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Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subdivision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbouring_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbouring_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Neighbouring communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbouring_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Landtag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Landtag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>State Landtag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Landtag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bundestag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bundestag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bundestag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bundestag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture,_sights_and_cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture, sights and cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture, sights and cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tallest_buildings_and_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tallest_buildings_and_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tallest buildings and structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tallest_buildings_and_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Museums and the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Parks and lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baroque_to_Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_to_Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Baroque to Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_to_Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Annual events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ice hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Handball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>American football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speedway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speedway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Speedway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speedway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Other sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Visual arts and theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Applied_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Applied_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>University of Applied Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Applied_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leipzig_Graduate_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leipzig_Graduate_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Leipzig Graduate School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leipzig_Graduate_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lancaster_University_Leipzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancaster_University_Leipzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Lancaster University Leipzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancaster_University_Leipzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Research institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-ecological_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-ecological_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Socio-ecological infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-ecological_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Quality of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburban_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburban_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Suburban trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburban_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tramway_and_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tramway_and_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Tramway and buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tramway_and_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Bicycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-distance_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-distance_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Long-distance buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-distance_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.8</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophers_and_theologians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers_and_theologians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Philosophers and theologians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers_and_theologians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Writing and arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.4</span> <span>Science and business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.5</span> <span>War figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.6</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leipzig</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">143 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8D%95%E1%8C%BD%E1%8C%8D" title="ላይፕጽግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላይፕጽግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="لايبزيغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لايبزيغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%83%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Լայփցիկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լայփցիկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leypsiq" title="Leypsiq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leypsiq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%82" title="لایپزیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لایپزیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6" title="লাইপ্‌ৎসিশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাইপ্‌ৎসিশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Лейпцыг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лейпцыг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Ляйпцыг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ляйпцыг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лайпциг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лайпциг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisfreie_Stadt_Leipzig" title="Kreisfreie Stadt Leipzig – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kreisfreie Stadt Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsko" title="Lipsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lipsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsk" title="Lipsk – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Lipsk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%88%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λειψία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λειψία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="لایپزیگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایپزیگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%EC%B9%98%ED%9E%88" title="라이프치히 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이프치히" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipekika" title="Lipekika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lipekika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BA%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A3" title="Լայպցիգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լայպցիգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97" title="लाइपत्सिग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाइपत्सिग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsk" title="Lipsk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lipsk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92" title="לייפציג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לייפציג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ლაიფციგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაიფციგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipciga" title="Leipciga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leipciga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipcigas" title="Leipcigas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leipcigas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipcse_(N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Lipcse (Németország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lipcse (Németország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лајпциг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лајпциг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ലീപ്സിഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലീപ്സിഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6" title="लाइपझिश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाइपझिश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ლაიფციგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაიფციგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="لايپتزيج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لايپتزيج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="لایپتسیش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لایپتسیش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лэйпциг – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лэйпциг" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лайпциг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лайпциг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="လိုက်ပဆစ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိုက်ပဆစ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%83%92" title="ライプツィヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライプツィヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਲਾਈਪਸਿਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਈਪਸਿਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="لیپزش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیپزش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsk" title="Lipsk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lipsk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ліпско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ліпско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsia" title="Lipsia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lipsia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%B2%DA%AF" title="ليپزگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليپزگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipsko" title="Lipsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lipsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajpcik" title="Lajpcik – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lajpcik" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="لایپزیگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لایپزیگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajpcig" title="Lajpcig – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lajpcig" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="லைப்சிக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லைப்சிக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="ไลพ์ซิช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไลพ์ซิช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Лейпциг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лейпциг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="لائپزش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لائپزش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ypzig" title="Léypzig – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Léypzig" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ipcig" title="Läipcig – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Läipcig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB" title="萊比錫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="萊比錫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%AF%94%E9%94%A1" title="莱比锡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莱比锡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92" title="לייפציג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לייפציג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB" title="萊比錫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萊比錫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Leipzig" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%AF%94%E9%94%A1" title="莱比锡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莱比锡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leipzig&params=51_20_24_N_12_22_30_E_type:city(616093)_region:DE-SN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°20′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°22′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.34000°N 12.37500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.34000; 12.37500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Leipzig (disambiguation)">Leipzig (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Saxony, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive 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0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Leipzig </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="Upper Saxon-language text"><i lang="sxu">Leibz'sch</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Saxon language">Upper Saxon</a>)</span></small> <br /> <small><span title="Upper Sorbian-language text"><i lang="hsb">Lipsk</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" 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href="/wiki/File:Das_Gewandhaus_und_der_Mendebrunnen_in_Leipzig_bei_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Das_Gewandhaus_und_der_Mendebrunnen_in_Leipzig_bei_Nacht.jpg/119px-Das_Gewandhaus_und_der_Mendebrunnen_in_Leipzig_bei_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Das_Gewandhaus_und_der_Mendebrunnen_in_Leipzig_bei_Nacht.jpg/179px-Das_Gewandhaus_und_der_Mendebrunnen_in_Leipzig_bei_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Das_Gewandhaus_und_der_Mendebrunnen_in_Leipzig_bei_Nacht.jpg/238px-Das_Gewandhaus_und_der_Mendebrunnen_in_Leipzig_bei_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gewandhaus" title="Gewandhaus">Gewandhaus</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:61px;max-width:61px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/59px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/89px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/118px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="3560" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Battle_of_the_Nations" title="Monument to the Battle of the Nations">Völkerschlachtdenkmal</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesverwaltungsgericht_Leipzig_Eingang_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesverwaltungsgericht_Leipzig_Eingang_2013.jpg/91px-Bundesverwaltungsgericht_Leipzig_Eingang_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesverwaltungsgericht_Leipzig_Eingang_2013.jpg/137px-Bundesverwaltungsgericht_Leipzig_Eingang_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesverwaltungsgericht_Leipzig_Eingang_2013.jpg/182px-Bundesverwaltungsgericht_Leipzig_Eingang_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="2826" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">BVerwG</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%2820%29.jpg/144px-Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%2820%29.jpg/216px-Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%2820%29.jpg/288px-Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5371" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall_(Leipzig)" title="Old Town Hall (Leipzig)">Old Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/250px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/330px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="2834" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Leipzig)" title="New Town Hall (Leipzig)">New Town Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Augustusplatz_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Leipzig_Augustusplatz_2019.jpg/330px-Leipzig_Augustusplatz_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Leipzig_Augustusplatz_2019.jpg/500px-Leipzig_Augustusplatz_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Leipzig_Augustusplatz_2019.jpg/960px-Leipzig_Augustusplatz_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6499" data-file-height="2582" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Augustusplatz" title="Augustusplatz">Augustusplatz</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Leipzig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Leipzig"><img alt="Flag of Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Leipzig.svg/100px-Flag_of_Leipzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Leipzig.svg/150px-Flag_of_Leipzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Leipzig.svg/200px-Flag_of_Leipzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Leipzig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Leipzig"><img alt="Coat of arms of Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Coat_of_arms_of_Leipzig.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leipzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="71" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Coat_of_arms_of_Leipzig.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leipzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="688" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Leipzig" title="Coat of arms of Leipzig">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Leipzig</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_1666d3863a90917f3bff68e6637ca3b3f58d8c42"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Leipzig&revid=1282981819&groups=_1666d3863a90917f3bff68e6637ca3b3f58d8c42" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Leipzig&revid=1282981819&groups=_1666d3863a90917f3bff68e6637ca3b3f58d8c42 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig is located in Germany"><img alt="Leipzig is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.595%;left:68.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leipzig"><img alt="Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Leipzig </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxony_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig is located in Saxony"><img alt="Leipzig is located in Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Saxony_location_map.svg/250px-Saxony_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Saxony_location_map.svg/500px-Saxony_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1508" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.519%;left:17.494%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leipzig"><img alt="Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Leipzig </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Saxony</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leipzig&params=51_20_24_N_12_22_30_E_type:city(616093)_region:DE-SN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°20′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°22′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.34000°N 12.37500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.34000; 12.37500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2020–27) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Jung" title="Burkhard Jung">Burkhard Jung</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">297.36 km<sup>2</sup> (114.81 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">616,093</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,100/km<sup>2</sup> (5,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,001,220 (<a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">LUZ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Eurostat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">04001–04357</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0341</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany" title="Vehicle registration plates of Germany">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">L</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.leipzig.de/">leipzig.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leipzig</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Leipzig.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Leipzig.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Leipzig.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Leipzig.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Leipzig.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Leipzig.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Leipzig.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LYPE</span>-sig, -⁠sikh</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlaɪptsɪç]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/ba\/De-Leipzig2.ogg\/De-Leipzig2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Leipzig2.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/De-Leipzig2.ogg/De-Leipzig2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Leipzig2.ogg" title="File:De-Leipzig2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Saxon">Upper Saxon</a>: <span title="Upper Saxon-language text"><i lang="sxu">Leibz'sch</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>: <i lang="hsb">Lipsk</i>) is the most populous city in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Lstat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lstat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">eighth-largest city</a> in Germany and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_German_Metropolitan_Region" title="Central German Metropolitan Region">Central German Metropolitan Region</a>. The name of the city is usually interpreted as a Slavic term meaning <i>place of <a href="/wiki/Linden_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden tree">linden trees</a></i>, in line with many other Slavic placenames in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig is located about 150 km (90 mi) southwest of Berlin, in the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Bay" title="Leipzig Bay">Leipzig Bay</a>), at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">White Elster</a> and its tributaries <a href="/wiki/Plei%C3%9Fe" title="Pleiße">Pleiße</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthe" title="Parthe">Parthe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Riverside_Forest" title="Leipzig Riverside Forest">Leipzig Riverside Forest</a>, Europe's largest intra-city <a href="/wiki/Riparian_forest" title="Riparian forest">riparian forest</a>, has developed along these rivers. </p><p>Leipzig is at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Neuseenland" title="Neuseenland">Neuseenland</a> (<i>new lake district</i>). This district has <a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_in_Leipzig" title="Bodies of water in Leipzig">several artificial lakes</a> created from former lignite <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit mines</a>. </p><p>Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Via_Imperii" title="Via Imperii">Via Imperii</a>, two important medieval trade routes, intersected here, marking the city's economic importance. Leipzig's trade fair dates to 1190. Between 1764 and 1945, the city was a centre of publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-idehist.uu.se_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idehist.uu.se-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and during the period of the German Democratic Republic (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>), Leipzig continued as a major urban centre in East Germany. But overall, because of isolation behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, its cultural and economic importance declined.<sup id="cite_ref-idehist.uu.se_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idehist.uu.se-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe, mainly through <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">demonstrations</a> starting from <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig">St. Nicholas Church</a>. The immediate effects of the <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunification of Germany</a> included the collapse of the local economy (which was dependent on the highly polluting <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>), severe unemployment, and urban blight. </p><p>By the early <a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a> the decline had reversed, and since then Leipzig has undergone some significant changes. It has had urban and economic rejuvenation, and modernisation of the transport infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Power-2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig is home to one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest universities</a> in Europe (<a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>). It is the main seat of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> (the second is <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>), the seat of the <a href="/wiki/German_Music_Archive" title="German Music Archive">German Music Archive</a>, as well as of the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Federal Administrative Court</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Zoological_Garden" title="Leipzig Zoological Garden">Leipzig Zoo</a> is one of the most modern zoos in Europe and as of 2018 ranks first in Germany and second in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig's late-19th-century <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> architecture consists of around 12,500 buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's central railway terminus <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Hauptbahnhof" title="Leipzig Hauptbahnhof">Leipzig Hauptbahnhof</a> is, at 83,460 square metres (898,400 sq ft), Europe's largest railway station measured by floor area. Since <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_City_Tunnel" title="Leipzig City Tunnel">Leipzig City Tunnel</a> came into operation in 2013, it has formed the centrepiece of the <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland">S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> Central Germany</i>) public transit system, Germany's largest S-Bahn network, with a system length of 802 km (498 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig has long been a major centre for music, including classical and modern <a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">dark wave</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thomanerchor" title="Thomanerchor">Thomanerchor</a> (English: St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig), a boys' choir, was founded in 1212. The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra</a>, established in 1743, is one of the oldest symphony orchestras in the world. Several well-known composers lived and worked in Leipzig, including <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1723 to 1750), <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> (1835 to 1847), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, born in 1813. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig" title="University of Music and Theatre Leipzig">University of Music and Theatre "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy"</a> was founded in 1843. The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Opera" title="Leipzig Opera">Oper Leipzig</a>, one of the most prominent opera houses in Germany, was founded in 1693. During a stay in <a href="/wiki/Gohlis" title="Gohlis">Gohlis</a>, which is now part of the city, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> wrote his poem "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A once common English spelling of the city's name was <b><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Leipsic</i></span></b>, beside many variants. The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lipsia</i></span></b> was also used in many languages and in the academic publications of the city's university.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Leipzig</i> is commonly held to derive from <i>lipa</i>, the common <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> designation for <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden trees</a>, making the city's name etymologically related to <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk, Russia</a>. Based on medieval attestations like <i>Lipzk</i> (c. 1190), the original Slavic name of the city has been reconstructed as <i>*Lipьsko</i>, which is also reflected in similar forms in neighbouring modern Slavic languages (Sorbian/Polish <i>Lipsk</i>, Czech <i>Lipsko</i>). This has, however, been questioned by more recent <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastic</a> research based on the very oldest forms like <i>Libzi</i> (c. 1015).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epithets">Epithets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the etymology mentioned above, <i>Lindenstadt</i> or <i>Stadt der Linden</i> (City of Linden Trees) are common poetic epithets for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another, somewhat old-fashioned epithet is <i>Pleiß-Athen</i> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Plei%C3%9Fe" title="Pleiße">Pleiße River</a>), hinting at Leipzig's long academic and literary tradition, as the seat of one of the oldest German universities and a centre of the book trade.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also referred to as "Little Paris" (<i>Klein-Paris</i>) after a line from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_One" title="Faust, Part One">Faust I</a></i>, which is partly set in the famous Leipzig restaurant <i><a href="/wiki/Auerbachs_Keller" title="Auerbachs Keller">Auerbachs Keller</a></i>. </p><p>In 1937 the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazi</a> government awarded the city the epithet <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsmessestadt Leipzig</i></span></i> (Reich Trade Fair City Leipzig).<sup id="cite_ref-Rolf_Jehke_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolf_Jehke-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 Leipzig was dubbed a <a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a> (<i>Heldenstadt</i>), a title that the Soviet Union awarded to some of its cities for their key role in World War II. In Leipzig's case, though, this was an informal allusion to its role in the fall of the East German regime (through the <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday demonstrations</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the city has sometimes been nicknamed <i>Hypezig</i>, the "Boomtown of eastern Germany", or "The better Berlin" (<i>Das bessere Berlin</i>) and is celebrated by the media as a hip urban centre for its vibrant lifestyle and creative scene with many <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handelsblatt-2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handelsblatt-2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiemann-2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiemann-2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L00_577_Cospudener_See,_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/L00_577_Cospudener_See%2C_Leipzig.jpg/250px-L00_577_Cospudener_See%2C_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/L00_577_Cospudener_See%2C_Leipzig.jpg/330px-L00_577_Cospudener_See%2C_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/L00_577_Cospudener_See%2C_Leipzig.jpg/500px-L00_577_Cospudener_See%2C_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6550" data-file-height="4367" /></a><figcaption>The skyline of Leipzig seen from <a href="/wiki/Cospudener_See" title="Cospudener See">Cospudener See</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neuseenland" title="Neuseenland">Neuseenland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-09-22_Leipzig_1DX_1467_by_Stepro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2020-09-22_Leipzig_1DX_1467_by_Stepro.jpg/250px-2020-09-22_Leipzig_1DX_1467_by_Stepro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2020-09-22_Leipzig_1DX_1467_by_Stepro.jpg/330px-2020-09-22_Leipzig_1DX_1467_by_Stepro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2020-09-22_Leipzig_1DX_1467_by_Stepro.jpg/500px-2020-09-22_Leipzig_1DX_1467_by_Stepro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4743" data-file-height="3162" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">White Elster</a> in the Plagwitz district of Leipzig</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beschwerliche_Radtour.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beschwerliche_Radtour.JPG/250px-Beschwerliche_Radtour.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beschwerliche_Radtour.JPG/330px-Beschwerliche_Radtour.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beschwerliche_Radtour.JPG/500px-Beschwerliche_Radtour.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An impression of the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Riverside_Forest" title="Leipzig Riverside Forest">Leipzig Riparian Forest</a> (<i>Leipziger Auenwald</i>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leipzig is located in the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Bay" title="Leipzig Bay">Leipzig Bay</a>, the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a>, which is the part of the <a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Plain</a> in Germany. The city sits on the <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">White Elster</a>, a river that rises in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and flows into the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> south of Halle. The <a href="/wiki/Plei%C3%9Fe" title="Pleiße">Pleiße</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthe" title="Parthe">Parthe</a> join the White Elster in Leipzig, and the large inland delta-like landscape the three rivers form is called <i>Leipziger Gewässerknoten</i>. The site is characterized by swampy areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Riverside_Forest" title="Leipzig Riverside Forest">Leipzig Riparian Forest</a> (<i>Leipziger Auenwald</i>), though there are also some limestone areas to the north of the city. The landscape is mostly flat, though there is also some evidence of <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">drumlins</a>. </p><p>Although there are some forest parks within the city limits, the area surrounding Leipzig is relatively unforested. During the 20th century, there were several open-pit mines in the region, many of which have been converted to lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig is also situated at the intersection of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient road">ancient roads</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> (King's highway), which traversed Germany in an east–west direction, and the <a href="/wiki/Via_Imperii" title="Via Imperii">Via Imperii</a> (Imperial highway), a north–south road. </p><p>Leipzig was a walled city in the Middle Ages and <a href="/wiki/Inner_City_Ring_Road_(Leipzig)" title="Inner City Ring Road (Leipzig)">the current "ring" road around the historic centre</a> of the city follows the line of the old city walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subdivision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_and_localities_of_Leipzig" title="Boroughs and localities of Leipzig">Boroughs and localities of Leipzig</a></div> <p>Since 1992 Leipzig has been divided administratively into ten <i>Stadtbezirke</i> (boroughs), which in turn contain a total of 63 <i>Ortsteile</i> (localities). Some of these correspond to outlying villages which have been annexed by Leipzig. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verwaltung_Leipzig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Verwaltung_Leipzig.svg/250px-Verwaltung_Leipzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Verwaltung_Leipzig.svg/330px-Verwaltung_Leipzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Verwaltung_Leipzig.svg/500px-Verwaltung_Leipzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption><div class="center"><i>Stadtbezirke</i> and <i>Ortsteile</i> of Leipzig</div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><i>Stadtbezirke</i> of Leipzig </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Stadtbezirk</th> <th>Pop. (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Area km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="width:50px;">Pop.<br />per km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Ortsteile<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leipzig-Mitte" title="Leipzig-Mitte">Mitte</a></td> <td>65,912</td> <td>13.96</td> <td>4,721</td> <td>Zentrum, Zentrum-Ost, Zentrum-Südost, Zentrum-Süd, Zentrum-West, Zentrum-Nordwest, Zentrum-Nord </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nordost</td> <td>48,227</td> <td>26.31</td> <td>1,833</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leipzig-Sch%C3%B6nefeld" title="Leipzig-Schönefeld">Schönefeld-Abtnaundorf</a>, Schönefeld-Ost, Mockau-Süd, Mockau-Nord, Thekla, Plaußig-Portitz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ost</td> <td>85,519</td> <td>40.73</td> <td>2,100</td> <td>Neustadt-Neuschönefeld, Volkmarsdorf, Anger-Crottendorf, Sellerhausen-Stünz, Paunsdorf, Heiterblick, Engelsdorf/Sommerfeld, Althen, Baalsdorf, Kleinpösna/Hirschfeld, Mölkau </td></tr> <tr> <td>Südost</td> <td>62,506</td> <td>34.72</td> <td>1,800</td> <td>Reudnitz-Thonberg, Stötteritz, Probstheida, Meusdorf, Holzhausen, <a href="/wiki/Liebertwolkwitz" title="Liebertwolkwitz">Liebertwolkwitz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Süd</td> <td>67,079</td> <td>16.95</td> <td>3,957</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdvorstadt_(Leipzig)" title="Südvorstadt (Leipzig)">Südvorstadt</a>, Connewitz, Marienbrunn, Lößnig, Dölitz-Dösen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Südwest</td> <td>55,742</td> <td>46.56</td> <td>1,197</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleu%C3%9Fig" title="Schleußig">Schleußig</a>, Plagwitz, Kleinzschocher, Großzschocher, Knautkleeberg-Knauthain, Hartmannsdorf-Knautnaundorf </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnau_(Leipzig)" title="Grünau (Leipzig)">West</a></td> <td>54,190</td> <td>14.69</td> <td>3,689</td> <td>Schönau, Grünau-Ost, Grünau-Mitte, Grünau-Siedlung, Lausen-Grünau, Grünau-Nord, Miltitz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alt-West</td> <td>59,643</td> <td>26.21</td> <td>2,276</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lindenau_(Leipzig)" title="Lindenau (Leipzig)">Lindenau</a>, Altlindenau, Neulindenau, <a href="/wiki/Leutzsch" title="Leutzsch">Leutzsch</a>, Böhlitz-Ehrenberg, Burghausen, Rückmarsdorf </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nordwest</td> <td>34,710</td> <td>39.07</td> <td>888</td> <td>Möckern, Wahren, Lindenthal, <a href="/wiki/Breitenfeld,_Leipzig" title="Breitenfeld, Leipzig">Breitenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzschena-Stahmeln" title="Lützschena-Stahmeln">Lützschena</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzschena-Stahmeln" title="Lützschena-Stahmeln">Stahmeln</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nord</td> <td>71,878</td> <td>38.61</td> <td>1,862</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gohlis" title="Gohlis">Gohlis</a>-Süd, Gohlis-Mitte, Gohlis-Nord, Eutritzsch, <a href="/wiki/Seehausen,_Leipzig" title="Seehausen, Leipzig">Seehausen</a>, Göbschelwitz, Hohenheida, Gottscheina, Wiederitzsch </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbouring_communities">Neighbouring communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neighbouring communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="width:30%; text-align:center; border-width:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10%;"> </td> <td style="width:10%;"><a href="/wiki/Delitzsch" title="Delitzsch">Delitzsch</a> </td> <td style="width:10%;"><a href="/wiki/Jesewitz" title="Jesewitz">Jesewitz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schkeuditz" title="Schkeuditz">Schkeuditz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rackwitz" title="Rackwitz">Rackwitz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taucha" title="Taucha">Taucha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compass_rose_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Compass_rose_transparent.png/100px-Compass_rose_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Compass_rose_transparent.png/150px-Compass_rose_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Compass_rose_transparent.png/200px-Compass_rose_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borsdorf" title="Borsdorf">Borsdorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandis">Brandis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Markranst%C3%A4dt" title="Markranstädt">Markranstädt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markkleeberg" title="Markkleeberg">Markkleeberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naunhof" title="Naunhof">Naunhof</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitzen" title="Kitzen">Kitzen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zwenkau" title="Zwenkau">Zwenkau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fp%C3%B6sna" title="Großpösna">Grosspoesna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many cities in Eastern Germany, Leipzig has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>), with significant <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> influences due to its inland location. Winters are cold, with an average temperature of around 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are generally warm, averaging at 19 °C (66 °F) with daytime temperatures of 24 °C (75 °F). Precipitation in winter is about half that of the summer. The amount of sunshine differs significantly between winter and summer, with an average of around 51 hours of sunshine in December (1.7 hours per day) compared with 229 hours of sunshine in July (7.4 hours per day).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Leipzig (<a href="/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport">Leipzig/Halle Airport</a>) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–2013) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.6<br />(−17.7) </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.6<br />(−6.9) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.6<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9<br />(8.8) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.2<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−27.6<br />(−17.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(1.31) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(0.96) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(1.44) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(1.26) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.4<br />(2.14) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.8<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.6<br />(2.50) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.5<br />(1.99) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(1.59) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">531.9<br />(20.94) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">160.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #717171; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.9 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #BABA48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.4 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.9 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.6 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.9 </td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.3 </td> <td style="background: #7A7A7A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.9 </td> <td style="background: #616161; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.3 </td> <td style="background: #C3C312; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,748.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Data derived from <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a>, note<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Leipzig" title="Timeline of Leipzig">Timeline of Leipzig</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Leipzig" title="History of Leipzig">History of Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Leipzig" title="History of the Jews in Leipzig">History of the Jews in Leipzig</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Margraviate of Meissen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Leipzig" title="Special:EditPage/Leipzig">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leipzig%22">"Leipzig"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leipzig%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leipzig%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leipzig%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leipzig%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leipzig%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_1632.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Leipzig_1632.jpg/220px-Leipzig_1632.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Leipzig_1632.jpg/330px-Leipzig_1632.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Leipzig_1632.jpg/440px-Leipzig_1632.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Leipzig in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Leipzig was first documented in 1015 in the chronicles of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">urbs Libzi</i></span></i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Chronicon</i></span>, VII, 25) and endowed with city and market privileges in 1165 by <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Otto II, Margrave of Meissen">Otto the Rich</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Trade_Fair" title="Leipzig Trade Fair">Leipzig Trade Fair</a>, started in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, has become an event of international importance and is the oldest surviving trade fair in the world. This encouraged the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_merchant_bourgeoisie" title="Leipzig merchant bourgeoisie">Leipzig merchant bourgeoisie</a>. </p><p>There are records of commercial fishing operations on the river <a href="/wiki/Plei%C3%9Fe" title="Pleiße">Pleiße</a> that, most likely, refer to Leipzig dating back to 1305, when the <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> Dietrich the Younger granted the fishing rights to the church and convent of St Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were a number of <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> in and around the city, including a <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> monastery after which the <a href="/wiki/Barfu%C3%9Fg%C3%A4%C3%9Fchen" title="Barfußgäßchen">Barfußgäßchen</a> (Barefoot Alley) is named and a monastery of Irish monks (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jacobskirche</i></span>, destroyed in 1544) near the present day <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ranstädter Steinweg</i></span> (the old <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a></i></span></i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a> was founded in 1409 and Leipzig developed into an important centre of German law and of the publishing industry in Germany, resulting, in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the <a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reichsgericht</a> (Imperial Court of Justice) and the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> being located here. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, two battles took place in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Breitenfeld,_Leipzig" title="Breitenfeld, Leipzig">Breitenfeld</a></i></span>, about 8 km (5 mi) outside Leipzig city walls. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">first Battle of Breitenfeld</a> took place in 1631 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1642)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)">the second</a> in 1642. Both battles resulted in victories for the Swedish-led side. </p><p>On 24 December 1701, when <a href="/wiki/Franz_Conrad_Romanus" title="Franz Conrad Romanus">Franz Conrad Romanus</a> was mayor, an oil-fueled <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street lighting</a> system was introduced. The city employed light guards who had to follow a specific schedule to ensure the punctual lighting of the 700 lanterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Leipzig_by_Zauerweid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Battle_of_Leipzig_by_Zauerweid.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Leipzig_by_Zauerweid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Battle_of_Leipzig_by_Zauerweid.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Leipzig_by_Zauerweid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Battle_of_Leipzig_by_Zauerweid.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Leipzig_by_Zauerweid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, 1813</figcaption></figure> <p>The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> between <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a> and an allied coalition of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, Austria and Sweden. It was the largest battle in Europe before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and the coalition victory ended <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s presence in Germany and would ultimately lead to his first exile on <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Battle_of_the_Nations" title="Monument to the Battle of the Nations">Monument to the Battle of the Nations</a> celebrating the centenary of this event was completed in 1913. In addition to stimulating German nationalism, the war had a major impact in mobilizing a civic spirit in numerous volunteer activities. Many volunteer militias and civic associations were formed, and collaborated with churches and the press to support local and state militias, patriotic wartime mobilization, humanitarian relief and postwar commemorative practices and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While over half of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a> was formally ceded to Prussia, Leipzig remained part of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">King Frederick Augustus I</a>. </p><p>When it was made a terminus of the first German long-distance railway to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> (the capital of Saxony) in 1839, Leipzig became a hub of Central European railway traffic, with <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Hauptbahnhof" title="Leipzig Hauptbahnhof">Leipzig Hauptbahnhof</a> the largest <a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">terminal station</a> by area in Europe. The railway station has two grand entrance halls, the eastern one for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saxon_State_Railways" title="Royal Saxon State Railways">Royal Saxon State Railways</a> and the western one for the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_state_railways" title="Prussian state railways">Prussian state railways</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, Leipzig was a centre of the German and Saxon liberal movements.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first German <a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Labour Parties">labor party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a> (<i>Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein</i>, ADAV) was founded in Leipzig on 23 May 1863 by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a>; about 600 workers from across Germany travelled to the foundation on the new railway. Leipzig expanded rapidly to more than 700,000 inhabitants. Huge <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span> areas were built, which mostly survived both war and post-war demolition. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_um_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Leipzig_um_1900.jpg/250px-Leipzig_um_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Leipzig_um_1900.jpg/330px-Leipzig_um_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Leipzig_um_1900.jpg/500px-Leipzig_um_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3623" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Augustusplatz with <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Opera" title="Leipzig Opera">Leipzig Opera</a> House, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Leipzig_from_1933_to_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Leipzig from 1933 to 1939">History of Leipzig from 1933 to 1939</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Bombing of Leipzig in World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig" title="University of Music and Theatre Leipzig">University of Music and Theatre Leipzig</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg/250px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg/330px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg/500px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Leipzig)" title="New Town Hall (Leipzig)">New Town Hall</a> of Leipzig, built in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>With the opening of a fifth production hall in 1907, the <a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Baumwollspinnerei" title="Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei">Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei</a> became the largest <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mill</a> company on the continent, housing over 240,000 spindles. Yearly production surpassed 5 million kilograms of yarn.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in 1917, the American Consulate was closed, and its building became a temporary place of stay for Americans and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> refugees from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usem_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usem-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s and 1940s, music was prominent throughout Leipzig. Many students attended <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig" title="University of Music and Theatre Leipzig">Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy College of Music and Theatre</a> (then named Landeskonservatorium.) However, in 1944, it was closed due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It re-opened soon after the war ended in 1945. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>On 22 May 1930, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Carl Friedrich Goerdeler</a> was elected mayor of Leipzig. He later became an opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Regime">Nazi regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned in 1937 when, in his absence, his Nazi deputy ordered the destruction of the city's statue of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> in 1938, the 1855 <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Revival">Moorish Revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig synagogue">Leipzig synagogue</a>, one of the city's most architecturally significant buildings, was deliberately destroyed. Goerdeler was later executed by the Nazis on 2 February 1945. </p><p>Several thousand forced labourers were stationed in Leipzig during the Second World War. </p><p>Beginning in 1933, many Jewish citizens of Leipzig were members of the <a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Gemeinde</a>, a large Jewish religious community spread throughout Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In October 1935, the Gemeinde helped found the Lehrhaus (English: a house of study) in Leipzig to provide different forms of studies to Jewish students who were prohibited from attending any institutions in Germany. Jewish studies were emphasized and much of the Jewish community of Leipzig became involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all other cities claimed by the Nazis, Leipzig was subject to <a href="/wiki/Aryanization_(Nazism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryanization (Nazism)">aryanisation</a>. Beginning in 1933 and increasing in 1939, Jewish business owners were forced to give up their possessions and stores. This eventually intensified to the point where Nazi officials were strong enough to evict the Jews from their own homes. They also had the power to force many of the Jews living in the city to sell their houses. Many people who sold their homes emigrated elsewhere, outside of Leipzig. Others moved to Judenhäuser, which were smaller houses that acted as ghettos, housing large groups of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jews of Leipzig were greatly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>. However, due to the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Trade_Fair" title="Leipzig Trade Fair">Leipzig Trade Fair</a> and the international attention it garnered, Leipzig was especially cautious about its public image. Despite this, the Leipzig authorities were not afraid to strictly apply and enforce anti-semitic measures.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 December 1937, after the Nazis took control of the city, they renamed it Reichsmessestadt Leipzig, meaning the "Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig".<sup id="cite_ref-Rolf_Jehke_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolf_Jehke-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1938, Leipzig saw an increase in <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> through Jewish citizens. Many of these Zionists attempted to flee before deportations began.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 October 1938, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> ordered the deportation of Polish Jews from Leipzig to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish Consulate sheltered 1,300 Polish Jews, preventing their deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November 1938, as part of <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gottschedstrasse_(Leipzig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottschedstrasse (Leipzig)">Gottschedstrasse</a>, synagogues and businesses were set on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a couple of days later, on 11 November 1938, many Jews in the Leipzig area were deported to the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald Concentration Camp.</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> came to an end, much of Leipzig was destroyed. Following the war, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> provided aid for the reconstruction of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, a census recorded that over 11,000 Jews were living in Leipzig. In the 1939 census, the number had fallen to roughly 4,500, and by January 1942 only 2,000 remained. In that month, these 2,000 Jews began to be deported.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 July 1942, 170 Jews were deported from Leipzig to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>. On 19 September 1942, 440 Jews were deported from Leipzig to <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt concentration camp</a>. On 18 June 1943, the remaining 18 Jews still in Leipzig were deported from Leipzig to Auschwitz. According to records of the two waves of deportations to Auschwitz there were no survivors. According to records of the Theresienstadt deportation, only 53 Jews survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahnmal_Gedenkinstallation_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahnmal_Gedenkinstallation_2021.jpg/220px-Mahnmal_Gedenkinstallation_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahnmal_Gedenkinstallation_2021.jpg/330px-Mahnmal_Gedenkinstallation_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mahnmal_Gedenkinstallation_2021.jpg/440px-Mahnmal_Gedenkinstallation_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the site of the Abtnaundorf massacre</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in September 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> carried out arrests of prominent local <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seized the Polish Consulate and its library.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, the American Consulate was also closed by order of the German authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-usem_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usem-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Leipzig was the location of five <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a>, in which over 8,000 men, women and children were imprisoned, mostly Polish, Jewish, Soviet and French, but also Italian, Czech and Belgian.<sup id="cite_ref-ab_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1945, most surviving prisoners were sent on <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">death marches</a> to various destinations in Saxony and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German-occupied Czechoslovakia</a>, whereas prisoners of the Leipzig-Thekla subcamp who were unable to march were either burned alive, shot or beaten to death by the Gestapo, <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i> and German civilians in the Abtnaundorf massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-Thekla_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thekla-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lb_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lb-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were rescued by Polish <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced laborers</a> of another camp; at least 67 people survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Thekla_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thekla-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lb_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lb-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 84 victims were buried on 27 April 1945, however, the total number of victims remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Thekla_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thekla-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lb_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lb-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002629_002_Tr%C3%BCmmerbeseitigung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002629_002_Tr%C3%BCmmerbeseitigung.jpg/250px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002629_002_Tr%C3%BCmmerbeseitigung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002629_002_Tr%C3%BCmmerbeseitigung.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002629_002_Tr%C3%BCmmerbeseitigung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002629_002_Tr%C3%BCmmerbeseitigung.jpg/500px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002629_002_Tr%C3%BCmmerbeseitigung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Leipzig after bombing in the Second World War</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, Leipzig was <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">repeatedly struck</a> by <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Allied bombing raids</a>, beginning in 1943 and lasting until 1945. The first raid occurred on the morning of 4 December 1943, when 442 bombers of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) dropped a total amount of almost 1,400 tons of explosives and incendiaries on the city, destroying large parts of the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bombing was the largest up to that time. Due to the close proximity of many of the buildings hit, a firestorm occurred. This prompted firefighters to rush to the city; however, they were unable to control the fires. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">firebombing of the neighbouring city of Dresden</a>, this was a largely conventional bombing with high explosives rather than incendiaries. The resultant pattern of loss was a patchwork, rather than wholesale loss of its centre, but was nevertheless extensive. </p><p>The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Leipzig in late April 1945. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a> and U.S. <a href="/wiki/69th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="69th Infantry Division (United States)">69th Infantry Division</a> fought their way into the city on 18 April and completed its capture after fierce urban action, in which fighting was often house-to-house and block-to-block, on 19 April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1945, the Mayor of Leipzig, SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Freyberg" title="Alfred Freyberg">Alfred Freyberg</a>, his wife and daughter, together with Deputy Mayor and City Treasurer Ernest Kurt Lisso, his wife, daughter and <i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i> Major and former Mayor Walter Dönicke, all committed suicide in Leipzig City Hall. </p><p>The United States turned the city over to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as it pulled back from the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of contact">line of contact</a> with Soviet forces in July 1945 to the designated occupation zone boundaries. Leipzig became one of the major cities of the German Democratic Republic (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>). </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of World War II</a> in 1945, Leipzig saw a slow return of Jews to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Willingham_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willingham-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were joined by large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">German refugees who had been expelled from Central and Eastern Europe</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg/250px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg/330px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg/500px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Battle of the Nations</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-20th century, the city's trade fair assumed renewed importance as a point of contact with the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> Eastern Europe economic bloc, of which East Germany was a member. At this time, trade fairs were held at a site in the south of the city, near the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Battle_of_the_Nations" title="Monument to the Battle of the Nations">Monument to the Battle of the Nations</a>. </p><p>The planned economy of the German Democratic Republic, however, was not kind to Leipzig. Before the Second World War, Leipzig had developed a mixture of industry, creative business (notably publishing), and services (including legal services). During the period of the German Democratic Republic, services became the concern of the state, concentrated in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>; creative business moved to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>; and Leipzig was left only with heavy industry. To make matters worse, this industry was extremely polluting, making Leipzig an even less attractive city to live in.<sup id="cite_ref-TheProtoCity.com-2014_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheProtoCity.com-2014-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1950 and the end of the German Democratic Republic, the population of Leipzig fell from 600,000 to 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Power-2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1989, after prayers for peace at <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig">St. Nicholas Church</a>, established in 1983 as part of the peace movement, the <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday demonstrations</a> started as the most prominent mass protest against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of East Germany">East German government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunification of Germany</a>, however, was at first not good for Leipzig. The centrally planned heavy industry that had become the city's specialty was, in terms of the advanced economy of reunited Germany, almost completely unviable, and closed. Within only six years, 90% of jobs in industry had vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-Power-2016_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As unemployment rocketed, the population fell dramatically; some 100,000 people left Leipzig in the ten years after reunification, and vacant and derelict housing became an urgent problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Power-2016_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 2000, an ambitious urban-renewal plan first stopped Leipzig's population decline and then reversed it. The plan focused on saving and improving the city's attractive historic downtown area and particularly its early 20th century building stock, and attracting new industries, partly through infrastructure improvement. However, the renewal has led to <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of parts of the city and has not arrested the decline of Leipzig-East.<sup id="cite_ref-TheProtoCity.com-2014_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheProtoCity.com-2014-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Power-2016_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:553px;max-width:553px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesverwaltungsgericht_2,_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesverwaltungsgericht_2%2C_Leipzig.jpg/280px-Bundesverwaltungsgericht_2%2C_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesverwaltungsgericht_2%2C_Leipzig.jpg/420px-Bundesverwaltungsgericht_2%2C_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesverwaltungsgericht_2%2C_Leipzig.jpg/560px-Bundesverwaltungsgericht_2%2C_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Administrative Court of Germany">Federal Administrative Court of Germany</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig_-_Paulinum_%E2%80%93_Aula_und_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_(Juli_2012).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig_-_Paulinum_%E2%80%93_Aula_und_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_%28Juli_2012%29.JPG/330px-Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig_-_Paulinum_%E2%80%93_Aula_und_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_%28Juli_2012%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="265" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig_-_Paulinum_%E2%80%93_Aula_und_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_%28Juli_2012%29.JPG/500px-Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig_-_Paulinum_%E2%80%93_Aula_und_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_%28Juli_2012%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig_-_Paulinum_%E2%80%93_Aula_und_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_%28Juli_2012%29.JPG/960px-Universit%C3%A4t_Leipzig_-_Paulinum_%E2%80%93_Aula_und_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_%28Juli_2012%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 153 m (502 ft) high <a href="/wiki/City-Hochhaus_Leipzig" title="City-Hochhaus Leipzig">City-Hochhaus Leipzig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Augusteum_(Leipzig)" title="Augusteum (Leipzig)">Augusteum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Leipzig is an important economic centre in Germany. Since the 2010s, the city has been celebrated by the media as a hip urban centre with a very high quality of living.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Fabricius-2015_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Fabricius-2015-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often called "The new Berlin".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leipzig is also Germany's fastest growing city.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leipzig was the German candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>, but was unsuccessful. After ten years of construction, the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_City_Tunnel" title="Leipzig City Tunnel">Leipzig City Tunnel</a> opened on 14 December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leipzig forms the centrepiece of the <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland">S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland</a> public transit system, which operates in the four German states of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Saxony-Anhalt, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Leipzig_mayoral_election_(2nd_round).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2020_Leipzig_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/500px-2020_Leipzig_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2020_Leipzig_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/525px-2020_Leipzig_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2020_Leipzig_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/700px-2020_Leipzig_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election</figcaption></figure> <p>The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was <a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Lehmann-Grube" title="Hinrich Lehmann-Grube">Hinrich Lehmann-Grube</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD), who served from 1990 to 1998. The mayor was originally chosen by the city council, but since 1994 has been directly elected. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Tiefensee" title="Wolfgang Tiefensee">Wolfgang Tiefensee</a>, also of the SDP, served from 1998 until his resignation in 2005 to become federal Minister of Transport. He was succeeded by fellow SPD politician <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Jung" title="Burkhard Jung">Burkhard Jung</a>, who was elected in January 2006 and re-elected in 2013 and 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 2 February 2020, with a runoff held on 1 March, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Gemkow" title="Sebastian Gemkow">Sebastian Gemkow</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td><b>72,427</b> </td> <td><b>31.6</b> </td> <td>107,611 </td> <td>47.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Jung" title="Burkhard Jung">Burkhard Jung</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>68,286 </td> <td>29.8 </td> <td><b>110,965</b> </td> <td><b>49.1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Franziska Riekewald </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>31,036 </td> <td>13.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">Katharina Krefft </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>27,481 </td> <td>12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left">Christoph Neumann </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>19,854 </td> <td>8.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Katharina Subat </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>5,467 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left">Marcus Viefeld </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>2,739 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left">Ute Elisabeth Gabelmann </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party Germany</a> </td> <td>2,089 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>7,542 </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>229,379 </th> <th>99.6 </th> <th>226,118 </th> <th>99.5 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>822 </th> <th>0.4 </th> <th>1,235 </th> <th>0.5 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>230,201 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>227,353 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>469,225 </th> <th>49.1 </th> <th>469,269 </th> <th>48.4 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.sachsen.de/buergermeisterwahl-2020-wahlergebnisse.php?landkreis=14713">Wahlen in Sachsen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512081903/https://wahlen.sachsen.de/buergermeisterwahl-2020-wahlergebnisse.php?landkreis=14713">Archived</a> 12 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Leipzig_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2024_Leipzig_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg/350px-2024_Leipzig_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2024_Leipzig_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg/525px-2024_Leipzig_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2024_Leipzig_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg/700px-2024_Leipzig_City_Council_election_-_Vote_strength.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="3062" /></a><figcaption>Strongest party by locality in the 2024 City Council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>173,343 </td> <td>18.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.4 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>160,490 </td> <td>17.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.9 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>155,506 </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.1 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>137,614 </td> <td>15.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.7 </td> <td>11 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>110,520 </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#792351"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance</a> (BSW) </td> <td>88,146 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td>New </td> <td>7 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>31,933 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>24,898 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Free Voters Leipzig (FW) </td> <td>10,106 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party Germany</a> (Piraten) </td> <td>9,759 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="009332"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxons</a> (FS) </td> <td>8,965 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> (Volt) </td> <td>2,391 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#4AA79D"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">dieBasis</a> </td> <td>914 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Garden 24 </td> <td>829 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Our Human Rights in Focus </td> <td>223 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>New </td> <td>0 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>915,637 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>318,541 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>70 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>472,669 </th> <th>67.4 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.7 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlergebnis.leipzig.de/4/eu2024/14713000/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=127&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_-464_id_1668">Wahlen Leipzig</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Landtag">State Landtag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: State Landtag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Landtag of Saxony</a>, Leipzig is divided among eight constituencies. After the <a href="/wiki/2024_Saxony_state_election" title="2024 Saxony state election">2024 Saxony state election</a>, the composition and representation of each was as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Area </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Member </th></tr> <tr> <td>25 Leipzig I</td> <td>City centre</td> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a></td> <td>Nam Duy Nguyen </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 Leipzig II</td> <td>Southeast</td> <td bgcolor="#151518"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></td> <td>Ronald Pohle </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Leipzig III</td> <td>Inner north (Gohlis)</td> <td bgcolor="#151518"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></td> <td>Wolf-Dietrich Rost </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 Leipzig IV</td> <td>Central south</td> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a></td> <td>Juliane Nagel </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 Leipzig V</td> <td>Southwest</td> <td bgcolor="#151518"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></td> <td>Andreas Nowak </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 Leipzig VI</td> <td>Inner west (Lindenau)</td> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a></td> <td>Claudia Maicher </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 Leipzig VII</td> <td>Northwest</td> <td bgcolor="#151518"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></td> <td>Rick Ulbricht </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 Leipzig VIII</td> <td>Northeast/inner east</td> <td bgcolor="#151518"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></td> <td>Holger Gasse </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bundestag">Bundestag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bundestag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, Leipzig constitutes two constituencies. In the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_20th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 20th Bundestag">20th Bundestag</a>, the composition and representation of each was as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Area </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Member </th></tr> <tr> <td>151 <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_I" title="Leipzig I">Leipzig I</a> </td> <td>Alt-West, Nord, Nordost, Nordwest, and Ost</td> <td bgcolor="#151518"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jens_Lehmann_(cyclist)" title="Jens Lehmann (cyclist)">Jens Lehmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>152 <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_II" title="Leipzig II">Leipzig II</a></td> <td>Mitte, Süd, Südost, Südwest, and West</td> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ren_Pellmann" title="Sören Pellmann">Sören Pellmann</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Leipzig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Leipzig.svg/250px-Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Leipzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Leipzig.svg/375px-Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Leipzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Leipzig.svg/500px-Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Leipzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Population development since 1200</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_(Rathausturm,_Neues_Rathaus)_11_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg/250px-Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg/375px-Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg/500px-Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3743" /></a><figcaption>Typically dense cityscape of Leipzig old town, view from the new town hall. Buildings <b>from left to right</b>: <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Zoological_Garden" title="Leipzig Zoological Garden">Gondwanaland of Leipzig Zoo</a>; <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church</a>; headquarters of Sparkasse Leipzig Bank; the Westin Hotel; and <a href="/wiki/Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste" title="Museum der bildenden Künste">Museum of Fine Arts</a> to the right.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1507</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1600</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+122.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+75.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1852</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">66,686</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+90.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1875</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">127,387</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+91.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">295,025</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+131.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">456,124</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">589,850</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">620,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">718,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1935</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">699,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">709,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">581,528</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−18.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1955</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">613,707</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">589,632</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−3.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">595,660</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">583,885</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">562,480</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">511,079</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1995</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">470,778</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−7.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">493,052</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">502,979</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">598,899</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source for 2001-2022: <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Leipzig has a population of about 620,000.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, the population reached its historical peak of over 700,000. It decreased steadily from 1950 to about 530,000 in 1989. In the 1990s, the population decreased rather rapidly to 437,000 in 1998. This reduction was mostly due to outward migration and suburbanisation. After almost doubling the city area by incorporation of surrounding towns in 1999, the number stabilised and started to rise again, with an increase of 1,000 in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Leipzig is the fastest-growing city in Germany with over 500,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of the past 10–15 years has mostly been due to inward migration. In recent years, inward migration accelerated, reaching an increase of 12,917 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following German reunification, many people of working age took the opportunity to move to the states of the former West Germany to seek employment opportunities. This was a contributory factor to falling birth rates. Births dropped from 7,000 in 1988 to less than 3,000 in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the number of children born in Leipzig has risen since the late 1990s. In 2011, it reached 5,490 births resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">RNI</a> of −17.7 (−393.7 in 1995).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unemployment rate decreased from 18.2% in 2003 to 9.8% in 2014 and 7.6% in June 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The percentage of the population from an immigrant background is low compared with other German cities. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, only 5.6% of the population were foreigners, compared to the German national average of 7.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of people with an immigrant background (immigrants and their children) grew from 49,323 in 2012 to 77,559 in 2016, making them 13.3% of the city's population (Leipzig's population 579,530 in 2016).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest minorities (first and second generation) in Leipzig by country of origin as of 31 December 2021 are:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Country </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Total </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Foreigners </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Germans </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Ukraine</td> <td>11,768</td> <td>10,022</td> <td>1,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Syria</td> <td>9,059</td> <td>8,523</td> <td>536 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Russia</td> <td>8,773</td> <td>3,214</td> <td>5,559 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Poland</td> <td>5,019</td> <td>3,006</td> <td>2,013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Romania</td> <td>4,161</td> <td>3,675</td> <td>486 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Vietnam</td> <td>3,930</td> <td>2,403</td> <td>1,527 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Turkey</td> <td>2,820</td> <td>1,800</td> <td>1,020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Iraq</td> <td>2,816</td> <td>2,104</td> <td>712 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Kazakhstan</td> <td>2,244</td> <td>246</td> <td>1,998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Afghanistan</td> <td>2,171</td> <td>1,916</td> <td>255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Italy</td> <td>1,983</td> <td>1,564</td> <td>419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Hungary</td> <td>1,814</td> <td>1,349</td> <td>465 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Bulgaria</td> <td>1,615</td> <td>1,238</td> <td>377 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>France</td> <td>1,594</td> <td>1,066</td> <td>528 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>India</td> <td>1,537</td> <td>1,309</td> <td>232 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture,_sights_and_cityscape"><span id="Culture.2C_sights_and_cityscape"></span>Culture, sights and cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture, sights and cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2010s, Leipzig was often referred to as <i>Hypezig</i>, as overblown comparisons were made to 1990s and early 2000s Berlin. The affordability, diversity and openness of the city have attracted many young people from across Europe, leading to a trendsetting alternative atmosphere, resulting in an innovative music, dance and art scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Warum_Leipzig_der_beste_Ort_für_kreative_Experimente_ist-2019_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warum_Leipzig_der_beste_Ort_für_kreative_Experimente_ist-2019-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Leipzig" title="Architecture of Leipzig">Architecture of Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_arcade_galleries_in_Leipzig" title="List of arcade galleries in Leipzig">List of arcade galleries in Leipzig</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:343px;max-width:343px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Palais_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leipzig_Palais_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg/150px-Leipzig_Palais_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leipzig_Palais_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg/225px-Leipzig_Palais_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leipzig_Palais_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg/300px-Leipzig_Palais_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1540" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Palais Roßbach</i>, one of the many <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span> buildings in Leipzig</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A4dlerpassage_Figurenpruppen_Auerbachs_Keller_Leipzig_052-cvh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/M%C3%A4dlerpassage_Figurenpruppen_Auerbachs_Keller_Leipzig_052-cvh.jpg/250px-M%C3%A4dlerpassage_Figurenpruppen_Auerbachs_Keller_Leipzig_052-cvh.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/M%C3%A4dlerpassage_Figurenpruppen_Auerbachs_Keller_Leipzig_052-cvh.jpg/330px-M%C3%A4dlerpassage_Figurenpruppen_Auerbachs_Keller_Leipzig_052-cvh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/M%C3%A4dlerpassage_Figurenpruppen_Auerbachs_Keller_Leipzig_052-cvh.jpg/500px-M%C3%A4dlerpassage_Figurenpruppen_Auerbachs_Keller_Leipzig_052-cvh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4dlerpassage" class="mw-redirect" title="Mädlerpassage">Mädler Passage</a>, one of 24 covered passages in Leipzig city centre</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The historic central area of Leipzig features a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance-style</a> ensemble of buildings from the sixteenth century, including the old city hall in the marketplace. There are also several <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque period</a> trading houses and former residences of rich merchants. As Leipzig grew considerably during the economic boom of the late-nineteenth century, the town has many buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historicist style</a> representative of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span> era. Approximately 35% of Leipzig's flats are in buildings of this type. The <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Leipzig)" title="New Town Hall (Leipzig)">new city hall</a>, completed in 1905, is built in the same style. </p><p>Some 90,000 apartments in Leipzig were built in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Plattenbau</a></i></span> buildings during Communist rule in East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some of these have been demolished and fewer people live in this type of accommodation in recent years, a significant number still live in Plattenbau apartments. Grünau, for example, had about 43,600 people living in this sort of accommodation in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paulinerkirche,_Leipzig" title="Paulinerkirche, Leipzig">St. Paul's Church</a> was destroyed by the Communist government in 1968 to make room for a new main building for the university. After some debate, the city decided to establish a new, mainly secular building at the same location, called <a href="/wiki/Paulinum_(University_of_Leipzig)" title="Paulinum (University of Leipzig)">Paulinum</a>, which was completed in 2012. Its architecture alludes to the look of the former church and it includes space for religious use by the faculty of theology, including the original altar from the old church and two newly built organs. </p><p>Many commercial buildings were built in the 1990s as a result of tax breaks after German reunification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tallest_buildings_and_structures">Tallest buildings and structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tallest buildings and structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Leipzig" title="List of tallest buildings in Leipzig">List of tallest buildings in Leipzig</a></div> <p>The tallest structure in Leipzig is the chimney of the Stahl- und Hartgusswerk Bösdorf GmbH with a height of 205 m (673 ft). With 142 m (466 ft), the tallest building in Leipzig is the <a href="/wiki/City-Hochhaus_Leipzig" title="City-Hochhaus Leipzig">City-Hochhaus Leipzig</a>. From 1972 to 1973 it was <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Germany" title="List of tallest buildings in Germany">Germany's tallest building</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; background:#fefef6; width:50%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Buildings and structures </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th> <th>Height in metres </th> <th>Year </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Chimney of Stahl- und Hartgusswerk Bösdorf GmbH </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knautnaundorf_schornstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Knautnaundorf_schornstein.jpg/80px-Knautnaundorf_schornstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Knautnaundorf_schornstein.jpg/120px-Knautnaundorf_schornstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Knautnaundorf_schornstein.jpg/160px-Knautnaundorf_schornstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="2968" /></a></span> </td> <td>205 </td> <td>1984 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Funkturm Leipzig </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FT_Leipzig_Antennenmontage_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/FT_Leipzig_Antennenmontage_6.jpg/80px-FT_Leipzig_Antennenmontage_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/FT_Leipzig_Antennenmontage_6.jpg/120px-FT_Leipzig_Antennenmontage_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/FT_Leipzig_Antennenmontage_6.jpg/160px-FT_Leipzig_Antennenmontage_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span> </td> <td>191 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">DVB-T-Sendeturm </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DVB-T-Turm-C-M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DVB-T-Turm-C-M.jpg/120px-DVB-T-Turm-C-M.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DVB-T-Turm-C-M.jpg/250px-DVB-T-Turm-C-M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="4125" /></a></span> </td> <td>190 </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Demolished in 2023 after loss of function. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">4 x Wind turbine Nordex N100 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20140315_xl_Windkraftanlage-WKA-in-der-Naehe-der-neuen-Messe-Leipzig-6035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/20140315_xl_Windkraftanlage-WKA-in-der-Naehe-der-neuen-Messe-Leipzig-6035.jpg/80px-20140315_xl_Windkraftanlage-WKA-in-der-Naehe-der-neuen-Messe-Leipzig-6035.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/20140315_xl_Windkraftanlage-WKA-in-der-Naehe-der-neuen-Messe-Leipzig-6035.jpg/120px-20140315_xl_Windkraftanlage-WKA-in-der-Naehe-der-neuen-Messe-Leipzig-6035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/20140315_xl_Windkraftanlage-WKA-in-der-Naehe-der-neuen-Messe-Leipzig-6035.jpg/160px-20140315_xl_Windkraftanlage-WKA-in-der-Naehe-der-neuen-Messe-Leipzig-6035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3731" /></a></span> </td> <td>190 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/City-Hochhaus_Leipzig" title="City-Hochhaus Leipzig">City-Hochhaus Leipzig</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_-_Augustusplatz_%2B_City-Hochhaus_03_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Leipzig_-_Augustusplatz_%2B_City-Hochhaus_03_ies.jpg/80px-Leipzig_-_Augustusplatz_%2B_City-Hochhaus_03_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Leipzig_-_Augustusplatz_%2B_City-Hochhaus_03_ies.jpg/120px-Leipzig_-_Augustusplatz_%2B_City-Hochhaus_03_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Leipzig_-_Augustusplatz_%2B_City-Hochhaus_03_ies.jpg/160px-Leipzig_-_Augustusplatz_%2B_City-Hochhaus_03_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a></span> </td> <td>142 </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>Total height 155 m, headquarters of <a href="/wiki/European_Energy_Exchange" title="European Energy Exchange">European Energy Exchange</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Fernmeldeturm Leipzig</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Fernmeldeturm_Holzhausen_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leipzig_Fernmeldeturm_Holzhausen_2.JPG/120px-Leipzig_Fernmeldeturm_Holzhausen_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Leipzig_Fernmeldeturm_Holzhausen_2.JPG/250px-Leipzig_Fernmeldeturm_Holzhausen_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td>132 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Tower of <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Leipzig)" title="New Town Hall (Leipzig)">New Town Hall</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Neues_Rathaus_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leipzig_Neues_Rathaus_01.JPG/80px-Leipzig_Neues_Rathaus_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leipzig_Neues_Rathaus_01.JPG/120px-Leipzig_Neues_Rathaus_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leipzig_Neues_Rathaus_01.JPG/160px-Leipzig_Neues_Rathaus_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3630" /></a></span> </td> <td>115 </td> <td>1905 </td> <td>Tallest town hall in Germany </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wintergartenhochhaus" title="Wintergartenhochhaus">Wintergartenhochhaus</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig.Wintergartenstra%C3%9Fe_12.03.2014_17-26-49.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leipzig.Wintergartenstra%C3%9Fe_12.03.2014_17-26-49.JPG/120px-Leipzig.Wintergartenstra%C3%9Fe_12.03.2014_17-26-49.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leipzig.Wintergartenstra%C3%9Fe_12.03.2014_17-26-49.JPG/250px-Leipzig.Wintergartenstra%C3%9Fe_12.03.2014_17-26-49.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td> <td>106.8 </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>Used as residential tower </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Westin_Leipzig" title="The Westin Leipzig">The Westin Leipzig</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_(City-Hochhaus)_42_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Leipzig_%28City-Hochhaus%29_42_ies.jpg/120px-Leipzig_%28City-Hochhaus%29_42_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Leipzig_%28City-Hochhaus%29_42_ies.jpg/250px-Leipzig_%28City-Hochhaus%29_42_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5432" data-file-height="6800" /></a></span> </td> <td>96 </td> <td>1981 </td> <td>Hotel with skybar and restaurant </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Battle_of_the_Nations" title="Monument to the Battle of the Nations">Monument to the Battle of the Nations</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_Leipzig_beim_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_Leipzig_beim_Nacht.jpg/80px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_Leipzig_beim_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_Leipzig_beim_Nacht.jpg/120px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_Leipzig_beim_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_Leipzig_beim_Nacht.jpg/160px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmal_Leipzig_beim_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="6217" /></a></span> </td> <td>91 </td> <td>1913 </td> <td>Tallest monument in Europe. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter,_Leipzig" title="St. Peter, Leipzig">St. Peters'</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterskirche8405.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peterskirche8405.JPG/120px-Peterskirche8405.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peterskirche8405.JPG/250px-Peterskirche8405.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3704" /></a></span> </td> <td>88.5 </td> <td>1885 </td> <td>Leipzig's tallest church. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR-Hochhaus</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:131008-MDR-Leipzig.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/131008-MDR-Leipzig.JPG/120px-131008-MDR-Leipzig.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/131008-MDR-Leipzig.JPG/250px-131008-MDR-Leipzig.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td> <td>65 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>MDR is one of Germany's public broadcasters. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hochhaus Löhr's Carree </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_Leipzig.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_Leipzig.JPG/80px-L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_Leipzig.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_Leipzig.JPG/120px-L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_Leipzig.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_Leipzig.JPG/160px-L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_Leipzig.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td>65 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Landesbank_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landesbank Baden-Württemberg">Sachsen Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparkasse_Leipzig" title="Sparkasse Leipzig">Sparkasse Leipzig</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Center Torgauer Platz </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Torgauer_Platz_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leipzig_Torgauer_Platz_Center.jpg/80px-Leipzig_Torgauer_Platz_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leipzig_Torgauer_Platz_Center.jpg/120px-Leipzig_Torgauer_Platz_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leipzig_Torgauer_Platz_Center.jpg/160px-Leipzig_Torgauer_Platz_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2107" /></a></span> </td> <td>63 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Europahaus_(Leipzig)" title="Europahaus (Leipzig)">Europahaus</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europahaus-Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Europahaus-Leipzig.jpg/80px-Europahaus-Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Europahaus-Leipzig.jpg/120px-Europahaus-Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Europahaus-Leipzig.jpg/160px-Europahaus-Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>56 </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>Headquarters of Stadtwerke Leipzig </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_the_arts">Museums and the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Museums and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the highlights of the city's contemporary arts was the <a href="/wiki/Neo_Rauch" title="Neo Rauch">Neo Rauch</a> retrospective opening in April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste" title="Museum der bildenden Künste">Leipzig Museum of Fine Arts</a>. This is a show devoted to the father of the <a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig School</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of artists. According to <i>The New York Times</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-2010_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this scene "has been the toast of the contemporary art world" for the past decade. In addition, there are eleven galleries in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Baumwollspinnerei" title="Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei">Spinnerei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grassi_Museum" title="Grassi Museum">Grassi Museum</a> complex contains three more of Leipzig's major collections:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Museum_of_Ethnography" title="Leipzig Museum of Ethnography">Ethnography Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Museum_of_Applied_Arts" title="Leipzig Museum of Applied Arts">Applied Arts Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Musical_Instruments_of_the_University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Musical Instruments of the University of Leipzig">Musical Instrument Museum</a> (the last of which is run by the University of Leipzig). The university also runs the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Antiquities_of_the_University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Antiquities of the University of Leipzig">Museum of Antiquities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in March 2015, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=G2_Kunsthalle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G2 Kunsthalle (page does not exist)">G2 Kunsthalle</a> houses the Hildebrand Collection.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This private collection focuses on the so-called <a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig School</a>. Leipzig's first private museum dedicated to contemporary art in Leipzig after the turn of the millennium is located in the city centre close to the famous <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church</a> on the third floor of the former GDR processing centre.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also dedicated to the contemporary art is the <a href="/wiki/Galerie_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgen%C3%B6ssische_Kunst_Leipzig" title="Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst Leipzig">Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst Leipzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other museums in Leipzig include the following: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/German_Museum_of_Books_and_Writing" title="German Museum of Books and Writing">German Museum of Books and Writing</a> is the world's oldest museum of its kind, founded in 1884.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bach_Museum_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Museum Leipzig">Bach Museum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church_Square" title="St. Thomas Church Square">St. Thomas Church Square</a>.</li> <li>The Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig located in the <a href="/wiki/Kroch_High-rise" title="Kroch High-rise">Kroch High-rise</a> comprises a collection of about 7,000 artefacts from several millennia.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schillerhaus</a> is the house where Schiller lived in summer 1785.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliches_Forum_Leipzig" title="Zeitgeschichtliches Forum Leipzig">Zeitgeschichtliches Forum Leipzig</a> (Forum of Contemporary History) shows the history of the German division and the everyday life in the socialist German Democratic Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturkundemuseum_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturkundemuseum Leipzig">Naturkundemuseum Leipzig</a> is the city's natural history museum.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Panometer" title="Leipzig Panometer">Leipzig Panometer</a> is a visual panorama displayed inside a former gasometer, accompanied by a thematic exhibition.</li> <li>The "Museum in der Runden Ecke" is the best known museum in the city. It deals with the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> State Security of former East Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> lived from 1723 until his death in Leipzig. The <a href="/wiki/Bach_Archive" title="Bach Archive">Bach Archive</a> is an institution for the documentation and research of his life and work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn_House,_Leipzig" title="Mendelssohn House, Leipzig">Mendelssohn House</a>, home of Felix Mendelssohn from 1845 until his death in 1847.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumann_House,_Leipzig" title="Schumann House, Leipzig">Schumann House</a>, home of Robert and Clara Schumann from 1840 to 1844.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Psychiatric_Museum" title="Saxon Psychiatric Museum">Saxon Psychiatric Museum</a> is a small museum dealing with the history of lunatic asylums and psychiatry.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNB2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="German Museum of Books and Writing"><img alt="German Museum of Books and Writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNB2012.JPG/120px-DNB2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNB2012.JPG/250px-DNB2012.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German Museum of Books and Writing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_099.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exhibits of the Egyptian Museum"><img alt="Exhibits of the Egyptian Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_099.jpg/120px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_099.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_099.jpg/180px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_099.jpg/240px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exhibits of the Egyptian Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig-Grassi-Museen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grassi Museum"><img alt="Grassi Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Leipzig-Grassi-Museen.jpg/120px-Leipzig-Grassi-Museen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Leipzig-Grassi-Museen.jpg/250px-Leipzig-Grassi-Museen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grassi Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LE-Connewitz_Gasometer_I_Arena-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside Gasometer, next to the Panometer"><img alt="Inside Gasometer, next to the Panometer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/LE-Connewitz_Gasometer_I_Arena-02.jpg/120px-LE-Connewitz_Gasometer_I_Arena-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/LE-Connewitz_Gasometer_I_Arena-02.jpg/250px-LE-Connewitz_Gasometer_I_Arena-02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside Gasometer, next to the Panometer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum in der Runden Ecke"><img alt="Museum in der Runden Ecke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg/180px-Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg/240px-Runde_Ecke_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum in der Runden Ecke</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum of Fine Arts"><img alt="Museum of Fine Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.JPG/120px-Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.JPG/180px-Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.JPG/240px-Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum of Fine Arts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baumwollspinnerei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baumwollspinnerei"><img alt="Baumwollspinnerei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baumwollspinnerei.jpg/120px-Baumwollspinnerei.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baumwollspinnerei.jpg/180px-Baumwollspinnerei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Baumwollspinnerei.jpg/240px-Baumwollspinnerei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baumwollspinnerei</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galerie_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgen%C3%B6ssische_Kunst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst"><img alt="Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Galerie_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgen%C3%B6ssische_Kunst.jpg/120px-Galerie_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgen%C3%B6ssische_Kunst.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Galerie_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgen%C3%B6ssische_Kunst.jpg/250px-Galerie_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgen%C3%B6ssische_Kunst.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Zoological_Garden" title="Leipzig Zoological Garden">Leipzig Zoological Garden</a> is one of the most modern zoos in Europe, with approximately 850 different animal species. It houses the world's largest zoological facilities for <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> (Pongoland). Gondwanaland is the world's largest indoor rainforest hall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Battle_of_the_Nations" title="Monument to the Battle of the Nations">Monument to the Battle of the Nations</a> (<i>Völkerschlachtdenkmal</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of the Nations</a> Monument): one of the largest monuments in Europe, built to commemorate the victorious battle against Napoleonic troops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Administrative Court of Germany">Bundesverwaltungsgericht</a>: Germany's federal administrative court was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reichsgericht</a>, the highest state court between 1888 and 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Leipzig)" title="New Town Hall (Leipzig)">New Town Hall</a>: the city's administrative building was built upon the remains of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pleissenburg" title="Pleissenburg">Pleissenburg</a></i>, a castle that was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">1519 debate</a> between <a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>. It is also Germany's tallest town hall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall_(Leipzig)" title="Old Town Hall (Leipzig)">Old Town Hall</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Markt_(Leipzig)" title="Markt (Leipzig)">Market square</a>: the old city hall was built in 1556 and houses a museum of the city's history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-Hochhaus_Leipzig" title="City-Hochhaus Leipzig">City-Hochhaus Leipzig</a>: built in 1972, the city's tallest habitable building is one of the top 25 <a href="/wiki/Tallest_building_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallest building in Germany">tallest buildings in Germany</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Augusteum_(Leipzig)" title="Augusteum (Leipzig)">Augusteum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulinum_(University_of_Leipzig)" title="Paulinum (University of Leipzig)">Paulinum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Augustusplatz" title="Augustusplatz">Augustusplatz</a> form the new main campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Trade_Fair" title="Leipzig Trade Fair">Leipzig Trade Fair</a> centre in the north of the city is home to the world's largest levitated glass hall.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Hauptbahnhof" title="Leipzig Hauptbahnhof">Leipzig Hauptbahnhof</a> is the world's largest railway station by floor area and a shopping destination.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auerbachs_Keller" title="Auerbachs Keller">Auerbach's Cellar</a>: a young <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> imbibed in this basement-level restaurant while studying in Leipzig; it features as the location of a scene from his play <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alte_Handelsb%C3%B6rse" title="Alte Handelsbörse">Old Leipzig bourse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naschmarkt_(Leipzig)" title="Naschmarkt (Leipzig)">Naschmarkt</a> with a monument of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdfriedhof_(Leipzig)" title="Südfriedhof (Leipzig)">South Cemetery</a> (Südfriedhof) is, with an area of 82 hectares, the largest cemetery in Leipzig.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> has two locations, one of them in Leipzig.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Bayerischer_Bahnhof" title="Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof">Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof</a> is Germany's oldest preserved railway station.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gohlis_Palace" title="Gohlis Palace">Gohlis Palace</a> (Gohliser Schlösschen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Synagogue" title="Leipzig Synagogue">Leipzig Synagogue</a> was destroyed by the Nazis in 1938. Now a memorial of 140 bronze chairs stands where the pews once were.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A0mma_de_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Augustusplatz"><img alt="Augustusplatz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panor%C3%A0mma_de_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Panor%C3%A0mma_de_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panor%C3%A0mma_de_Leipzig.jpg/180px-Panor%C3%A0mma_de_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panor%C3%A0mma_de_Leipzig.jpg/240px-Panor%C3%A0mma_de_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Augustusplatz" title="Augustusplatz">Augustusplatz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_-_Zoo_-_Gondwanaland_in_14_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside Gondwanaland at Leipzig Zoological Garden"><img alt="Inside Gondwanaland at Leipzig Zoological Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leipzig_-_Zoo_-_Gondwanaland_in_14_ies.jpg/120px-Leipzig_-_Zoo_-_Gondwanaland_in_14_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leipzig_-_Zoo_-_Gondwanaland_in_14_ies.jpg/180px-Leipzig_-_Zoo_-_Gondwanaland_in_14_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leipzig_-_Zoo_-_Gondwanaland_in_14_ies.jpg/240px-Leipzig_-_Zoo_-_Gondwanaland_in_14_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside Gondwanaland at Leipzig Zoological Garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to the Battle of the Nations"><img alt="Monument to the Battle of the Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg/120px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg/250px-V%C3%B6lkerschlachtdenkmalLeipzig1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to the Battle of the Nations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_(Rathausturm,_Neues_Rathaus)_18_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Federal Administrative Court of Germany"><img alt="Federal Administrative Court of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_18_ies.jpg/120px-Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_18_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_18_ies.jpg/180px-Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_18_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_18_ies.jpg/240px-Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_18_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Administrative Court of Germany">Federal Administrative Court of Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_jpg8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New city hall"><img alt="New city hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_jpg8.jpg/120px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_jpg8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_jpg8.jpg/250px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_jpg8.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="2411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New city hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old city hall at market square"><img alt="Old city hall at market square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%285%29.jpg/120px-Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%285%29.jpg/250px-Old_city_hall_of_Leipzig_%285%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5317" data-file-height="3538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old city hall at market square</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbowflash_2013_Leipzig_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City-Hochhaus"><img alt="City-Hochhaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rainbowflash_2013_Leipzig_%284%29.jpg/120px-Rainbowflash_2013_Leipzig_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rainbowflash_2013_Leipzig_%284%29.jpg/250px-Rainbowflash_2013_Leipzig_%284%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City-Hochhaus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni_Leipzig_Paulinum_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_216-cvh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Augusteum of the University of Leipzig"><img alt="New Augusteum of the University of Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Uni_Leipzig_Paulinum_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_216-cvh.jpg/120px-Uni_Leipzig_Paulinum_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_216-cvh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Uni_Leipzig_Paulinum_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_216-cvh.jpg/250px-Uni_Leipzig_Paulinum_Universit%C3%A4tskirche_St._Pauli_216-cvh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Augusteum of the University of Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Messe_Pano_DRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig Trade Fair"><img alt="Leipzig Trade Fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Messe_Pano_DRI.jpg/120px-Messe_Pano_DRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Messe_Pano_DRI.jpg/250px-Messe_Pano_DRI.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig Trade Fair</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig main station"><img alt="Leipzig main station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/120px-Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/250px-Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4546" data-file-height="2206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig main station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schilder_an_Auerbachs_Keller_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auerbachs Keller in the Mädlerpassage"><img alt="Auerbachs Keller in the Mädlerpassage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schilder_an_Auerbachs_Keller_2013.jpg/120px-Schilder_an_Auerbachs_Keller_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schilder_an_Auerbachs_Keller_2013.jpg/250px-Schilder_an_Auerbachs_Keller_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Auerbachs Keller</i> in the Mädlerpassage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ehemaliges_Messehaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riquethaus (former Tradehouse)"><img alt="Riquethaus (former Tradehouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ehemaliges_Messehaus.jpg/120px-Ehemaliges_Messehaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ehemaliges_Messehaus.jpg/250px-Ehemaliges_Messehaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Riquethaus (former Tradehouse)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goethe_Statue_Naschmarkt_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Leipzig bourse"><img alt="Old Leipzig bourse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Goethe_Statue_Naschmarkt_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Goethe_Statue_Naschmarkt_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Goethe_Statue_Naschmarkt_Leipzig.jpg/250px-Goethe_Statue_Naschmarkt_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Leipzig bourse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suedfriedhof_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Südfriedhof"><img alt="Südfriedhof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suedfriedhof_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Suedfriedhof_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suedfriedhof_Leipzig.jpg/250px-Suedfriedhof_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4194" data-file-height="2790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Südfriedhof</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BibLeipzigaussen.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="German National Library"><img alt="German National Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BibLeipzigaussen.JPG/120px-BibLeipzigaussen.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BibLeipzigaussen.JPG/180px-BibLeipzigaussen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BibLeipzigaussen.JPG/240px-BibLeipzigaussen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German National Library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City-Tunnel_Leipzig_-_Station_Bayerischer_Bahnhof_01_(Zugang_1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof"><img alt="Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/City-Tunnel_Leipzig_-_Station_Bayerischer_Bahnhof_01_%28Zugang_1%29.JPG/120px-City-Tunnel_Leipzig_-_Station_Bayerischer_Bahnhof_01_%28Zugang_1%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/City-Tunnel_Leipzig_-_Station_Bayerischer_Bahnhof_01_%28Zugang_1%29.JPG/180px-City-Tunnel_Leipzig_-_Station_Bayerischer_Bahnhof_01_%28Zugang_1%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/City-Tunnel_Leipzig_-_Station_Bayerischer_Bahnhof_01_%28Zugang_1%29.JPG/240px-City-Tunnel_Leipzig_-_Station_Bayerischer_Bahnhof_01_%28Zugang_1%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Gohliser_Schloesschen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gohlis Palace (Gohliser Schlösschen)"><img alt="Gohlis Palace (Gohliser Schlösschen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leipzig_Gohliser_Schloesschen.jpg/120px-Leipzig_Gohliser_Schloesschen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leipzig_Gohliser_Schloesschen.jpg/180px-Leipzig_Gohliser_Schloesschen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leipzig_Gohliser_Schloesschen.jpg/240px-Leipzig_Gohliser_Schloesschen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6804" data-file-height="3758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gohlis_Palace" title="Gohlis Palace">Gohlis Palace</a> (Gohliser Schlösschen)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_Memorial_(Leipzig)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig Synagogue Memorial"><img alt="Leipzig Synagogue Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Synagogue_Memorial_%28Leipzig%29_%283%29.jpg/120px-Synagogue_Memorial_%28Leipzig%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Synagogue_Memorial_%28Leipzig%29_%283%29.jpg/250px-Synagogue_Memorial_%28Leipzig%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig Synagogue Memorial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yadegar_Asisi_Panorama_EVEREST.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Everest' at Leipzig Panometer"><img alt="'Everest' at Leipzig Panometer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yadegar_Asisi_Panorama_EVEREST.jpg/120px-Yadegar_Asisi_Panorama_EVEREST.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yadegar_Asisi_Panorama_EVEREST.jpg/180px-Yadegar_Asisi_Panorama_EVEREST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yadegar_Asisi_Panorama_EVEREST.jpg/240px-Yadegar_Asisi_Panorama_EVEREST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Everest' at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Panometer" title="Leipzig Panometer">Leipzig Panometer</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas's Church</a> (Thomaskirche): most famous as the place where <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> worked as a <a href="/wiki/Cantor_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor (church)">cantor</a> and home to the renowned boys choir <i><a href="/wiki/Thomanerchor" title="Thomanerchor">Thomanerchor</a></i>. A monument to <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> stands in front of this church. Destroyed by the Nazis in 1936, the statue was re-erected on 18 October 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig">St. Nicholas's Church</a> (Nikolaikirche), for which Bach was also responsible. The weekly <i>Montagsgebet</i> (Monday prayer) held here became the starting point of peaceful <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday demonstrations</a> against the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">DDR</a> regime in the 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter,_Leipzig" title="St. Peter, Leipzig">St. Peter's</a> has the highest tower of any church in Leipzig, at 87 m (285 ft).</li> <li>The new <a href="/wiki/Propsteikirche,_Leipzig" title="Propsteikirche, Leipzig">Propsteikirche</a>, opened in 2015.</li> <li>The Continental Reformed Church of Leipzig (<i>Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche</i>) is one of the most prominent buildings on the Leipzig Innercity ring.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Memorial_Church_of_Saint_Alexius_(Leipzig)" title="Russian Memorial Church of Saint Alexius (Leipzig)">Russian Memorial Church of Leipzig</a></li> <li>St. Michael's Church is one of the landmarks of Gohlis district.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaikirche_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Nicholas Church"><img alt="St. Nicholas Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nicolaikirche_Leipzig.jpg/80px-Nicolaikirche_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nicolaikirche_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Nicolaikirche_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nicolaikirche_Leipzig.jpg/160px-Nicolaikirche_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Nicholas Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Thomas_church_in_Leipzig_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Thomas Church"><img alt="St. Thomas Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saint_Thomas_church_in_Leipzig_%2818%29.jpg/76px-Saint_Thomas_church_in_Leipzig_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saint_Thomas_church_in_Leipzig_%2818%29.jpg/114px-Saint_Thomas_church_in_Leipzig_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Saint_Thomas_church_in_Leipzig_%2818%29.jpg/151px-Saint_Thomas_church_in_Leipzig_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2979" data-file-height="4715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Thomas Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterskirche_Leipzig_easyHDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter's Church"><img alt="St. Peter's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Peterskirche_Leipzig_easyHDR.jpg/120px-Peterskirche_Leipzig_easyHDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Peterskirche_Leipzig_easyHDR.jpg/250px-Peterskirche_Leipzig_easyHDR.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Peter's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neue_Propsteikirche_St._Trinitatis_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Propsteikirche in May 2015; New Town Hall in the background"><img alt="Propsteikirche in May 2015; New Town Hall in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Neue_Propsteikirche_St._Trinitatis_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Neue_Propsteikirche_St._Trinitatis_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Neue_Propsteikirche_St._Trinitatis_Leipzig.jpg/180px-Neue_Propsteikirche_St._Trinitatis_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Neue_Propsteikirche_St._Trinitatis_Leipzig.jpg/240px-Neue_Propsteikirche_St._Trinitatis_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Propsteikirche,_Leipzig" title="Propsteikirche, Leipzig">Propsteikirche</a> in May 2015; New Town Hall in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangel.-Reform._Kirche_(3668182160).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Continental Reformed church of Leipzig"><img alt="Continental Reformed church of Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evangel.-Reform._Kirche_%283668182160%29.jpg/120px-Evangel.-Reform._Kirche_%283668182160%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evangel.-Reform._Kirche_%283668182160%29.jpg/180px-Evangel.-Reform._Kirche_%283668182160%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evangel.-Reform._Kirche_%283668182160%29.jpg/240px-Evangel.-Reform._Kirche_%283668182160%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Continental Reformed church of Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Russische_Gedaechtniskirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Church of Leipzig"><img alt="Russian Church of Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leipzig_Russische_Gedaechtniskirche.jpg/90px-Leipzig_Russische_Gedaechtniskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leipzig_Russische_Gedaechtniskirche.jpg/135px-Leipzig_Russische_Gedaechtniskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leipzig_Russische_Gedaechtniskirche.jpg/180px-Leipzig_Russische_Gedaechtniskirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian Church of Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michaelis-SWL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Michael's Church with the headquarters of Stadtwerke Leipzig to the right"><img alt="St. Michael's Church with the headquarters of Stadtwerke Leipzig to the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Michaelis-SWL.jpg/120px-Michaelis-SWL.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Michaelis-SWL.jpg/250px-Michaelis-SWL.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Michael's Church with the headquarters of <i>Stadtwerke Leipzig</i> to the right</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_lakes">Parks and lakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Parks and lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leipzig is well known for its large parks. The <i>Leipziger Auwald</i> (<a href="/wiki/Riparian_forest" title="Riparian forest">riparian forest</a>) lies mostly within the city limits. <a href="/wiki/Neuseenland" title="Neuseenland">Neuseenland</a> is an area south of Leipzig where old open-cast mines are being converted into a huge lake district. It is planned to be finished in 2060. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Botanical_Garden" title="Leipzig Botanical Garden">Leipzig Botanical Garden</a> is the oldest of its kind in Germany. It contains a total of some 7,000 plant species, of which nearly 3,000 species comprise ten special collections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannapark" title="Johannapark">Johannapark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clara-Zetkin-Park_(Leipzig)" title="Clara-Zetkin-Park (Leipzig)">Clara-Zetkin-Park</a> are the most prominent parks in the Leipzig city centre (<a href="/wiki/Leipzig-Mitte" title="Leipzig-Mitte">Leipzig-Mitte</a>).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Riverside_Forest" title="Leipzig Riverside Forest">Leipziger Auwald</a></i> covers a total area of approx. 2,500 hectares. The Rosental is a park in the north of the forest and borders Leipzig Zoo.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Wildlife_Park" title="Leipzig Wildlife Park">Leipzig Wildlife Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Connewitz" title="Connewitz">Connewitz</a>, showing 25 species.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SDC11449_-_Epipedobates_anthonyi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside Leipzig Botanical Garden"><img alt="Inside Leipzig Botanical Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SDC11449_-_Epipedobates_anthonyi.JPG/120px-SDC11449_-_Epipedobates_anthonyi.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SDC11449_-_Epipedobates_anthonyi.JPG/180px-SDC11449_-_Epipedobates_anthonyi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SDC11449_-_Epipedobates_anthonyi.JPG/240px-SDC11449_-_Epipedobates_anthonyi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside Leipzig Botanical Garden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannapark_Leipzig.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannapark"><img alt="Johannapark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Johannapark_Leipzig.JPG/120px-Johannapark_Leipzig.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Johannapark_Leipzig.JPG/180px-Johannapark_Leipzig.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Johannapark_Leipzig.JPG/240px-Johannapark_Leipzig.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Johannapark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipziger_Auenwald_April_2014_005.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipziger Auwald"><img alt="Leipziger Auwald" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leipziger_Auenwald_April_2014_005.JPG/120px-Leipziger_Auenwald_April_2014_005.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leipziger_Auenwald_April_2014_005.JPG/180px-Leipziger_Auenwald_April_2014_005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leipziger_Auenwald_April_2014_005.JPG/240px-Leipziger_Auenwald_April_2014_005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Leipziger Auwald</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonnenaufgang_Rosental_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rosental in the morning"><img alt="Rosental in the morning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sonnenaufgang_Rosental_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Sonnenaufgang_Rosental_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sonnenaufgang_Rosental_Leipzig.jpg/250px-Sonnenaufgang_Rosental_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rosental" title="Rosental">Rosental</a> in the morning</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Friedenspark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedenspark"><img alt="Friedenspark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Leipzig_Friedenspark.jpg/120px-Leipzig_Friedenspark.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Leipzig_Friedenspark.jpg/250px-Leipzig_Friedenspark.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Friedenspark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Markkleeberger_See_Strand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Markkleeberger See"><img alt="Markkleeberger See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Markkleeberger_See_Strand.jpg/120px-Markkleeberger_See_Strand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Markkleeberger_See_Strand.jpg/180px-Markkleeberger_See_Strand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Markkleeberger_See_Strand.jpg/240px-Markkleeberger_See_Strand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="1437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Markkleeberger_See" title="Markkleeberger See">Markkleeberger See</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cospudener_See_(1)_2005-09-09.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cospudener See"><img alt="Cospudener See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cospudener_See_%281%29_2005-09-09.JPG/120px-Cospudener_See_%281%29_2005-09-09.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cospudener_See_%281%29_2005-09-09.JPG/180px-Cospudener_See_%281%29_2005-09-09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cospudener_See_%281%29_2005-09-09.JPG/240px-Cospudener_See_%281%29_2005-09-09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cospudener_See" title="Cospudener See">Cospudener See</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baroque_to_Modern">Baroque to Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Baroque to Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> spent the longest phase of his career in Leipzig, from 1723 until his death in 1750, conducting the <a href="/wiki/Thomanerchor" title="Thomanerchor">Thomanerchor</a> (St. Thomas Church Choir), at the <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig">St. Nicholas Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paulinerkirche,_Leipzig" title="Paulinerkirche, Leipzig">Paulinerkirche</a>, the university church of Leipzig (destroyed in 1968). The composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> was born in Leipzig in 1813, in the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Leipzig)" title="Brühl (Leipzig)">Brühl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> was also active in Leipzig music, having been invited by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> when the latter established Germany's first musical <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire">conservatoire</a> in the city in 1843. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> was second conductor (working under <a href="/wiki/Artur_Nikisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Nikisch">Artur Nikisch</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Oper_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Oper Leipzig">Leipzig Opera</a> from June 1886 until May 1888, and achieved his first significant recognition while there by completing and publishing <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Die_Drei_Pintos" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Drei Pintos">Die Drei Pintos</a>. Mahler also completed his own <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)">1st Symphony</a> while living in Leipzig. </p><p>Today the conservatory is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig" title="University of Music and Theatre Leipzig">University of Music and Theatre Leipzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A broad range of subjects are taught, including artistic and teacher training in all orchestral instruments, voice, interpretation, coaching, piano <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, orchestral conducting, choir conducting and <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> in various musical styles. The drama departments teach acting and <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">scriptwriting</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bach-Archiv_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach-Archiv Leipzig">Bach-Archiv Leipzig</a>, an institution for the documentation and research of the life and work of Bach (and also of the <a href="/wiki/Bach_family" title="Bach family">Bach family</a>), was founded in Leipzig in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Neumann" title="Werner Neumann">Werner Neumann</a>. The Bach-Archiv organizes the prestigious <a href="/wiki/International_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Competition" title="International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition">International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition</a>, initiated in 1950 as part of a music festival marking the bicentennial of Bach's death. The competition is now held every two years in three changing categories. The Bach-Archiv also organizes performances, especially the international festival <a href="/wiki/Bachfest_Leipzig" title="Bachfest Leipzig">Bachfest Leipzig</a> and runs the Bach-Museum. </p><p>The city's musical tradition is also reflected in the worldwide fame of the <a href="/wiki/Gewandhausorchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewandhausorchester">Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra</a>, under its chief conductor <a href="/wiki/Andris_Nelsons" title="Andris Nelsons">Andris Nelsons</a>, and the Thomanerchor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/MDR_Leipzig_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra">MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra</a> is Leipzig's second largest symphony orchestra. Its current chief conductor is <a href="/wiki/Kristjan_J%C3%A4rvi" title="Kristjan Järvi">Kristjan Järvi</a>. Both the Gewandhausorchester and the MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra make use of in the <a href="/wiki/Gewandhaus" title="Gewandhaus">Gewandhaus</a> concert hall. </p><p>For over sixty years Leipzig has been offering a "school concert"<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> programme for children in Germany, with over 140 concerts every year in venues such as the Gewandhaus and over 40,000 children attending. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leipzig is known for its independent music scene and subcultural events. Leipzig has for thirty years been home to the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a></span></span> (WGT), which is currently the world's largest Gothic festival, where thousands of fans of <a href="/wiki/Goth_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Goth music">goth music</a> gather in the early summer. The first Wave Gotik Treffen was held at the Eiskeller club, today known as <a href="/wiki/Conne_Island" title="Conne Island">Conne Island</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Connewitz" title="Connewitz">Connewitz</a> district. <a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(band)" title="Mayhem (band)">Mayhem</a>'s notorious album <a href="/wiki/Live_in_Leipzig" title="Live in Leipzig">Live in Leipzig</a> was also recorded at the Eiskeller club. </p><p>Leipzig Pop Up was an annual music trade fair for the independent music scene as well as a music festival taking place on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its most famous indie-labels are Moon Harbour Recordings (House) and Kann Records (House/Techno/Psychedelic). Several venues offer live music frequently, including the <a href="/wiki/Moritzbastei" title="Moritzbastei">Moritzbastei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonelli's, and Noch Besser Leben. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Prinzen" title="Die Prinzen">Die Prinzen</a></i> ("The Princes") is a German band founded in Leipzig. With almost six million records sold, they are one of the most successful German bands. </p><p>The cover photo for the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_(band)" title="Beirut (band)">Beirut</a> band's 2005 album <a href="/wiki/Gulag_Orkestar" title="Gulag Orkestar">Gulag Orkestar</a>, according to the sleeve notes, was stolen from a Leipzig library by Zach Condon. </p><p>The city of Leipzig is also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Till_Lindemann" title="Till Lindemann">Till Lindemann</a>, best known as the lead vocalist of <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, a band formed in 1994. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opernhaus_Leipzig_Abend_Nacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig Opera"><img alt="Leipzig Opera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Opernhaus_Leipzig_Abend_Nacht.jpg/120px-Opernhaus_Leipzig_Abend_Nacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Opernhaus_Leipzig_Abend_Nacht.jpg/180px-Opernhaus_Leipzig_Abend_Nacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Opernhaus_Leipzig_Abend_Nacht.jpg/240px-Opernhaus_Leipzig_Abend_Nacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Opera" title="Leipzig Opera">Leipzig Opera</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AUGUSTUSPLATZ-014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View over Augustusplatz with the Gewandhaus"><img alt="View over Augustusplatz with the Gewandhaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AUGUSTUSPLATZ-014.jpg/120px-AUGUSTUSPLATZ-014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AUGUSTUSPLATZ-014.jpg/250px-AUGUSTUSPLATZ-014.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="1942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View over <a href="/wiki/Augustusplatz" title="Augustusplatz">Augustusplatz</a> with the Gewandhaus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Moritzbastei_05_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moritzbastei is the largest student club in Germany and is famous for its atmosphere and large number of cultural and music events."><img alt="Moritzbastei is the largest student club in Germany and is famous for its atmosphere and large number of cultural and music events." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Moritzbastei_05_ies.jpg/120px-Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Moritzbastei_05_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Moritzbastei_05_ies.jpg/180px-Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Moritzbastei_05_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Moritzbastei_05_ies.jpg/240px-Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Moritzbastei_05_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moritzbastei" title="Moritzbastei">Moritzbastei</a> is the largest student club in Germany and is famous for its atmosphere and large number of cultural and music events.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Denkmal_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument of Johann Sebastian Bach"><img alt="Monument of Johann Sebastian Bach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Denkmal_Leipzig.jpg/102px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Denkmal_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Denkmal_Leipzig.jpg/153px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Denkmal_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Denkmal_Leipzig.jpg/204px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach_Denkmal_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2594" data-file-height="3046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wahren3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haus Auensee, a concert hall"><img alt="Haus Auensee, a concert hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wahren3.jpg/120px-Wahren3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wahren3.jpg/180px-Wahren3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wahren3.jpg/240px-Wahren3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Haus_Auensee" title="Haus Auensee">Haus Auensee</a>, a concert hall</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_events">Annual events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Annual events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Auto Mobil International (AMI) <a href="/wiki/Motor_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor show">motor show</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>AMITEC, trade fair for vehicle maintenance, care, servicing and repairs in Germany and Central Europe<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></i>: vocal music festival, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Amarcord_(ensemble)" title="Amarcord (ensemble)">ensemble amarcord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bachfest_Leipzig" title="Bachfest Leipzig">Bachfest</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Christmas_Market" title="Leipzig Christmas Market">Leipzig Christmas Market</a> (since 1458)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dok_Leipzig" title="Dok Leipzig">Dok Leipzig</a></i>: international festival for documentary and animated film</li> <li>Jazztage,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contemporary jazz festival</li> <li>Ladyfest Leipzig<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (August) <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emancipatoric" class="extiw" title="wikt:emancipatoric">Emancipatoric</a>, feminist punk and electro festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair" title="Leipzig Book Fair">Leipzig Book Fair</a>: the second largest German book fair after Frankfurt</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lichtfest_Leipzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lichtfest Leipzig (page does not exist)">Lichtfest Leipzig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtfest_Leipzig" class="extiw" title="de:Lichtfest Leipzig">de</a>]</span>, festival celebrating the demonstrations leading up to the collapse of the East German regime</li> <li>OPER unplugged with Music Dance Theatre by <a href="/wiki/Heike_Hennig" title="Heike Hennig">Heike Hennig</a> & Co<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Stadtfest</i>: city festival</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a></i></span> at <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>: world's largest goth or "dark culture" festival</li> <li>Leipzig Pop Up<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_Communication_Congress" title="Chaos Communication Congress">Chaos Communication Congress</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Messe_Kongresszentrum_Glashalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig Trade Fair"><img alt="Leipzig Trade Fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leipzig_Messe_Kongresszentrum_Glashalle.jpg/120px-Leipzig_Messe_Kongresszentrum_Glashalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leipzig_Messe_Kongresszentrum_Glashalle.jpg/250px-Leipzig_Messe_Kongresszentrum_Glashalle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig Trade Fair</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipziger_Buchmesse_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig Book Fair 2015"><img alt="Leipzig Book Fair 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leipziger_Buchmesse_2015.jpg/120px-Leipziger_Buchmesse_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leipziger_Buchmesse_2015.jpg/180px-Leipziger_Buchmesse_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leipziger_Buchmesse_2015.jpg/240px-Leipziger_Buchmesse_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig Book Fair 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_WGT_002_Belantis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2016; Belantis park in the background"><img alt="Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2016; Belantis park in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2016_WGT_002_Belantis.jpg/120px-2016_WGT_002_Belantis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2016_WGT_002_Belantis.jpg/250px-2016_WGT_002_Belantis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5311" data-file-height="3541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2016; <a href="/wiki/Belantis" title="Belantis">Belantis</a> park in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipziger_Weihnachtsmarkt_Eingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig Christmas market entrance"><img alt="Leipzig Christmas market entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Leipziger_Weihnachtsmarkt_Eingang.jpg/120px-Leipziger_Weihnachtsmarkt_Eingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Leipziger_Weihnachtsmarkt_Eingang.jpg/250px-Leipziger_Weihnachtsmarkt_Eingang.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig Christmas market entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dokwoche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DOK Leipzig"><img alt="DOK Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dokwoche.jpg/120px-Dokwoche.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dokwoche.jpg/250px-Dokwoche.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">DOK Leipzig</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Food and drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An all-season local dish is <a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Allerlei" title="Leipziger Allerlei">Leipziger Allerlei</a>, a stew consisting of seasonal vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Lerche" title="Leipziger Lerche">Leipziger Lerche</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Shortcrust_pastry" title="Shortcrust pastry">shortcrust pastry</a> dish filled with crushed almonds, nuts and strawberry jam; the name ("Leipzig lark") comes from a lark pâté which was a Leipzig speciality until the banning of songbird hunting in Saxony in 1876.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gose" title="Gose">Gose</a> is a locally brewed top-fermenting <a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">sour beer</a> that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a> region and became popular in 18th-century Leipzig.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipziger_Lerchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipziger Lerchen"><img alt="Leipziger Lerchen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leipziger_Lerchen.jpg/113px-Leipziger_Lerchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leipziger_Lerchen.jpg/169px-Leipziger_Lerchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Leipziger_Lerchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipziger Lerchen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goseflasche_Pressglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical Gose bottle (c. 1900)"><img alt="Historical Gose bottle (c. 1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Goseflasche_Pressglas.jpg/120px-Goseflasche_Pressglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Goseflasche_Pressglas.jpg/250px-Goseflasche_Pressglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical Gose bottle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are more than 300 sport clubs in the city, representing 78 different disciplines. Over 400 athletic facilities are available to citizens and club members.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leipzig_stadium.jpg/220px-Leipzig_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leipzig_stadium.jpg/330px-Leipzig_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leipzig_stadium.jpg/440px-Leipzig_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4775" data-file-height="3576" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(Leipzig)" title="Red Bull Arena (Leipzig)">Red Bull Arena</a> from above. Home of RB Leipzig.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrunoPlacheStadion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BrunoPlacheStadion.JPG/250px-BrunoPlacheStadion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BrunoPlacheStadion.JPG/330px-BrunoPlacheStadion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BrunoPlacheStadion.JPG/500px-BrunoPlacheStadion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruno-Plache-Stadion" title="Bruno-Plache-Stadion">Bruno-Plache-Stadion</a> is the home stadion of <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig" title="1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig">1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Football_Association" title="German Football Association">German Football Association</a> (DFB) was founded in Leipzig in 1900. The city was the venue for the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a> draw, and hosted four first-round matches and one match in the round of 16 in the <a href="/wiki/Zentralstadion_(Leipzig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralstadion (Leipzig)">central stadium</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/VfB_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="VfB Leipzig">VfB Leipzig</a> won the first national Association football championship in 1903. The club was dissolved in 1946 and the remains reformed as SG Probstheida. The club was eventually reorganized as football club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in 1966. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig has had a glorious past in international competition as well, having been champions of the <a href="/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Intertoto_Cup" title="1965–66 Intertoto Cup">1965–66 Intertoto Cup</a>, semi-finalists in the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_UEFA_Cup" title="1973–74 UEFA Cup">1973–74 UEFA Cup</a>, and runners-up in the <a href="/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup">1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a> took over a local 5th division football club <a href="/wiki/SSV_Markranst%C3%A4dt" title="SSV Markranstädt">SSV Markranstädt</a> in May 2009, having previously been denied the right to buy into <a href="/wiki/FC_Sachsen_Leipzig" title="FC Sachsen Leipzig">FC Sachsen Leipzig</a> in 2006. The club was renamed <a href="/wiki/RB_Leipzig" title="RB Leipzig">RB Leipzig</a> and came up through the ranks of German football, winning promotion to the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>, the highest division of German football in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club finished runners-up in its first-ever Bundesliga season and made its debut in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> in 2017 and the Semi-Final in 2020. </p><p>RB Leipzig won the <a href="/wiki/DFB-Pokal" title="DFB-Pokal">DFB-Pokal</a> football cup twice, in 2022 and 2023. </p><p>List of Leipzig men and women's football clubs playing at state level and above: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th class="unsortable">Club </th> <th>Founded </th> <th class="unsortable">League </th> <th>Level </th> <th class="unsortable">Home ground </th> <th>Capacity </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/RB_Leipzig" title="RB Leipzig">RB Leipzig</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a></td> <td>1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(Leipzig)" title="Red Bull Arena (Leipzig)">Red Bull Arena</a></td> <td>47,069 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/RB_Leipzig_affiliated_teams#Women's_football" title="RB Leipzig affiliated teams">RB Leipzig (women)</a></td> <td>2016<a href="#fn_1"><sup>1</sup></a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/2._Frauen-Bundesliga" title="2. Frauen-Bundesliga">2. Frauen-Bundesliga</a></td> <td>2</td> <td align="left">Sportanlage Gontardweg</td> <td>1,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig" title="1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig">1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig</a></td> <td>2003</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost" title="Regionalliga Nordost">Regionalliga Nordost</a></td> <td>4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bruno-Plache-Stadion" title="Bruno-Plache-Stadion">Bruno-Plache-Stadion</a></td> <td>7,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/BSG_Chemie_Leipzig_(1997)" title="BSG Chemie Leipzig (1997)">BSG Chemie Leipzig</a></td> <td>1997<a href="#fn_2"><sup>2</sup></a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Regionalliga_Nordost" title="Regionalliga Nordost">Regionalliga Nordost</a></td> <td>4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark" title="Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark">Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark</a></td> <td>4,999 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Inter_Leipzig" title="Inter Leipzig">FC International Leipzig</a></td> <td>2013</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga_S%C3%BCd" title="NOFV-Oberliga Süd">NOFV-Oberliga Süd</a></td> <td>5</td> <td align="left">Sportpark Tresenwald</td> <td>1,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Roter_Stern_Leipzig" title="Roter Stern Leipzig">Roter Stern Leipzig</a></td> <td>1999</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Landesklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesklasse">Landesklasse</a> Sachsen Nord</td> <td>7</td> <td align="left">Sportpark Dölitz</td> <td>1,200 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Note 1: The RB Leipzig women's football team was formed in 2016 and began play in the 2016–17 season.<br /> Note 2: The club began play in the 2008–09 season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ice hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> has gained popularity, and several local clubs established departments dedicated to that sport.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handball">Handball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Handball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SC_DHfK_Leipzig_Handball" title="SC DHfK Leipzig Handball">SC DHfK Leipzig</a> is the men's handball club in Leipzig and were six times (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965 and 1966) the champion of East Germany handball league and was winner of <a href="/wiki/EHF_Champions_League" title="EHF Champions League">EHF Champions League</a> in 1966. They finally promoted to <a href="/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga" title="Handball-Bundesliga">Handball-Bundesliga</a> as champions of <a href="/wiki/2._Handball-Bundesliga" title="2. Handball-Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga</a> in 2014–15 season. They play in the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Leipzig" title="Arena Leipzig">Arena Leipzig</a> which has a capacity of 6,327 spectators in <a href="/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga" title="Handball-Bundesliga">HBL</a> games but can take up to 7,532 spectators for handball in maximum capacity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Handball_Club_Leipzig" title="Handball Club Leipzig">Handball-Club Leipzig</a> is one of the most successful women's handball clubs in Germany, winning 21 domestic championships since 1953 and 2 <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_EHF_Champions_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's EHF Champions League">Champions League</a> titles. The team was however relegated to the third tier league in 2017 due to failing to achieve the economic standard demanded by the league licence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_football">American football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: American football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Kings" title="Leipzig Kings">Leipzig Kings</a> is an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team playing in the <a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">European League of Football</a> (ELF), which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kings will start playing games against teams from Germany, Spain and Poland in June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark" title="Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark">Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speedway">Speedway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Speedway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Motodrom_am_Cottaweg" title="Motodrom am Cottaweg">Motodrom am Cottaweg</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">motorcycle speedway</a> stadium on the west side of the Neue Luppe, located on the Cottaweg road.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venue is used by the speedway club called Motorsport Club Post Leipzig e.V.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held the <a href="/wiki/German_Individual_Speedway_Championship" title="German Individual Speedway Championship">East German Speedway Championship</a> in 1978 and a qualifying round of the <a href="/wiki/Speedway_World_Team_Cup" title="Speedway World Team Cup">Speedway World Team Cup</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Markkleeberger_See_Wildwasseranlage2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Markkleeberger_See_Wildwasseranlage2.jpg/250px-Markkleeberger_See_Wildwasseranlage2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Markkleeberger_See_Wildwasseranlage2.jpg/330px-Markkleeberger_See_Wildwasseranlage2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Markkleeberger_See_Wildwasseranlage2.jpg/500px-Markkleeberger_See_Wildwasseranlage2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The artificial whitewater course <a href="/wiki/Kanupark_Markkleeberg" title="Kanupark Markkleeberg">Kanupark Markkleeberg</a> at Markkleeberger See</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1950 to 1990 Leipzig was host of the Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur (DHfK, German College of Physical Culture), the national sports college of the GDR. </p><p>Leipzig also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a> World Cup in 2005 and hosts a number of international competitions in a variety of sports each year. </p><p>Leipzig made a bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>. The bid did not make the shortlist after the International Olympic Committee pared the bids down to 5. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Markkleeberger_See" title="Markkleeberger See">Markkleeberger See</a> is a new lake next to <a href="/wiki/Markkleeberg" title="Markkleeberg">Markkleeberg</a>, a suburb on the south side of Leipzig. A former <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">open-pit coal mine</a>, it was flooded in 1999 with groundwater and developed in 2006 as a tourist area. On its southeastern shore is Germany's only pump-powered <a href="/wiki/Artificial_whitewater" title="Artificial whitewater">artificial whitewater</a> slalom course, Markkleeberg Canoe Park (Kanupark Markkleeberg), a venue which rivals the <a href="/wiki/Eiskanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiskanal">Eiskanal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> for training and international canoe/kayak competition. </p><p>Leipzig Rugby Club competes in the German Rugby Bundesliga but finished at the bottom of their group in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig hosted the <a href="/wiki/2015_Men%27s_Indoor_Hockey_World_Cup" title="2015 Men's Indoor Hockey World Cup">Indoor Hockey World Cup</a> in 2015. All matches were played in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig Arena">Leipzig Arena</a>, with the Netherlands coming out victorious in both the men's and women's tournaments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg/220px-Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg/330px-Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg/440px-Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3745" /></a><figcaption>Campus of Leipzig University</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HGB-LichthofMontage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HGB-LichthofMontage.jpg/250px-HGB-LichthofMontage.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HGB-LichthofMontage.jpg/330px-HGB-LichthofMontage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Atrium of the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Grafik_und_Buchkunst_Leipzig" title="Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig">Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University">University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>, founded 1409, is one of Europe's oldest universities. <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher" title="Karl Bücher">Karl Bücher</a>, a German economist, founded the <i>Institut für Zeitungswissenschaften</i> (Institute for Newspaper Science) at the University of Leipzig in 1916. It was the first institute of its kind to be established in Europe, and it marks the commencement of academic study of media communication in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, a philosopher and mathematician, was born in Leipzig in 1646, and attended the university from 1661 to 1666. Nobel Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> worked at the university as a physics professor (from 1927 to 1942), as did Nobel Prize laureates <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a> (physics), <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> (chemistry) and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>). The 2022 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_and_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>, an honorary professor at the university. Other former university staff include mineralogist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Theodor_Fechner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Theodor Fechner">Gustav Theodor Fechner</a>, and founder of modern psychology, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a>. The university's notable former students include writers <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Johann Wolfgang Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, political activist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>, and composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, former German chancellor, studied physics at Leipzig University.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university has about 30,000 students. </p><p>A part of Leipzig University is the <a href="/wiki/German_Institute_for_Literature" title="German Institute for Literature">German Institute for Literature</a> which was founded in 1955 under the name "Johannes R. Becher-Institut". Many noted writers have graduated from this school, including <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Czechowski" title="Heinz Czechowski">Heinz Czechowski</a>, Kurt Drawert, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Endler" title="Adolf Endler">Adolf Endler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Giordano_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Giordano (writer)">Ralph Giordano</a>, Kerstin Hensel, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Kirsch (poet)">Sarah</a> and Rainer Kirsch, Angela Krauß, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Loest" title="Erich Loest">Erich Loest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Wander" title="Fred Wander">Fred Wander</a>. After its closure in 1990 the institute was refounded in 1995 with new teachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts_and_theatre">Visual arts and theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Visual arts and theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Academy of Visual Arts (<i><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Grafik_und_Buchkunst" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst">Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst</a></i>) was established in 1764. Its 600 students (as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) are enrolled in courses in painting and graphics, book design/graphic design, photography and media art. The school also houses an Institute for Theory. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig" title="University of Music and Theatre Leipzig">University of Music and Theatre</a> offers a broad range of subjects ranging from training in orchestral instruments, voice, interpretation, coaching, piano chamber music, orchestral conducting, choir conducting and musical composition to acting and scriptwriting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rat-des-Bezirkes-Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rat-des-Bezirkes-Leipzig.jpg/250px-Rat-des-Bezirkes-Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rat-des-Bezirkes-Leipzig.jpg/330px-Rat-des-Bezirkes-Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rat-des-Bezirkes-Leipzig.jpg/500px-Rat-des-Bezirkes-Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Main building of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Leipzig University of Applied Sciences">Leipzig University of Applied Sciences (HTWK)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Applied_Science">University of Applied Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: University of Applied Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University_of_Applied_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig University of Applied Science">Leipzig University of Applied Sciences</a> (HTWK)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has approximately 6,200 students (as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) and is (as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) the second biggest institution of higher education in Leipzig. It was founded in 1992, merging several older schools. As a university of applied sciences (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fachhochschule</i></span>) its status is slightly below that of a university, with more emphasis on the practical parts of education. The HTWK offers many engineering courses, as well as courses in computer science, mathematics, business administration, librarianship, museum studies, and social work. It is mainly located in the south of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leipzig_Graduate_School">Leipzig Graduate School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Leipzig Graduate School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The private <a href="/wiki/HHL_Leipzig_Graduate_School_of_Management" title="HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management">Leipzig Graduate School of Management</a>, (in German <i>Handelshochschule Leipzig (HHL)</i>), is the oldest business school in Germany. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, HHL is one of the best schools in the world, ranked at number six overall.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancaster_University_Leipzig">Lancaster University Leipzig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Lancaster University Leipzig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Branch campus of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, it is the first public UK university with a campus in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University_Leipzig" title="Lancaster University Leipzig">Lancaster University Leipzig</a> was founded in 2020 and currently has a diverse international student body with more than 45 nationalities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_institutes">Research institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Research institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LE_Max_Planck_MIS_MPI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/LE_Max_Planck_MIS_MPI.jpg/150px-LE_Max_Planck_MIS_MPI.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/LE_Max_Planck_MIS_MPI.jpg/225px-LE_Max_Planck_MIS_MPI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/LE_Max_Planck_MIS_MPI.jpg/300px-LE_Max_Planck_MIS_MPI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences</figcaption></figure> <p>Leipzig is currently the home of twelve research institutes and the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Mathematics_in_the_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a> institutes: Fraunhofer IZI and Fraunhofer IMW.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Centre_for_Environmental_Research" title="Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research">Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsches_Biomasseforschungszentrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum (page does not exist)">Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum – DBFZ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Biomasseforschungszentrum" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz_Association" title="Leibniz Association">Leibniz Association</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Troposph%C3%A4renforschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (page does not exist)">Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Troposph%C3%A4renforschung" class="extiw" title="de:Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Oberfl%C3%A4chenmodifizierung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (page does not exist)">Leibniz-Institute IOM</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Oberfl%C3%A4chenmodifizierung" class="extiw" title="de:Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_Institute_for_the_History_and_Culture_of_Eastern_Europe" title="Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe">Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_L%C3%A4nderkunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (page does not exist)">Leibniz-Institute IfL</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_L%C3%A4nderkunde" class="extiw" title="de:Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_j%C3%BCdische_Geschichte_und_Kultur_%E2%80%93_Simon_Dubnow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leibniz-Institut für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur – Simon Dubnow (page does not exist)">Leibniz-Institute for Jewish history and Culture – Simon Dubnow</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz-Institut_f%C3%BCr_j%C3%BCdische_Geschichte_und_Kultur_%E2%80%93_Simon_Dubnow" class="extiw" title="de:Leibniz-Institut für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur – Simon Dubnow">de</a>]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leipzig is home to one of the world's oldest schools, <i><a href="/wiki/Thomasschule_zu_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomasschule zu Leipzig">Thomasschule zu Leipzig</a></i> (St. Thomas' School, Leipzig), which gained fame for its long association with the <a href="/wiki/Bach_family" title="Bach family">Bach family</a> of musicians and composers. </p><p>The Lutheran Theological Seminary is a seminary of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_(Germany)" title="Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)">Evangelical Lutheran Free Church</a> in Leipzig.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seminary trains students to become pastors for the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church or for member church bodies of the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is a location for automobile manufacturing by <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> in large plants north of the city. In 2011 and 2012 <a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a> transferred the bulk of its European air operations from <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport">Leipzig/Halle Airport</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirow_Leipzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirow Leipzig (page does not exist)">Kirow Ardelt AG</a>, the world market leader in <a href="/wiki/Crane_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane (railroad)">breakdown cranes</a>, is based in Leipzig. The city also houses the <a href="/wiki/European_Energy_Exchange" title="European Energy Exchange">European Energy Exchange</a>, the leading energy exchange in Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/VNG_%E2%80%93_Verbundnetz_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="VNG – Verbundnetz Gas">VNG – Verbundnetz Gas</a> AG, one of Germany's large natural gas suppliers, is headquartered at Leipzig. In addition, inside its larger metropolitan area, Leipzig has developed an important petrochemical centre. </p><p>Some of the largest employers in the area (outside of manufacturing) include software companies such as <a href="/wiki/Spreadshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreadshirt">Spreadshirt</a> and the various schools and universities in and around the Leipzig/<a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a> region. The University of Leipzig attracts millions of <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a> of investment yearly and celebrated its 600th birthday in 2009. </p><p>Leipzig also benefits from world-leading medical research (Leipzig Heart Centre) and a growing biotechnology industry.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many bars, restaurants and stores in the downtown area are patronized by German and foreign tourists. Leipzig Main Train Station is the location of a shopping mall.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leipzig is one of Germany's most visited cities with over 3 million overnight stays in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Leipzig was included in the top 10 cities to visit by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-2010_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ranked 39th globally out of 289 cities for innovation in the 4th Innovation Cities Index published by Australian agency 2thinknow.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Leipzig have among the 30 largest German cities the third best prospects for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years Leipzig has often been nicknamed the "Boomtown of eastern Germany" or "Hypezig".<sup id="cite_ref-Handelsblatt-2013_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handelsblatt-2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it had the highest rate of population growth of any German city.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiemann-2014_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiemann-2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies with operations in or around Leipzig include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCthner" title="Blüthner">Blüthner</a>: piano-manufacturing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_Central_Building" title="BMW Central Building">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHL_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="DHL Express">DHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Electronics" title="Future Electronics">Future Electronics</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porsche_Diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porsche Diamond, the customer centre building of Porsche Leipzig"><img alt="Porsche Diamond, the customer centre building of Porsche Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Porsche_Diamond.jpg/120px-Porsche_Diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Porsche_Diamond.jpg/180px-Porsche_Diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Porsche_Diamond.jpg/240px-Porsche_Diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porsche Diamond, the customer centre building of Porsche Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BMW production facility in Leipzig"><img alt="BMW production facility in Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg/120px-BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg/180px-BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg/240px-BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">BMW production facility in Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon.de_Versandhaus_Leipzig.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amazon in Leipzig"><img alt="Amazon in Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amazon.de_Versandhaus_Leipzig.jpg/120px-Amazon.de_Versandhaus_Leipzig.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amazon.de_Versandhaus_Leipzig.jpg/180px-Amazon.de_Versandhaus_Leipzig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amazon.de_Versandhaus_Leipzig.jpg/240px-Amazon.de_Versandhaus_Leipzig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amazon in Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EAT_LEJ_Hangar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig is the hub of DHL."><img alt="Leipzig is the hub of DHL." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EAT_LEJ_Hangar.jpg/120px-EAT_LEJ_Hangar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EAT_LEJ_Hangar.jpg/250px-EAT_LEJ_Hangar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig is the hub of DHL.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lzg._L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Headquarters of the Sparkasse Leipzig bank"><img alt="Headquarters of the Sparkasse Leipzig bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lzg._L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_1.jpg/102px-Lzg._L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lzg._L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_1.jpg/152px-Lzg._L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lzg._L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_1.jpg/203px-Lzg._L%C3%B6hrs_Carr%C3%A9_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="3553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Headquarters of the Sparkasse Leipzig bank</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A4chsische_Aufbaubank_Leipzig_April_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig is the seat of the Development Bank of Saxony."><img alt="Leipzig is the seat of the Development Bank of Saxony." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/S%C3%A4chsische_Aufbaubank_Leipzig_April_2022.jpg/120px-S%C3%A4chsische_Aufbaubank_Leipzig_April_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/S%C3%A4chsische_Aufbaubank_Leipzig_April_2022.jpg/250px-S%C3%A4chsische_Aufbaubank_Leipzig_April_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leipzig is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Saxony" title="Development Bank of Saxony">Development Bank of Saxony</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Markkleeberger See"><img alt="Markkleeberger See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg/120px-Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg/250px-Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Markkleeberger_See" title="Markkleeberger See">Markkleeberger See</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl_20120928-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Höfe am Brühl shopping mall, situated on the former route of Via Regia, an ancient trade road"><img alt="Höfe am Brühl shopping mall, situated on the former route of Via Regia, an ancient trade road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl_20120928-3.jpg/120px-H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl_20120928-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl_20120928-3.jpg/180px-H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl_20120928-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl_20120928-3.jpg/240px-H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl_20120928-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="3153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fe_am_Br%C3%BChl" title="Höfe am Brühl">Höfe am Brühl</a> shopping mall, situated on the former route of <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a>, an ancient trade road</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-ecological_infrastructure">Socio-ecological infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Socio-ecological infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leipzig has a dense network of socio-ecological infrastructures. Worth mentioning in the food sector are the <i>Fairteiler</i> of <a href="/wiki/Foodsharing.de" title="Foodsharing.de">foodsharing</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the numerous <a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agricultures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the textile sector the <i>Umsonstladen</i> in Plagwitz,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the bicycle self-help workshops the <i>Radsfatz</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the computer sector the <a href="/wiki/Hackerspace" title="Hackerspace">Hackerspace</a> <i>Die Dezentrale</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the repair sector the <i>Café kaputt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg/250px-Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg/330px-Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg/500px-Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>MDR, one of Germany's public broadcasters</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a>, one of Germany's public broadcasters, has its headquarters and main television studios in the city. It provides programmes to various TV and radio networks and has its own symphony orchestra, choir and a ballet.</li> <li><i>Leipziger Volkszeitung</i> (<i>LVZ</i>) is the city's only daily newspaper. Founded in 1894, it has published under several different forms of government. The monthly magazine <i>Kreuzer</i> specializes in culture, festivities and the arts in Leipzig. Leipzig was also home to the world's first daily newspaper in modern times. The <i><a href="/wiki/Einkommende_Zeitungen" title="Einkommende Zeitungen">Einkommende Zeitungen</a></i> were first published in 1650.</li> <li>Leipzig has one daily or semi-daily English-language publication, <i>The Leipzig Glocal</i>. It is an online-based magazine and blog that caters to an international as well as local audience.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides publishing pages on jobs, doctors and movies available in English and other languages, the site's team of authors writes articles about lifestyle, arts & culture, politics, entertainment, Leipzig events, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Once known for its large number of publishing houses, Leipzig had been called <i>Buch-Stadt</i> (book city),<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most notable of them being branches of Brockhaus and <a href="/wiki/Insel_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Insel Verlag">Insel Verlag</a>. Few are left after the years of economic decline during the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>, during which time Frankfurt developed as a much more important publishing centre. <a href="/wiki/Reclam" title="Reclam">Reclam</a>, founded in 1828, was one of the large publishing houses to move away. Leipzig still has a book fair, but Frankfurt's is far bigger.</li> <li>The German Library (Deutsche Bücherei) in Leipzig is part of <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">Germany's National Library</a>. Its task is to collect a copy of every book published in German.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality_of_life">Quality of life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Quality of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_-_Thomasgasse_%2B_Thomaswiese_%2B_Thomaskirche_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Leipzig_-_Thomasgasse_%2B_Thomaswiese_%2B_Thomaskirche_01_ies.jpg/220px-Leipzig_-_Thomasgasse_%2B_Thomaswiese_%2B_Thomaskirche_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Leipzig_-_Thomasgasse_%2B_Thomaswiese_%2B_Thomaskirche_01_ies.jpg/330px-Leipzig_-_Thomasgasse_%2B_Thomaswiese_%2B_Thomaskirche_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Leipzig_-_Thomasgasse_%2B_Thomaswiese_%2B_Thomaskirche_01_ies.jpg/440px-Leipzig_-_Thomasgasse_%2B_Thomaswiese_%2B_Thomaskirche_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5538" data-file-height="3693" /></a><figcaption>Leipzig has the most attractive inner city of all large German cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2013, according to a study by <a href="/wiki/GfK" title="GfK">GfK</a>, Leipzig was ranked as the most livable city in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOCUS_Online-2013_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOCUS_Online-2013-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015/2016, Leipzig was named by the consumer portal verbraucherzentrale.de as the second-best city for students in Germany (after <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2017 study from the Institut für Handelsforschung Köln, the Leipzig inner city ranked first among all large cities in Germany due to its urban aesthetics, gastronomy, and shopping opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to HWWI/Berenberg-Städteranking, since 2018 it also has the second-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, second to Munich in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking by Zipjet, a London-based online laundry service, Leipzig was one of the least stressful cities in the World. It was ranked 25th out of 150 cities worldwide and above <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Frankfurt, and Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig was named European City of the Year at the 2019 Urbanism Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Leipzig is the most dynamic region in Germany. Within 15 years, the city climbed 230 places and occupied in 2019 rank 104 of all 401 German regions.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leipzig was listed as one of 52 places to go in 2020 by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and the highest-ranking German destination.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Hauptbahnhof" title="Leipzig Hauptbahnhof">Leipzig Hauptbahnhof</a> has been ranked the best railway station in Germany and the third-best in Europe in a consumer organisation poll, surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof" title="Zürich Hauptbahnhof">Zürich Hauptbahnhof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded at the crossing of <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Imperii" title="Via Imperii">Via Imperii</a>, Leipzig has been a major interchange of inter-European traffic and commerce since medieval times. After the <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">Reunification of Germany</a>, immense efforts to restore and expand the traffic network have been undertaken and left the city area with an excellent infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/250px-Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/330px-Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/500px-Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4546" data-file-height="2206" /></a><figcaption>Leipzig Hauptbahnhof is the main hub of the tram and railway network and the world's largest railway station by floor area.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipziger_Bahnhof_(228148125).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Leipziger_Bahnhof_%28228148125%29.jpeg/250px-Leipziger_Bahnhof_%28228148125%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Leipziger_Bahnhof_%28228148125%29.jpeg/330px-Leipziger_Bahnhof_%28228148125%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Leipziger_Bahnhof_%28228148125%29.jpeg/500px-Leipziger_Bahnhof_%28228148125%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Inside Leipzig Hauptbahnhof</figcaption></figure> <p>Opened in 1915, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Hauptbahnhof" title="Leipzig Hauptbahnhof">Leipzig Hauptbahnhof</a> (lit. <i>main station</i>) is the largest overhead railway station in Europe in terms of its built-up area. At the same time, it is an important supra-regional junction in the <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a> (ICE) and <a href="/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)" title="Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)">Intercity</a> network of the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a></span></span> as well as a connection point for <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> and regional traffic in the Halle/Leipzig area. </p><p>In Leipzig the Intercity Express routes (Hamburg–)Berlin–Leipzig–Nuremberg–Munich and Dresden–Leipzig–Erfurt–Frankfurt am Main–(Wiesbaden/Saarbrücken) intersect. Leipzig is also the starting point for the intercity lines Leipzig-Halle (Saale)–Magdeburg–Hannover–Dortmund–Köln and –Bremen–Oldenburg(–Norddeich Mole). Both lines complement each other at hourly intervals and also stop at Leipzig/Halle Airport. The only international connection is the daily EuroCity Leipzig-Prague. </p><p>Most major and medium-sized towns in Saxony and southern Saxony-Anhalt can be reached without changing trains. There are also direct connections via regional express lines to Falkenberg/Elster-Cottbus, Hoyerswerda and Dessau-Magdeburg as well as Chemnitz. Neighbouring Halle (Saale) can be reached via three S-Bahn lines, two of which run via Leipzig/Halle Airport. The surrounding area of Leipzig is served by numerous regional and S-Bahn lines. </p><p>The city's railway connections are currently being greatly improved by major construction projects, particularly within the framework of the German Unity transport projects. The line to Berlin has been extended and has been passable at 200 km/h (120 mph) since 2006. On 13 December 2015, the high-speed line from Leipzig to Erfurt, designed for 300 km/h (190 mph), was put into operation. Its continuation to Nuremberg followed in December 2017. This integration into the high-speed network considerably reduced the journey times of the ICE from Leipzig to Nuremberg, Munich and Frankfurt am Main. The Leipzig-Dresden railway line, which was the first German long-distance railway to go into operation in 1839, is also undergoing expansion for 200 km/h. The most important construction project in regional transport was the four-kilometer-long <a href="/wiki/City-Tunnel_(Leipzig)" class="mw-redirect" title="City-Tunnel (Leipzig)">city tunnel</a>, which went into operation in December 2013 as the main line of the <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland">S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland</a>. </p><p>There are freight stations in the districts of Wahren and Engelsdorf. In addition, a freight traffic centre has been set up near the Schkeuditzer Kreuz junction for goods handling between road and rail, as well as a freight station on the site of the DHL hub at Leipzig/Halle Airport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburban_trains">Suburban trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Suburban trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland">S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2,008,Station_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg/220px-S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg/330px-S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg/440px-S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A new train of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz_station" title="Leipzig Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz station">Leipzig Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz station</a>, August 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Leipzig is the core of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland line network. Together with the tram, six of the ten lines form the backbone of local public transport and an important link to the region and the neighbouring Halle. The main line of the S-Bahn consists of the underground S-Bahn stations Hauptbahnhof, Markt, Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz and <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Bahnhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayerischer Bahnhof">Bayerischer Bahnhof</a> leading through the City Tunnel as well as the above-ground station Leipzig MDR. There are a total of 30 S-Bahn stations in the Leipzig city area. Endpoints of the S-Bahn lines include Wurzen, Zwickau, Dessau, and Lutherstadt Wittenberg. Two lines run to Halle, one of them via Leipzig/Halle Airport. </p><p>With the timetable change in December 2004, the networks of Leipzig and Halle were combined to form the Leipzig-Halle S-Bahn. However, this network only served as a transitional solution and was replaced by the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland on 15 December 2013. At the same time, the main line tunnel, marketed as the Leipzig City Tunnel, went into operation. The tunnel, which is almost four kilometres long, crosses the entire city centre from the main railway station to the Bavarian railway station. The S-Bahn stations are up to 22 metres underground. This construction was the first to create a continuous north–south axis, which had not existed until now due to the north-facing terminus station. The connection to the south of the city and the federal state will thus be greatly improved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tramway_and_buses">Tramway and buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Tramway and buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig">Trams in Leipzig</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J39_342_Listplatz,_ET_1002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/J39_342_Listplatz%2C_ET_1002.jpg/220px-J39_342_Listplatz%2C_ET_1002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/J39_342_Listplatz%2C_ET_1002.jpg/330px-J39_342_Listplatz%2C_ET_1002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/J39_342_Listplatz%2C_ET_1002.jpg/440px-J39_342_Listplatz%2C_ET_1002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption>Tram at Friedrich-List-Platz</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe">Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe</a>, existing since 1 January 1917, operate a total of 15 tram lines and 47 bus lines in the city. </p><p>The total length of the tram network is 146 km (91 mi), making it the largest in Saxony ahead of <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe">Dresden</a> (134.4 km (83.5 mi)) and the second largest in Germany after <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Berlin" title="Trams in Berlin">Berlin</a> (196 km (122 mi)). </p><p>The longest line in the Leipzig network is line 11, which connects Schkeuditz with Markkleeberg over 22 kilometres and is the only tram line in Leipzig to run in three tariff zones of the Central German Transport Association. </p><p>Night bus lines N1 to N9 and the night tram N17 operate in the night traffic. On Saturdays, Sundays and holidays the tram line N10 and the bus line N60 also operate. The central transfer point between the bus and tram lines as well as to the S-Bahn is Leipzig Central Station. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycle">Bicycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bicycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most German cities, Leipzig has a traffic layout designed to be <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">bicycle-friendly</a>. There is an extensive cycle network. In most of the one-way central streets, cyclists are explicitly allowed to cycle both ways. A few cycle paths have been built or declared since 1990. According to the data from the 2021/22 <a href="/wiki/Traffic_count" title="Traffic count">traffic count</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Saxons%27_Bridge" title="The Saxons' Bridge">the Saxons' Bridge</a> has the highest traffic occupancy with over 15,000 cyclists per day in cycling in Leipzig.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2004 there is a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bicycle-sharing system</a>. Bikes can be borrowed and returned via smartphone app or by telephone. Since 2018, the system has enabled flexible borrowing and returning of bicycles in the inner city; in this zone, bicycles can be handed in and borrowed from almost any street corner. Outside these zones, there are stations where the bikes are waiting. The current locations of the bikes can be seen via the app. There are cooperation offers with the Leipzig public transport companies and car sharing in order to offer as complete a mobility chain as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Mitteldeutsche_Schleife.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karte_Mitteldeutsche_Schleife.png/250px-Karte_Mitteldeutsche_Schleife.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karte_Mitteldeutsche_Schleife.png/330px-Karte_Mitteldeutsche_Schleife.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Karte_Mitteldeutsche_Schleife.png/500px-Karte_Mitteldeutsche_Schleife.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1486" /></a><figcaption>Leipzig's road network</figcaption></figure> <p>Several federal motorways pass by Leipzig: the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_14" title="Bundesautobahn 14">A 14</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9" title="Bundesautobahn 9">A 9</a> in the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_38" title="Bundesautobahn 38">A 38</a> in the south. The three motorways form a triangular partial ring of the double ring Mitteldeutsche Schleife around Halle and Leipzig. To the south towards Chemnitz, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_72" title="Bundesautobahn 72">A 72</a> is also partly under construction. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">federal roads</a> <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2" title="Bundesstraße 2">B 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_6" title="Bundesstraße 6">B 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_87" title="Bundesstraße 87">B 87</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_181&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 181 (page does not exist)">B 181</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_184&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 184 (page does not exist)">B 184</a> lead through the city area. </p><p>The ring road (Innenstadtring), which corresponds to the course of the old city fortification, surrounds the city centre of Leipzig, which today is largely traffic-calmed. </p><p>Leipzig has a dense network of <a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">carsharing</a> stations. Additionally, since 2018 there is also a stationless car sharing system in Leipzig. Here the cars can be parked and booked anywhere in the inner city without having to define a specific car or period in advance. Finding and booking is done via a smartphone app. </p><p>Leipzig is one of the few cities in Germany with <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">vehicle for hire</a> services that can be booked via a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a>. In contrast to taxicab services, the start and destination must be defined beforehand and other passengers can be taken along at the same time if they share a route. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-distance_buses">Long-distance buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Long-distance buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Long-Distance_Bus_Terminal" title="Leipzig Long-Distance Bus Terminal">Leipzig Long-Distance Bus Terminal</a> opened a few steps outside of the Hauptbahnhof building on its east side.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to a large number of national lines, several international lines also serve Leipzig. The cities of Bregenz, Budapest, Milan, Prague, Sofia and Zurich, among others, can be reached without having to change trains. Around 30,000 journeys and 1.5 million passengers a year are expected at the new bus station. </p><p>Some lines also use Leipzig/Halle Airport, located at the A 9/A 14 motorway junction, and <a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Messe" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipziger Messe">Leipziger Messe</a> for a stop. Passengers can take the S-Bahn from there to the city centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg/220px-Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg/330px-Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg/440px-Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Leipzig/Halle Airport, hub of DHL</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport">Leipzig/Halle Airport</a> is the international commercial airport of the region. It is located at the Schkeuditzer Kreuz junction northwest of Leipzig, halfway between the two major cities. The easternmost section of the new Erfurt-Leipzig/Halle line under construction gave the airport a long-distance railway station, which was also integrated into the ICE network when the railway line was completed in 2015. </p><p>Passenger flights are operated to and from the major German hub airports, European metropolises and holiday destinations, especially to the Mediterranean region and North Africa. The airport is of international importance in the cargo sector. In Germany, it ranks second behind Frankfurt am Main, fifth in Europe and 26th worldwide (as of 2011). <a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a> uses the airport as its central European hub. It is also the home base of the freight airlines <a href="/wiki/Aerologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerologic">Aerologic</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Air_Transport_Leipzig" title="European Air Transport Leipzig">European Air Transport Leipzig</a>. </p><p>The former military airport near <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a>, Thuringia, called <a href="/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Altenburg_Airport" title="Leipzig–Altenburg Airport">Leipzig-Altenburg Airport</a>, about a half-hour drive from Leipzig, was served by <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> until 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg/250px-Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg/330px-Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg/500px-Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Boats at the <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">Elsterflutbett</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the first half of the 20th century, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Elster-Saale_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Elster-Saale canal">Elster-Saale canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">White Elster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> was started in Leipzig in order to connect to the network of waterways. The outbreak of the Second World War stopped most of the work, though some may have continued through the use of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindenauer_port&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindenauer port (page does not exist)">Lindenauer port</a> was almost completed but not yet connected to the Elster-Saale and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heine_Canal" title="Karl Heine Canal">Karl Heine Canal</a> respectively. The Leipzig rivers (White Elster, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Luppe" title="Neue Luppe">New Luppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plei%C3%9Fe" title="Pleiße">Pleiße</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parthe" title="Parthe">Parthe</a>) in the city have largely artificial river beds and are supplemented by some channels. These waterways are suitable only for small leisure boat traffic. </p><p>Through the renovation and reconstruction of existing <a href="/wiki/Mill_race" title="Mill race">mill races</a> and watercourses in the south of the city and flooded disused <a href="/wiki/Open_cast_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Open cast mines">open cast mines</a>, the city's navigable water network is being expanded. A link between Karl Heine Canal and the disused Lindenauer port was opened in 2015. Still more work was scheduled to complete the Elster-Saale canal. Such a move would allow small boats to reach the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> from Leipzig. The intended completion date has been postponed because of an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_NGT12-LEI_Waldplatz_defekt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tram of Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe"><img alt="Tram of Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leipzig_NGT12-LEI_Waldplatz_defekt.jpg/120px-Leipzig_NGT12-LEI_Waldplatz_defekt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leipzig_NGT12-LEI_Waldplatz_defekt.jpg/180px-Leipzig_NGT12-LEI_Waldplatz_defekt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leipzig_NGT12-LEI_Waldplatz_defekt.jpg/240px-Leipzig_NGT12-LEI_Waldplatz_defekt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tram of <a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe">Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Georg-Schumann-Strasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tramsystem at the Georg-Schumann-Straße"><img alt="Tramsystem at the Georg-Schumann-Straße" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leipzig_Georg-Schumann-Strasse.jpg/120px-Leipzig_Georg-Schumann-Strasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leipzig_Georg-Schumann-Strasse.jpg/180px-Leipzig_Georg-Schumann-Strasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leipzig_Georg-Schumann-Strasse.jpg/240px-Leipzig_Georg-Schumann-Strasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tramsystem at the Georg-Schumann-Straße</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-Bahnhof_Leipzig_Markt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig City Tunnel, part of Leipzig's new S-Bahn network"><img alt="Leipzig City Tunnel, part of Leipzig's new S-Bahn network" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/S-Bahnhof_Leipzig_Markt.jpg/120px-S-Bahnhof_Leipzig_Markt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/S-Bahnhof_Leipzig_Markt.jpg/250px-S-Bahnhof_Leipzig_Markt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_City_Tunnel" title="Leipzig City Tunnel">Leipzig City Tunnel</a>, part of Leipzig's new <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> network</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2,027,_Innenansicht_Sitze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the S-Bahn train"><img alt="Inside the S-Bahn train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C027%2C_Innenansicht_Sitze.jpg/120px-S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C027%2C_Innenansicht_Sitze.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C027%2C_Innenansicht_Sitze.jpg/180px-S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C027%2C_Innenansicht_Sitze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C027%2C_Innenansicht_Sitze.jpg/240px-S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C027%2C_Innenansicht_Sitze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the S-Bahn train</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations">Quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mein Leipzig lob' ich mir! Es ist ein klein Paris und bildet seine Leute.</i> ("I praise my Leipzig! It is a small Paris and educates its people.") – Frosch, a university student in Goethe's <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust, Part One</a></i> </p><p><i>Ich komme nach Leipzig, an den Ort, wo man die ganze Welt im Kleinen sehen kann.</i> ("I'm coming to Leipzig, to the place where one can see the whole world in miniature.") – <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a> </p><p><i>Extra Lipsiam vivere est miserrime vivere.</i> ("To live outside Leipzig is to live miserably.") – <a href="/wiki/Carpzov" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpzov">Benedikt Carpzov the Younger</a> </p><p><i>Das angenehme Pleis-Athen, Behält den Ruhm vor allen, Auch allen zu gefallen, Denn es ist wunderschön.</i> ("The pleasurable Pleiss-Athens, earns its fame above all, appealing to every one, too, for it is mightily beauteous.") – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sigismund_Scholze" title="Johann Sigismund Scholze">Johann Sigismund Scholze</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_at_2-37_Leipzig_Street,_Kiev,_Ukraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Plaque_at_2-37_Leipzig_Street%2C_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.jpg/250px-Plaque_at_2-37_Leipzig_Street%2C_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Plaque_at_2-37_Leipzig_Street%2C_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.jpg/330px-Plaque_at_2-37_Leipzig_Street%2C_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Plaque_at_2-37_Leipzig_Street%2C_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.jpg/500px-Plaque_at_2-37_Leipzig_Street%2C_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on Leipzig Street in Kyiv, one of Leipzig's twin towns</figcaption></figure> <p>Leipzig is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia (2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, United Kingdom (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy (1962, renewed in 1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, Czech Republic (1973, renewed in 1999)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Germany (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a>, Israel (2010)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam (2021)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, United States (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland (1973, renewed in 1995)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (1961, renewed in 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France (1981)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece (1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Travnik" title="Travnik">Travnik</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Krell_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nikolaus_Krell_001.jpg/140px-Nikolaus_Krell_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nikolaus_Krell_001.jpg/210px-Nikolaus_Krell_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nikolaus_Krell_001.jpg/280px-Nikolaus_Krell_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Nikolaus Krell</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_(ca._1695).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_%28ca._1695%29.jpg/250px-Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_%28ca._1695%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_%28ca._1695%29.jpg/330px-Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_%28ca._1695%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4486" data-file-height="5538" /></a><figcaption>Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1695</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KLiebknecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KLiebknecht.jpg/250px-KLiebknecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KLiebknecht.jpg/330px-KLiebknecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Karl Liebknecht, 1911</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Krell" title="Nikolaus Krell">Nikolaus Krell</a> (1551–1601), chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">elector of Saxony</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Biedermann" title="Friedrich Karl Biedermann">Friedrich Karl Biedermann</a> (1812–1901), professor, politician and publisher<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Otto-Peters" title="Louise Otto-Peters">Louise Otto-Peters</a> (1819–1895), suffragette, founded the German Women's Association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> (1840–1913), socialist politician, co-founder of Germany's SPD<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> (1871–1919), socialist, co-founded the Communist Party of Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Carl Friedrich Goerdeler</a> (1884–1945), mayor, a lead conservative resistance against Hitler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fr%C3%B6lich" title="Paul Frölich">Paul Frölich</a> (1884–1953), politician, KPD co-founder, biographer of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> (1893–1973), Communist politician, GDR Chairman of the Council of State, 1960–1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Fischer" title="Ruth Fischer">Ruth Fischer</a> (1895–1961), Communist politician and journalist, co-founder of the CPA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Renger" title="Annemarie Renger">Annemarie Renger</a> (1919–2008), politician, President of the Bundestag, 1972 to 1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Selbmann" title="Käte Selbmann">Käte Selbmann</a> (1906–1962), teacher and Communist politician<sup id="cite_ref-:0_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Moosdorf" title="Matthias Moosdorf">Matthias Moosdorf</a> (born 1965), politician and cellist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophers_and_theologians">Philosophers and theologians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Philosophers and theologians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> (1646–1716), philosopher, scientist, mathematician and diplomat<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Mayer_(theologian)" title="Johann Friedrich Mayer (theologian)">Johann Friedrich Mayer</a> (1650–1712), Lutheran theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Christian Thomasius</a> (1655–1728), jurist and philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Abraham_Teller" title="Wilhelm Abraham Teller">Wilhelm Abraham Teller</a> (1734–1804), Protestant theologian with a rational approach<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Franz Delitzsch</a> (1813–1890), Lutheran theologian and <a href="/wiki/Hebraist" title="Hebraist">Hebraist</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Daniel_Beck" title="Christian Daniel Beck">Christian Daniel Beck</a> (1757–1832), philologist, historian, theologian and antiquarian<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Benedikt_Winer" title="Georg Benedikt Winer">Georg Benedikt Winer</a> (1789–1858), Protestant theologian, known for linguistic studies of the New Testament<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hermann_Weisse" title="Christian Hermann Weisse">Christian Hermann Weisse</a> (1801–1866), Protestant theologian and philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_and_arts">Writing and arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Writing and arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/140px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/210px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/280px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Johann Sebastian Bach</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Schumann_(Pastell_1838).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Schumann_%28Pastell_1838%29.png/250px-Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Schumann_%28Pastell_1838%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Schumann_%28Pastell_1838%29.png/330px-Andreas_Staub_-_Clara_Schumann_%28Pastell_1838%29.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Clara Schumann, 1838</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riccardo_Chailly_(1986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Riccardo_Chailly_%281986%29.jpg/250px-Riccardo_Chailly_%281986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Riccardo_Chailly_%281986%29.jpg/330px-Riccardo_Chailly_%281986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1927" /></a><figcaption>Riccardo Chailly, 1986</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Albert_Fabricius" title="Johann Albert Fabricius">Johann Albert Fabricius</a> (1668–1736), classical scholar and bibliographer<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1685–1750), composer<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Donati" title="Johann Gottfried Donati">Johann Gottfried Donati</a> (1706–1782), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a> (1714–1788), Classical period musician and composer<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian Bach</a> (1735–1782), composer, youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Arnold_Brockhaus" title="Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus">Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus</a> (1772–1823), publisher. He originated the Brockhaus encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Jakob_Hermann" title="Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann">Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann</a> (1772–1848), classical scholar and philologist<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Dindorf" title="Karl Wilhelm Dindorf">Karl Wilhelm Dindorf</a> (1802–1883), classical scholar<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> (1809–1847), composer, pianist, organist and conductor<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> (1810–1856), composer and music critic<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekla_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Thekla Friedländer">Thekla Friedländer</a> (born 1849), soprano and social reformer<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderich_Benedix" title="Roderich Benedix">Roderich Benedix</a> (1811–1873), dramatist and librettist<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Bergk" title="Theodor Bergk">Theodor Bergk</a> (1812–1881), philologist, an authority on classical Greek poetry<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1813–1883), composer, theatre director and conductor<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a> (1819–1896), pianist and composer<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Johann_Lasch" title="Carl Johann Lasch">Carl Johann Lasch</a> (1822–1888), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Carl Reinecke</a> (1824–1910), composer, conductor and pianist<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirchner" title="Emma Kirchner">Emma Kirchner</a> (1830–1909) early German woman photographer who lived and worked in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pr%C3%BCfer" title="Arthur Prüfer">Arthur Prüfer</a> (1860–1944), musicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Max Beckmann</a> (1884–1950), expressionist painter, professor at art academies and schools</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Backhaus" title="Wilhelm Backhaus">Wilhelm Backhaus</a> (1884–1969), pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Alfred_Pabst" title="Karl Alfred Pabst">Karl Alfred Pabst</a> (1884–1971), painter, graphic artist and lithographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a> (1898–1962), composer of the national anthem of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">the GDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Apitz" title="Bruno Apitz">Bruno Apitz</a> (1900–1979), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Weber_(journalist)" title="Wolfgang Weber (journalist)">Wolfgang Weber</a> (1902–1985), photojournalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mayer" title="Hans Mayer">Hans Mayer</a> (1907–2001), literary scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a> (1927–2015), conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blomstedt" title="Herbert Blomstedt">Herbert Blomstedt</a> (born 1927), conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_T%C3%BCbke" title="Werner Tübke">Werner Tübke</a> (1929–2004), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Schulze" title="Hans-Joachim Schulze">Hans-Joachim Schulze</a> (born 1934), Bach scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a> (born 1953), conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Rauch" title="Neo Rauch">Neo Rauch</a> (born 1960), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_Lindemann" title="Till Lindemann">Till Lindemann</a> (born 1963), vocalist, lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Thomalla" title="Simone Thomalla">Simone Thomalla</a> (born 1965), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Weischer" title="Matthias Weischer">Matthias Weischer</a> (born 1973), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lenz" title="Oskar Lenz">Oskar Lenz</a> (1848–1925), explorer and travel writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Meyer_(geologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Meyer (geologist)">Hans Meyer</a> (1858–1929), geographer, Africanist and mountaineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> (1926–1989), historian, head of <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Zeitgeschichte">Institut für Zeitgeschichte</a> in Munich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Pfau" title="Ruth Pfau">Ruth Pfau</a> (1929–2017), nun, physician and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_K%C3%B6rner" title="Christian Gottfried Körner">Christian Gottfried Körner</a> (1756–1831), jurist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Krumbiegel" title="Sebastian Krumbiegel">Sebastian Krumbiegel</a> (1966–), singer and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_K%C3%BCnzel" title="Tobias Künzel">Tobias Künzel</a> (1964–), singer and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kaulitz" title="Bill Kaulitz">Bill Kaulitz</a> (1989-), singer, songwriter, and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kaulitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Kaulitz">Tom Kaulitz</a> (1989-), guitarist and musician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_business">Science and business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Science and business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Gustav_Carus_Gem%C3%A4lde_von_Johann_Carl_R%C3%B6ssler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carl_Gustav_Carus_Gem%C3%A4lde_von_Johann_Carl_R%C3%B6ssler.jpg/250px-Carl_Gustav_Carus_Gem%C3%A4lde_von_Johann_Carl_R%C3%B6ssler.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carl_Gustav_Carus_Gem%C3%A4lde_von_Johann_Carl_R%C3%B6ssler.jpg/330px-Carl_Gustav_Carus_Gem%C3%A4lde_von_Johann_Carl_R%C3%B6ssler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Carl Gustav Carus, 1800</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ettm%C3%BCller" title="Michael Ettmüller">Michael Ettmüller</a> (1644–1683), physician<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Quirinus_Rivinus" title="Augustus Quirinus Rivinus">Augustus Quirinus Rivinus</a> (1652–1723), physician and botanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Boerner" title="Friedrich Boerner">Friedrich Boerner</a> (1723–1761), physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Carus" title="Carl Gustav Carus">Carl Gustav Carus</a> (1789–1869), doctor, painter and natural philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hofmeister" title="Wilhelm Hofmeister">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> (1824–1877), biologist and botanist<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mendelssohn_Bartholdy" title="Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy">Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy</a> (1841–1880), chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wittgenstein" title="Karl Wittgenstein">Karl Wittgenstein</a> (1847–1913), entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Herrmann" title="Kurt Herrmann">Kurt Herrmann</a> (1888–1959), architect, publisher and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylle_Kemmler-Sack" title="Sibylle Kemmler-Sack">Sibylle Kemmler-Sack</a> (1934–1999), chemist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_figures">War figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: War figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Rinkel" title="Elfriede Rinkel">Elfriede Rinkel</a> (1922–2018), warden of a concentration camp during the Nazi dictatorship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a> (1903–1946), SS officer and war criminal, executed in Hamelin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Souchon" title="Wilhelm Souchon">Wilhelm Souchon</a> (1864–1946), admiral in World War I</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rudolf_Heydel" title="Karl Rudolf Heydel">Karl Rudolf Heydel</a> (1911–1936), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Kirchh%C3%B6fer" title="Marvin Kirchhöfer">Marvin Kirchhöfer</a> (born 1994), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%BCller" title="René Müller">René Müller</a> (born 1959), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Otto" title="Kristin Otto">Kristin Otto</a> (born 1966), swimmer, six-time Olympic gold medalist, and sports journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Schmidt" title="Tony Schmidt">Tony Schmidt</a> (born 1980), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Wilden" title="Rita Wilden">Rita Wilden</a> (born 1947), sprinter</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_%27%27Saxon%27%27_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur ''Saxon'' Hennig (page does not exist)">Arthur <i>Saxon</i> Hennig</a> (born 1871), strongman, circus performer, world's strongest man</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 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href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Leipzig" title="List of mayors of Leipzig">List of mayors of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_Theatre_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquity Theatre Company">Ubiquity Theatre Company</a> – English speaking theatre projects in Leipzig</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.sachsen.de/buergermeisterwahl-2020-wahlergebnisse.php">Wahlergebnisse 2020</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711192236/https://wahlen.sachsen.de/buergermeisterwahl-2020-wahlergebnisse.php">Archived</a> 11 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 10 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en">"Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas"</a>. Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220100106/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+on+1+January+by+age+groups+and+sex+%E2%80%93+functional+urban+areas&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fdataset%3Durb_lpop1%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/aktuelle-zahlen/statistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx">"Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_des_Freistaates_Sachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen">Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen</a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerzahlen+nach+Gemeinden+als+Excel-Arbeitsmappe&rft.pub=Statistisches+Landesamt+des+Freistaates+Sachsen&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.sachsen.de%2Fdownload%2Faktuelle-zahlen%2Fstatistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Reference-AHD-Leipzig" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Leipzig">"Leipzig"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leipzig&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DLeipzig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213170628/https://www.lexico.com/definition/leipzig">"Leipzig"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/Leipzig">the original</a> on 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leipzig&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FLeipzig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Leipzig">"Leipzig"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Leipzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FLeipzig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). "Leipzig". <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Leipzig&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lstat-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lstat_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig.de/buergerservice-und-verwaltung/unsere-stadt/statistik-und-zahlen/einwohner-und-bevoelkerungsentwicklung">"Population of Leipzig"</a>. Leipzig.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506232011/https://www.leipzig.de/buergerservice-und-verwaltung/unsere-stadt/statistik-und-zahlen/einwohner-und-bevoelkerungsentwicklung/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Leipzig&rft.pub=Leipzig.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fbuergerservice-und-verwaltung%2Funsere-stadt%2Fstatistik-und-zahlen%2Feinwohner-und-bevoelkerungsentwicklung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ultimate origin of the name is, however, disputed, cf. the footnote on the section "Etymology" below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-tourist.de/city-tourist.de-Leipzig-Shopping.htm">"Shopping Tipps Leipzig :: Passagen :: Innenstadt :: Hauptbahnhof :: Informationen ::Infos :: Hinweise :: Beiträge :: Tipps :: Einkaufen"</a>. City-tourist.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529053242/http://www.city-tourist.de/city-tourist.de-Leipzig-Shopping.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shopping+Tipps+Leipzig+%3A%3A+Passagen+%3A%3A+Innenstadt+%3A%3A+Hauptbahnhof+%3A%3A+Informationen+%3A%3AInfos+%3A%3A+Hinweise+%3A%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+%3A%3A+Tipps+%3A%3A+Einkaufen&rft.pub=City-tourist.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-tourist.de%2Fcity-tourist.de-Leipzig-Shopping.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idehist.uu.se-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-idehist.uu.se_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-idehist.uu.se_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403062816/https//www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/bokt-frankfurt.htm">"The Frankfurt Fair"</a>. <i>idehist.uu.se</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/bokt-frankfurt.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=idehist.uu.se&rft.atitle=The+Frankfurt+Fair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idehist.uu.se%2Fdistans%2Filmh%2FRen%2Fbokt-frankfurt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320183356/http://www.leipzig.de/de/business/invest/infrastrukt/">"Infrastruktur"</a>. <i>leipzig.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig.de/de/business/invest/infrastrukt/">the original</a> on 20 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leipzig.de&rft.atitle=Infrastruktur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fde%2Fbusiness%2Finvest%2Finfrastrukt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power-2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power-2016_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power-2016_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power-2016_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power-2016_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power-2016_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPower2016" class="citation web cs1">Power, Anne and Elineen Herden (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67845/1/casereport107.pdf">"Leipzig City Story"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LSE Housing and Communities</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121160900/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67845/1/casereport107.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+Housing+and+Communities&rft.atitle=Leipzig+City+Story&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Anne+and+Elineen+Herden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F67845%2F1%2Fcasereport107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zoo-leipzig.de/artikel/zoo-leipzig-bester-zoo-deutschlands-und-vom-europaeischen-verband-akkreditiert-852/">"Zoo Leipzig:Zoo der Zukunft"</a>. Zoo-leipzig.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016001030/https://www.zoo-leipzig.de/artikel/zoo-leipzig-bester-zoo-deutschlands-und-vom-europaeischen-verband-akkreditiert-852/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zoo+Leipzig%3AZoo+der+Zukunft&rft.pub=Zoo-leipzig.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoo-leipzig.de%2Fartikel%2Fzoo-leipzig-bester-zoo-deutschlands-und-vom-europaeischen-verband-akkreditiert-852%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329165923/https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzensus2011.de%2FSharedDocs%2FDownloads%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FAufsaetze_Archiv%2F2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipziginfo.de/magazin/architektur-der-gruenderzeit/">"Leipzig - Architektur der Gründerzeit - LEIPZIGINFO.DE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184451/https://www.leipziginfo.de/magazin/architektur-der-gruenderzeit/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+-+Architektur+der+Gr%C3%BCnderzeit+-+LEIPZIGINFO.DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipziginfo.de%2Fmagazin%2Farchitektur-der-gruenderzeit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFeCommerce" class="citation web cs1">eCommerce, Deutsche Bahn AG, Unternehmensbereich Personenverkehr, Marketing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224071619/http://www.s-bahn-mitteldeutschland.de/s_mitteldeutschland/view/index.shtml">"Die S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland stellt sich vor"</a>. <i>www.s-bahn-mitteldeutschland.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s-bahn-mitteldeutschland.de/s_mitteldeutschland/view/index.shtml">the original</a> on 24 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.s-bahn-mitteldeutschland.de&rft.atitle=Die+S-Bahn+Mitteldeutschland+stellt+sich+vor&rft.aulast=eCommerce&rft.aufirst=Deutsche+Bahn+AG%2C+Unternehmensbereich+Personenverkehr%2C+Marketing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.s-bahn-mitteldeutschland.de%2Fs_mitteldeutschland%2Fview%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714185917/http://mmh.cz/lingua/lamj_la">"Lexicum nominum geographicorum latinorum"</a>. 14 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmh.cz/lingua/lamj_la">the original</a> on 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexicum+nominum+geographicorum+latinorum&rft.date=2012-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmh.cz%2Flingua%2Flamj_la&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The very oldest written evidence (11th/12th c.) consistently shows forms like <i>Libzi</i> (first mention of Leipzig, 1015) whose <i>-b-</i> is difficult to reconcile with <i>lipa</i>. Also, the ending <i>-zi</i> points to a plural personal name (roughly, "at the [X] people's place"), not the suffix <i>-sko</i>. Karlheinz Hengst offered a Slavic root <i>lib-</i> as a possible source, which can mean "to waver, to sway, to wobble" (as in swampy ground?) or "thin, skinny, weak" (as in a thin piece of dry land?). Both roots, however, lack almost any attestation in other Slavic toponyms. Ultimately, it might be a pre-Slavic root (perhaps related to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> <i>*leiH-</i> "to pour, to flow, to drip", referring to the many streams around the city centre) that was enlarged with a Slavic suffix (<i>-ьcy</i>, <i>-ica</i> or the like). Even later, during early German colonization, the name seems to have been reinterpreted with the much more common <i>lipa</i> "linden tree", in accordance with the etymology commonly held today. Cf. Hengst, Karlheinz (2010). "Der Name Leipzig". In Eichler, Ernst; Walther, Hans (eds.). <i>Alt-Leipzig und das Leipziger Land. Ein historisch-geographisches Namenbuch zur Frühzeit im Elster-Pleißen-Land im Rahmen der Sprach- und Siedlungsgeschichte. Leipzig: Universitätsverlag</i>. pp. 134–140; Walther, Hans (2010). "Leipzigs Name im Lichte seiner Frühüberlieferung". Ibid. pp. 129–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartinger2021" class="citation web cs1">Hartinger, Anselm (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/blog/2021/06/17/zwischen-lindenstadt-und-hypezig/">"Zwischen Lindenstadt und Hypezig"</a>. <i>Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadtgeschichtliches+Museum+Leipzig&rft.atitle=Zwischen+Lindenstadt+und+Hypezig&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Hartinger&rft.aufirst=Anselm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de%2Fblog%2F2021%2F06%2F17%2Fzwischen-lindenstadt-und-hypezig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLöffler2009" class="citation book cs1">Löffler, Katrin, ed. (2009). <i>Als Studiosus in Pleiß-Athen. Erinnerungen von Leipziger Studenten des 18. Jahrhunderts</i>. Leipzig: Lehmstedt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Als+Studiosus+in+Plei%C3%9F-Athen.+Erinnerungen+von+Leipziger+Studenten+des+18.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Lehmstedt&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rolf_Jehke-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rolf_Jehke_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolf_Jehke_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolf_Jehke" class="citation web cs1">Rolf Jehke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://territorial.de/sachsen/leipzig/stadtkrs.htm">"Stadtkreis Leipzig"</a>. <i>territorial.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418182000/http://territorial.de/sachsen/leipzig/stadtkrs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=territorial.de&rft.atitle=Stadtkreis+Leipzig&rft.au=Rolf+Jehke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterritorial.de%2Fsachsen%2Fleipzig%2Fstadtkrs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wissenschaft.de/magazin/weitere-themen/heldenstadt-leipzig/">"Heldenstadt Leipzig"</a>. wissenschaft.de. 18 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016001031/https://www.wissenschaft.de/magazin/weitere-themen/heldenstadt-leipzig/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heldenstadt+Leipzig&rft.pub=wissenschaft.de&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wissenschaft.de%2Fmagazin%2Fweitere-themen%2Fheldenstadt-leipzig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/lebensart/2013-10/leipzig-hypezig-gentrifizierung-wohnkonzepte-stadtentwicklung">"Kann Leipzig Hypezig überleben?"</a> [Can Leipzig live up to the Hypezig?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (in German). 1 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041259/https://www.zeit.de/lebensart/2013-10/leipzig-hypezig-gentrifizierung-wohnkonzepte-stadtentwicklung">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Kann+Leipzig+Hypezig+%C3%BCberleben%3F&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Flebensart%2F2013-10%2Fleipzig-hypezig-gentrifizierung-wohnkonzepte-stadtentwicklung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handelsblatt-2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handelsblatt-2013_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handelsblatt-2013_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/panorama/lifestyle/hypezig-leipzig-mutiert-zur-szenemetropole/8880718.html">"Hypezig – Leipzig mutiert zur Szenemetropole"</a> [Hypezig – Leipzig mutates into a fashionable metropolis]. <i><a href="/wiki/Handelsblatt" title="Handelsblatt">Handelsblatt</a></i> (in German). 3 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141120135712/http://www.handelsblatt.com/panorama/lifestyle/hypezig-leipzig-mutiert-zur-szenemetropole/8880718.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handelsblatt&rft.atitle=Hypezig+%E2%80%93+Leipzig+mutiert+zur+Szenemetropole&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fpanorama%2Flifestyle%2Fhypezig-leipzig-mutiert-zur-szenemetropole%2F8880718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiemann-2014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiemann-2014_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiemann-2014_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiemann2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiemann, Mareike (5 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222171333/http://www.mdr.de/mdr-info/geburten-in-leipzig100.html">"Mehr Geburten als Sterbefälle: Leipzig boomt entgegen dem Deutschlandtrend"</a> [More births than deaths: Leipzig is booming against the German trend] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdr.de/mdr-info/geburten-in-leipzig100.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mehr+Geburten+als+Sterbef%C3%A4lle%3A+Leipzig+boomt+entgegen+dem+Deutschlandtrend&rft.pub=Mitteldeutscher+Rundfunk&rft.date=2014-01-05&rft.aulast=Wiemann&rft.aufirst=Mareike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fmdr-info%2Fgeburten-in-leipzig100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcel_Burkhardt2020" class="citation web cs1">Marcel Burkhardt (4 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/leipzig-vs--berlin--natuerlich-ist-leipzig-das-bessere-berlin-,10809148,22704586.html">"Leipzig vs Berlin: "Natürlich ist Leipzig das bessere Berlin"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Leipzig vs Berlin: Naturally Leipzig is the better Berlin]. <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung" title="Berliner Zeitung">Berliner Zeitung</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102065221/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/leipzig-vs--berlin--natuerlich-ist-leipzig-das-bessere-berlin-,10809148,22704586.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Leipzig+vs+Berlin%3A+%22Nat%C3%BCrlich+ist+Leipzig+das+bessere+Berlin%22&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.au=Marcel+Burkhardt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fberlin%2Fleipzig-vs--berlin--natuerlich-ist-leipzig-das-bessere-berlin-%2C10809148%2C22704586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaaseRosenbergMikutta2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haase, Dagmar; Rosenberg, Matthias; Mikutta, Robert (1 December 2002). "Untersuchung zum Landschaftswandel im Südraum Leipzig". <i>Standort</i> (in German). <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00548-002-0103-3">10.1007/s00548-002-0103-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-3635">0174-3635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:68472430">68472430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standort&rft.atitle=Untersuchung+zum+Landschaftswandel+im+S%C3%BCdraum+Leipzig&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A68472430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0174-3635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00548-002-0103-3&rft.aulast=Haase&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Mikutta%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.leipzig.de/statdist/table.aspx?cat=2&rub=1&item=70">Bevölkerungsbestand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127140632/https://statistik.leipzig.de/statdist/table.aspx?cat=2&rub=1&item=70">Archived</a> 27 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Stadt Leipzig, accessed 12 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.leipzig.de/statdist/table.aspx?cat=1&rub=1&obj=0">Gesamtfläche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111100456/https://statistik.leipzig.de/statdist/table.aspx?cat=1&rub=1&obj=0">Archived</a> 11 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Stadt Leipzig, accessed 12 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig.de/buergerservice-und-verwaltung/aemter-und-behoerdengaenge/satzungen/?tx_ewerkformsmanager_pi%5Buid%5D=377&tx_ewerkformsmanager_pi%5Baction%5D=download&tx_ewerkformsmanager_pi%5Bcontroller%5D=Statues&cHash=618807ccfa6b2984c9a6ca155d5d19c1">Hauptsatzung der Stadt Leipzig</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122234/https://www.leipzig.de/buergerservice-und-verwaltung/aemter-und-behoerdengaenge/satzungen/?tx_ewerkformsmanager_pi%5Buid%5D=377&tx_ewerkformsmanager_pi%5Baction%5D=download&tx_ewerkformsmanager_pi%5Bcontroller%5D=Statues&cHash=618807ccfa6b2984c9a6ca155d5d19c1">Archived</a> 27 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, § 26, February 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/klimakartendeutschland/klimakartendeutschland.html?nn=519080">"Climatological maps of Germany"</a>. <i>DWD: Deutscher Wetterdienst</i>. Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Weather Service). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522015856/https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/klimakartendeutschland/klimakartendeutschland.html?nn=519080">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DWD%3A+Deutscher+Wetterdienst&rft.atitle=Climatological+maps+of+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FEN%2Fourservices%2Fklimakartendeutschland%2Fklimakartendeutschland.html%3Fnn%3D519080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012161942/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/LeipzigHalle_10469.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/LeipzigHalle_10469.csv">the original</a> on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FLeipzigHalle_10469.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetterkontor.de/de/klima/klima2.asp?land=de&stat=10469">"Klima Leipzig, Deutschland"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322121604/https://www.wetterkontor.de/de/klima/klima2.asp?land=de&stat=10469">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klima+Leipzig%2C+Deutschland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetterkontor.de%2Fde%2Fklima%2Fklima2.asp%3Fland%3Dde%26stat%3D10469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402161141/http://www.neue-ufer.de/leipzig/pleisse_geschichte_fischerei.asp">"Pleißemühlgraben: Geschichte der Fischerei"</a>. Neue-ufer.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neue-ufer.de/leipzig/pleisse_geschichte_fischerei.asp">the original</a> on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plei%C3%9Fem%C3%BChlgraben%3A+Geschichte+der+Fischerei&rft.pub=Neue-ufer.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neue-ufer.de%2Fleipzig%2Fpleisse_geschichte_fischerei.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katherine Aaslestad, "Cities and War: Modern Military Urbanism in Hamburg and Leipzig during the Napoleonic Era." <i>German History</i> 35.3 (2017): 381–402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuirhead1882" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Fullarton_Muirhead" title="James Fullarton Muirhead">Muirhead, James Fullarton</a> (1882). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Leipsic"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Leipsic">"Leipsic" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XIV (9th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">429–</span>431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leipsic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Muirhead&rft.aufirst=James+Fullarton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Stahl" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller-Stahl, Karoline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinnerei.de/the-heady-early-days.html">"The heady early days"</a>. <i>spinnerei.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612012317/http://www.spinnerei.de/the-heady-early-days.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spinnerei.de&rft.atitle=The+heady+early+days&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Stahl&rft.aufirst=Karoline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spinnerei.de%2Fthe-heady-early-days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usem-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usem_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usem_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.usembassy.gov/leipzig-history/">"Brief history"</a>. <i>U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Germany</i>. 18 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006175121/https://de.usembassy.gov/leipzig-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Embassy+%26+Consulates+in+Germany&rft.atitle=Brief+history&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.usembassy.gov%2Fleipzig-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCenter" class="citation web cs1">Center, German Resistance Memorial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/carl-friedrich-goerdeler/?no_cache=1">"German Resistance Memorial Center – Biographie"</a>. <i>www.gdw-berlin.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032830/https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/carl-friedrich-goerdeler/?no_cache=1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pgs. 1–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nazi Germany", <i>Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook</i>, XLII 1997, 167. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Leipzig+%7C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLeipzig-Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiamont" class="citation book cs1">Diamont, Adolph. <i>Chronik der Juden in Dresden</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">104–</span>106, 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronik+der+Juden+in+Dresden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E106%2C+109&rft.aulast=Diamont&rft.aufirst=Adolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCygański1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cygański, Mirosław (1984). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aussenlager-buchenwald.de&rft.atitle=Buchenwald+war+%C3%BCberall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aussenlager-buchenwald.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thekla-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thekla_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thekla_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thekla_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp=49">"Leipzig-Thekla"</a>. <i>aussenlager-buchenwald.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013050202/https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp=49">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheProtoCity.com&rft.atitle=Leipzig%3A+Back+to+Growth%2C+but+Not+for+Everyone&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheprotocity.com%2Fleipzig-back-growth-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Brebis (ed.), <i>Michelin guide to Germany</i>, Greenville (2006), p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8297630.stm">"The day I outflanked the Stasi"</a>. BBC. 9 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802122227/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8297630.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+day+I+outflanked+the+Stasi&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8297630.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span> + video.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Fabricius-2015-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Fabricius-2015_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Fabricius2015" class="citation news cs1">Michael Fabricius (27 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print/welt_kompakt/print_wirtschaft/article141518027/Leipzig-ist-die-Boom-Stadt-Deutschlands.html">"Leipzig ist die Boom-Stadt Deutschlands"</a>. <i>DIE WELT</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505055001/https://www.welt.de/print/welt_kompakt/print_wirtschaft/article141518027/Leipzig-ist-die-Boom-Stadt-Deutschlands.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=Leipzig+ist+die+Boom-Stadt+Deutschlands&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.au=Michael+Fabricius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fprint%2Fwelt_kompakt%2Fprint_wirtschaft%2Farticle141518027%2FLeipzig-ist-die-Boom-Stadt-Deutschlands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/panorama/reise-leben/hypezig-leipzig-mutiert-zur-szenemetropole/8880718.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Hypezig": Leipzig mutiert zur Szenemetropole"</a> (in German). Handelsblatt. 3 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921082255/https://www.handelsblatt.com/arts_und_style/lifestyle/hypezig-leipzig-mutiert-zur-szenemetropole/8880718.html?ticket=ST-5727629-F0tdWDY9E1ofoMNJ0NAc-ap2">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Hypezig%22%3A+Leipzig+mutiert+zur+Szenemetropole&rft.pub=Handelsblatt&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fpanorama%2Freise-leben%2Fhypezig-leipzig-mutiert-zur-szenemetropole%2F8880718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLVZ-Online" class="citation web cs1">LVZ-Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409045712/http://www.lvz.de/Mitteldeutschland/News/Ueber-18-000-neue-Jobs-in-Sachsen-Leipzig-boomt-am-meisten">"Mehr Beschäftigte – Über 18 000 neue Jobs in Sachsen – Leipzig boomt am meisten – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung"</a>. <i>www.lvz.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvz.de/Mitteldeutschland/News/Ueber-18-000-neue-Jobs-in-Sachsen-Leipzig-boomt-am-meisten">the original</a> on 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lvz.de&rft.atitle=Mehr+Besch%C3%A4ftigte+%E2%80%93+%C3%9Cber+18+000+neue+Jobs+in+Sachsen+%E2%80%93+Leipzig+boomt+am+meisten+%E2%80%93+LVZ+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+Volkszeitung&rft.au=LVZ-Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FMitteldeutschland%2FNews%2FUeber-18-000-neue-Jobs-in-Sachsen-Leipzig-boomt-am-meisten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkhardt" class="citation news cs1">Burkhardt, Marcel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/leipzig-vs--berlin--natuerlich-ist-leipzig-das-bessere-berlin--6599924">"Leipzig vs. Berlin: "Natürlich ist Leipzig das bessere Berlin"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Berliner Zeitung</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602214855/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/leipzig-vs--berlin--natuerlich-ist-leipzig-das-bessere-berlin--6599924">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Leipzig+vs.+Berlin%3A+%22Nat%C3%BCrlich+ist+Leipzig+das+bessere+Berlin%22&rft.aulast=Burkhardt&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fberlin%2Fleipzig-vs--berlin--natuerlich-ist-leipzig-das-bessere-berlin--6599924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLVZ-Online" class="citation web cs1">LVZ-Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101852/https://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Prognose-zur-Bevoelkerung-Warum-Leipzig-frueher-als-gedacht-600.000-Einwohner-haben-wird">"Wachstum – Prognose zur Bevölkerung: Warum Leipzig früher als gedacht 600.000 Einwohner haben wird – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung"</a>. <i>www.lvz.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Prognose-zur-Bevoelkerung-Warum-Leipzig-frueher-als-gedacht-600.000-Einwohner-haben-wird">the original</a> on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lvz.de&rft.atitle=Wachstum+%E2%80%93+Prognose+zur+Bev%C3%B6lkerung%3A+Warum+Leipzig+fr%C3%BCher+als+gedacht+600.000+Einwohner+haben+wird+%E2%80%93+LVZ+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+Volkszeitung&rft.au=LVZ-Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FLeipzig%2FLokales%2FPrognose-zur-Bevoelkerung-Warum-Leipzig-frueher-als-gedacht-600.000-Einwohner-haben-wird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bild.de/regional/leipzig/city-tunnel/city-tunnel-eroeffnet-33842252.bild.html">"City-Tunnel eröffnet: Leipzig rast durch die Röhre"</a>. <i>BILD.de</i>. 14 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101854/https://www.bild.de/regional/leipzig/city-tunnel/city-tunnel-eroeffnet-33842252.bild.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BILD.de&rft.atitle=City-Tunnel+er%C3%B6ffnet%3A+Leipzig+rast+durch+die+R%C3%B6hre&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bild.de%2Fregional%2Fleipzig%2Fcity-tunnel%2Fcity-tunnel-eroeffnet-33842252.bild.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citypopulation.de/en/germany/cities/">"Germany: States and Major Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+States+and+Major+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig.de/buergerservice-und-verwaltung/unsere-stadt/statistik-und-zahlen/einwohner-und-bevoelkerungsentwicklung">"Einwohnerzahl und Bevölkerungsentwicklung"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827025600/https://www.leipzig.de/buergerservice-und-verwaltung/unsere-stadt/statistik-und-zahlen/einwohner-und-bevoelkerungsentwicklung">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohnerzahl+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsentwicklung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fbuergerservice-und-verwaltung%2Funsere-stadt%2Fstatistik-und-zahlen%2Feinwohner-und-bevoelkerungsentwicklung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staatliche Zentralverwaltung für Statistik, Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig.de/news/news/einwohner-entwicklung-uebertrifft-selbst-optimistischste-prognosen/">"Leipzig wächst: Einwohner-Entwicklung übertrifft selbst optimistischste Prognosen"</a>. <i>leipzig.de</i> (in German). 2 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124815/http://www.leipzig.de/news/news/einwohner-entwicklung-uebertrifft-selbst-optimistischste-prognosen/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leipzig.de&rft.atitle=Leipzig+w%C3%A4chst%3A+Einwohner-Entwicklung+%C3%BCbertrifft+selbst+optimistischste+Prognosen&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Feinwohner-entwicklung-uebertrifft-selbst-optimistischste-prognosen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/010_GB-Bev/02_03_23_tab.pdf">"Überschuss der Zu- bzw. Fortzüge im Freistaat Sachsen 1990 bis 2018 nach Kreisfreien Städten und Landkreisen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statistik.sachsen.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308175733/https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/010_GB-Bev/02_03_23_tab.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistik.sachsen.de&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cberschuss+der+Zu-+bzw.+Fortz%C3%BCge+im+Freistaat+Sachsen+1990+bis+2018+nach+Kreisfreien+St%C3%A4dten+und+Landkreisen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.sachsen.de%2Fdownload%2F010_GB-Bev%2F02_03_23_tab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209202647/http://www.demografie.sachsen.de/download/Geburten.pdf">"Geburten je Frau im Freistaat Sachsen 1990 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demografie.sachsen.de/download/Geburten.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geburten+je+Frau+im+Freistaat+Sachsen+1990+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demografie.sachsen.de%2Fdownload%2FGeburten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/010_GB-Bev/02_03_20_tab.pdf">"Überschuss der Lebendgeborenen bzw. Gestorbenen im Freistaat Sachsen 1990 bis 2018 nach Kreisfreien Städten und Landkreisen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statistik.sachsen.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920162626/https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/010_GB-Bev/02_03_20_tab.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistik.sachsen.de&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cberschuss+der+Lebendgeborenen+bzw.+Gestorbenen+im+Freistaat+Sachsen+1990+bis+2018+nach+Kreisfreien+St%C3%A4dten+und+Landkreisen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.sachsen.de%2Fdownload%2F010_GB-Bev%2F02_03_20_tab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statistik.leipzig.de/">"Leipzig-Informationssystem"</a>. Statistik.leipzig.de. 18 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527143907/https://statistik.leipzig.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig-Informationssystem&rft.pub=Statistik.leipzig.de&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.leipzig.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Auswahl/raeumlicher-Geltungsbereich/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Kreise/Sachsen/14713-Leipzig-Stadt.html">"Leipzig – statistik.arbeitsagentur.de"</a>. <i>arbeitsagentur.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512152859/https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Auswahl/raeumlicher-Geltungsbereich/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Kreise/Sachsen/14713-Leipzig-Stadt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbeitsagentur.de&rft.atitle=Leipzig+%E2%80%93+statistik.arbeitsagentur.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.arbeitsagentur.de%2FAuswahl%2Fraeumlicher-Geltungsbereich%2FPolitische-Gebietsstruktur%2FKreise%2FSachsen%2F14713-Leipzig-Stadt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLVZ-Online" class="citation web cs1">LVZ-Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101858/https://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Sommerflaute-vorbei-Arbeitslosenquote-in-Leipzig-erreicht-Tiefststand">"Arbeitsmarkt – Sommerflaute vorbei – Arbeitslosenquote in Leipzig erreicht Tiefststand – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung"</a>. <i>www.lvz.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Sommerflaute-vorbei-Arbeitslosenquote-in-Leipzig-erreicht-Tiefststand">the original</a> on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lvz.de&rft.atitle=Arbeitsmarkt+%E2%80%93+Sommerflaute+vorbei+%E2%80%93+Arbeitslosenquote+in+Leipzig+erreicht+Tiefststand+%E2%80%93+LVZ+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+Volkszeitung&rft.au=LVZ-Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FLeipzig%2FLokales%2FSommerflaute-vorbei-Arbeitslosenquote-in-Leipzig-erreicht-Tiefststand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115210053/https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/bevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">"Zensus 2011 – Bevölkerung Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 9. Mai 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>destatis.de</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/bevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=destatis.de&rft.atitle=Zensus+2011+%E2%80%93+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland+am+9.+Mai+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPresseService%2FPresse%2FPressekonferenzen%2F2013%2FZensus2011%2Fbevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStadt_Leipzig" class="citation web cs1">Stadt Leipzig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statistik.leipzig.de/(S(1v0h2iqzyrjp2w55jlzknvj2))/statdist/table.aspx?cat=2&rub=4&obj=0">"Leipzig-Informationssystem > Kleinräumige Daten > Bevölkerungsbestand > Einwohner mit Migrationshintergund"</a>. <i>leipzig.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051625/http://statistik.leipzig.de/(S(1v0h2iqzyrjp2w55jlzknvj2))/statdist/table.aspx?cat=2&rub=4&obj=0">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leipzig.de&rft.atitle=Leipzig-Informationssystem+%3E+Kleinr%C3%A4umige+Daten+%3E+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsbestand+%3E+Einwohner+mit+Migrationshintergund&rft.au=Stadt+Leipzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.leipzig.de%2F%28S%281v0h2iqzyrjp2w55jlzknvj2%29%29%2Fstatdist%2Ftable.aspx%3Fcat%3D2%26rub%3D4%26obj%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig.de/jugend-familie-und-soziales/auslaender-und-migranten/migration-und-integration">"Faltblatt Migrantinnen und Migranten in Leipzig 2022"</a>. Stadt Leipzig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509112046/https://www.leipzig.de/jugend-familie-und-soziales/auslaender-und-migranten/migration-und-integration/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faltblatt+Migrantinnen+und+Migranten+in+Leipzig+2022&rft.pub=Stadt+Leipzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fjugend-familie-und-soziales%2Fauslaender-und-migranten%2Fmigration-und-integration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warum_Leipzig_der_beste_Ort_für_kreative_Experimente_ist-2019-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warum_Leipzig_der_beste_Ort_für_kreative_Experimente_ist-2019_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i-d.vice.com/de/article/j5yx87/leipzig-kreative-balance-club-culture">"Warum Leipzig der beste Ort für kreative Experimente ist"</a>. 13 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628005657/https://i-d.vice.com/de/article/j5yx87/leipzig-kreative-balance-club-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warum+Leipzig+der+beste+Ort+f%C3%BCr+kreative+Experimente+ist&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fi-d.vice.com%2Fde%2Farticle%2Fj5yx87%2Fleipzig-kreative-balance-club-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTesch2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tesch, Joachim (2003). <i>Bauen in Leipzig</i> (in German). Leipzig. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89819-159-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-89819-159-1"><bdi>3-89819-159-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bauen+in+Leipzig&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-89819-159-1&rft.aulast=Tesch&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig.de/gruenau/">"Leipzig-Grünau"</a>. <i>city of Leipzig</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419012621/http://www.leipzig.de/gruenau/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=city+of+Leipzig&rft.atitle=Leipzig-Gr%C3%BCnau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fgruenau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubow2006" class="citation news cs1">Lubow, Arthur (8 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/magazine/08leipzig.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print">"The New Leipzig School"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+Leipzig+School&rft.date=2006-01-08&rft.aulast=Lubow&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F08%2Fmagazine%2F08leipzig.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-2010-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-2010_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-2010_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/travel/10places.html?pagewanted=1&th&emc=th">"The 31 Places to Go in 2010"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 10 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522103152/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/travel/10places.html?pagewanted=1&th&emc=th">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+31+Places+to+Go+in+2010&rft.date=2010-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F10%2Ftravel%2F10places.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26th%26emc%3Dth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinnerei.de/">"Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei – From Cotton to Culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629211356/https://www.spinnerei.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipziger+Baumwollspinnerei+%E2%80%93+From+Cotton+to+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spinnerei.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510230345/http://www.grassimuseum.de/grassi_en.html">"Museen at Grassi"</a> (in German). grassimuseum.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grassimuseum.de/grassi_en.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museen+at+Grassi&rft.pub=grassimuseum.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grassimuseum.de%2Fgrassi_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/antik/index.php?id=9">"Institut für Klassische Archäologie und Antikenmuseum"</a> (in German). 26 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214023742/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/antik/index.php?id=9">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Klassische+Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Antikenmuseum&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-leipzig.de%2Fantik%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmw-art-guide.com/idx/collections/g2-kunsthalle">"G2 Kunsthalle"</a>. <i>www.bmw-art-guide.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420145114/https://bmw-art-guide.com/idx/collections/g2-kunsthalle">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bmw-art-guide.com&rft.atitle=G2+Kunsthalle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmw-art-guide.com%2Fidx%2Fcollections%2Fg2-kunsthalle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g2-leipzig.de/en/">"G2 Leipzig"</a>. <i>g2-leipzig.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304063344/http://g2-leipzig.de/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=g2-leipzig.de&rft.atitle=G2+Leipzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg2-leipzig.de%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-flux.com/directory/72550/galerie-fr-zeitgenssische-kunst-leipzig-gfzk/">"Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst Leipzig in the e-flux Directory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226201027/https://www.e-flux.com/directory/72550/galerie-fr-zeitgenssische-kunst-leipzig-gfzk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galerie+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgen%C3%B6ssische+Kunst+Leipzig+in+the+e-flux+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-flux.com%2Fdirectory%2F72550%2Fgalerie-fr-zeitgenssische-kunst-leipzig-gfzk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibition.av-solutions.info/leipzig">Leipzig</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409082016/http://exhibition.av-solutions.info/leipzig">Archived</a> 9 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119022822/http://www.hmt-leipzig.de/index.php?english">"Welcome to our University of Music & Theatre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmt-leipzig.de/index.php?english">the original</a> on 19 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+our+University+of+Music+%26+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmt-leipzig.de%2Findex.php%3Fenglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090716230914/http://www.musikschule-leipzig.de/r-schulkonzerte.html">"Schulkonzerte"</a>. musikschule-leipzig.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musikschule-leipzig.de/r-schulkonzerte.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schulkonzerte&rft.pub=musikschule-leipzig.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musikschule-leipzig.de%2Fr-schulkonzerte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig-popup.de/">"Pop Up official website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424162923/http://leipzig-popup.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pop+Up+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig-popup.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moritzbastei.de/">"Moritzbastei homepage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507051355/http://www.moritzbastei.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moritzbastei+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moritzbastei.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ami-leipzig.de/">"AMI – Auto Mobil International, Leipziger Messe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929011920/http://www.ami-leipzig.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMI+%E2%80%93+Auto+Mobil+International%2C+Leipziger+Messe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ami-leipzig.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amitec-leipzig.de/">"AMITEC – Fachmesse für Fahrzeugteile, Werkstatt und Service, Leipziger Messe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322123045/http://amitec-leipzig.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMITEC+%E2%80%93+Fachmesse+f%C3%BCr+Fahrzeugteile%2C+Werkstatt+und+Service%2C+Leipziger+Messe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amitec-leipzig.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzclub-leipzig.de/">"Jazzclug-leipzig.de homepage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014303/https://www.jazzclub-leipzig.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jazzclug-leipzig.de+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzclub-leipzig.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ladyfest.leipzigerinnen.de/">"Ladyfest Leipzigerinnen homepage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122345/http://ladyfest.leipzigerinnen.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ladyfest+Leipzigerinnen+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fladyfest.leipzigerinnen.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oper-unplugged.de/">"Oper Unplugger – Musik Tanz Theater"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912103318/http://oper-unplugged.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oper+Unplugger+%E2%80%93+Musik+Tanz+Theater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oper-unplugged.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig-popup.de/">"Leipzig Pop Up independent music trade fair and festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424162923/http://leipzig-popup.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+Pop+Up+independent+music+trade+fair+and+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig-popup.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228223928/http://www.leipzig.de/de/buerger/freizeit/sport/tradition/sportlich/02544.shtml">"Das Leipziger Sportangebot aktuell"</a> (in German). leipzig.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig.de/de/buerger/freizeit/sport/tradition/sportlich/02544.shtml">the original</a> on 28 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Leipziger+Sportangebot+aktuell&rft.pub=leipzig.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fde%2Fbuerger%2Ffreizeit%2Fsport%2Ftradition%2Fsportlich%2F02544.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuf2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ruf, Christoph (19 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,631450,00.html">"Buying Its Way to the Bundesliga – Red Bull Wants to Caffeinate Small football Club"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128034741/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,631450,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+International&rft.atitle=Buying+Its+Way+to+the+Bundesliga+%E2%80%93+Red+Bull+Wants+to+Caffeinate+Small+football+Club&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft.aulast=Ruf&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C631450%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritz_Rudolph" class="citation web cs1">Fritz Rudolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115042649/http://www.sportmuseum-leipzig.de/Ablage-Zeitung/4-2001/seite-5_A.htm">"Was einst mit dem Krummstab begann ... Zur Geschichte des Eishockeysports in der Region Leipzig"</a>. sportmuseum-leipzig.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportmuseum-leipzig.de/Ablage-Zeitung/4-2001/seite-5_A.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+einst+mit+dem+Krummstab+begann+...+Zur+Geschichte+des+Eishockeysports+in+der+Region+Leipzig&rft.pub=sportmuseum-leipzig.de&rft.au=Fritz+Rudolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportmuseum-leipzig.de%2FAblage-Zeitung%2F4-2001%2Fseite-5_A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ran.de/american-football/elf/elf-news/football-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073">"Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF"</a>. <i>ran.de</i> (in German). 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ran.de&rft.atitle=Football-Comeback+des+Jahres%3A+Hamburg+Sea+Devils+und+Frankfurt+Galaxy+starten+in+der+ELF&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ran.de%2Famerican-football%2Felf%2Felf-news%2Ffootball-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html">"Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft"</a> (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. 17 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217163437/https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neues+Hamburger+Footballteam+spielt+im+Stadion+Hoheluft&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fsport%2Farticle231587759%2FNeues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig.de/freizeit-kultur-und-tourismus/sport/sportstaettenbelegung/detailseite/detailseite/sportobjekt-motodrom">"Sportobjekt Motodrom"</a>. <i>Stadt Leipzig</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadt+Leipzig&rft.atitle=Sportobjekt+Motodrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Ffreizeit-kultur-und-tourismus%2Fsport%2Fsportstaettenbelegung%2Fdetailseite%2Fdetailseite%2Fsportobjekt-motodrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foursquare.com/v/motodrom-am-cottaweg/59cf732aa2a6ce3947a1df44">"Motodrom Am Cottaweg"</a>. <i>Four Square</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Four+Square&rft.atitle=Motodrom+Am+Cottaweg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoursquare.com%2Fv%2Fmotodrom-am-cottaweg%2F59cf732aa2a6ce3947a1df44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcpostleipzig.de/">"MC Post auf der Motorrad Messe Leipzig"</a>. <i>MC Post Leipzig</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216210834/https://www.mcpostleipzig.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MC+Post+Leipzig&rft.atitle=MC+Post+auf+der+Motorrad+Messe+Leipzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcpostleipzig.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/">"Speedway World Cup"</a>. <i>International Speedway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205143344/http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Speedway&rft.atitle=Speedway+World+Cup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalspeedway.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig-rugby.de/">"Rugby Club Leipzig e.V."</a> <i>leipzig-rugby.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410193747/https://www.leipzig-rugby.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leipzig-rugby.de&rft.atitle=Rugby+Club+Leipzig+e.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig-rugby.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2019). <i>"Institute of Communication and Media Studies (University of Leipzig)"</i>. The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society. SAGE Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912050259/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/english/index.html">"Leipzig University homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/english/index.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+University+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-leipzig.de%2Fenglish%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321154621/http://www.htwk-leipzig.de/en/">"?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htwk-leipzig.de/en/">the original</a> on 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.htwk-leipzig.de%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLVZ-Online" class="citation web cs1">LVZ-Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101853/https://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Bildung/Leipziger-HHL-Absolventen-erhalten-weltweit-zweithoechstes-Einstiegsgehalt">"Management Master – Leipziger HHL-Absolventen erhalten weltweit zweithöchstes Einstiegsgehalt – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung"</a>. <i>www.lvz.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Bildung/Leipziger-HHL-Absolventen-erhalten-weltweit-zweithoechstes-Einstiegsgehalt">the original</a> on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lvz.de&rft.atitle=Management+Master+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+HHL-Absolventen+erhalten+weltweit+zweith%C3%B6chstes+Einstiegsgehalt+%E2%80%93+LVZ+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+Volkszeitung&rft.au=LVZ-Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FLeipzig%2FBildung%2FLeipziger-HHL-Absolventen-erhalten-weltweit-zweithoechstes-Einstiegsgehalt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/whichmba/MiM/2017/S/HHL-Leipzig-Graduate-School-of-Management">"Masters in Management 2017"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225135745/http://www.economist.com/whichmba/MiM/2017/S/HHL-Leipzig-Graduate-School-of-Management">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Masters+in+Management+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fwhichmba%2FMiM%2F2017%2FS%2FHHL-Leipzig-Graduate-School-of-Management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211063650/http://elfk.de.dd21408.kasserver.com/html/main/uber-uns/arbeitsbereiche/seminar/">"Lutherisches Theologisches Seminar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elfk.de.dd21408.kasserver.com/html/main/uber-uns/arbeitsbereiche/seminar/">the original</a> on 11 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lutherisches+Theologisches+Seminar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felfk.de.dd21408.kasserver.com%2Fhtml%2Fmain%2Fuber-uns%2Farbeitsbereiche%2Fseminar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elfk.de/html/seminar/">"Lutherisches Theologisches Seminar Leipzig"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224052355/http://www.elfk.de/html/seminar/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lutherisches+Theologisches+Seminar+Leipzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfk.de%2Fhtml%2Fseminar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207102042/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031338">"Evangelical Lutheran Free Church – Germany"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031338">the original</a> on 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Lutheran+Free+Church+%E2%80%93+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celc.info%2Fsite%2Fcpage.asp%3Fsec_id%3D180010197%26cpage_id%3D180031338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephan_Gasteyger" class="citation web cs1">Stephan Gasteyger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214080241/http://wonego.de/articles/living-berlin-maybe-leipzig/">"Discover Leipzig"</a>. <i>Berlin Things to Do</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wonego.de/articles/living-berlin-maybe-leipzig/">the original</a> on 14 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berlin+Things+to+Do&rft.atitle=Discover+Leipzig&rft.au=Stephan+Gasteyger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwonego.de%2Farticles%2Fliving-berlin-maybe-leipzig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080406003423/http://www.promenaden-hauptbahnhof-leipzig.de/en/seite/home.php">"Promenaden Hauptbahnhof Leipzig"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promenaden-hauptbahnhof-leipzig.de/en/seite/home.php">the original</a> on 6 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promenaden+Hauptbahnhof+Leipzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.promenaden-hauptbahnhof-leipzig.de%2Fen%2Fseite%2Fhome.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Tourismusboom-in-Leipzig-erstmals-drei-Millionen-Uebernachtungen">"Tourismusboom in Leipzig – erstmals drei Millionen Übernachtungen"</a>. <i>Leipziger Volkszeitung</i>. 22 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111055119/https://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Tourismusboom-in-Leipzig-erstmals-drei-Millionen-Uebernachtungen">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Innovation-cities.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726053025/http://www.innovation-cities.com/innovation-cities-global-index-2010-city-rankings/1040">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovation+Cities+Global+Index+2010+%22+Innovation+Cities+Program+%26+Index%3A+Creating+Innovative+Cities%3A+USA%2C+Canada%2C+Europe%2C+Latin+America%2C+Asia%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Innovation-cities.com&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.au=Date%3A+1+September+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovation-cities.com%2Finnovation-cities-global-index-2010-city-rankings%2F1040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerliner_Zeitung2020" class="citation web cs1">Berliner Zeitung (4 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/lebensqualitaet-in-der-hauptstadt-berlin-erobert-platz-2-im-staedteranking,10809148,32229294.html">"Lebensqualität in der Hauptstadt: Berlin erobert Platz 2 im Städteranking"</a>. <i>Berliner Zeitung</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Lebensqualit%C3%A4t+in+der+Hauptstadt%3A+Berlin+erobert+Platz+2+im+St%C3%A4dteranking&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.au=Berliner+Zeitung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fberlin%2Flebensqualitaet-in-der-hauptstadt-berlin-erobert-platz-2-im-staedteranking%2C10809148%2C32229294.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFfoodsharing" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">foodsharing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodsharing.de/">"Lebensmittel teilen, statt wegwerfen – foodsharing Deutschland"</a>. <i>foodsharing.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630003215/https://foodsharing.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foodsharing.de&rft.atitle=Lebensmittel+teilen%2C+statt+wegwerfen+%E2%80%93+foodsharing+Deutschland&rft.au=foodsharing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodsharing.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org/solawis-finden/auflistung/solawis">"Solawis :: Netzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft"</a>. <i>www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617153411/https://www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org/solawis-finden/auflistung/solawis">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org&rft.atitle=Solawis+%3A%3A+Netzwerk+Solidarische+Landwirtschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org%2Fsolawis-finden%2Fauflistung%2Fsolawis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umsonstladen-leipzig.jimdofree.com/">"Was ist ein Umsonstladen?"</a>. <i>umsonstladen-leipzigs jimdo page!</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504083447/https://umsonstladen-leipzig.jimdofree.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umsonstladen-leipzigs+jimdo+page%21&rft.atitle=Was+ist+ein+Umsonstladen%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumsonstladen-leipzig.jimdofree.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radsfatz.org/">"Radsfatz"</a>. <i>www.radsfatz.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224200206/http://radsfatz.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radsfatz.org&rft.atitle=Radsfatz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radsfatz.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dezentrale.space/">"dezentrale – Hackspace Leipzig"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504083450/https://dezentrale.space/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dezentrale+%E2%80%93+Hackspace+Leipzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdezentrale.space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig-leben.de/cafe-kaputt-leipzig/">"Café Kaputt Leipzig | Offene Reparatur Werkstatt"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504083645/https://www.leipzig-leben.de/cafe-kaputt-leipzig/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caf%C3%A9+Kaputt+Leipzig+%7C+Offene+Reparatur+Werkstatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig-leben.de%2Fcafe-kaputt-leipzig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leipglo.com/about-us/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"ABOUT US." The Leipzig Glocal"</a>. <i>leipglo.com</i>. 8 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305155323/https://leipglo.com/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leipglo.com&rft.atitle=%22ABOUT+US.%22+The+Leipzig+Glocal.&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleipglo.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503120952/https://mephisto976.de/news/leipzig-ein-paradies-fuer-kreative-blogs-55338">"Leipzig: ein Paradies für kreative Blogs"</a> (in German). Mephisto 97.6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mephisto976.de/news/leipzig-ein-paradies-fuer-kreative-blogs-55338">the original</a> on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig%3A+ein+Paradies+f%C3%BCr+kreative+Blogs&rft.pub=Mephisto+97.6.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmephisto976.de%2Fnews%2Fleipzig-ein-paradies-fuer-kreative-blogs-55338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523114136/http://www.leipzig.de/de/tourist/leipzig/wissenswertes/buchstadt/index.shtml">"Homepage of the City of Leipzig/Buchstadt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leipzig.de/de/tourist/leipzig/wissenswertes/buchstadt/index.shtml">the original</a> on 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+of+the+City+of+Leipzig%2FBuchstadt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fde%2Ftourist%2Fleipzig%2Fwissenswertes%2Fbuchstadt%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOCUS_Online-2013-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOCUS_Online-2013_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFOCUS_Online2013" class="citation web cs1">FOCUS Online (11 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/immobilien/wohnen/sicher-sauber-gruen-leipzig-lebenszufriedenheit-das-sind-die-beliebtesten-staedte-deutschlands_id_3474281.html">"Deutschlands beliebteste Städte: Sicher, sauber, grün: Diese Stadt läuft sogar München den Rang ab"</a>. <i>FOCUS Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021000651/https://www.focus.de/immobilien/wohnen/sicher-sauber-gruen-leipzig-lebenszufriedenheit-das-sind-die-beliebtesten-staedte-deutschlands_id_3474281.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOCUS+Online&rft.atitle=Deutschlands+beliebteste+St%C3%A4dte%3A+Sicher%2C+sauber%2C+gr%C3%BCn%3A+Diese+Stadt+l%C3%A4uft+sogar+M%C3%BCnchen+den+Rang+ab&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.au=FOCUS+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fimmobilien%2Fwohnen%2Fsicher-sauber-gruen-leipzig-lebenszufriedenheit-das-sind-die-beliebtesten-staedte-deutschlands_id_3474281.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.n24.de/n24/Mediathek/videos/d/3964070/leipzig-im-ranking-ganz-vorne.html">"Deutschlands beliebteste Städte: Leipzig im Ranking ganz vorne – N24.de"</a>. <i>N24.de</i>. 9 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213050443/http://www.n24.de/n24/Mediathek/videos/d/3964070/leipzig-im-ranking-ganz-vorne.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=N24.de&rft.atitle=Deutschlands+beliebteste+St%C3%A4dte%3A+Leipzig+im+Ranking+ganz+vorne+%E2%80%93+N24.de&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.n24.de%2Fn24%2FMediathek%2Fvideos%2Fd%2F3964070%2Fleipzig-im-ranking-ganz-vorne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeidenfelder2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heidenfelder, Eva (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/beruf-chance/campus/beliebteste-deutsche-studentenstaedte-14362058.html">"Beliebte Studentenstädte: Wo es sich am besten leben, lernen und feiern lässt"</a>. <i>Faz.net</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">FAZ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810122622/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/beruf-chance/campus/beliebteste-deutsche-studentenstaedte-14362058.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faz.net&rft.atitle=Beliebte+Studentenst%C3%A4dte%3A+Wo+es+sich+am+besten+leben%2C+lernen+und+feiern+l%C3%A4sst&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Heidenfelder&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fberuf-chance%2Fcampus%2Fbeliebteste-deutsche-studentenstaedte-14362058.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrümper2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trümper, Erik (30 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bild.de/regional/leipzig/lebensqualitaet/darum-ist-leipzigs-city-die-beste-50035292.bild.html">"Platz 1 bei bundesweiter Innenstadtumfrage – 5 Gründe, warum Leipzigs City die beste ist"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/BILD" class="mw-redirect" title="BILD">BILD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803033227/https://www.bild.de/regional/leipzig/lebensqualitaet/darum-ist-leipzigs-city-die-beste-50035292.bild.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platz+1+bei+bundesweiter+Innenstadtumfrage+%E2%80%93+5+Gr%C3%BCnde%2C+warum+Leipzigs+City+die+beste+ist&rft.pub=BILD&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%BCmper&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bild.de%2Fregional%2Fleipzig%2Flebensqualitaet%2Fdarum-ist-leipzigs-city-die-beste-50035292.bild.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033705/http://www.mdr.de/meine-heimat/quedlinburg-leipzig-erfurt-umfrage-100.html">"Bundesweite Städte-Umfrage: Leipzig, Erfurt und Quedlinburg am attraktivsten"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a>. 31 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdr.de/meine-heimat/quedlinburg-leipzig-erfurt-umfrage-100.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundesweite+St%C3%A4dte-Umfrage%3A+Leipzig%2C+Erfurt+und+Quedlinburg+am+attraktivsten&rft.pub=MDR&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fmeine-heimat%2Fquedlinburg-leipzig-erfurt-umfrage-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025130615/https://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Staedteranking-Leipzig-landet-auf-Platz-zwei">"Städteranking: Leipzig landet auf Platz zwei"</a>. <i>LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Staedteranking-Leipzig-landet-auf-Platz-zwei">the original</a> on 25 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LVZ+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+Volkszeitung&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4dteranking%3A+Leipzig+landet+auf+Platz+zwei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FLeipzig%2FLokales%2FStaedteranking-Leipzig-landet-auf-Platz-zwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507232612/https://www.leipzig.de/news/news/leipzig-behauptet-2-platz-im-staedteranking-fuer-zukunftsfaehigkeit/">"Leipzig behauptet 2. Platz im Städteranking für Zukunftsfähigkeit"</a>. <i>leipzig.de</i> (in German). 8 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leipzig.de/news/news/leipzig-behauptet-2-platz-im-staedteranking-fuer-zukunftsfaehigkeit/">the original</a> on 7 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leipzig.de&rft.atitle=Leipzig+behauptet+2.+Platz+im+St%C3%A4dteranking+f%C3%BCr+Zukunftsf%C3%A4higkeit&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leipzig.de%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fleipzig-behauptet-2-platz-im-staedteranking-fuer-zukunftsfaehigkeit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803020244/https://www.zipjet.co.uk/2017-stressful-cities-ranking">"2017 Stressful Cities Ranking | Zipjet"</a>. <i>www.zipjet.co.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zipjet.co.uk&rft.atitle=2017+Stressful+Cities+Ranking+%7C+Zipjet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zipjet.co.uk%2F2017-stressful-cities-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdmin2018" class="citation web cs1">Admin (7 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/leipzig-wins-european-city-of-the-year-at-2019-urbanism-awards/">"Leipzig wins European City of the Year at 2019 Urbanism Awards | The Academy of Urbanism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116180753/https://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/leipzig-wins-european-city-of-the-year-at-2019-urbanism-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+wins+European+City+of+the+Year+at+2019+Urbanism+Awards+%7C+The+Academy+of+Urbanism&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.au=Admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyofurbanism.org.uk%2Fleipzig-wins-european-city-of-the-year-at-2019-urbanism-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lvz.de/Region/Mitteldeutschland/Zukunftsatlas-Leipzig-ist-dynamischste-Region-Deutschlands">"Zukunftsatlas: Leipzig ist dynamischste Region Deutschlands"</a>. <i>LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung</i> (in German). 5 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705183234/https://www.lvz.de/Region/Mitteldeutschland/Zukunftsatlas-Leipzig-ist-dynamischste-Region-Deutschlands">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LVZ+%E2%80%93+Leipziger+Volkszeitung&rft.atitle=Zukunftsatlas%3A+Leipzig+ist+dynamischste+Region+Deutschlands&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvz.de%2FRegion%2FMitteldeutschland%2FZukunftsatlas-Leipzig-ist-dynamischste-Region-Deutschlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/zukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten/24521120.html">"Zukunftsatlas 2019: Das sind die deutschen Regionen mit den besten Zukunftsaussichten"</a>. <i>www.handelsblatt.com</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705183309/https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/zukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten/24521120.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handelsblatt.com&rft.atitle=Zukunftsatlas+2019%3A+Das+sind+die+deutschen+Regionen+mit+den+besten+Zukunftsaussichten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fzukunftsatlas-2019-das-sind-die-deutschen-regionen-mit-den-besten-zukunftsaussichten%2F24521120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/travel/places-to-visit.html">"52 Places to Go in 2020"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701000934/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/travel/places-to-visit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=52+Places+to+Go+in+2020&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2020%2Ftravel%2Fplaces-to-visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtterbach2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otterbach, Niklas (20 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/panorama/leipzig-deutschlands-bester-bahnhof-100.html">"Hauptbahnhof Leipzig ist Deutschlands bester Bahnhof"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221723/https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/panorama/leipzig-deutschlands-bester-bahnhof-100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 601.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bebel%2C+Ferdinand+August&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=601&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Headlam&rft.aufirst=James+Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbst2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Herbst" title="Andreas Herbst">Herbst, Andreas</a> (2009). "Selbmann, Käte". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaete-selbmann"><i>Who Was Who in the GDR?</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406205325/https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/kaete-selbmann">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Bundesstiftung_Aufarbeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung">Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selbmann%2C+K%C3%A4te&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Who+in+the+GDR%3F&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ch.+Links+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de%2Fde%2Frecherche%2Fkataloge-datenbanken%2Fbiographische-datenbanken%2Fkaete-selbmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSorley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_Sorley" title="William Ritchie Sorley">Sorley, William Ritchie Sorley</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leibnitz,_Gottfried_Wilhelm">"Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">385–</span>390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leibnitz%2C+Gottfried+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Sorley&rft.aufirst=William+Ritchie+Sorley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thomasius, Christian"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thomasius,_Christian">"Thomasius, Christian" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 868.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomasius%2C+Christian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=868&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Teller, Wilhelm Abraham"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Teller,_Wilhelm_Abraham">"Teller, Wilhelm Abraham" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 576.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teller%2C+Wilhelm+Abraham&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=576&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Delitzsch, Franz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Delitzsch,_Franz">"Delitzsch, Franz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delitzsch%2C+Franz&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=964&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Beck, Christian Daniel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Beck,_Christian_Daniel">"Beck, Christian Daniel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">607–</span>608.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beck%2C+Christian+Daniel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E607-%3C%2Fspan%3E608&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Winer, Georg Benedikt"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Winer,_Georg_Benedikt">"Winer, Georg Benedikt" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Winer%2C+Georg+Benedikt&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=729&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weisse, Christian Hermann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Weisse,_Christian_Hermann">"Weisse, Christian Hermann" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weisse%2C+Christian+Hermann&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=499&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fabricius, Johann Albert"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fabricius,_Johann_Albert">"Fabricius, Johann Albert" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fabricius%2C+Johann+Albert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTovey1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bach, Johann Sebastian"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bach,_Johann_Sebastian">"Bach, Johann Sebastian" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bach%2C+Johann+Sebastian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadow1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hadow" title="William Henry Hadow">Hadow, William Henry</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bach,_Karl_Philipp_Emanuel">"Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bach%2C+Karl+Philipp+Emanuel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hadow&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brockhaus, Friedrich Arnold"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brockhaus,_Friedrich_Arnold">"Brockhaus, Friedrich Arnold" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brockhaus%2C+Friedrich+Arnold&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=624&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hermann, Johann Gottfried Jakob"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hermann,_Johann_Gottfried_Jakob">"Hermann, Johann Gottfried Jakob" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermann%2C+Johann+Gottfried+Jakob&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=367&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dindorf,_Karl_Wilhelm">"Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dindorf%2C+Karl+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=275&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockstroTovey1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth_Rockstro" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smyth Rockstro">Rockstro, William Smyth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,_Jakob_Ludwig_Felix">"Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mendelssohn-Bartholdy%2C+Jakob+Ludwig+Felix&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=123&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rockstro&rft.aufirst=William+Smyth&rft.au=Tovey%2C+Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schumann, Robert Alexander"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schumann,_Robert_Alexander">"Schumann, Robert Alexander" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">383–</span>385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann%2C+Robert+Alexander&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGanzl2017" class="citation book cs1">Ganzl, Kurt (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Victorian_Vocalists.html?id=gmZQDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Victorian Vocalists</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59366-3"><bdi>978-1-351-59366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Vocalists&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.isbn=978-1-351-59366-3&rft.aulast=Ganzl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FVictorian_Vocalists.html%3Fid%3DgmZQDwAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Benedix, Julius Roderich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Benedix,_Julius_Roderich">"Benedix, Julius Roderich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 725.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benedix%2C+Julius+Roderich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=725&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bergk, Theodor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bergk,_Theodor">"Bergk, Theodor" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">773–</span>774.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bergk%2C+Theodor&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E773-%3C%2Fspan%3E774&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockstroTovey1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth_Rockstro" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smyth Rockstro">Rockstro, William Smyth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wagner, Wilhelm Richard"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wagner,_Wilhelm_Richard">"Wagner, Wilhelm Richard" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">236–</span>243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wagner%2C+Wilhelm+Richard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rockstro&rft.aufirst=William+Smyth&rft.au=Tovey%2C+Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schumann, Robert Alexander"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schumann,_Robert_Alexander">"Schumann, Robert Alexander" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">383–</span>385, see page 385. <q>...Clara Schumann (1819–1896).....had a brilliant career as a pianist...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann%2C+Robert+Alexander&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E385%2C+see+page+385&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reinecke, Carl Heinrich Carsten"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Reinecke,_Carl_Heinrich_Carsten">"Reinecke, Carl Heinrich Carsten" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reinecke%2C+Carl+Heinrich+Carsten&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depthoffield.universiteitleiden.nl/2035f06nl/">"Depth of Field | Scherptediepte"</a>. <i>depthoffield.universiteitleiden.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210101503/https://depthoffield.universiteitleiden.nl/2035f06nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depthoffield.universiteitleiden.nl&rft.atitle=Depth+of+Field+%7C+Scherptediepte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepthoffield.universiteitleiden.nl%2F2035f06nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ettmüller, Michael"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ettm%C3%BCller,_Michael">"Ettmüller, Michael" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 863.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ettm%C3%BCller%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=863&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carus, Karl Gustav"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carus,_Karl_Gustav">"Carus, Karl Gustav" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carus%2C+Karl+Gustav&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=436&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBower1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Orpen_Bower" title="Frederick Orpen Bower">Bower, Frederick Orpen</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hofmeister, Wilhelm Friedrich Benedict"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hofmeister,_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Benedict">"Hofmeister, Wilhelm Friedrich Benedict" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">564–</span>565.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hofmeister%2C+Wilhelm+Friedrich+Benedict&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E565&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Orpen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Leipzig#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Leipzig">Bibliography of the history of Leipzig</a></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlinica.com/1000-years-of-leipzig.html"><i>Leipzig: One Thousand Years of German History. Bach, Luther, Faust: The City of Books and Music</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022452/http://www.berlinica.com/1000-years-of-leipzig.html">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. By Sebastian Ringel. Berlinica, 2015</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipzig&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leipzig" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leipzig">Leipzig</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Leipzig#Q2079" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Leipzig">Leipzig</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.leipzig.de/">The city's official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608223747/http://english.leipzig.de/">Archived</a> 8 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virtualcityleipzig.de/en/start">Leipzig as virtual city 408 Points of Interest – English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708041839/https://www.virtualcityleipzig.de/en/start">Archived</a> 8 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leipglo.com/">The Leipzig Glocal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112050653/https://leipglo.com/">Archived</a> 12 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, English language webzine and blog publishing regularly</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ubi-leipzig.de/">Ubiquity Theatre Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302100656/https://www.ubi-leipzig.de/">Archived</a> 2 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – English language theatre projects in Leipzig</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926131555/http://leipzig-zeitgeist.de/">Leipzig Zeitgeist</a></i>, an English magazine about Leipzig</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisisleipzig.com/">This is Leipzig</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201114739/https://www.thisisleipzig.com/">Archived</a> 1 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an English web site for Leipzig</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216035939/https://festly.com/events-in-leipzig">Events in Leipzig</a>—Music festivals in Leipzig</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Leipsic"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Leipsic">"Leipsic" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leipsic&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuirhead1882" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Fullarton_Muirhead" title="James Fullarton Muirhead">Muirhead, James Fullarton</a> (1882). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Leipsic"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Leipsic">"Leipsic" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XIV (9th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">429–</span>431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leipsic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Muirhead&rft.aufirst=James+Fullarton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeipzig" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Leipzig26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Leipzig26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Leipzig</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delitzsch" title="Delitzsch">Delitzsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Leipzig</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_Saxony,_Germany1138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template talk:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_Saxony,_Germany1138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> Urban and rural districts in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leipzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bautzen_(district)" title="Bautzen (district)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgskreis" title="Erzgebirgskreis">Erzgebirgskreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(district)" title="Leipzig (district)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meissen_(district)" title="Meissen (district)">Meißen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelsachsen" title="Mittelsachsen">Mittelsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordsachsen" title="Nordsachsen">Nordsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz-Osterzgebirge" title="Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge">Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandkreis" title="Vogtlandkreis">Vogtlandkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_(district)" title="Zwickau (district)">Zwickau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annaberg_(district)" title="Annaberg (district)">Annaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aue-Schwarzenberg" title="Aue-Schwarzenberg">Aue-Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitzer_Land" title="Chemnitzer Land">Chemnitzer Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delitzsch_(district)" title="Delitzsch (district)">Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6beln_(district)" title="Döbeln (district)">Döbeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiberg_(district)" title="Freiberg (district)">Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenz_(district)" title="Kamenz (district)">Kamenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Land" title="Leipziger Land">Leipziger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6bau-Zittau" title="Löbau-Zittau">Löbau-Zittau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittlerer_Erzgebirgskreis" title="Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis">Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittweida_(district)" title="Mittweida (district)">Mittweida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldentalkreis" title="Muldentalkreis">Muldentalkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis" title="Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis">Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesa-Gro%C3%9Fenhain" title="Riesa-Großenhain">Riesa-Großenhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz_(district)" title="Sächsische Schweiz (district)">Sächsische Schweiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollberg_(district)" title="Stollberg (district)">Stollberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgau-Oschatz" title="Torgau-Oschatz">Torgau-Oschatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritzkreis" title="Weißeritzkreis">Weißeritzkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickauer_Land" title="Zwickauer Land">Zwickauer Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">full list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_the_East_German_Bezirke332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Template:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Template talk:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_the_East_German_Bezirke332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany#Division_into_Bezirke" title="Administrative divisions of East Germany">Bezirke</a></i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of East Germany"><img alt="Flag of East Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:East_Germany" title="Portal:East Germany">East Germany portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2079#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155929994">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206761/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8dTMbJVxBPD744yrg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035206-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79125883">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119455426">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119455426">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629393">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lipsko (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129837&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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