人事部">中华人民共和国人事部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E5%A7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="国家教委">国家教委</a>联合下发教学厅字[1993]4号文件,其中规定,对于1970-1976年进入<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="普通高等学校">普通高等学校</a>的大学生,学习期满毕业时已由学校颁发了毕业证书,国家承认其学历为大学普通班毕业;该时期进入高等<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="专科学校">专科学校</a>的则为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E7%A7%91_(%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2)" class="mw-redirect" title="专科 (教育)">专科</a>毕业<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="弊端"><span id=".E5.BC.8A.E7.AB.AF"></span>弊端</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:弊端"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E8%B5%B0%E5%90%8E%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="批走后门">批走后门</a></div> <p>弊端一、由于“领导批准”在工农兵学员的推荐和录取中具有决定性作用,为“走后门”打开了方便之门,也导致了工农兵学员中的干部子弟比例较高<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>弊端二、工农兵学员的任务是上大学、管大学、用马克思主义毛泽东思想改造大学。工农兵学员的文化基础、年龄都存在较大差别,文化程度高的是“文革”前夕毕业的高中生,低的是“文革”前初中一年级;年龄大的是四十年代中期生人,小的是五十年代初期生人。这样一群学生共为同窗,再加上“上、管、改”的特殊身份和使命,学校、老师如何施教确实有不少难题。后来学校采取了分大班小班、快班慢班等措施分头进行教学,但从来不公开评价学生的学习成绩。好在那时基本不考试,一般是当一门课程结束时按等级考核一次,这减轻了一些同学的压力。当时课堂教学老师很避讳一言堂、满堂灌,尽量采取启发式、讨论式等教学形式,使课堂气氛显得比较民主、轻松。 </p><p>弊端三、由于废除了招生考试,学员的文化程度差别很大,生源质量堪忧,造成了教学秩序的混乱,降低了教学水平和质量,使大学教育严重地形式化、政治化<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。具体而言,工农兵学员的录取,文化程度只需要初中文化程度及以上即可,工人、农民中有丰富实践经验的不受年龄和文化程度的限制,意味着小学甚至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="半文盲">半文盲</a>也可接受<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。譬如,1970年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="北京大学">北京大学</a>共招生2665人,其文化程度为:高中171人,初中2142人,小学79人(不包括短训班)<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1971年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京市</a>7所院校所招学生中,<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="高中">高中</a>文化程度占21%,<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="初中">初中</a>占78%,<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="高小">高小</a>占0.6%;<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="武汉大学">武汉大学</a>招收的新生中,文科有45名是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E5%B0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="初小">初小</a>程度,理科有30%是高小程度,甚至有学员连<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%87%8F%E4%B9%98%E9%99%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="加减乘除">加减乘除</a>也不认得<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1972年5月8日,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国国务院">国务院</a>科教组转发《北京市革命委员会科教组关于高等学校试办补习班的报告》,指出北京市11所高等学校招收的工农兵学员中,初中以上文化程度的只占20%,初中文化程度的占60%,相当于小学程度的占20%<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>据当年的武汉大学教授查全性回忆:文化大革命结束后,1977年8月4日,<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82" title="人民大会堂">人民大会堂</a>主持了召开了科学和教育工作座谈会,来自科学院系统和高等院校的33位专家学者参加,至8日结束<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。会上,当<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="清华大学">清华大学</a>党委负责人谈到清华大学的新生文化素质太差,许多学生只有小学水平,还得补习中学课程时,邓小平插话说:“那就干脆叫‘清华中学’、‘清华小学’,还叫什么大学!”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>邓小平插话令<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7" title="查全性">查全性</a>大胆直言,他痛陈“现行(推荐工农兵上大学的)招生制度的弊端首先是埋没人才,一些热爱科学、热爱文化、有前途的青年选不上来,一些不想读书、文化程度又不高的人反而占据了招生名额。”邓小平当即鼓励查全性继续说。查全性痛陈当时的招生制度有四大弊端:一是埋没了人才;二是卡了工农兵子弟;三是助长了不正之风;四是严重影响了中小学学生和教师的积极性。“今年的招生工作还没有开始,就已经有人在请客、送礼,走后门。甚至小学生都知道,如今上大学不需要学文化,只要有个好爸爸。”<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="知名人物"><span id=".E7.9F.A5.E5.90.8D.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>知名人物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:知名人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>部分知名的工农兵学员<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="习近平">习近平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81" title="王沪宁">王沪宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85" title="赵乐际">赵乐际</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%A5%87" title="蔡奇">蔡奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%B2%90%E5%B1%B1" title="王岐山">王岐山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E6%B4%8B_(%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%94%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="汪洋 (全國政協主席)">汪洋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%B8%8C" title="陈希">陈希</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%B4%81%E7%AF%AA" title="杨洁篪">杨洁篪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%BE%B7%E6%B1%9F" title="张德江">张德江</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%BA%90%E6%BD%AE" title="李源潮">李源潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%99%93%E6%B8%A1" title="杨晓渡">杨晓渡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%AE" title="许其亮">许其亮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%A3%B0%E7%90%A8" title="郭声琨">郭声琨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%A5%87%E8%91%86" title="刘奇葆">刘奇葆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E6%98%A5%E8%B4%A4" title="张春贤">张春贤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E6%A6%95" title="邓榕">邓榕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="王石">王石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%B9" title="贾平凹">贾平凹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%93%B6%E6%B2%B3" title="李银河">李银河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%B9" title="敬一丹">敬一丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%93%81%E7%94%9F" title="张铁生">张铁生</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%8B%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95" title="普通高等学校招生全国统一考试">普通高等学校招生全国统一考试</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%8B%9B%E7%94%9F%E8%80%83%E8%AF%95%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5" title="关于改革高等学校招生考试办法的通知">关于改革高等学校招生考试办法的通知</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">郝志东. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.china.com.cn/2018-11/12/content_71875625.htm">改革开放40年:一个工农兵学员的求学历程</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91" title="中国网">中国网</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%AC%E6%8A%A5" title="新京报">新京报</a>》. 2018-11-12. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114112912/http://news.china.com.cn/2018-11/12/content_71875625.htm">存档</a>于2018-11-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE40%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%82%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B&amp;rft.au=%E9%83%9D%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%9C&amp;rft.date=2018-11-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.china.com.cn%2F2018-11%2F12%2Fcontent_71875625.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><b>2.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><b>2.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><b>2.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><b>2.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><b>2.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><b>2.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><b>2.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><b>2.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><sup><b>2.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9"><sup><b>2.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-10"><sup><b>2.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-11"><sup><b>2.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-12"><sup><b>2.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-13"><sup><b>2.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-14"><sup><b>2.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-15"><sup><b>2.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-16"><sup><b>2.16</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">陈剑. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.aisixiang.com/data/125374.html">负重前行可大任——工农兵学员评述</a>. 爱思想. 2021-03-03. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622015647/https://m.aisixiang.com/data/125374.html">存档</a>于2021-06-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=%E8%B4%9F%E9%87%8D%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%BB%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98%E8%AF%84%E8%BF%B0&amp;rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%89%91&amp;rft.date=2021-03-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%88%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2F125374.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sohu.com/s2006/06gnbdaxuesheng/">最后一届工农兵大学生</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%90%9C%E7%8B%90" title="搜狐">搜狐</a>. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%BD%E5%91%A8%E5%88%8A" title="南都周刊">南都周刊</a>》. 2006年. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035155/http://news.sohu.com/s2006/06gnbdaxuesheng/">存档</a>于2020-11-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%90%9C%E7%8B%90&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2Fs2006%2F06gnbdaxuesheng%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyqd.com/arc/2016-08/05/content_344743.htm">没高考的年代 年青人怎么上大学</a>. 《青岛日报》. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 2016-08-05. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613033425/http://www.dailyqd.com/arc/2016-08/05/content_344743.htm">存档</a>于2022-06-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%B2%A1%E9%AB%98%E8%80%83%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3+%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%92%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&amp;rft.date=2016-08-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyqd.com%2Farc%2F2016-08%2F05%2Fcontent_344743.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_5-3"><sup><b>5.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">邓敬雷. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisixiang.com/data/76456.html">工农兵大学生历史沿革</a>. 爱思想. 2014-07-21. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623155928/https://www.aisixiang.com/data/76456.html">存档</a>于2020-06-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&amp;rft.au=%E9%82%93%E6%95%AC%E9%9B%B7&amp;rft.date=2014-07-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%88%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2F76456.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-3"><sup><b>6.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-4"><sup><b>6.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">海天; 肖炜. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200906/0630_2663_1226746_1.shtml">北大第一届工农兵大学生:60%多的人只有初中文化(摘自《我的大学:1970-1976工农兵大学生》)</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 《天天新报》. 2009-06-30. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613050027/https://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200906/0630_2663_1226746_1.shtml">存档</a>于2022-06-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9A60%EF%BC%85%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%88%E6%91%98%E8%87%AA%E3%80%8A%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%3A1970-1976%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.au=%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%A9&amp;rft.au=%E8%82%96%E7%82%9C&amp;rft.date=2009-06-30&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2F1%2Fjishi%2F200906%2F0630_2663_1226746_1.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><b>7.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-4"><sup><b>7.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/c/nd/2017-05-24/doc-ifyfqqyh8183000.shtml">1977年邓小平决策恢复高考始末</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA" title="新浪">新浪</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91" title="中国网">中国网</a>. 2017-05-24. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612150818/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/nd/2017-05-24/doc-ifyfqqyh8183000.shtml">存档</a>于2019-06-12) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=1977%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D%E9%AB%98%E8%80%83%E5%A7%8B%E6%9C%AB&amp;rft.date=2017-05-24&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.cn%2Fc%2Fnd%2F2017-05-24%2Fdoc-ifyfqqyh8183000.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-2"><sup><b>8.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-3"><sup><b>8.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-4"><sup><b>8.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-5"><sup><b>8.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-6"><sup><b>8.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">李肃. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2007-04-21-voa2-58422912/1084320.html">回首文革(22):毛式教育革命</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="美国之音">美国之音</a>. 2007-04-21. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318061444/https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-w2007-04-21-voa2-58422912/1084320.html">存档</a>于2022-03-18) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E5%86%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%9B%9E%E9%A6%96%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%2822%29%EF%BC%9A%E6%AF%9B%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&amp;rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E8%82%83&amp;rft.date=2007-04-21&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fa%2Fa-21-w2007-04-21-voa2-58422912%2F1084320.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xsg.tsinghua.edu.cn/info/1004/1434.htm">七十年代清华大学琐记-清华大学校史馆</a>. xsg.tsinghua.edu.cn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2023-02-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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Radio Free Asia. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-07-02</span>&#93;</span>. 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title="中央军委八条命令">军委八条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967%E5%B9%B4%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%BA%A2%E5%9C%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1967年莫斯科红场事件">1967年莫斯科红场事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%85%E8%A7%82%E6%A5%BC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="畅观楼事件">揭露畅观楼事件</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E8%BA%AB%E8%AE%BA" title="出身论">出身论</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E9%80%86%E6%B5%81" title="二月逆流">二月抗争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E9%95%87%E5%8F%8D" title="二月镇反">二月镇反</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="青海二二三事件">青海“二·二三”事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%9B%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E5%B9%B2%E9%83%A8%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="1967年军以上干部会议">军以上干部会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%93%E5%8F%9B%E5%BE%92" title="抓叛徒">抓叛徒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%9B%E5%BE%92%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E6%A1%88" title="六十一人叛徒集团案">六十一人叛徒集团案</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E3%80%81%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E6%A1%88" title="林彪、江青反革命集团案">林彪、江青反革命集团案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99" title="新启蒙">新启蒙运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A#六中全会" title="中国共产党第十一届中央委员会">中共十一届六中全会</a><small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE" title="关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议">历史问题决议</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95_(1982%E5%B9%B4)" title="中华人民共和国宪法 (1982年)">八二宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%85%9A_(1983-1987%E5%B9%B4)" title="整党 (1983-1987年)">整党</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #8C0303; color: #FCE795;"><div> <ul><li>模板:<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="Template:文化大革命"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">大模板</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E7%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:文革编年史"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">编年史</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:地方文革史"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">地方史</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:文革时期政治案件"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">政治案</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Template:文革时期人物"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">人物</span></a><small>(<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:文革派別"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">派別</span></a>、<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E8%8B%B1%E6%A8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:文革時期英模"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">英模</span></a>、<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:中央文化革命小組"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">中央小組</span></a>、<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E4%BA%94%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:文化革命五人小組"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">五人小組</span></a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="Template:文革时期中国外交"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">外交</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="Template:文革时期艺术"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">艺术</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Template:文革相关作品"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">作品</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%81%BD%E9%9B%A3" title="Template:文革期間主要災難"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FCE795">天災</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:中华人民共和国主题"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#ECECFC">中華人民共和國主題</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:文革時期成果(页面不存在)">Template:文革時期成果</a> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐kvv2k Cached time: 20241124092425 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