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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stressful_Experiences_Caregivers_of_Testicular_Cancer_Patients_May_Notice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stressful_Experiences_Caregivers_of_Testicular_Cancer_Patients_May_Notice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Stressful Experiences Caregivers of Testicular Cancer Patients May Notice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stressful_Experiences_Caregivers_of_Testicular_Cancer_Patients_May_Notice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Staging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testicle_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testicle_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Testicle removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testicle_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retroperitoneal_lymph_node_dissection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retroperitoneal_lymph_node_dissection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retroperitoneal_lymph_node_dissection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjuvant_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjuvant_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Adjuvant treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjuvant_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Radiation therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Chemotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-seminoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-seminoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Non-seminoma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-seminoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seminoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seminoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Seminoma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seminoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prognosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prognosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Fertility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_Factors_of_Testicular_Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_Factors_of_Testicular_Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Psychological Factors of Testicular Cancer </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_Factors_of_Testicular_Cancer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychological Factors of Testicular Cancer subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_Factors_of_Testicular_Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Masculinity and Sexual Identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_Stigma_Related_to_Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Stigma_Related_to_Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Social Stigma Related to Masculinity and Sexual Identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Stigma_Related_to_Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_Image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_Image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Body Image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_Image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anxiety_and_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anxiety_and_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Anxiety and Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anxiety_and_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fear_of_Recurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fear_of_Recurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Fear of Recurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fear_of_Recurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_and_Psychological_Factors_of_Sexual_Dysfunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_Psychological_Factors_of_Sexual_Dysfunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Biological and Psychological Factors of Sexual Dysfunction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_Psychological_Factors_of_Sexual_Dysfunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-traumatic_Growth_From_Testicular_Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-traumatic_Growth_From_Testicular_Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Post-traumatic Growth From Testicular Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-traumatic_Growth_From_Testicular_Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Testicular cancer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سرطان الخصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان الخصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Рак на тестисите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рак на тестисите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_testisa" title="Rak testisa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak testisa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer_de_testicle" title="Càncer de testicle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer de testicle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovina_varlat" title="Rakovina varlat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakovina varlat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikelkr%C3%A6ft" title="Testikelkræft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Testikelkræft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodenkrebs" title="Hodenkrebs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hodenkrebs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%81%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="އޮށުގެ ކެންސަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮށުގެ ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_de_test%C3%ADculo" title="Cáncer de testículo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer de testículo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%87" title="سرطان بیضه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان بیضه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_du_testicule" title="Cancer du testicule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer du testicule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%99%98%EC%95%94" title="고환암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고환암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansar_Mahaifa" title="Kansar Mahaifa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kansar Mahaifa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Ամորձու քաղցկեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամորձու քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_testis" title="Kanker testis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker testis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumore_del_testicolo" title="Tumore del testicolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tumore del testicolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סרטן האשכים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן האשכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanseri_yo_mu_mabya" title="Kanseri yo mu mabya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kanseri yo mu mabya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_testicularis" title="Cancer testicularis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer testicularis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herer%C3%A1k" title="Hererák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hererák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سرطان الخصيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان الخصيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaadbalkanker" title="Zaadbalkanker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zaadbalkanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%B7%A3%E8%85%AB%E7%98%8D" title="精巣腫瘍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精巣腫瘍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikkelkreft" title="Testikkelkreft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Testikkelkreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ଟେସ୍ଟିକୁଲାର କର୍କଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟେସ୍ଟିକୁଲାର କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_j%C4%85dra" title="Rak jądra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak jądra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_testicular" title="Câncer testicular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câncer testicular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_testicular" title="Cancer testicular – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer testicular" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Злокачественные новообразования яичка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Злокачественные новообразования яичка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Testicular cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Testicular cancer</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Testis tumor<a href="#cite_note-Fer2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg/220px-Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg/330px-Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg/440px-Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">7.4 × 5.5-cm <a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">seminoma</a> in a radical <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a> specimen.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lump in the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicle</a>, swelling or pain in the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">20 to 34 years old males<a href="#cite_note-SEER2017-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ cell tumors">Germ cell tumors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">seminomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonseminoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonseminoma">nonseminomas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sex-cord_stromal_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex-cord stromal tumor">sex-cord stromal tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphomas</a><a href="#cite_note-JAMA2008-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Pro-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">Undescended testis</a>, family history of the disease, previous history of testicular cancer<a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Pro-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physical_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exam">Physical exam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood tests">blood tests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">surgical removal of the testicle</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spermatocele" title="Spermatocele">Spermatocele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">epididymitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">inguinal hernia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix_testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendix testis">appendix testis</a><a href="#cite_note-Fer2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgery, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell transplantation">stem cell transplantation</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">Five-year survival rate</a> rates ~ 95% (US)<a href="#cite_note-SEER2017-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">686,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">9,400 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Testicular cancer is <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that develops in the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">male reproductive system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a> Symptoms may include a lump in the testicle or swelling or pain in the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a> Treatment may result in <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a> Risk factors include an <a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">undescended testis</a>, family history of the disease, and previous history of testicular cancer.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Pro-5">[5]</a> More than 95% are <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ cell tumors">germ cell tumors</a> which are divided into <a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">seminomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonseminoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonseminoma">non-seminomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman2020.190-8">[8]</a> Other types include <a href="/wiki/Sex-cord_stromal_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex-cord stromal tumor">sex-cord stromal tumors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA2008-4">[4]</a> Diagnosis is typically based on a <a href="/wiki/Physical_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exam">physical exam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood tests">blood tests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">Surgical removal of the testicle</a> with examination under a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> is then done to determine the type.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a> Testicular cancer is highly treatable and usually curable.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Pro-5">[5]</a> Treatment options may include surgery, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell transplantation">stem cell transplantation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-2">[2]</a> Even in cases in which cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate greater than 80%.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA2008-4">[4]</a> Globally testicular cancer affected about 686,000 people in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-6">[6]</a> That year it resulted in 9,400 deaths up from 7,000 deaths in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-9">[9]</a> Rates are lower in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Onset most commonly occurs in males 20 to 34 years old, rarely before 15 years old.<a href="#cite_note-SEER2017-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hay2009-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rate</a> in the United States is about 95%.<a href="#cite_note-SEER2017-3">[3]</a> Outcomes are better when the disease remains localized.<a href="#cite_note-SEER2017-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testicular_cancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Testicular_cancer.jpg/220px-Testicular_cancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Testicular_cancer.jpg/330px-Testicular_cancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Testicular_cancer.jpg/440px-Testicular_cancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Image showing the first sign of testicular cancer</figcaption></figure> One of the first signs of testicular cancer is often a lump or swelling in the testes. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against routine screening for testicular cancer in asymptomatic adolescent and adults including routine testicular self-exams.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> However, the American Cancer Society suggests that some men should examine their testicles monthly, especially if they have a family history of cancer, and the American Urological Association recommends monthly testicular self-examinations for all young men.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Symptoms may also include one or more of the following: <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">lump</a> in one testis which may or may not be painful<a href="#cite_note-harrison16th-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li> <li>sharp pain or a dull ache in the lower <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> or scrotum<a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li> <li>a feeling often described as "heaviness" in the scrotum<a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li> <li>firmness of the testicle<a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li> <li>breast enlargement (<a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a>) from hormonal effects of β-hCG<a href="#cite_note-harrison16th-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">low back pain</a> (lumbago) due to the cancer spreading to the lymph nodes along the back<a href="#cite_note-harrison16th-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li></ul> It is not very common for testicular cancer to spread to other organs, apart from the lungs. If it has, however, the following symptoms may be present: <ul><li>shortness of breath (<a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a> or coughing up blood (<a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">hemoptysis</a>) from metastatic spread to the lungs<a href="#cite_note-harrison16th-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li> <li>a lump in the neck due to metastases to the lymph nodes<a href="#cite_note-harrison16th-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-afp2008-16">[16]</a></li></ul> Testicular cancer, <a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">cryptorchidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypospadias" title="Hypospadias">hypospadias</a>, and poor <a href="/wiki/Semen_quality" title="Semen quality">semen quality</a> make up the syndrome known as <a href="/wiki/Testicular_dysgenesis_syndrome" title="Testicular dysgenesis syndrome">testicular dysgenesis syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> A major risk factor for the development of testis cancer is <a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">cryptorchidism</a> (undescended testicles). It is generally believed that the presence of a tumor contributes to cryptorchidism; when cryptorchidism occurs in conjunction with a tumor then the tumor tends to be large. Other risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">inguinal hernias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome</a>, and<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchitis" title="Orchitis">orchitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Physical activity is associated with decreased risk and <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyle</a> is associated with increased risk. Early onset of male characteristics is associated with increased risk. These may reflect endogenous or environmental <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Higher rates of testicular cancer in Western nations have been linked to the use of cannabis.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> Most testicular germ cell tumors have too many <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>, and most often they are <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploid</a>. An isochromosome 12p (the short arm of chromosome 12 on both sides of the same centromere) is present in about 80% of the testicular cancers, and also the other cancers usually have extra material from this chromosome arm through other mechanisms of genomic amplification.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seminoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Seminoma.jpg/220px-Seminoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Seminoma.jpg/330px-Seminoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Seminoma.jpg/440px-Seminoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> (high magnification) of a <a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">seminoma</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> The main way testicular cancer is diagnosed is via a lump or mass inside a testis. More generally, if a young adult or adolescent has a single enlarged testicle, which may or may not be painful, this should give doctors reason to suspect testicular cancer. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S16-1063_Ranochak,_T_MGCT-_Embryonal_%2B_Seminoma_%2B_Yolk_Sac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/S16-1063_Ranochak%2C_T_MGCT-_Embryonal_%2B_Seminoma_%2B_Yolk_Sac.jpg/220px-S16-1063_Ranochak%2C_T_MGCT-_Embryonal_%2B_Seminoma_%2B_Yolk_Sac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/S16-1063_Ranochak%2C_T_MGCT-_Embryonal_%2B_Seminoma_%2B_Yolk_Sac.jpg/330px-S16-1063_Ranochak%2C_T_MGCT-_Embryonal_%2B_Seminoma_%2B_Yolk_Sac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/S16-1063_Ranochak%2C_T_MGCT-_Embryonal_%2B_Seminoma_%2B_Yolk_Sac.jpg/440px-S16-1063_Ranochak%2C_T_MGCT-_Embryonal_%2B_Seminoma_%2B_Yolk_Sac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Mixed germ cell tumor containing embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, and yolk sac tumor. The embryonal carcinoma component (upper left, upper right, and lower left) shows pseudoglandular growth with high-grade features of large, epithelioid, anaplastic cells with prominent nucleoli, indistinct cell borders with nuclear overlapping, pleomorphism, and frequent mitoses. The seminoma component (upper center) shows large, round-polyhedral cells with distinct cell membranes, abundant clear/watery cytoplasm, large central nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The yolk sac component (lower right, hugging the embryonal component) exhibits microcystic/reticular growth pattern.</figcaption></figure><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Other conditions may also have symptoms similar to testicular cancer:<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">Epididymitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">epididymo-orchitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematocele" title="Hematocele">Hematocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">Varicocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchitis" title="Orchitis">Orchitis</a></li> <li>Prostate infections or inflammations (<a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">prostatitis</a>), bladder infections or inflammations (<a href="/wiki/Cystitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystitis">cystitis</a>), or kidney (renal) infections (<a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a>) or inflammations which have spread to and caused swelling in the vessels of the testicles or scrotum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">Testicular torsion</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernia</a></li> <li>Infection, inflammation, retro-<a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>, or other conditions of the lymph nodes or vessels near the scrotum, testicles, pubis, anorectal area, and groin</li> <li>Benign tumors or lesions of the testicles</li> <li>Metastasis to the testicles from another, primary tumor site(s)</li></ul> The nature of any palpated lump in the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> is often evaluated by scrotal <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, which can determine exact location, size, and some characteristics of the lump, such as cystic vs solid, uniform vs heterogeneous, sharply circumscribed, or poorly defined. The extent of the disease is evaluated by <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a>, which are used to locate <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> of testicular cancer requires examining the <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> of tissue obtained from an <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_orchiectomy" title="Inguinal orchiectomy">inguinal orchiectomy</a>—that is, surgical excision of the entire <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testis</a> along with attached structures (<a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">spermatic cord</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> should not be performed, as it raises the risk of spreading cancer cells into the scrotum.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Inguinal orchiectomy is the preferred method because it lowers the risk of cancer cells escaping. This is because the lymphatic system of the scrotum, through which white blood cells (and, potentially, cancer cells) flow in and out, links to the lower extremities, while that of the testicle links to the back of the abdominal cavity (the <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneum">retroperitoneum</a>). A trans-scrotal biopsy or orchiectomy will potentially leave cancer cells in the scrotum and create two routes for cancer cells to spread, while in an inguinal orchiectomy, only the retroperitoneal route exists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Blood tests are also used to identify and measure <a href="/wiki/Tumor_marker" title="Tumor marker">tumor markers</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> present in the bloodstream) that are specific to testicular cancer. <a href="/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein" title="Alpha-fetoprotein">Alpha-fetoprotein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">human chorionic gonadotropin</a> (the "pregnancy hormone"), and <a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">LDH-1</a> are the typical tumor markers used to spot testicular germ cell tumors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy test</a> may be used to detect high levels of chorionic gonadotropin; however, the first sign of testicular cancer is usually a painless lump.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Note that only about 25% of seminomas have elevated chorionic gonadotropin, so a pregnancy test is not very sensitive for making out testicular cancer.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stressful_Experiences_Caregivers_of_Testicular_Cancer_Patients_May_Notice">Stressful Experiences Caregivers of Testicular Cancer Patients May Notice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stressful Experiences Caregivers of Testicular Cancer Patients May Notice">edit</a>]</div> The stressful event of testicular cancer not only affects the patient that is diagnosed but also affects the caregiver.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> The psychological stress model consists of stressful experiences that a patient with testicular cancer may go through after diagnosis, that caregivers may want to look out for.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> The stressful experiences consist of 4 main categories: <ul><li>Late side-effects</li> <li>Fear of tumor relapse</li> <li>Fertility problems</li> <li>Social and workplace issues<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a></li></ul> These side effects may need physical and emotional care which in turn can cause the caregiver an emotional burden.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Screening">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Family_Physicians" title="American Academy of Family Physicians">American Academy of Family Physicians</a> recommends against screening males without symptoms for testicular cancer.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staging">Staging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Staging">edit</a>]</div> After removal, the testicle is fixed with <a href="/wiki/Bouin_Solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouin Solution">Bouin's solution</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> because it better conserves some morphological details such as nuclear conformation. Then the testicular tumor is staged by a <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a> according to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors as published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Joint_Committee_on_Cancer" title="American Joint Committee on Cancer">AJCC</a> Cancer Staging Manual. Testicular cancer is categorized as being in one of three <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">stages</a> (<a href="/wiki/TNM_staging_system" title="TNM staging system">which have subclassifications</a>). The size of the tumor in the testis is irrelevant to staging.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In broad terms, testicular cancer is staged as follows: <ul><li>Stage I: the cancer remains localized to the <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testis</a>.</li> <li>Stage II: the cancer involves the testis and <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneum">retroperitoneal</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraaortic lymph node">paraaortic lymph nodes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>).</li> <li>Stage III: the cancer involves the testis and <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneum">retroperitoneal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraaortic lymph node">paraaortic lymph nodes</a>. Stage 3 is further subdivided into non-bulky stage 3 and bulky stage 3.<a href="#cite_note-titleTesticular_Cancer_Resource_Center's_Staging_Page-35">[35]</a></li></ul> Further information on the detailed staging system is available on the website of the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relative_incidences_of_testicular_tumors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Relative_incidences_of_testicular_tumors.png/220px-Relative_incidences_of_testicular_tumors.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Relative_incidences_of_testicular_tumors.png/330px-Relative_incidences_of_testicular_tumors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Relative_incidences_of_testicular_tumors.png/440px-Relative_incidences_of_testicular_tumors.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Relative incidences of testicular tumors<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> Although testicular cancer can be derived from any cell type found in the testicles, more than 95% of testicular cancers are <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">germ cell tumors</a> (GCTs). Most of the remaining 5% are <a href="/wiki/Sex_cord%E2%80%93gonadal_stromal_tumour" title="Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour">sex cord–gonadal stromal tumours</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell" title="Leydig cell">Leydig cells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cells</a>. Correct diagnosis is necessary to ensure the most effective and appropriate treatment. To some extent, this can be done via blood tests for <a href="/wiki/Tumor_marker" title="Tumor marker">tumor markers</a>, but definitive diagnosis requires examination of the <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> of a specimen by a <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a>. Testicular tumors are best classified by radical inguinal orchiectomy, which allows for both histologic evaluation of the whole testicle and provides local tumor control.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Most pathologists use the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> classification system for testicular tumors:<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <ul><li>Germ cells derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ <ul><li>Noninvasive germ cell neoplasia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_neoplasia_in_situ" title="Germ cell neoplasia in situ">Germ cell neoplasia in situ</a>'<a href="#cite_note-Williamson2017-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Specific forms of intratubular germ cell neoplasia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadoblastoma" title="Gonadoblastoma">Gonadoblastoma</a></li></ul></li> <li>The germinoma family of tumors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">Seminoma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonal_carcinoma" title="Embryonal carcinoma">Embryonal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolk sac tumor">Yolk sac tumor</a>, postpubertal type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_site_trophoblastic_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental site trophoblastic tumour">Placental site trophoblastic tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_trophoblastic_tumour" title="Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour">Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">Teratoma</a>, postpubertal type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">Teratoma</a> with somatic-type malignancy</li></ul></li> <li>Mixed germ cell tumors of the testis <ul><li>Mixed germ cell tumors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyembryoma" title="Polyembryoma">Polyembryoma</a></li> <li>Diffuse <a href="/wiki/Embryoma" title="Embryoma">embryoma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Germ cell tumors of unknown type <ul><li>Regressed germ cell tumors</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Germ cell tumors unrelated to germ cell neoplasia in situ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocytic_tumor" title="Spermatocytic tumor">Spermatocytic tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">Teratoma</a>, prepubertal type <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermoid_cyst" title="Dermoid cyst">Dermoid cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermoid cyst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolk sac tumor">Yolk sac tumor</a>, prepubertal type</li> <li>Testicular <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor" title="Neuroendocrine tumor">neuroendocrine tumor</a>, prepubertal type</li> <li>Mixed teratoma and yolk sac tumor, prepubertal type</li></ul></li> <li>Sex cord-stromal tumors of the testis <ul><li>Leydig cell tumor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leydig cell tumor">Leydig cell tumor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sertoli cell tumor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertoli cell tumor">Sertoli cell tumor</a></li> <li>Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor</li></ul></li> <li>Granulosa cell tumor <ul><li>Adult <a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell_tumour" title="Granulosa cell tumour">granulosa cell tumor</a></li> <li>Juvenile <a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell_tumour" title="Granulosa cell tumour">granulosa cell tumor</a></li></ul></li> <li>The fibroma thecoma family of tumors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thecoma" title="Thecoma">Thecoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroma" title="Fibroma">Fibroma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mixed and other sex cord-stromal tumors <ul><li>Mixed sex cord-stromal tumor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell" title="Signet ring cell">Signet ring</a> stromal tumor</li> <li>Myoid gonadal stromal tumor</li> <li>Sex cord-stromal tumor not otherwise specified</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Secondary tumors of the testis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> The three basic types of treatment are <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Surgery is performed by <a href="/wiki/Urologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Urologist">urologists</a>; radiation therapy is administered by <a href="/wiki/Radiation_oncologist" title="Radiation oncologist">radiation oncologists</a>; and chemotherapy is the work of medical <a href="/wiki/Oncologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncologist">oncologists</a>. In most patients with testicular cancer, the disease is cured readily with minimal long-term <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a>. While treatment success depends on the stage, the average survival rate after five years is around 95%, and stage 1 cancer cases, if monitored properly, have essentially a 100% survival rate.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testicle_removal">Testicle removal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Testicle removal">edit</a>]</div> The initial treatment for testicular cancer is surgery to remove the affected testicle (<a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a>). While it may be possible, in some cases, to remove testicular cancer tumors from a testis while leaving the testis functional, this is almost never done, as the affected testicle usually contains pre-cancerous cells spread throughout the entire testicle. Thus removing the tumor alone without additional treatment greatly increases the risk that another cancer will form in that testicle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since only one testis is typically required to maintain fertility, hormone production, and other male functions, the affected testis is almost always removed completely in a procedure called <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_orchiectomy" title="Inguinal orchiectomy">inguinal orchiectomy</a>. (The testicle is almost never removed through the scrotum; an incision is made beneath the belt line in the inguinal area.) In the UK, the procedure is known as a radical orchidectomy.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retroperitoneal_lymph_node_dissection">Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection">edit</a>]</div> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Nonseminoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonseminoma">non-seminomas</a> that appear to be stage I, surgery may be done on the <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneum">retroperitoneal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraaortic lymph node">paraaortic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> (in a separate operation) to accurately determine whether the cancer is in stage I or stage II and to reduce the risk that <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> testicular cancer cells that may have <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasized</a> to lymph nodes in the lower abdomen. This surgery is called <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_lymph_node_dissection" title="Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection">retroperitoneal lymph node dissection</a> (RPLND). However, this approach, while standard in many places, especially the United States, is out of favor due to costs and the high level of expertise required to perform successful surgery. Sperm banking is frequently carried out prior to the procedure (as with chemotherapy), as there is a risk that RPLND may damage the nerves involved in ejaculation, causing ejaculation to occur internally into the bladder rather than externally.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Many patients are instead choosing surveillance, where no further surgery is performed unless tests indicate that the cancer has returned. This approach maintains a high cure rate because of the growing accuracy of surveillance techniques. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjuvant_treatment">Adjuvant treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjuvant treatment">edit</a>]</div> Since testicular cancers can spread, patients are usually offered <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy" title="Adjuvant therapy">adjuvant treatment</a>—in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>—to kill any cancerous cells that may exist outside of the affected testicle. The type of adjuvant therapy depends largely on the <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> of the tumor (i.e., the size and shape of its cells under the microscope) and the stage of progression at the time of surgery (i.e., how far cells have 'escaped' from the testicle, invaded the surrounding tissue, or spread to the rest of the body). If the cancer is not particularly advanced, patients may be offered careful surveillance by periodic <a href="/wiki/CT_scans" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scans">CT scans</a> and blood tests, in place of adjuvant treatment.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Before 1970, survival rates from testicular cancer were low. Since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy" title="Adjuvant therapy">adjuvant chemotherapy</a>, chiefly platinum-based drugs like <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboplatin" title="Carboplatin">carboplatin</a>, the outlook has improved substantially. Although 7000 to 8000 new cases of testicular cancer occur in the United States yearly, only 400 men are expected to die of the disease. In the UK, a similar trend has emerged: since improvements in treatment, survival rates have risen rapidly to cure rates of over 95%.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_therapy">Radiation therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radiation therapy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> may be used to treat stage II seminoma cancers, or as <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant" title="Adjuvant">adjuvant</a> (preventative) therapy in the case of stage I seminomas, to minimize the likelihood that tiny, non-detectable tumors exist and will spread (in the inguinal and para-aortic <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a>). Radiation is ineffective against and is therefore never used as a primary therapy for <a href="/wiki/Nonseminoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonseminoma">non-seminoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-seminoma">Non-seminoma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-seminoma">edit</a>]</div> Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for non-seminoma when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (that is, stage 2B or 3). The standard <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemotherapy protocol">chemotherapy protocol</a> is three, or sometimes four, rounds of <a href="/wiki/Bleomycin" title="Bleomycin">Bleomycin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Etoposide" title="Etoposide">Etoposide</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a> (BEP). BEP as a first-line treatment was first reported by Professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peckham" title="Michael Peckham">Michael Peckham</a> in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The landmark trial published in 1987 which established BEP as the optimum treatment was conducted by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Einhorn" title="Lawrence Einhorn">Lawrence Einhorn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chemotherapy_-_BEP_and_EP-49">[49]</a> An alternative, equally effective treatment involves the use of four cycles of <a href="/wiki/Etoposide" title="Etoposide">Etoposide</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a> (EP).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Lymph node surgery may also be performed after chemotherapy to remove masses left behind (stage 2B or more advanced), particularly in the cases of large <a href="/wiki/Nonseminoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonseminoma">non-seminomas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seminoma">Seminoma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Seminoma">edit</a>]</div> As an <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant" title="Adjuvant">adjuvant</a> treatment, use of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> as an alternative to radiation therapy in the treatment of seminoma is increasing, because radiation therapy appears to have more significant long-term side effects (for example, internal scarring, increased risks of secondary malignancies, etc.). Two doses, or occasionally a single dose of <a href="/wiki/Carboplatin" title="Carboplatin">carboplatin</a>, typically delivered three weeks apart, is proving to be a successful <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant" title="Adjuvant">adjuvant</a> treatment, with recurrence rates in the same ranges as those of <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Carboplatin" title="Carboplatin">carboplatin</a> as a single-dose therapy was developed by Tim Oliver, Professor of Medical Oncology at <a href="/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry">Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> However, very long-term data on the efficacy of adjuvant carboplatin in this setting do not exist.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since seminoma can recur decades after the primary tumor is removed, patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy should remain vigilant and not assume they are cured 5 years after treatment.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> Treatment of testicular cancer is one of the success stories of modern medicine, with sustained response to treatment in more than 90% of cases, regardless of stage.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2011 overall cure rates of more than 95% were reported, and 80% for metastatic disease—the best response by any solid tumor, with improved survival being attributed primarily to effective chemotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA2008-4">[4]</a> By 2013 more than 96 per cent of the 2,300 men diagnosed each year in the U.K. were deemed cured, a rise by almost a third since the 1970s, the improvement attributed substantially to the chemotherapy drug <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheTimes20130729-54">[54]</a> In the United States, when the disease is treated while it is still localized, more than 99% of people survive 5 years.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Surveillance">edit</a>]</div> For many patients with stage I cancer, adjuvant (preventative) therapy following surgery may not be appropriate and patients will undergo surveillance instead.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The form this surveillance takes, e.g. the type and frequency of investigations and the length time it should continue, will depend on the type of cancer (<a href="/wiki/Nonseminoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonseminoma">non-seminoma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">seminoma</a>), but the aim is to avoid unnecessary treatments in the many patients who are cured by their surgery, and ensure that any relapses with <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastases</a> (secondary cancers) are detected early and cured. This approach ensures that chemotherapy and or radiotherapy is only given to the patients that need it. The number of patients ultimately cured is the same using surveillance as post-operative "adjuvant" treatments, but the patients have to be prepared to follow a prolonged series of visits and tests.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For both non-seminomas and seminomas, surveillance tests generally include physical examination, blood tests for tumor markers, chest x-rays, and <a href="/wiki/CT_Scan" class="mw-redirect" title="CT Scan">CT scanning</a>. However, the requirements of a surveillance program differ according to the type of disease since, for seminoma patients, relapses can occur later, and blood tests are not as good at indicating relapse.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] CT scans are performed on the abdomen (and sometimes the pelvis) and also the chest in some hospitals. Chest x-rays are increasingly preferred for the lungs as they give sufficient detail combined with a lower false-positive rate and significantly smaller radiation dose than CT.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The frequency of CT scans during surveillance should ensure that relapses are detected at an early stage while minimizing the radiation exposure.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> For patients treated for stage I non-seminoma, a randomized trial (<a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Research Council (UK)">Medical Research Council</a> TE08)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> showed that, when combined with the standard surveillance tests described above, 2 CT scans at 3 and 12 months were as good as 5 over 2 years in detecting relapse at an early stage. For patients treated for stage I seminoma who choose surveillance rather than undergoing adjuvant therapy, there have been no randomized trials to determine the optimum frequency of scans and visits, and the schedules vary very widely across the world, and within individual countries. In the UK there is an ongoing clinical trial called TRISST.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This is assessing how often scans should take place and whether <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) can be used instead of CT scans. MRI is being investigated because it does not expose the patient to radiation and so, if it is shown to be as good at detecting relapses, it may be preferable to CT.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For more advanced stages of testicular cancer, and for those cases in which radiation therapy or chemotherapy was administered, the extent of monitoring (tests) after treatment will vary on the basis of the circumstances, but normally should be done for five years in uncomplicated cases and for longer in those with higher risks of relapse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility">Fertility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fertility">edit</a>]</div> A man with one remaining testis may maintain fertile. However, sperm banking may be appropriate for men who still plan to have children, since fertility may be adversely affected by <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>. A man who <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">loses both testicles</a> will be infertile after the procedure, though he may elect to bank viable, cancer-free sperm prior to the procedure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_Factors_of_Testicular_Cancer">Psychological Factors of Testicular Cancer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Psychological Factors of Testicular Cancer">edit</a>]</div> Although testicular cancer has a low mortality rate and better prognosis outcomes, psychological factors still affect cancer patients struggling with a diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a>  This means that the absence of testicles can influence perceptions of masculinity, sexual identity, and body image.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> Castration or partial removal is associated with fantasies, beliefs, myths, and cultural norms surrounding the testes, which can lead to severe psychological trauma and consequences for the individual.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> Consequently, worries regarding sexual and reproductive capabilities may induce feelings of despair, inadequacy, and emotional turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> Factors that are associated with a decrease in psychological outcomes are early adulthood, partnership status, work status, sexual dysfunction, diminished masculinity, and adaptive mechanisms. <a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity">Masculinity and Sexual Identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Masculinity and Sexual Identity">edit</a>]</div> Biological ideas about masculinity say that our bodies confirm our gender, so changes or damage to our reproductive system can affect how men feel about being men.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> Since testicles have long been seen as symbols of strength, bravery, and masculinity, having surgery to remove them can change how men with testicular cancer view themselves and what it means to be a man.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_Stigma_Related_to_Masculinity_and_Sexual_Identity">Social Stigma Related to Masculinity and Sexual Identity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social Stigma Related to Masculinity and Sexual Identity">edit</a>]</div> Youthful males aged 18–24 encounter distinct gender-specific social factors that are linked to a decrease in mental health outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> These social factors include limited access to health services and engagement, stigma related to masculinity, and cultural expectations.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> Single or unemployed men are at a higher risk of poorer psychological outcomes that are correlated with an impairment of sexual functions and masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> Another factor that is related to experiencing negative effects related to masculinity is not having children, due to not being able to meet traditional expectations of being a protector or provider.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> Men who felt that losing a testicle made them less masculine also felt negative psychological effects.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> New research shows that testicular cancer survivors who have low testosterone levels feel less masculine than those with normal testosterone levels.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> These concerns are important for teenage boys going through puberty or recently experiencing physical changes, which can shape their developing understanding of their sexual identity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a>, which is when males develop enlarged breasts during puberty, is a common and normal part of growing up.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> However, only up to 11% of patients diagnosed with testicular cancer have gynecomastia when they first seek medical attention, and about 4% of males checked for gynecomastia turn out to have testicular cancer.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> After testicular cancer, some men feel less masculine, but how much cancer affects masculinity varies from person to person.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_Image">Body Image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Body Image">edit</a>]</div> New studies show that 16% of survivors have serious concerns about how they look after the removal of a testicle.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[66]</a> These survivors worry about feeling awkward and anxious because of their missing testicles, and they feel different from other people.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[66]</a> Even though 52% of survivors felt that their bodies had changed a lot because of cancer and treatment, 88% of the spouses didn't think their partners were any less attractive.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[66]</a> How survivors feel about their bodies is a big factor in deciding whether to get a testicular prosthesis.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[66]</a> Many worry about losing their masculinity, and how they see themselves, and just want to look and feel normal again.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[66]</a> Looking back at how testicular prostheses were used, especially with many teenagers, there were noticeable improvements in how people felt about their bodies and themselves overall one year after getting an implant.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[66]</a> They also felt more comfortable during sexual activities.<a href="#cite_note-:5-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety_and_Depression">Anxiety and Depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anxiety and Depression">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg/220px-Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg/330px-Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg/440px-Mental_Health_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> After having the testicles removed through orchiectomy, testicular cancer survivors may experience long-lasting feelings of sadness or embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> Research has shown that these emotions are more prevalent among younger and unmarried men compared to older and partnered individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> The most common psychological problem faced by men diagnosed with testicular cancer is anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> New research suggested that there was no direct comparison between people who have been diagnosed with testicular cancer and the general population.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> Studies show that anxiety is more frequent among testicular cancer survivors of similar gender and age compared to the general population, affecting about 1 in 5 survivors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> Depression doesn't seem to burden testicular cancer patients as much as anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fear_of_Recurrence">Fear of Recurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fear of Recurrence">edit</a>]</div> Around one out of every three testicular cancer survivors experience significant fear of the cancer coming back, and this fear is considered the most troubling issue for them.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> Unmarried men reported they felt less fear of cancer recurrence than men who were in a relationship.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> Survivors who have a fear of recurrence of their cancer tend to have more: <ul><li>Intrusive thoughts</li> <li>Feel more depressed</li> <li>Stressed</li> <li>Experience poorer physical well-being<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li></ul> Being diagnosed with testicular cancer often destroys many men's feelings of being invincible and brings up unexpected questions about life and purpose.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> They feel a sense of being in between or on the threshold of a new identity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> This involves feeling disconnected from those who haven't been through a similar intense experience, questioning the purpose of their existence, and becoming more aware of life's fragility and the certainty of death.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> New research suggests that certain testicular cancer survivors think their cancer was triggered by their stress sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> This may be why some survivors have a fear of recurrence more than 10 years after treatment, even though the actual risk of recurrence is around 1%.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_and_Psychological_Factors_of_Sexual_Dysfunction">Biological and Psychological Factors of Sexual Dysfunction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Biological and Psychological Factors of Sexual Dysfunction">edit</a>]</div> Sexual dysfunction can present as a symptom in people who have been diagnosed with testicular cancer.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> can stem from biological factors, psychological factors, or a blend of both.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> Difficulties in physiological aspects such as achieving erection and ejaculation are correlated with the severity of the disease and the methods of treatment employed such as surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> Conversely, psychological aspects such as <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and satisfaction remain unaffected by the type of treatment received.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> Nonetheless, treatment approaches for testicular cancer can induce physiological alterations while simultaneously eliciting emotional responses.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a>  Therefore, diminished sexual function (such as decreased libido or inhibition) may result from treatment-related physical factors like fatigue, overall discomfort, hair loss, and significant weight fluctuations, as well as emotional factors including concerns about sexual performance, fear of losing control, and ambiguity regarding what lies ahead.<a href="#cite_note-:2-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_Growth_From_Testicular_Cancer"><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_growth" title="Post-traumatic growth">Post-traumatic Growth</a> From Testicular Cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic Growth From Testicular Cancer">edit</a>]</div> Not every survivor of testicular cancer has negative outcomes of depression and some even may gain positive outcomes from their experience.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> This means that when looking at outcomes across all testicular cancer survivors, the positives and negatives could balance each other out.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> Many cancer survivors, both young and older adults, have reported benefits and personal growth in the months and even years following their diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> Furthermore, researchers have discovered that while the journey of testicular cancer initially brings physical and emotional challenges, it also leads many survivors to develop a newfound gratitude for life.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> Besides improving mental outlook, going through testicular cancer might also motivate men to adopt healthier behaviors such as: <ul><li>More physical activity</li> <li>Reduce or stop smoking<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li></ul> These positive changes in lifestyle could contribute to better psychological well-being, which can offset any initial difficulties they face.<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-9">[9]</a> Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-67">[67]</a> Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> with the highest rates of prevalence in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15–40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as <a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">teratomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolk sac tumor">yolk sac tumors</a>, ages 25–40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">Germ cell tumors</a> of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year.<a href="#cite_note-SEER2017-3">[3]</a> The risk of testicular cancer in <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> men is approximately 4–5 times the risk in <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> men, and more than three times that of <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> men.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-67">[67]</a> The risk of testicular cancer in <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a> is between that of white and Asian men.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-67">[67]</a> The cause of these differences is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%).<a href="#cite_note-CRUK-72">[72]</a> It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a>]</div> Testicular tumors occur also in other animals. In <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, these include <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial cell tumor">interstitial cell tumors</a> and teratomas. Typically, the former are found in older <a href="/wiki/Stallion" title="Stallion">stallions</a> (affected stallions may become extremely vicious, suggesting excessive production of <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a>), and the latter are found in young horses and are large.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testicular_cancer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fer2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2018_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerri2017" class="citation book cs1">Ferri FF (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1253">Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1</a>. 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Testicular_cancer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Testicular cancer">Testicular cancer</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.testicularcancersociety.org/ball-checker.html">Ball Checker</a>, self-exam app from the Testicular Cancer Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003142-pdf.pdf">Testicular Cancer</a> – detailed guide from the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cancer-of-the-testicle/Pages/Introduction.aspx?url=Pages/what-is-it.aspx">Testicular Cancer</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> information and resource page (UK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504020716/http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/testis/">Testicular cancer statistics</a> from Cancer Research UK</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C62">C62</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=186.9">186.9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/273300">273300</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013736">D013736</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb12966.htm">12966</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm">001288</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2250-overview">med/2250</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3232.htm#">med/3232</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/med/topic863.htm#">med/863</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Male_genital_neoplasia" title="Template talk:Male genital neoplasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Male_genital_neoplasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Male genital neoplasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Tumors_of_the_male_urogenital_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Tumors</a> of the male <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital system">urogenital system</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_cord%E2%80%93gonadal_stromal_tumour" title="Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour">Sex cord– gonadal stromal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli%E2%80%93Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour">Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli cell tumour">Sertoli cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Leydig cell tumour">Leydig cell tumour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">Germ cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor#Germinomatous" title="Germ cell tumor">G</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">Seminoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocytic_tumor" title="Spermatocytic tumor">Spermatocytic tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_neoplasia_in_situ" title="Germ cell neoplasia in situ">Germ cell neoplasia in situ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor#Nongerminomatous" title="Germ cell tumor">NG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonal_carcinoma" title="Embryonal carcinoma">Embryonal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor" title="Endodermal sinus tumor">Endodermal sinus tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadoblastoma" title="Gonadoblastoma">Gonadoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">Teratoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryoma" title="Embryoma">Embryoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-grade_prostatic_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia">High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-grade_prostatic_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia">HGPIN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_prostate_cancer" title="List of people with prostate cancer">List of people with prostate cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma#Prostate" title="Small-cell carcinoma">Small-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_cell_carcinoma#Prostate" title="Transitional cell carcinoma">Transitional-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Carcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extramammary_Paget%27s_disease" title="Extramammary Paget's disease">Extramammary Paget's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen's 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