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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robert_Schumann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Schumann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Robert Schumann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Schumann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Joachim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Joachim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Joseph Joachim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Joachim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johannes_Brahms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johannes_Brahms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Johannes Brahms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johannes_Brahms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_tours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_tours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Concert tours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_tours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concerts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Concerts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Family life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance_repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Performance repertoire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Compositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Editor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"War_of_the_Romantics"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"War_of_the_Romantics""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 "War of the Romantics" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"War_of_the_Romantics"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_during_her_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_during_her_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Impact during her lifetime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_during_her_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banknote_and_conservatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banknote_and_conservatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Banknote and conservatory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banknote_and_conservatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Clara Schumann</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كلارا شومان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلارا شومان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Клара Шуман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клара Шуман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Клара Шуман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клара Шуман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumannov%C3%A1" title="Clara Schumannová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Clara Schumannová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Κλάρα Σούμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλάρα Σούμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کلارا شومان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلارا شومان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC_%EC%8A%88%EB%A7%8C" title="클라라 슈만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클라라 슈만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կլարա Շուման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլարա Շուման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קלרה שומאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלרה שומאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კლარა შუმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლარა შუმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Wieck_Schumann" title="Clara Wieck Schumann – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clara Wieck Schumann" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C4%81ra_%C5%A0%C5%ABmane" title="Klāra Šūmane – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klāra Šūmane" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Клара Шуман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клара Шуман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്ലാര ഷൂമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലാര ഷൂമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كلارا شومان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلارا شومان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="クララ・シューマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クララ・シューマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਲਾਰਾ ਸ਼ੁਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲਾਰਾ ਸ਼ੁਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Wieck_Schumann" title="Clara Wieck Schumann – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Clara Wieck Schumann" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шуман, Клара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шуман, Клара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schuman" title="Clara Schuman – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Clara Schuman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumannov%C3%A1" title="Clara Schumannová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Clara Schumannová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Клара Шуман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клара Шуман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Клара Шуман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клара Шуман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uman_Klara" title="Šuman Klara – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šuman Klara" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Clara Schumann" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC" title="克拉拉·舒曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克拉拉·舒曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC" title="克拉拉·舒曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克拉拉·舒曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Clara Schumann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Wieck_(Lithographie_1839).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-on-beige drawing of a woman's face and upper body, with attention to facial features" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Wieck_%28Lithographie_1839%29.jpg/250px-Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Wieck_%28Lithographie_1839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Wieck_%28Lithographie_1839%29.jpg/330px-Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Wieck_%28Lithographie_1839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Wieck_%28Lithographie_1839%29.jpg/500px-Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Wieck_%28Lithographie_1839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="2500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1839 lithograph</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Clara Josephine Wieck</div> (1819-09-13)13 September 1819 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Kingdom of Saxony, German Confederation</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1896(1896-05-20) (aged 76) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, German Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Pianist</li> <li>Composer</li> <li>Piano teacher</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory" title="Hoch Conservatory">Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1840; died 1856)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Schumann" title="Eugenie Schumann">Eugenie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wieck" title="Friedrich Wieck">Friedrich Wieck</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mariane_Bargiel" title="Mariane Bargiel">Mariane Bargiel</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara-schumann-signatur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Clara-schumann-signatur.png/250px-Clara-schumann-signatur.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Clara-schumann-signatur.png/330px-Clara-schumann-signatur.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="87" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Clara Josephine Schumann (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃuːmɑːn/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈklaːʁa ˈʃuːman]</a>; née Wieck; 13 September 1819 – 20 May 1896) was a German pianist, composer, and piano teacher. Regarded as one of the most distinguished pianists of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a>, she exerted her influence over the course of a 61-year concert career, changing the format and repertoire of the piano recital by lessening the importance of purely <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuosic</a> works. She also composed solo piano pieces, a <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Clara_Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Clara Schumann)">Piano Concerto</a>, chamber music, choral pieces, and songs. She grew up in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, where both her father <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wieck" title="Friedrich Wieck">Friedrich Wieck</a> and her mother <a href="/wiki/Mariane_Bargiel" title="Mariane Bargiel">Mariane</a> were pianists and piano teachers. In addition, her mother was a singer. Clara was a child prodigy, and was trained by her father. She began touring at age eleven, and was successful in Paris and Vienna, among other cities. She married the composer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, on 12 September 1840, and the couple had eight children. Together, they encouraged <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> and maintained a close relationship with him. She gave the public premieres of many works by her husband and by Brahms. After Robert Schumann's early death, she continued her concert tours in Europe for decades, frequently with the violinist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a> and other chamber musicians. Beginning in 1878, she was an influential piano educator at <a href="/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory" title="Hoch Conservatory">Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium</a> in Frankfurt, where she attracted international students. She edited the publication of her husband's work. Schumann died in Frankfurt, but was buried in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> beside her husband. Several films have focused on Schumann's life, the earliest being <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(1944_German_film)" title="Dreaming (1944 German film)">Träumerei</a> (Dreaming) of 1944. A 2008 film, <a href="/wiki/Geliebte_Clara" title="Geliebte Clara">Geliebte Clara</a> (Beloved Clara), was directed by <a href="/wiki/Helma_Sanders-Brahms" title="Helma Sanders-Brahms">Helma Sanders-Brahms</a>. An image of Clara Schumann from an 1835 lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Staub" title="Andreas Staub">Andreas Staub</a> was featured on the 100 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> banknote from 1989 to 2002. Interest in her compositions began to revive in the late 20th century, and her 2019 bicentenary prompted new books and exhibitions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family">Family</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Clara Josephine Wieck <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈklaːʀa ˈjoːzɛfiːn ˈviːk]</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> on 13 September 1819 to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wieck" title="Friedrich Wieck">Friedrich Wieck</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mariane_Bargiel" title="Mariane Bargiel">Mariane</a> (née Tromlitz).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20021124-1">[1]</a> Her mother was a famous singer in Leipzig who performed weekly piano and soprano solos at the <a href="/wiki/Gewandhaus" title="Gewandhaus">Gewandhaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaisler2003-2">[2]</a> Clara's parents had irreconcilable differences, in part due to her father's unyielding nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaisler2003-2">[2]</a> Prompted by an affair between her mother and Adolph Bargiel, her father's friend,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book20015,_13-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchard1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkdLlCQAAQBAJpgPA27_27]-4">[4]</a> the Wiecks were divorced in 1825, with Mariane later marrying Bargiel. Five-year-old Clara remained with her father while Mariane and Bargiel eventually moved to Berlin, limiting contact between Clara and her mother to written letters and occasional visits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Bargiel2019-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_prodigy">Child prodigy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Child prodigy">edit</a>]</div> From an early age, Clara's father planned her career and life down to the smallest detail. She started receiving basic piano instruction from her mother at the age of four.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a> After her mother moved out, she began taking daily one-hour lessons from her father. They included subjects such as piano, violin, singing, <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">theory</a>, harmony, composition, and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>. She then had to practice for two hours every day. Her father followed the methods in his own book, Wiecks pianistische Erziehung zum schönen Anschlag und zum singenden Ton ("Wieck's Piano Education for a Delicate Touch and a Singing Sound.")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1bo0AAAAQBAJpgPA3_v._1_pp._3–4]-7">[7]</a> Her musical studies came largely at the expense of her broader general education, although she still studied religion and languages under her father's control of the family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Grove2001-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_(Lithographie_1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithograph of a young girl at the piano, with a hand on the keyboard but the face turned back, dressed in a festive gown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg/170px-Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_%28Lithographie_1835%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Clara Wieck, from an 1835 <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a></figcaption></figure> Clara Wieck made her official debut on 28 October 1828 at the <a href="/wiki/Gewandhaus" title="Gewandhaus">Gewandhaus</a> in Leipzig, at age nine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchard1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkdLlCQAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-9">[9]</a> The same year, she performed at the Leipzig home of Ernst Carus, director of the mental hospital at <a href="/wiki/Colditz_Castle" title="Colditz Castle">Colditz Castle</a>. There, she met another gifted young pianist who had been invited to the musical evening, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, who was nine years older. Schumann admired Clara's playing so much that he asked permission from his mother to stop studying law, which had never interested him much, and take music lessons with Clara's father. While taking lessons, he rented a room in the Wieck household and stayed about a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich,_Susanna1999-10">[10]</a> From September 1831 to April 1832, Clara toured Paris and other European cities, accompanied by her father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, she performed a bravura piece by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Herz" title="Henri Herz">Henri Herz</a> for <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, who presented her with a medal with his portrait and a written note saying: "For the gifted artist Clara Wieck". During that tour, the violinist <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a>, who was also in Paris, offered to appear with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunstein1971-11">[11]</a> Her Paris recital was poorly attended because many people had fled the city due to an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunstein1971-11">[11]</a> The tour marked her transition from a child prodigy to a young woman performer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Success_in_Vienna">Success in Vienna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Success in Vienna">edit</a>]</div> From December 1837 to April 1838, at the age of 18, Wieck performed a series of recitals in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Article1986249-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a>, Austria's leading dramatic poet, wrote a poem entitled "Clara Wieck and Beethoven" after hearing her perform Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._23_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)">Appassionata</a> sonata during one of these recitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Article1986249-12">[12]</a> She performed to sell-out crowds and laudatory critical reviews; Benedict Randhartinger, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, gave her an autographed copy of Schubert's Erlkönig, inscribing it "To the celebrated artist, Clara Wieck."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Article1986249-12">[12]</a> Chopin described her playing to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, who came to hear one of Wieck's concerts and subsequently praised her extravagantly in a letter that was published in the Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale and later, in translation, in the Leipzig journal <a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Article1986250-13">[13]</a> On 15 March, she was named a Königliche und Kaiserliche Österreichische Kammer-virtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Austrian Chamber Virtuoso"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Images2019-14">[14]</a> Austria's highest musical honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Article1986250-13">[13]</a> An anonymous music critic, describing her Vienna recitals, said: "The appearance of this artist can be regarded as epoch-making... In her creative hands, the most ordinary passage, the most routine motive acquires a significant meaning, a colour, which only those with the most consummate artistry can give."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton-Hill2017-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasting_relationships">Lasting relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lasting relationships">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robert_Schumann">Robert Schumann</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Robert Schumann">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld.jpg/170px-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld.jpg/255px-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld.jpg/340px-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Sch%C3%B6nefeld" title="Gedächtniskirche Schönefeld">Schönefeld church</a>, where the Schumanns married on 12 September 1840</figcaption></figure> Robert Schumann was a little more than nine years older than Wieck. In 1837, when she was 18, he proposed to her and she accepted. Robert then asked her father for her hand in marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._xi-16">[16]</a> Friedrich was strongly opposed to the marriage, and refused his permission. Robert and Clara decided to go to court and sue him. The judge allowed the marriage, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche_Sch%C3%B6nefeld" title="Gedächtniskirche Schönefeld">Schönefeld church</a> on 13 September 1840, the day before Clara's 21st birthday, when she attained <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">majority status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_pp._xii,_xvi-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorl1997-18">[18]</a> From then on, the couple maintained a joint musical and personal diary of their life together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_pp._301–03-19">[19]</a> In February 1854, Robert Schumann had a mental collapse, attempted suicide, and was admitted, at his request, to a <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Endenich" title="Endenich">Endenich</a> near Bonn, where he stayed for the last two years of his life. In March 1854, Brahms, Joachim, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dietrich" title="Albert Dietrich">Albert Dietrich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Otto_Grimm" title="Julius Otto Grimm">Julius Otto Grimm</a> spent time with Clara Schumann, playing music for her and with her to divert her mind from the tragedy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT61_v._2_pp._61–62,_69,_71]-20">[20]</a> Brahms composed some private piano pieces for her to console her: four piano pieces and a set of <a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">variations</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">theme</a> by Robert Schumann that she had also written variations on a year earlier, as her <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 20. The music by Brahms was not intended to be published, but for her alone. Brahms later thought to publish them anonymously, but eventually they were issued as his four <a href="/wiki/Ballades,_Op._10_(Brahms)" title="Ballades, Op. 10 (Brahms)">Ballades, Op. 10</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Robert_Schumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann (page does not exist)">Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann</a>, Op. 9. Brahms dedicated the variations to both Schumanns, hoping that Robert would be released soon and rejoined with his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne199798–115-21">[21]</a> For the entire two years of Robert Schumann's stay at the institution, his wife was not permitted to visit him, while Brahms visited him regularly. When it was apparent that Robert was near death, she was finally admitted to see him. He appeared to recognize her, but could only speak a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaverio_Grove200120-22">[22]</a> Robert Schumann died two days later, on 29 July 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham1998-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joseph_Joachim">Joseph Joachim</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Joseph Joachim">edit</a>]</div> The Schumanns first met violinist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a> in November 1844, when he was 14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._366-24">[24]</a> A year later, Clara Schumann wrote in her diary that in a concert on 11 November 1845, "little Joachim was very much liked. He played a new violin concerto by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, which is said to be wonderful."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT388_v._2_p._388]-25">[25]</a> In May 1853, they heard Joachim play the solo part in Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Beethoven)" title="Violin Concerto (Beethoven)">Violin Concerto</a>. She wrote that he played "with a finish, a depth of poetic feeling, his whole soul in every note, so ideally, that I have never heard violin-playing like it, and I can truly say that I have never received so indelible an impression from any virtuoso." A lasting friendship developed between Clara and Joseph, which for more than forty years never failed her in things great or small, never wavered in its loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT41_v._2_p._41]-26">[26]</a> Over her career, Schumann gave over 238 concerts with Joachim in Germany and Britain, more than with any other artist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001206-27">[27]</a> The two were particularly noted for their playing of <a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_violin_sonatas" title="Beethoven's violin sonatas">Beethoven's violin sonatas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001207-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Johannes_Brahms">Johannes Brahms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Johannes Brahms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a woman sitting, looking pensively, with her left hand resting in her lap, while her head leans on her right hand, dressed in a solid-black jacket and lighter skirt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg/170px-Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg/255px-Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg/340px-Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Schumann in 1853</figcaption></figure> In early 1853, the then-unknown 20-year-old <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> met Joachim and made a very favorable impression. Brahms received from him a <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_introduction" title="Letter of introduction">letter of introduction</a> to Robert Schumann, and thus presented himself at the Schumanns' home in Düsseldorf. Brahms played some of his piano solo compositions for the Schumanns, and they were deeply impressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Letters1927-29">[29]</a> Robert published an article highly lauding Brahms, and Clara wrote in the diary that Brahms "seemed as if sent straight from God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT42_v._2_p._42]-30">[30]</a> During Robert Schumann's last years, confined to an asylum, Brahms was a strong presence for the Schumann family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> His letters indicate his strong feelings for Clara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Article2003-32">[32]</a> Their relationship has been interpreted as somewhere between friendship and love,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2017-33">[33]</a> and Brahms always maintained the utmost respect for her, as a woman and a talented musician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Article2003-32">[32]</a> Brahms played his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)">First Symphony</a> for her before its premiere. She gave some advice about the Adagio, which he took to heart. She expressed her appreciation of the Symphony as a whole, but mentioned her dissatisfaction with the endings of the third and fourth movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_pp._322–23-34">[34]</a> She was the first to perform many of his works in public, including the <a href="/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Handel" title="Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel">Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel</a>, a solo piano work written by Brahms in 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT201_v._2_p._201]-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_tours">Concert tours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Concert tours">edit</a>]</div> Clara Schumann first toured England in April 1856, while her husband was still living but unable to travel. She was invited to play in a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Royal Philharmonic Society">London Philharmonic Society</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[a]</a> concert by conductor <a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">William Sterndale Bennett</a>, a good friend of Robert's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT131_v._2_p._131]-37">[36]</a> She was displeased with the little time spent on rehearsals: "They call it a rehearsal here if a piece is played through once." She wrote that musical "artists" in England "allow themselves to be treated as inferiors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT133_v._2_p._133]-38">[37]</a> She was happy, though, to hear the cellist <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Alfredo_Piatti" title="Carlo Alfredo Piatti">Alfredo Piatti</a> play with "a tone, a bravura, a certainty, such as I never heard before". In May 1856, she played Robert Schumann's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Schumann)">Piano Concerto in A minor</a> with the <a href="/wiki/New_Philharmonic_Society" title="New Philharmonic Society">New Philharmonic Society</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[b]</a> conducted by Dr Wylde, who as she said had "led a dreadful rehearsal" and "could not grasp the rhythm of the last movement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT133_v._2_p._133]-38">[37]</a> Still, she returned to London the following year and continued to perform in Britain for the next 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001267-40">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolph_von_Menzel_-_Joseph_Joachim_%2B_Clara_Schumann_(Zeichnung_1854).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A violinist and a pianist playing, with her sitting at the piano partly shown on the right, while he plays towards the left, more in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adolph_von_Menzel_-_Joseph_Joachim_%2B_Clara_Schumann_%28Zeichnung_1854%29.jpg/250px-Adolph_von_Menzel_-_Joseph_Joachim_%2B_Clara_Schumann_%28Zeichnung_1854%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adolph_von_Menzel_-_Joseph_Joachim_%2B_Clara_Schumann_%28Zeichnung_1854%29.jpg/330px-Adolph_von_Menzel_-_Joseph_Joachim_%2B_Clara_Schumann_%28Zeichnung_1854%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adolph_von_Menzel_-_Joseph_Joachim_%2B_Clara_Schumann_%28Zeichnung_1854%29.jpg/500px-Adolph_von_Menzel_-_Joseph_Joachim_%2B_Clara_Schumann_%28Zeichnung_1854%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Joachim and Schumann, after a lost 1854 drawing by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Menzel" title="Adolph Menzel">Adolph Menzel</a></figcaption></figure> In October–November 1857, Schumann and Joachim went on a recital tour to Dresden and Leipzig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT3152_v._2_p._152]-41">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Hall">St. James's Hall</a> in London, which opened in 1858, hosted a series of "<a href="/wiki/Popular_Concerts" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Concerts">Popular Concerts</a>" of chamber music.<a href="#cite_note-42">[c]</a> Joachim visited London annually beginning in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvins_Article2002637-43">[40]</a> Schumann also spent many years in London participating in the Popular Concerts with Joachim and the celebrated Italian cellist <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Alfredo_Piatti" title="Carlo Alfredo Piatti">Carlo Alfredo Piatti</a>. Second violinist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Ries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Ries (page does not exist)">Louis Ries</a> (nephew of composer Ferdinand Ries) and violist <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._B._Zerbini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. B. Zerbini (page does not exist)">J. B. Zerbini</a> usually played on the same concert programs. <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, the leading playwright and also a music critic, wrote that the Popular Concerts helped greatly to spread and enlighten musical taste in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1937297-44">[41]</a> In January 1867, Schumann toured <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, along with Joachim, Piatti, Ries, and Zerbini. Two sisters, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Pyne" title="Louisa Pyne">Louisa and Susanna Pyne</a>, singers and managers of an opera company in England, and a man named Saunders, made all the arrangements. She was accompanied by her oldest daughter Marie, who wrote from Manchester to her friend Rosalie Leser that in Edinburgh the pianist "was received with tempestuous applause and had to give an encore, so had Joachim. Piatti, too, is always tremendously liked."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT249_v._2_pp._249–50]-45">[42]</a> Marie also wrote: "For the longer journeys we had a saloon [car], comfortably furnished with arm-chairs and sofas... the journey ... was very comfortable." On this occasion, the musicians were not "treated as inferiors".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJbY0AAAAQBAJpgPA250_v._2_p._250]-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concerts">Concerts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Concerts">edit</a>]</div> Schumann still performed actively in the 1870s and 1880s. She performed extensively and regularly throughout Germany during these decades, and had engagements in Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland. When in Basel, Switzerland, she often stayed with the <a href="/wiki/Von_der_M%C3%BChll" title="Von der Mühll">Von der Mühll</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[44]</a> She continued her annual winter-spring concert tours of England, giving 16 of them between 1865 and 1888, often with violinist Joachim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann_Portal2019-48">[45]</a> She took a break from concert performances, beginning in January 1874, cancelling her usual England tour due to an arm injury. In July, she consulted a doctor, who having massaged the arm, advised her to practice for only one hour a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüllerKopiez2010101–18-49">[46]</a> She rested for the remainder of the year before returning to the concert stage in March 1875.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_pp._322–23-34">[34]</a> She had not fully recovered, and experienced more <a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">neuralgia</a> in her arm again in May, reporting that she "could not write on account of my arm".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_pp._322–23-34">[34]</a> By October 1875, she had recovered enough to begin another tour in Germany. In addition to solo piano recitals, chamber music, and accompanying singers, she continued to perform frequently with orchestras. In 1877, she performed Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)">Fifth Piano Concerto</a> in Berlin, with <a href="/wiki/Woldemar_Bargiel" title="Woldemar Bargiel">Woldemar Bargiel</a> conducting, her half-brother by her mother's second marriage, and had tremendous success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT42_v._2_p._42]-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_pp._322–23-34">[34]</a> In 1883, she performed Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Choral_Fantasy_(Beethoven)" title="Choral Fantasy (Beethoven)">Choral Fantasy</a> with the newly-formed <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a>, and was enthusiastically celebrated, although she was playing with an injured hand in great pain, having fallen on a staircase the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerliner_Philharmoniker2019-50">[47]</a> Later that year she played Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven)">Fourth Piano Concerto</a> (with her own cadenzas) with Joachim conducting the same orchestra, again to great acclaim. In 1885, Schumann once again joined Joachim conducting Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._20_(Mozart)" title="Piano Concerto No. 20 (Mozart)">Piano Concerto in D minor</a>, again playing her own cadenzas. The following day, she played her husband's Piano Concerto with Bargiel conducting. "I think I played fresher than ever", she wrote to Brahms, "What I liked very much about the concert was that I was able to give Woldemar the direction of it, who had longed for such an opportunity for years."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerliner_Philharmoniker2019-50">[47]</a> She played her last public concert in Frankfurt on 12 March 1891. The last work she played was Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_by_Haydn" title="Variations on a Theme by Haydn">Variations on a Theme by Haydn</a>, in a version for two pianos, with <a href="/wiki/James_Kwast" title="James Kwast">James Kwast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClive2006403-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teaching">Teaching</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Teaching">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Saalhof_um_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a large city building on the corner of a block, with conical towers on that corner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Frankfurt_Saalhof_um_1900.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_Saalhof_um_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Frankfurt_Saalhof_um_1900.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Saalhof_um_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Frankfurt_Saalhof_um_1900.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_Saalhof_um_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Saalhof, the first location of <a href="/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory" title="Hoch Conservatory">Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium</a></figcaption></figure> In 1878, Schumann was appointed the first piano teacher of the new <a href="/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory" title="Hoch Conservatory">Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium</a> in Frankfurt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiebsamen2019-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegwer2002-53">[50]</a> She had chosen Frankfurt among offers from Stuttgart, Hannover, and Berlin, because the director, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Joachim Raff</a>, had accepted her conditions: she could not teach more than 1-1/2 hours per day, was free to teach at her home, and had four months of vacation and time off for short tours in winter. She demanded two assistants, with her daughters Marie and Eugenie in mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiebsamen2019-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllihn2019-54">[51]</a> She was the only woman on the faculty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiebsamen2019-52">[49]</a> Her fame attracted students from abroad, including Britain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> She trained only advanced pupils, mostly young women, while her two daughters gave lessons to beginners. Among her 68 known students who made a musical career were <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Janotha" title="Natalia Janotha">Natalia Janotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Davies" title="Fanny Davies">Fanny Davies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanette_Falk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanette Falk (page does not exist)">Nanette Falk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amina_Goodwin" title="Amina Goodwin">Amina Goodwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedberg" title="Carl Friedberg">Carl Friedberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Borwick" title="Leonard Borwick">Leonard Borwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilona_Eibensch%C3%BCtz" title="Ilona Eibenschütz">Ilona Eibenschütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelina_de_Lara" title="Adelina de Lara">Adelina de Lara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wurm" title="Mary Wurm">Mary Wurm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiebsamen2019-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllihn2019-54">[51]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Olson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Olson (page does not exist)">Marie Olson</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Roeckel" title="Jane Roeckel">Jane Roeckel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[44]</a> The Konservatorium held events to celebrate her 50th year on stage in 1878 and her 60th career anniversary ten years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllihn2019-54">[51]</a> She held the teaching post until 1892 and contributed greatly to the improvement of modern piano playing technique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiebsamen2019-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Clara Schumann suffered a stroke on 26 March 1896, and died on 20 May at age 76.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book200123-56">[53]</a> She was buried in Bonn at <a href="/wiki/Alter_Friedhof,_Bonn" title="Alter Friedhof, Bonn">Alter Friedhof</a> next to her husband, according to her own wish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllihn2019-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_und_Clara_Schumanns_Kinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Robert_und_Clara_Schumanns_Kinder.jpg/220px-Robert_und_Clara_Schumanns_Kinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Robert_und_Clara_Schumanns_Kinder.jpg/330px-Robert_und_Clara_Schumanns_Kinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Robert_und_Clara_Schumanns_Kinder.jpg/440px-Robert_und_Clara_Schumanns_Kinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Robert and Clara Schumann's children (photo taken in 1853 or 1854); from left to right: Ludwig, Marie, Felix, Elise, Ferdinand and Eugenie.</figcaption></figure> Robert Schumann gave his wife a diary on their wedding day. His first entry indicates that it should act as an autobiography of the family's personal lives, especially of the couple, and of their desires and accomplishments in the arts. It also functioned as a record of their artistic endeavors and growth. She fully accepted the arrangement of a shared diary, as evidenced by her many entries. It demonstrates her loyal love for her husband, with a desire to combine two lives into one artistically, although this life-long goal involved risks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYit8CgAAQBAJpgPT201_v._2_p._201]-35">[35]</a> The couple remained joint partners in both family life and their careers. She premiered many of his works, from solo piano works to <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Clara_Schumann#Arrangements" title="List of compositions by Clara Schumann">her own piano versions of his orchestral works</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Grove2001-8">[8]</a> She often took charge of finances and general household affairs. Part of her responsibility included earning money by giving concerts, though she continued to play throughout her life, not just for the income but because she was an artist by training and nature. The burden of family duties increased over time and narrowed her ability as an artist. As a flourishing composer's wife, she was limited in her own explorations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._306-57">[54]</a> She was the main breadwinner for her family and the sole one after her husband was hospitalized and then died. She gave concerts and taught, and she did most of the work of organizing her own concert tours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> She hired a housekeeper and a cook to keep house while she was away on her long tours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalloway2002-58">[55]</a> Clara Schumann had eight children in 13 years:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001162–77-59">[56]</a> <ul><li>Marie (1841–1929)</li> <li>Elise (1843–1928)</li> <li>Julie (1845–1872)</li> <li>Emil (1846–1847)</li> <li>Ludwig (1848–1899)</li> <li>Ferdinand (1849–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Schumann" title="Eugenie Schumann">Eugenie</a> (1851–1938)</li> <li>Felix (1854–1879)</li></ul> Her life was punctuated by tragedy. Her husband was permanently institutionalized after a mental collapse. Her eldest living son Ludwig suffered from mental illness like his father and, in her words, eventually had to be "buried alive" in an institution. She became deaf in later life, and she often needed a wheelchair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunstein1971-11">[11]</a> Not only did her husband predecease her, but so did four of their children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> Their first son, Emil, died in 1847, aged only 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001170-60">[57]</a> Their daughter Julie died in 1872, leaving two small children aged only 2 and 7, then raised by their grandmother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001169-61">[58]</a> In 1879, their son Felix died aged 24.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001158-62">[59]</a> In 1891, their son Ferdinand died at the age of 41, leaving his children to her care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001152-63">[60]</a> Their oldest child Marie was of great support and help to her mother, taking the position of household cook. Marie also dissuaded her mother from continuing to burn letters that she had received from Brahms which he had asked her to destroy. Another daughter, Eugenie, who had been too young when her father died to remember him, wrote a book, Erinnerungen (Memoirs), published in 1925, covering her parents and Brahms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Eugenie2019-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann,_Eugenie1925-65">[62]</a> Schumann famously rescued her children from violence during the <a href="/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden" title="May Uprising in Dresden">May Uprising in Dresden</a> in 1849. On the evening of 3 May, Robert and Clara heard that the revolution against King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_II_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus II of Saxony">Frederick Augustus II of Saxony</a> for not accepting the "constitution for a German Confederation" had arrived in Dresden. Most family members left and hid in a "neighbourhood security brigade", but on 7 May, she bravely walked back to Dresden to rescue her three children who had been left with a maid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaverio_Article1997-66">[63]</a> defying a pack of armed men who confronted her, then walked back out of the city through the dangerous areas again. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_repertoire">Performance repertoire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Performance repertoire">edit</a>]</div> During her lifetime, Schumann was an internationally renowned concert pianist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingarten197296-67">[64]</a> Over 1,300 concert programs from her performances throughout Europe between 1831 through 1889 have been preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73-68">[65]</a> She championed the works of her husband and other contemporaries such as Brahms, Chopin and Mendelssohn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73-68">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famous_Composers_and_their_Works_v2_117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a woman sitting at an upright piano and a man standing in front of the instrument, looking at her, with his right hand at his chin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Famous_Composers_and_their_Works_v2_117.jpg/220px-Famous_Composers_and_their_Works_v2_117.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Famous_Composers_and_their_Works_v2_117.jpg/330px-Famous_Composers_and_their_Works_v2_117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Famous_Composers_and_their_Works_v2_117.jpg/440px-Famous_Composers_and_their_Works_v2_117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>Clara and Robert Schumann, illustration from Famous Composers and their Works, 1906</figcaption></figure> The Schumanns were admirers of Chopin, especially of his <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_%22L%C3%A0_ci_darem_la_mano%22_(Chopin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations on "Là ci darem la mano" (Chopin)">Variations on "Là ci darem la mano"</a>, and she played the piece herself. When she was 14 and her future husband 23, he wrote to her: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Tomorrow precisely at eleven o'clock I will play the adagio from Chopin's Variations and at the same time I shall think of you very intently, exclusively of you. Now my request is that you should do the same, so that we may see and meet each other in spirit.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Schumann<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen201279-69">[66]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In her early years, her repertoire, selected by her father, was showy and in the style common to the time, with works by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Friedrich Kalkbrenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Henselt" title="Adolf von Henselt">Adolf von Henselt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Sigismond Thalberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Herz" title="Henri Herz">Henri Herz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Pixis" title="Johann Peter Pixis">Johann Peter Pixis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a> and her own compositions. She turned to including compositions by Baroque composers such as <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, but performed especially contemporary music by Chopin, Mendelssohn and her husband, whose music did not attain popularity until the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a> In 1835, she performed her <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Clara_Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Clara Schumann)">Piano Concerto in A minor</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra</a>, conducted by Mendelssohn. On 4 December 1845, she premiered Robert Schumann's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Schumann)">Piano Concerto</a> in Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarm2013-70">[67]</a> Following the advice of Brahms she performed Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._24_(Mozart)" title="Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart)">Piano Concerto in C minor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian court</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Images2019-14">[14]</a> and in Leipzig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvins_Book1997231-71">[68]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Arabella_Goddard" title="Arabella Goddard">Arabella Goddard</a> she was one of the first woman pianists to perform Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Hammerklavier_Sonata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammerklavier Sonata">Hammerklavier Sonata</a> in public, doing so on two occasions before 1856.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Her busiest years as a performer were between 1856 and 1873, after her husband's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73-68">[65]</a> During this period, she experienced success as a performer in Britain, where her 1865 performance of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven)">Piano Concerto in G major</a> was met with enormous applause. As a chamber musician, she often gave concerts with violinist Joachim. In her later career, she frequently accompanied <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a> singers in recitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositions">Compositions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Compositions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Clara_Schumann" title="List of compositions by Clara Schumann">List of compositions by Clara Schumann</a></div> As part of the broad musical education given to her by her father, Clara Wieck learned to compose, and from childhood to middle age she produced a good body of work. Clara wrote that "composing gives me great pleasure... there is nothing that surpasses the joy of creation, if only because through it one wins hours of self-forgetfulness, when one lives in a world of sound". Her Op. 1 was <a href="/wiki/4_Polonaises_(Clara_Schumann)" title="4 Polonaises (Clara Schumann)">Quatre Polonaises pour le pianoforte</a> composed in 1831, and Op. 5 <a href="/wiki/4_Pi%C3%A8ces_caract%C3%A9ristiques_(Clara_Schumann)" title="4 Pièces caractéristiques (Clara Schumann)">4 Pièces caractéristiques</a> in 1836, all piano pieces for her recitals. She wrote her <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Clara_Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Clara Schumann)">Piano Concerto in A minor</a> at age 14, with some help from her future husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> She planned a second piano concerto, but only a Konzertsatz in F minor from 1847 survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schumann_op37_op12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Highly decorated cover page of a composition, showing the title and other information in swinging lines, framed by a garland reminiscent of Gothic wood-carving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schumann_op37_op12.jpg/220px-Schumann_op37_op12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schumann_op37_op12.jpg/330px-Schumann_op37_op12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schumann_op37_op12.jpg/440px-Schumann_op37_op12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Zwölf Lieder auf F. Rückerts Liebesfrühling by Clara and Robert Schumann</figcaption></figure> After her marriage, she turned to lieder and choral works. The couple wrote and published one joint composition in 1841, setting a cycle of poems by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_R%C3%BCckert" title="Friedrich Rückert">Friedrich Rückert</a> called Liebesfrühling (Spring of Love) in Zwölf Lieder auf F. Rückerts Liebesfrühling, her Op. 12 and his Op. 37.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a> Her chamber works include the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Clara_Schumann)" title="Piano Trio (Clara Schumann)">Piano Trio in G minor</a>, Op. 17 (1846) and <a href="/wiki/Three_Romances_for_Violin_and_Piano" title="Three Romances for Violin and Piano">Three Romances for Violin and Piano</a>, Op. 22 (1853), inspired by her husband's birthday. They were dedicated to Joachim, who performed them for <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V of Hanover</a>, who declared them a "marvellous, heavenly pleasure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunsmore2013-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClara_Schumann_Score2001-74">[71]</a> As she grew older, she became more preoccupied with other responsibilities in life and found it hard to compose regularly, writing, "I once believed that I possessed creative talent, but I have given up this idea; a woman must not desire to compose – there has never yet been one able to do it. Should I expect to be the one?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2017-75">[72]</a> Her husband also expressed concern about the effect on her composing output: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Clara has composed a series of small pieces, which show a musical and tender ingenuity such as she has never attained before. But to have children, and a husband who is always living in the realm of imagination, does not go together with composing. She cannot work at it regularly, and I am often disturbed to think how many profound ideas are lost because she cannot work them out.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Schumann<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2018129-76">[73]</a></cite></div></blockquote> She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch199124-77">[74]</a> Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an "Album Leaf" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight "Romances" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001289–337_(Catalogue_of_Works)-78">[75]</a> For the next 43 years of her life, she only composed piano transcriptions of works by her husband and Brahms, including 41 transcriptions of Robert Schumann's lieder (commissioned by a publisher in 1872), and a short piano duet commissioned for a friend's wedding anniversary in 1879. In the last year of her life, she left several sketches for piano preludes, designed for piano students, as well as some published cadenzas for her performances of Beethoven and Mozart piano concertos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001327–328-79">[76]</a> Most of Clara Schumann's music was never played by anyone else and largely forgotten until a resurgence of interest in the 1970s. Today her compositions are increasingly performed and recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2017-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editor">Editor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Editor">edit</a>]</div> Schumann was the authoritative editor, aided by Brahms and others, of her husband's works for the publishing firm of <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllihn2019-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Schumann_Score1879-80">[77]</a> She also edited 20 sonatas by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>, letters (Jugendbriefe) by her husband in 1885, and his piano works with fingering and other instructions (Fingersatz und Vortragsbezeichnungen) in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""War_of_the_Romantics"">"War of the Romantics"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: "War of the Romantics"">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1840s the Schumanns were interested in the works of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and his young composer friends of what eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993340-81">[78]</a> but in the second half of the decade they both became openly hostile toward Liszt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993342-82">[79]</a> because of their more musically conservative outlook and beliefs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993343-83">[80]</a> Clara more so than Robert, as she had long been the more conservative aesthete in the Schumann marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993344-84">[81]</a> By the mid-1850s, after Robert's decline, the young Brahms had joined the cause,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book199768-85">[82]</a> and to promote her ideals and protect what she saw as an attack on her husband's beliefs, she, Brahms, and Joseph Joachim<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993346-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book1997206-87">[84]</a> formed a group of conservative musicians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book1997195-88">[85]</a> who defended Robert Schumann's critical ideals of the legacy and respectability of music, the pinnacle of which had been Beethoven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2001835,_837-89">[86]</a> The opposing side of this "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>", a group of radical progressives in music (most of them from Weimar) led by Liszt and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, desired to escape composing under the shadow of Beethoven, but to transcend the old forms and ideas of what music had been and instead create what music should be for the future. The Weimar school promoted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">program music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2001838-90">[87]</a> while both the Schumanns and Brahms of the Leipzig/Berlin school were strict in their stance that music must and can only be <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993361,_365–366-91">[88]</a> a term derisively coined by Wagner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus1991-92">[89]</a> One of Clara Schumann's difficulties with Liszt stemmed from a philosophical difference in performance practice. He believed that the artist, through physical and emotional performance, interpreted music for the audience. When he performed, Liszt flailed his arms, tossed his head, and pursed his lips,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedroza2010309-93">[90]</a> inspiring a <a href="/wiki/Lisztomania" title="Lisztomania">Lisztomania</a> across Europe which has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a> of female fans of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> over a century later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993340–341-94">[91]</a> Clara, in contrast, came to believe that the personality of the musician should be suppressed so that the composer's vision would be clearly evident to listeners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993341-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedroza2010311-96">[93]</a> Partisans led active campaigns with public demonstrations at concerts, writings published in the press denigrating reputations, and other public slights designed to embarrass their adversaries. Brahms published a <a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">manifesto</a> for the "Serious Music" side on 4 May 1861,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993350-97">[94]</a> signed by Clara Schumann, Joachim, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dietrich" title="Albert Dietrich">Albert Dietrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woldemar_Bargiel" title="Woldemar Bargiel">Woldemar Bargiel</a>, and twenty others, which decried the purveyors of the "Music of the Future" as "contrary to the innermost spirit of music, strongly to be deplored and condemned".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993348–49-98">[95]</a> The New Weimar Club, a formal society with Liszt at its center, held an anniversary celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a>, the magazine Robert Schumann had founded, in his birthplace Zwickau, and conspicuously neglected to invite members of the opposing party, including his widow, Clara. Clara Schumann ceased to perform any of Liszt's works, and she suppressed her husband's dedication to Liszt of his <a href="/wiki/Fantasie_in_C_(Schumann)" title="Fantasie in C (Schumann)">Fantasie in C major</a> when she published his complete works. When she heard that Liszt and Richard Wagner would be participating in a Beethoven centenary festival in Vienna in 1870, she refused to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunstein1971-11">[11]</a> In describing the works of the opposing school, Clara Schumann was particularly scathing of Wagner, writing of his <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a>, that he "wears himself out in atrocities", describing <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a> as "horrible", and referring to <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> as "the most repugnant thing I have ever seen or heard in all my life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunstein1971-11">[11]</a> She also complained that Wagner had spoken of her husband, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, and Brahms in a "scornful" way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001202–03-99">[96]</a> Wagner had poked fun at the musical conservatives in an essay, portraying them as "a musical temperance society" awaiting a Messiah. She held <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Seventh Symphony</a> in very low esteem and wrote to Brahms, describing it as "a horrible piece". Bruckner's symphonies were seen as representative of the New Music due to their advanced harmony, massive orchestration and extended time-scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2001839-100">[97]</a> Schumann was more impressed, however, with the early <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Strauss)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Strauss)">First Symphony in F minor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunstein1971-11">[11]</a> this was before Strauss began composing the highly programmatic music for which he later became famous. Brahms secretly held Wagner's music in high esteem,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book1997195,_267–68-101">[98]</a> and eventually publicly praised Liszt's works as well. Several of the proponents and signers of the manifesto, including Joachim, relented and joined the "other side". The controversy eventually died down, but Clara Schumann remained steadfast in her disapproval of the New German School's music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_during_her_lifetime">Impact during her lifetime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Impact during her lifetime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliott_%26_Fry_-_Clara_Schumann_(ca.1890,_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Retouched black-and-white photograph of an older woman, sitting next to a table on which she leans her right arm, with the hand supporting her head while her left hand holds a paper in her lap, dressed in black and with black lace covering most of her whitish hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Elliott_%26_Fry_-_Clara_Schumann_%28ca.1890%2C_crop%29.jpg/170px-Elliott_%26_Fry_-_Clara_Schumann_%28ca.1890%2C_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Elliott_%26_Fry_-_Clara_Schumann_%28ca.1890%2C_crop%29.jpg/255px-Elliott_%26_Fry_-_Clara_Schumann_%28ca.1890%2C_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Elliott_%26_Fry_-_Clara_Schumann_%28ca.1890%2C_crop%29.jpg/340px-Elliott_%26_Fry_-_Clara_Schumann_%28ca.1890%2C_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Schumann, according to <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a> "one of the most soulful and famous pianists of the day"</figcaption></figure> Although Schumann was not widely recognized as a composer for many years after her death, she had a lasting effect as a pianist. Trained by her father to play by ear and memorize, she gave public performances from memory as early as age thirteen, a fact noted as exceptional by her reviewers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001271–72-102">[99]</a> She was one of the first pianists to perform from memory, making it the standard for concerts. She was also instrumental in changing the kind of program expected of concert pianists. In her early career, before her marriage, she played the customary bravura pieces designed to showcase the artist's technique, often in the form of arrangements or variations on popular themes from operas, written by virtuosos such as Thalberg, Herz, or Henselt. As it was customary to play one's own compositions, she included at least one of her own works in every program, such as Variations on a Theme by Bellini (Op. 8) and the popular Scherzo (Op. 10). However, as she became a more independent artist, her repertoire contained mainly music by leading composers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._316-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio_(German)1908-104">[101]</a> Schumann influenced pianists through her teaching, which emphasized expression and a singing tone, with technique subordinated to the intentions of the composer. One of her students, <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Verne" title="Mathilde Verne">Mathilde Verne</a>, carried her teaching to England where she taught, among others, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(pianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon (pianist)">Solomon</a>. Another of her students, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedberg" title="Carl Friedberg">Carl Friedberg</a>, carried the tradition to the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a> in America, where his students included <a href="/wiki/Nina_Simone" title="Nina Simone">Nina Simone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Frager" title="Malcolm Frager">Malcolm Frager</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hungerford" title="Bruce Hungerford">Bruce Hungerford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001254-105">[102]</a> She was also instrumental in getting the works of Robert Schumann recognized, appreciated and added to the repertoire. She promoted his works tirelessly throughout her life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_depicted_on_film" title="List of composers depicted on film">List of composers depicted on film</a></div> Clara Schumann has been portrayed on screen many times. <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(1944_German_film)" title="Dreaming (1944 German film)">Träumerei</a> (Dreaming), the oldest known Schumann film, premiered on 3 May 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETräumerei1944-106">[103]</a> Possibly the best-known film is <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Love_(1947_film)" title="Song of Love (1947 film)">Song of Love</a> (1947) starring <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> as Clara, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henreid" title="Paul Henreid">Paul Henreid</a> as Robert, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walker_(actor,_born_1918)" title="Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)">Robert Walker</a> as Brahms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong_of_Love1947-107">[104]</a> In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Young" title="Loretta Young">Loretta Young</a> portrayed her on The Loretta Young Show in Season 1, Episode 26: The Clara Schumann Story (first aired on 21 March 1954), in which she supports the composing career of her husband, played by <a href="/wiki/George_Nader" title="George Nader">George Nader</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Fabares" title="Shelley Fabares">Shelley Fabares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carleton_G._Young" title="Carleton G. Young">Carleton G. Young</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoretta_Young_Show1954-108">[105]</a> Two more recent German films are <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BChlingssinfonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Frühlingssinfonie">Frühlingssinfonie</a> (Spring Symphony) (1983), starring <a href="/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski" title="Nastassja Kinski">Nastassja Kinski</a> as Clara,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrühlingssinfonie1983-109">[106]</a> and the 2008 Helma Sanders-Brahms' film <a href="/wiki/Geliebte_Clara" title="Geliebte Clara">Geliebte Clara</a> (Beloved Clara), where she is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Martina_Gedeck" title="Martina Gedeck">Martina Gedeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeliebte_Clara2008-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theater">edit</a>]</div> Clara Schumann's life has been explored in the chamber opera Clara by composer Victoria Bond and librettist Barbara Zinn-Krieger<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> and the two-act opera Ghost Variations by composer Tony Manfredonia and librettist Aiden K. Feltkamp.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Twin Spirits, a live theatrical performance involving a chamber ensemble of actors, singers, and musicians, also delves into Clara Schumann's life story.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banknote_and_conservatory">Banknote and conservatory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Banknote and conservatory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_Mark_(Obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/100_Mark_%28Obverse%29.jpg/250px-100_Mark_%28Obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/100_Mark_%28Obverse%29.jpg/330px-100_Mark_%28Obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/100_Mark_%28Obverse%29.jpg/500px-100_Mark_%28Obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption> 100 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> note (obverse)</figcaption></figure> An image of Clara Schumann from an 1835 lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Staub" title="Andreas Staub">Andreas Staub</a> was featured on the 100 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> banknote from 2 January 1989 until the adoption of the euro on 1 January 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuja2015-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaper_Money_Guaranty2018-115">[112]</a> The back of the banknote shows a grand piano she played and the exterior of Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium. The great hall of the conservatory's new building is named after her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegwer2002-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schmorsdorf_lime_tree" title="Schmorsdorf lime tree">Schmorsdorf lime tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The Philharmonic Society of London had been formed in 1813. In 1912, it became the Royal Philharmonic Society. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> The New Philharmonic Society began operating in 1852 with Dr. Wylde as co-founder: A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Ed. George Grove, vol. 2, 1900, MacMillan, London, in Wikisource; article New Philharmonic Society, The by George Grove. The New Philharmonic ceased giving concerts in June 1879. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Some printed programs have been preserved in Arts & Humanities Research Council Concert Programmes, St. James's Hall Concerts (1867–1904) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20021124-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20021124_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2002">Hall 2002</a>, p. 1124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaisler2003-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaisler2003_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaisler2003_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaisler2003">Haisler 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book20015,_13-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book20015,_13_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, pp. 5, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchard1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkdLlCQAAQBAJpgPA27_27]-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchard1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkdLlCQAAQBAJpgPA27_27]_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorchard1991">Borchard 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdLlCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Bargiel2019-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Bargiel2019_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNauhaus_Bargiel2019">Nauhaus Bargiel 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlassen2011_6-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlassen2011">Klassen 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1bo0AAAAQBAJpgPA3_v._1_pp._3–4]-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1bo0AAAAQBAJpgPA3_v._1_pp._3–4]_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitzmann_Bio1913">Litzmann Bio 1913</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bo0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">v. 1 pp. 3–4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Grove2001-8">^ <a 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New York: Books & Music USA. p. 593. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9617485-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9617485-2-4"><bdi>978-0-9617485-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+encyclopedia+of+women+composers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=593&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+rev+and+enl&rft.pub=Books+%26+Music+USA&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9617485-2-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Aaron+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book200123-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book200123_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._306-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._306_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitzmann_Bio1913">Litzmann Bio 1913</a>, v. 1 p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalloway2002-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalloway2002_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalloway2002">Galloway 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001162–77-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001162–77_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, pp. 162–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001170-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001170_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001169-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001169_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001158-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001158_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001152-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001152_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Eugenie2019-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENauhaus_Eugenie2019_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNauhaus_Eugenie2019">Nauhaus Eugenie 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann,_Eugenie1925-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann,_Eugenie1925_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann,_Eugenie1925">Schumann, Eugenie 1925</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaverio_Article1997-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaverio_Article1997_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaverio_Article1997">Daverio Article 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingarten197296-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeingarten197296_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeingarten1972">Weingarten 1972</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopiez200850–73_68-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopiez2008">Kopiez 2008</a>, pp. 50–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen201279-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen201279_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJensen2012">Jensen 2012</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarm2013-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarm2013_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarm2013">Schwarm 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvins_Book1997231-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvins_Book1997231_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvins_Book1997">Avins Book 1997</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrumey" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crumey" title="Andrew Crumey">Crumey, Andrew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crumey.co.uk/beethoven_8_hammerklavier_sonata.html">"Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata"</a>. crumey.co.uk. 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href="#CITEREFWalker1993">Walker 1993</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993342-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1993342_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1993">Walker 1993</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993343-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1993343_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1993">Walker 1993</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993344-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1993344_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1993">Walker 1993</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book199768-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book199768_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwafford_Book1997">Swafford Book 1997</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1993346-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1993346_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1993">Walker 1993</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book1997206-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book1997206_87-0">^</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001202–03_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, pp. 202–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonds2001839-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonds2001839_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonds2001">Bonds 2001</a>, p. 839. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book1997195,_267–68-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwafford_Book1997195,_267–68_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwafford_Book1997">Swafford Book 1997</a>, pp. 195, 267–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001271–72-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich_Book2001271–72_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReich_Book2001">Reich Book 2001</a>, pp. 271–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._316-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio1913v._1_p._316_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitzmann_Bio1913">Litzmann Bio 1913</a>, v. 1 p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitzmann_Bio_(German)1908-104"><a 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href="#CITEREFFrühlingssinfonie1983">Frühlingssinfonie 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeliebte_Clara2008-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeliebte_Clara2008_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeliebte_Clara2008">Geliebte Clara 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrodie2019" class="citation web cs1">Brodie, Susan (20 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicalvoiceamerica.org/2019/04/20/in-bonds-clara-an-artist-is-seen-becoming-herself/">"In Bond's 'Clara', An Artist Is Seen Becoming Herself | Classical Voice North America"</a>. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Bond%27s+%27Clara%27%2C+An+Artist+Is+Seen+Becoming+Herself+%7C+Classical+Voice+North+America&rft.date=2019-04-20&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicalvoiceamerica.org%2F2019%2F04%2F20%2Fin-bonds-clara-an-artist-is-seen-becoming-herself%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2021" class="citation web cs1">Edgar, Hannah (3 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2021/06/03/one-of-music-historys-most-famous-love-triangles-takes-center-stage-in-thompson-street-operas-ghost-variations/">"One of music history's most famous love triangles takes center stage in Thompson Street Opera's 'Ghost Variations'"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=One+of+music+history%27s+most+famous+love+triangles+takes+center+stage+in+Thompson+Street+Opera%27s+%27Ghost+Variations%27&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2021%2F06%2F03%2Fone-of-music-historys-most-famous-love-triangles-takes-center-stage-in-thompson-street-operas-ghost-variations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opusarte.com/details/OABD7043D">"Product Details - Schumann: Twin Spirits (The Royal Opera)"</a>. www.opusarte.com. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opusarte.com&rft.atitle=Product+Details+-+Schumann%3A+Twin+Spirits+%28The+Royal+Opera%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opusarte.com%2Fdetails%2FOABD7043D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuja2015-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuja2015_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuja2015">Buja 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaper_Money_Guaranty2018-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaper_Money_Guaranty2018_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaper_Money_Guaranty2018">Paper Money Guaranty 2018</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvins_Book1997" class="citation book cs1">Avins, Styra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07f0MCZusp8C&pg=PA231">Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters</a>. Translated by Eisinger, Josef; Avins, Styra. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199247730" title="Special:BookSources/0199247730"><bdi>0199247730</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms%3A+Life+and+Letters&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0199247730&rft.aulast=Avins&rft.aufirst=Styra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07f0MCZusp8C%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorchard1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Borchard" title="Beatrix Borchard">Borchard, Beatrix</a> (1991) [reprinted 2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdLlCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Clara Schumann : Ihr Leben</a> (in German). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag" title="Ullstein Verlag">Ullstein Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-48-708553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-48-708553-1"><bdi>978-3-48-708553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann+%3A+Ihr+Leben&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ullstein+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-48-708553-1&rft.aulast=Borchard&rft.aufirst=Beatrix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkdLlCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton-Hill2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clemency_Burton-Hill" title="Clemency Burton-Hill">Burton-Hill, Clemency</a> (2017). Year of wonder : classical music for every day. London: Headline Home. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472251824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472251824"><bdi>978-1472251824</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1011353452">1011353452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+of+wonder+%3A+classical+music+for+every+day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline+Home&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1011353452&rft.isbn=978-1472251824&rft.aulast=Burton-Hill&rft.aufirst=Clemency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClive2006" class="citation book cs1">Clive, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CcQAAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA403">Brahms and His World: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461722809" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461722809"><bdi>978-1461722809</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahms+and+His+World%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1461722809&rft.aulast=Clive&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCcQAAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahlhaus1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus, Carl</a> (1991). The Idea of Absolute Music. Translated by Lustig, Roger. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. Originally published Kassel (1978) [in German], Chicago/London (1989) [English translation].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Absolute+Music&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dahlhaus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaisler2003" class="citation book cs1">Haisler, J. L. (2003). The Compositional Art of Clara Schumann (a Master of Music thesis). Houston, TX: <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Compositional+Art+of+Clara+Schumann+%28a+Master+of+Music+thesis%29&rft.place=Houston%2C+TX&rft.pub=Rice+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Haisler&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJensen2012" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Eric Frederick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTS_OQxucPcC&pg=PP79">Schumann</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983195-1"><bdi>978-0-19-983195-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983195-1&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Eric+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTS_OQxucPcC%26pg%3DPP79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch1991" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Paul-August (1991). Clara Wieck-Schumann: (1819–1896): Kompositionen: eine Zusammenstellung der Werke, Literatur und Schallplatten. Frankfurt am Main: <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_(publisher)" title="Zimmermann (publisher)">Zimmermann</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Wieck-Schumann%3A+%281819%E2%80%931896%29%3A+Kompositionen%3A+eine+Zusammenstellung+der+Werke%2C+Literatur+und+Schallplatten&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Zimmermann&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Paul-August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLitzmann_Bio1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Berthold_Litzmann" title="Berthold Litzmann">Litzmann, Berthold</a> (1913) [reprint 2013]. Clara Schumann: An Artist's Life, Based on Material Found in Diaries and Letters. Vol. 1: 1819–1850 ISBN 978-1-108-06415-6, Vol. 2: 1850–1896 ISBN 978-1-108-06416-3. Alternate reprint edition: Read Books Ltd (2011), Vol. 1 ISBN 978-1-446-54706-9, Vol. 2 ISBN 978-1-446-54512-6. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Grace_E._Hadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace E. Hadow">Hadow, Grace E.</a> Preface to vol. 1 by W. H. Hadow. (Translated and abridged from the fourth German ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Original publishers (English ed.): London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan & Co.">Macmillan & Co.</a> & Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a> (1913).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%3A+An+Artist%27s+Life%2C+Based+on+Material+Found+in+Diaries+and+Letters&rft.edition=Translated+and+abridged+from+the+fourth+German&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Litzmann&rft.aufirst=Berthold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLitzmann_Bio_(German)1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Litzmann, Berthold (1902–1908). Clara Schumann: Ein Künstlerleben, Nach Tagebüchern und Briefen. Vol. 1: Mädchenjahre 1819–1840, Vol. 2: Ehejahre 1840–1856, Vol. 3: Clara Schumann und ihre Freunde 1856–1896. Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%3A+Ein+K%C3%BCnstlerleben%2C+Nach+Tageb%C3%BCchern+und+Briefen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1902%2F1908&rft.aulast=Litzmann&rft.aufirst=Berthold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLitzmann_Letters1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Berthold_Litzmann" title="Berthold Litzmann">Litzmann, Berthold</a>, ed. (1927) [reprint 1973]. Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms: Briefe aus den Jahren 1853–1896 [Letters of Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms, 1853–1896]. Vol. 1: 1853–1871, Vol. 2: 1872–1896. Preface by Marie Schumann. New York: Vienna House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844300543" title="Special:BookSources/0844300543"><bdi>0844300543</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/792836">792836</a>. Original publisher (English ed.): New York: <a href="/wiki/Longmans,_Green_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Longmans, Green & Co.">Longmans, Green & Co.</a> (1927). Original publisher (German ed.): Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a> (1927) .</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%2C+Johannes+Brahms%3A+Briefe+aus+den+Jahren+1853%E2%80%931896&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vienna+House&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F792836&rft.isbn=0844300543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenni_Murray" title="Jenni Murray">Murray, Jenni</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn5WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">A History of the World in 21 Women: A Personal Selection</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78-607411-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78-607411-9"><bdi>978-1-78-607411-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+21+Women%3A+A+Personal+Selection&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78-607411-9&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVn5WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich_Book2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_B._Reich" title="Nancy B. Reich">Reich, Nancy B.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKudDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR23">Clara Schumann: The Artist and the Woman</a> (Revised ed.). Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8637-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8637-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-8637-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%3A+The+Artist+and+the+Woman&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8637-1&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Nancy+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKudDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich,_Susanna1999" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Susanna (1999). Clara Schumann: Piano Virtuoso. New York: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-55160-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-55160-3"><bdi>0-618-55160-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%3A+Piano+Virtuoso&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-618-55160-3&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (1993). Franz Liszt: The Weimar Years. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 338–367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9721-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9721-3"><bdi>0-8014-9721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+The+Weimar+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E338-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8014-9721-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, George Bernard</a> (1937). London Music in 1888–1889 as heard by Corno di Bassetto. London: <a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" title="Constable & Robinson">Constable</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Music+in+1888%E2%80%931889+as+heard+by+Corno+di+Bassetto&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchumann,_Eugenie1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Schumann" title="Eugenie Schumann">Schumann, Eugenie</a> (1925) [English translation 1927, reprinted 1991]. Erinnerungen [The Schumanns and Johannes Brahms: The Memoirs of Eugenie Schumann]. Translated by Busch, Marie. Lawrence, MA: Music Book Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878156-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-878156-01-2"><bdi>1-878156-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungen&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+MA&rft.pub=Music+Book+Society&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=1-878156-01-2&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Eugenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwafford_Book1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Swafford, Jan</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannesbrahmsbi00swaf">Johannes Brahms: A Biography</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.">Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42261-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-42261-7"><bdi>0-679-42261-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannes+Brahms%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-679-42261-7&rft.aulast=Swafford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohannesbrahmsbi00swaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Encyclopedias">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham, Gerald E. H.</a> (20 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Schumann">"Robert Schumann / German composer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Schumann+%2F+German+composer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Gerald+E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRobert-Schumann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvins_Article2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Avins, Styra (2002). "Joseph Joachim". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Music">Oxford Companion to Music</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Joachim&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Avins&rft.aufirst=Styra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonds2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bonds, Mark (2001). "Symphony: II. 19th century". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-60800-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-60800-3"><bdi>0-333-60800-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symphony%3A+II.+19th+century&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-60800-3&rft.aulast=Bonds&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaverio_Grove2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Daverio" title="John Daverio">Daverio, John</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040704">"Schumann, Robert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40704">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40704</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630" title="Special:BookSources/9781561592630"><bdi>9781561592630</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40704&rft.isbn=9781561592630&rft.aulast=Daverio&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, George (2002). "Schumann, Clara (Josephine)". <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Music" title="The Oxford Companion to Music">The Oxford Companion to Music</a>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.atitle=Schumann%2C+Clara+%28Josephine%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich_Grove2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_B._Reich" title="Nancy B. Reich">Reich, Nancy B.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000025152">"Schumann [née Wieck], Clara (Josephine)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.25152">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Wieck%5D%2C+Clara+%28Josephine%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.25152&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Nancy+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000025152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeingarten1972" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weingarten, Joseph (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertschumannma00walk">"Interpreting Schumann's Piano Music"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (ed.). Robert Schumann: The Man and His Music. London: <a href="/wiki/Barrie_%26_Jenkins" title="Barrie & Jenkins">Barrie & Jenkins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0214668050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0214668050"><bdi>978-0214668050</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655091460">655091460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interpreting+Schumann%27s+Piano+Music&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann%3A+The+Man+and+His+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655091460&rft.isbn=978-0214668050&rft.aulast=Weingarten&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertschumannma00walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllihn2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Allihn, Karen (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/kultur/wie-clara-schumann-das-musikleben-in-frankfurt-praegte-16072331.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_2">"Erinnerungen an Clara Schumann : Alleinstehend, berufstätig, kinderreich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> (in German). Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Erinnerungen+an+Clara+Schumann+%3A+Alleinstehend%2C+berufst%C3%A4tig%2C+kinderreich&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Allihn&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Frhein-main%2Fkultur%2Fwie-clara-schumann-das-musikleben-in-frankfurt-praegte-16072331.html%3FprintPagedArticle%3Dtrue%23pageIndex_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltenmüllerKopiez2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Altenmüller, Eckart; Kopiez, Reinhard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/311195">"Suffering for Her Art: The Chronic Pain Syndrome of Pianist Clara Wieck-Schumann"</a>. Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists – Part 3. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_of_Neurology_and_Neuroscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience">Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience</a>. Vol. 27. Basel: <a href="/wiki/Karger" class="mw-redirect" title="Karger">Karger</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurological+Disorders+in+Famous+Artists+%E2%80%93+Part+3&rft.atitle=Suffering+for+Her+Art%3A+The+Chronic+Pain+Syndrome+of+Pianist+Clara+Wieck-Schumann&rft.volume=27&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Altenm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft.au=Kopiez%2C+Reinhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FAbstract%2F311195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaverio_Article1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Daverio" title="John Daverio">Daverio, John</a> (1997). "Sounds Without the Gate: Schumann and the Dresden Revolution". Il Saggiatore musicale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Saggiatore+musicale&rft.atitle=Sounds+Without+the+Gate%3A+Schumann+and+the+Dresden+Revolution&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Daverio&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janice_Galloway" title="Janice Galloway">Galloway, Janice</a> (20 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/jun/20/artsfeatures.fiction">"Silent partner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Silent+partner&rft.date=2002-06-20&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2002%2Fjun%2F20%2Fartsfeatures.fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorne1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Horne, William (1997). "Brahms's Op. 10 Ballades and His Blätter Aus Dem Tagebuch Eines Musikers". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a>. Vol. 15, no. 1. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/763905">763905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=Brahms%27s+Op.+10+Ballades+and+His+Bl%C3%A4tter+Aus+Dem+Tagebuch+Eines+Musikers&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F763905%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopiez2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kopiez, Reinhard (28 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815151334/http://musicweb.hmt-hannover.de/kopiez/Kopiez-Lehmann-Klassen(2009)CS-Programs.pdf">"Clara Schumann's collection of playbills: A historiometric analysis of life-span development, mobility, and repertoire canonization"</a> (PDF). Poetics. 37: 50–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.poetic.2008.09.001">10.1016/j.poetic.2008.09.001</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicweb.hmt-hannover.de/kopiez/Kopiez-Lehmann-Klassen(2009)CS-Programs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poetics&rft.atitle=Clara+Schumann%27s+collection+of+playbills%3A+A+historiometric+analysis+of+life-span+development%2C+mobility%2C+and+repertoire+canonization&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.poetic.2008.09.001&rft.aulast=Kopiez&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicweb.hmt-hannover.de%2Fkopiez%2FKopiez-Lehmann-Klassen%282009%29CS-Programs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNegwer2002" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Negwer, Ingo (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omm.de/feuilleton/hochs-konservatorium.html">"Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium seit Januar Musikakademie / Bericht vom Festakt zur Verleihung des Status einer Akademie"</a>. Online Musik Magazin (in German). Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Musik+Magazin&rft.atitle=Dr.+Hoch%27s+Konservatorium+seit+Januar+Musikakademie+%2F+Bericht+vom+Festakt+zur+Verleihung+des+Status+einer+Akademie&rft.date=2002-02&rft.aulast=Negwer&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omm.de%2Ffeuilleton%2Fhochs-konservatorium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedroza2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pedroza, Ludim R. (October–December 2010). "Music as Communitas: Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann, and the Musical Work". Journal of Musicological Research. 29 (4). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 295–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01411890903475981">10.1080/01411890903475981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-1896">0141-1896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145104181">145104181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Musicological+Research&rft.atitle=Music+as+Communitas%3A+Franz+Liszt%2C+Clara+Schumann%2C+and+the+Musical+Work&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=2010-10%2F2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145104181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0141-1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01411890903475981&rft.aulast=Pedroza&rft.aufirst=Ludim+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988">  – via <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Host" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCO Host">EBSCO Host</a> (subscription required)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopova2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Popova" title="Maria Popova">Popova, Maria</a> (21 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brainpickings.org/2017/02/21/clara-schumann-johannes-brahms-letters/">"When a Friendship Is More Than Friendship: The Tender Letters of Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brain_Pickings" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Pickings">Brain Pickings</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Pickings&rft.atitle=When+a+Friendship+Is+More+Than+Friendship%3A+The+Tender+Letters+of+Clara+Schumann+and+Johannes+Brahms&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brainpickings.org%2F2017%2F02%2F21%2Fclara-schumann-johannes-brahms-letters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich_Article1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_B._Reich" title="Nancy B. Reich">Reich, Nancy B.</a> (1986). "Clara Schumann". Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950. Urbana and Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252012046" title="Special:BookSources/0252012046"><bdi>0252012046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+Making+Music%3A+The+Western+Art+Tradition%2C+1150%E2%80%931950&rft.atitle=Clara+Schumann&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0252012046&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Nancy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiebsamen2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riebsamen, Hans (9 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/ausstellung-ueber-pianistin-clara-schumann-in-frankfurt-16177914.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_2">"Pianistin Clara Schumann : Klavierstunde bei der eisernen Meisterin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> (in German). Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Pianistin+Clara+Schumann+%3A+Klavierstunde+bei+der+eisernen+Meisterin&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft.aulast=Riebsamen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Frhein-main%2Fausstellung-ueber-pianistin-clara-schumann-in-frankfurt-16177914.html%3FprintPagedArticle%3Dtrue%23pageIndex_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwafford_Article2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swafford" title="Jan Swafford">Swafford, Jan</a> (26 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/apr/26/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures2">"Bittersweet symphonies / Brahms's affair with Clara Schumann was a sizzling mess that left his life in chaos and filled his music with yearning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bittersweet+symphonies+%2F+Brahms%27s+affair+with+Clara+Schumann+was+a+sizzling+mess+that+left+his+life+in+chaos+and+filled+his+music+with+yearning&rft.date=2003-04-26&rft.aulast=Swafford&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2003%2Fapr%2F26%2Fclassicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorl1997" class="citation news cs1">Worl, Gayle (9 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1997/03/09/women-of-historic-note/259adb97-9eaf-41ef-94e7-d92b7ca54f04/">"Women of Historic Note"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Women+of+Historic+Note&rft.date=1997-03-09&rft.aulast=Worl&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2F1997%2F03%2F09%2Fwomen-of-historic-note%2F259adb97-9eaf-41ef-94e7-d92b7ca54f04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Online sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerliner_Philharmoniker2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Philharmoniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner Philharmoniker">Berliner Philharmoniker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201133446/https://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/geschichte/anfang/clara-schumann/">"Clara Schumann und die Berliner Philharmoniker, Zum 200. Geburtstag der Pianistin und Komponistin"</a>. berliner-philharmoniker.de (in German). <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berliner Philharmoniker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/geschichte/anfang/clara-schumann/">the original</a> on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=berliner-philharmoniker.de&rft.atitle=Clara+Schumann+und+die+Berliner+Philharmoniker%2C+Zum+200.+Geburtstag+der+Pianistin+und+Komponistin&rft.au=Berliner+Philharmoniker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-philharmoniker.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fanfang%2Fclara-schumann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraunstein1971" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Braunstein, Joseph (1971). Clara Schumann; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ponti" title="Michael Ponti">Michael Ponti</a>, piano (LP, liner notes). <a href="/wiki/Vox_Records" title="Vox Records">Candide</a>. CE 31038.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%3B+Michael+Ponti%2C+piano&rft.pub=Candide&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Braunstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuja2015" class="citation web cs1">Buja, Maureen (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlude.hk/front/linds-clarchens-women-musicians-national-currency/">"Linds and Clärchens: Women Musicians and National Currency"</a>. interlude.hk. Interlude. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interlude.hk&rft.atitle=Linds+and+Cl%C3%A4rchens%3A+Women+Musicians+and+National+Currency&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Buja&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interlude.hk%2Ffront%2Flinds-clarchens-women-musicians-national-currency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoretta_Young_Show1954" class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0630981/">"The Clara Schumann Story"</a>. The Loretta Young Show (TV series). Season 1. Episode 26. 21 March 1954. <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Young" title="Loretta Young">Loretta Young</a> (actor). 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Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%BChlingssinfonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0085568%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeliebte_Clara2008" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0177636/">Geliebte Clara</a> [Beloved Clara] (2008) (Motion picture) (in German). <a href="/wiki/Helma_Sanders-Brahms" title="Helma Sanders-Brahms">Helma Sanders-Brahms</a> (director). 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Bremen: <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Drinker" title="Sophie Drinker">Sophie Drinker</a> Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sophie-drinker-institut.de&rft.atitle=Schumann%2C+Clara+%28Josephine%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Klassen&rft.aufirst=Janina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophie-drinker-institut.de%2Fschumann-clara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNauhaus_Images2019" class="citation web cs1">Nauhaus, Julia M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-portal.de/clara-schumann.html">"Clara Schumann, née Wieck (1819–1896), wife"</a>. schumann-portal.de. Translated by Ma, Katharina. Schumann Portal. 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Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schumann-portal.de&rft.atitle=Eugenie+Schumann+%281851%E2%80%931938%29%2C+daughter&rft.aulast=Nauhaus&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schumann-portal.de%2Feugenie-schumann-1168.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNauhaus_Bargiel2019" class="citation web cs1">Nauhaus, Julia M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-portal.de/mariane-bargiel-mother.html">"Mariane Wieck-Bargiel, née Tromlitz (1797–1872), mother of Clara Schumann"</a>. schumann-portal.de. Translated by Ma, Katharina. Schumann Portal. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schumann-portal.de&rft.atitle=Mariane+Wieck-Bargiel%2C+n%C3%A9e+Tromlitz+%281797%E2%80%931872%29%2C+mother+of+Clara+Schumann&rft.aulast=Nauhaus&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schumann-portal.de%2Fmariane-bargiel-mother.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaper_Money_Guaranty2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_Guaranty_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatic Guaranty Corporation">Paper Money Guaranty</a> (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmgnotes.com/news/article/6566/Clara-Schumann-German-Mark/">"Clara Schumann German Mark"</a>. pmgnotes.com. <a href="/wiki/Numismatic_Guaranty_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatic Guaranty Corporation">Paper Money Guaranty</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pmgnotes.com&rft.atitle=Clara+Schumann+German+Mark&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.au=Paper+Money+Guaranty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmgnotes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F6566%2FClara-Schumann-German-Mark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavage2017" class="citation web cs1">Savage, Mark (8 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-38079139">"Five forgotten female composers will be celebrated on BBC Radio 3"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+forgotten+female+composers+will+be+celebrated+on+BBC+Radio+3&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2017-03-08&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-38079139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClara_Schumann_Score2001" class="citation book cs1">Schumann, Clara (2001). Piano Music. Selected and with an Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_B._Reich" title="Nancy B. Reich">Nancy B. Reich</a>. Mineola, NY: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486413815" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486413815"><bdi>978-0486413815</bdi></a>. Originally published 1836, 1840, 1845, 1854, 1855.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piano+Music&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0486413815&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Clara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Schumann_Score1879" class="citation book cs1">Schumann, Robert (1879–1893). Schumann, Clara (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann:_Robert_Schumanns_Werke">Robert Schumanns Werke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumanns+Werke&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1879%2F1893&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FRobert_Schumann%3A_Robert_Schumanns_Werke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchumann_Portal2019" class="citation web cs1">Schumann Portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-portal.de/konzertliste.html">"Clara Schumann's concert tours"</a>. schumann-portal.de. Schumann Portal. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schumann-portal.de&rft.atitle=Clara+Schumann%27s+concert+tours&rft.au=Schumann+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schumann-portal.de%2Fkonzertliste.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwarm2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schwarm, Betsy (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Piano-Concerto-in-A-Minor-Op-54">"Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 54 / work by Schumann"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piano+Concerto+in+A+Minor%2C+Op.+54+%2F+work+by+Schumann&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Schwarm&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPiano-Concerto-in-A-Minor-Op-54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSong_of_Love1947" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/25359">Song of Love</a> (1947) (Motion picture). <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> (actor).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Song+of+Love&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.afi.com%2FCatalog%2Fmoviedetails%2F25359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)" title="Category:CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)">link</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTräumerei1944" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424084104/https://www.bonner-schumannfest.de/veranstaltung/film-traeumerei/?lang=en">Träumerei</a> [Dreaming] (Motion picture) (in German). <a href="/wiki/Harald_Braun" title="Harald Braun">Harald Braun</a> (director). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonner-schumannfest.de/veranstaltung/film-traeumerei/?lang=en">the original</a> (1944) on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tr%C3%A4umerei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonner-schumannfest.de%2Fveranstaltung%2Ffilm-traeumerei%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)" title="Category:CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Beer, Anna: Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music. Chapter 6: "Schumann", pp. 205–41. Oneworld Publications (2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-856-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-856-6">978-1-78074-856-6</a>.</li> <li>Boyd, Melinda: "Gendered Voices – The Liebesfrühling Lieder of Robert and Clara Schumann". In 19th-Century Music, Vol. 39 (Autumn 1975), pp. 145–62.</li> <li>Burk, John N.: <a href="//archive.org/details/claraschumannrom1940burk/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:claraschumannrom1940burk/page/n3/mode/2up">Clara Schumann; A Romantic Biography</a>. Random House NYC 1940.</li> <li>Burstein, L. Poundie: "Their Paths, Her Ways – Comparison of Text Settings by Clara Schumann and Other Composers". In Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture, Vol. 6 (2002), pp. 11ff.</li> <li>Gates, Eugene. "Clara Schumann: A Composer's Wife as Composer." Kapralova Society Journal 7, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 1–7.</li> <li>Gould, John: "What Did They Play? The Changing Repertoire of the Piano Recital from the Beginnings to 1980". In <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a> Vol. 146 (Winter 2005), pp. 61–76.</li> <li>Kühn, Dieter: Clara Schumann, Klavier. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag (March 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783596142033" title="Special:BookSources/9783596142033">9783596142033</a>. (in German).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4" title="Tomi Mäkelä">Mäkelä, Tomi</a>: "Den Lebenden schulden wir Rücksichtnahme, den Toten nur die Wahrheit. Eine Einführung in Friedrich Wiecks Welt der philisterhaften Mittelmäßigkeit und besseren Salonmusik". In Friedrich Wieck: Gesammelte Schriften über Musik und Musiker [...], pp. 15–49. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang (2019). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-76745-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-76745-0">978-3-631-76745-0</a>. (in German).</li> <li>Rattalino, Piero: Schumann. Robert & Clara. <a href="/wiki/Varese" title="Varese">Varese</a>: Zecchini Editore (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87203-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-87203-14-8">88-87203-14-8</a>. (in Italian).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaremba2021" class="citation book cs1">Saremba, Meinhard (2021). Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms und das moderne Musikleben (1st ed.). Hamburg: Osburg-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95510-259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95510-259-3"><bdi>978-3-95510-259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%2C+Johannes+Brahms+und+das+moderne+Musikleben&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Osburg-Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-95510-259-3&rft.aulast=Saremba&rft.aufirst=Meinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClara+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sémerjian, Ludwig. "Clara Schumann: New Cadenzas for Mozart's Piano Concerto in D Minor. Romantic Visions of a Classical Masterpiece." Kapralova Society Journal 17, no. 2 (Fall 2019): 1–9.</li> <li>Vloed, Kees van der: Clara Schumann-Wieck. De pijn van het gemis. Soesterberg, Netherlands: Aspekt (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789461531773" title="Special:BookSources/9789461531773">9789461531773</a>. (in Dutch).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clara_Schumann" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Schumann,_Clara" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Schumann, Clara">Free scores by Clara Schumann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/5203/1/Claire_Flynn_20140711152541.pdf">The Creative Art of Clara Schumann</a>, by Claire Flynn, National University of Ireland thesis, August 1991</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kapralova.org/journal13.PDF">Clara Schumann: A Composer’s Wife as Composer</a> – by Eugene Gates, Kapralova Society Journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geneva.edu/~dksmith/clara/">Clara Schumann website at Geneva College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-portal.de/Biography-Clara.html">Clara Schumann pages at Schumann Portal</a> website (German and English versions)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_nLQmdVsf8">March in Es dur</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, for piano duet, Clara Schumann's last work</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wenyvveBvJE">Scherzo Nr. 2 Op. 14</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5dBOpy0_zg">Clara Schumann: Piano Trio in G minor, played by Galos Piano Trio at St. Martin in the Fields on 26 May 2015</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clara_Schumann232" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clara_Schumann" title="Template:Clara Schumann"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clara_Schumann" title="Template talk:Clara Schumann"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clara_Schumann" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clara Schumann"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clara_Schumann232" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clara Schumann</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Clara_Schumann" title="List of compositions by Clara Schumann">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4_Polonaises_(Clara_Schumann)" title="4 Polonaises (Clara Schumann)">4 Polonaises</a> (Op. 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Pi%C3%A8ces_caract%C3%A9ristiques_(Clara_Schumann)" title="4 Pièces caractéristiques (Clara Schumann)">4 Pièces caractéristiques</a> (Op. 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Clara_Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Clara Schumann)">Piano Concerto</a> (Op. 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Clara_Schumann)" title="Piano Trio (Clara Schumann)">Piano Trio</a> (Op. 17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Romances_for_Violin_and_Piano" title="Three Romances for Violin and Piano">Three Romances for Violin and Piano</a> (Op. 22)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wieck" title="Friedrich Wieck">Friedrich Wieck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory" title="Hoch Conservatory">Hoch Conservatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3968" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3968" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132232#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121305653">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44499359">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/757/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycMGHTwjPYVtgR6HdbBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11861164X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50003165">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140298711">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140298711">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455829">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV098678">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35066443">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola200142381&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX931184">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/265820">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068171129">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90520395">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036717&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048225&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201914995">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlmd3q4qg4p71">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810612597805606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/284171">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267753405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000200376">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521480706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13946672">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00660928?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/36df8e64-6ec6-4342-9045-e962ab9effb3">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11861164X">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/w0592">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/816675">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11861164X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11861164X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028697804">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6959pts">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/130342">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&oldid=1282182763">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_Schumann&oldid=1282182763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_piano_educators" title="Category:German piano educators">German piano educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_members_of_the_Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Category:Honorary members of the Royal Philharmonic Society">Honorary members of the Royal Philharmonic Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Leipzig" title="Category:Musicians from Leipzig">Musicians from Leipzig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_the_Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Category:Musicians from the Kingdom of Saxony">Musicians from the Kingdom of Saxony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_Schumann" title="Category:Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Johannes_Brahms" title="Category:Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lieder_composers" title="Category:Lieder composers">Lieder composers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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