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Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Johannesburg</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Johannesburg" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Johannesburg" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Johannesburg" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in South Africa. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Johannesburg (disambiguation)">Johannesburg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"eGoli" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Goli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Goli (disambiguation)">Goli (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egoli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Egoli (disambiguation)">Egoli (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Johannesburg (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">joh-HAN-iss-burg</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈhɑːn-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠HAHN-</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Afrikaans: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">[jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>: eGoli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">[ɛˈɡɔːli]</a>) (colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, Jo'burg or "The City of Gold")<a href="#cite_note-Mango-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-SA.net-14">[13]</a> is the most populous city in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with 4,803,262 people in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Johannesburg">City of Johannesburg</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-provinces-7">[7]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Johannesburg</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>: eGoli</li><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a>: !Huni //hÄb<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Johannesburg</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_skyline_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Johannesburg_skyline_2017.jpg/278px-Johannesburg_skyline_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Johannesburg_skyline_2017.jpg/417px-Johannesburg_skyline_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Johannesburg_skyline_2017.jpg/556px-Johannesburg_skyline_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1576"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_CBD" title="Johannesburg CBD">Johannesburg CBD</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg/90px-9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg/135px-9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg/180px-9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1409"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Art_Gallery" title="Johannesburg Art Gallery">Johannesburg Art Gallery</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg/184px-Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg/276px-Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg/368px-Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="1145"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hillbrow_Tower" title="Hillbrow Tower">Hillbrow Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponte_City" title="Ponte City">Ponte City</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandela_Bridge,_Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg/137px-Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg/206px-Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg/274px-Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bridge" title="Nelson Mandela Bridge">Nelson Mandela Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg/137px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg/206px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg/274px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/FNB_Stadium" title="FNB Stadium">FNB Stadium</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wits_University_East_Campus_(archived).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Wits_University_East_Campus_%28archived%29.jpg/177px-The_Wits_University_East_Campus_%28archived%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Wits_University_East_Campus_%28archived%29.jpg/266px-The_Wits_University_East_Campus_%28archived%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Wits_University_East_Campus_%28archived%29.jpg/354px-The_Wits_University_East_Campus_%28archived%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="655"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg/97px-SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg/146px-SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg/194px-SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1632"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Brixton_Tower" title="Brixton Tower">Brixton Tower</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Johannesburg,_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Johannesburg"><img alt="Flag of Johannesburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Johannesburg" title="Flag of Johannesburg">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Johannesburg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Johannesburg"><img alt="Coat of arms of Johannesburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Johannesburg.svg/92px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Johannesburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Johannesburg.svg/138px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Johannesburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Johannesburg.svg/184px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Johannesburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="633"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Johannesburg" title="Coat of arms of Johannesburg">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Jo'burg; Jozi; Joni (<a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a> version), Muḓi Mulila Ngoma (<a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a> version); Jobhag (<a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> version);<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Egoli ("Place of Gold");<a href="#cite_note-eGoli-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> ("Place of Gold")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Service with Pride"<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays='["_739b9f7382d2ce1da1a39c23ebd4e8ab6ff25377"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Johannesburg&revid=1275789921&groups=_739b9f7382d2ce1da1a39c23ebd4e8ab6ff25377" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Johannesburg&revid=1275789921&groups=_739b9f7382d2ce1da1a39c23ebd4e8ab6ff25377 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannesburg is located in Gauteng"><img alt="Johannesburg is located in Gauteng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1046"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.222%;left:46.469%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Johannesburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Johannesburg</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Gauteng</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannesburg is located in South Africa"><img alt="Johannesburg is located in South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.869%;left:70.032%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Johannesburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Johannesburg</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of South Africa</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannesburg is located in Africa"><img alt="Johannesburg is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/250px-Africa_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/375px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/500px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.53%;left:63.728%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Johannesburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Johannesburg</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Africa</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Johannesburg&params=26_12_16_S_28_2_44_E_region:ZA-GT_type:city(4803262)">26°12′16″S 28°2′44″E / 26.20444°S 28.04556°E / -26.20444; 28.04556</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of South Africa">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality">City of Johannesburg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1886; 139 years ago (1886)<a href="#cite_note-established-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan municipality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Johannesburg" title="Mayor of Johannesburg">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dada_Morero" title="Dada Morero">Dada Morero</a> (<a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-provinces-7">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">334.81 km2 (129.27 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-9">[8]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,357 km2 (1,296 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,642.6 km2 (634.2 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,753 m (5,751 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-provinces-7">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,803,262</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of cities in Africa by population">8th</a> in Africa <a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">1st</a> in South Africa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">14,000/km2 (37,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-9">[8]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,860,781<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,198,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,800/km2 (9,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Racial makeup (2019)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-population-10">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black African</a></th><td class="infobox-data">76.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">0.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">First languages</a> (2011)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23.41%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20.10%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho">Sesotho</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.61%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Setswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana">Setswana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.68%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.28%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">18.10%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Standard Time">SAST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in South Africa">Postal code</a> (street)</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">2001</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post-office_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-office box">PO box</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">2000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Africa" title="Telephone numbers in South Africa">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">010 and 011</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.75 High (2012)<a href="#cite_note-HDI-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>131 billion (2020)<a href="#cite_note-btjbvsct-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita (PPP)</th><td class="infobox-data">US$16 370 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-btjbvsct-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joburg.org.za">www.joburg.org.za</a></td></tr></tbody></table> It is a <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> engulfing many formerly separate cities and towns and is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Megacity#List_of_megacities" title="Megacity">megacity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citypopulation-15">[14]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">provincial</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>, the wealthiest province in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Johannesburg is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a>, the highest court in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Many major South African companies and banks have their head offices in Johannesburg. The city is located within the mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> hills, the epicentre of the international-scale mineral and gold trade. Johannesburg was established in 1886,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> following the discovery of gold, on what had been a farm. Due to the extremely large gold deposits found along the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> within ten years, the population had grown to over 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994, <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> is now part of the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area. An acronym for "South-Western Townships", <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> was organised initially as a collection of nondescript settlements on the outskirts of the city, populated mostly by African labourers working in the gold mining industry. <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been explicitly separated as a residential area for blacks only—no whites allowed—who were not permitted to live in other "white-designated" areas of Johannesburg. Another region, <a href="/wiki/Lenasia" title="Lenasia">Lenasia</a>, is predominantly populated by English-speaking Indo-South Africans (people of <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> descent). These areas were, in previous decades, designated as non-white areas, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> policies of the time. Johannesburg was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> including the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 FIFA World Cup Final">final</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">alpha global city</a>, as listed by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>. In 2019, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Africa" title="List of municipalities in South Africa">most populous city</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-population-10">[9]</a> In the same year, the population of metro Johannesburg's <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> was put at 8 million.<a href="#cite_note-population-10">[9]</a> Land area of the municipal city (1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi) is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre (6,120/sq mi). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Gold_rush_and_naming_of_the_city">2.1 Gold rush and naming of the city</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Rapid_growth,_Jameson_Raid_and_the_Second_Boer_War">2.2 Rapid growth, Jameson Raid and the Second Boer War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Post-Union_history">2.3 Post-Union history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Twenty-first_century">2.4 Twenty-first century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Topography">3.1 Topography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Parks_and_gardens">3.2 Parks and gardens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">3.3 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Religion">4.1 Religion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Christianity">4.1.1 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Judaism">4.1.2 Judaism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Languages">4.2 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Education">4.3 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Retail">5.1 Retail</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Law_and_government">6 Law and government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Government">6.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Crime">6.2 Crime</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Museums_and_galleries">7.1 Museums and galleries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Entertainment_and_performing_arts">7.2 Entertainment and performing arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Public_art">7.3 Public art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Architecture_and_urbanism">7.4 Architecture and urbanism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sports">7.5 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Infrastructure">8 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Transportation">8.1 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Roads">8.1.1 Roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Bus_and_taxi_transit">8.1.2 Bus and taxi transit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Airports">8.1.3 Airports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Rail">8.1.4 Rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Freight">8.1.5 Freight</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Telecommunication">8.2 Telecommunication</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Media">8.3 Media</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#International_relations">9 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">9.1 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Partner_cities">9.2 Partner cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name "Johannes" who were involved in the early history of the city. Among them is the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Hendrik Dercksen, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Johannes_Joubert" title="Christiaan Johannes Joubert">Christiaan Johannes Joubert</a>, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Volksraad_of_the_South_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksraad of the South African Republic">Volksraad</a> and was the Republic's chief of mining. Another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (better known as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>), president of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (ZAR) from 1883 to 1900. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Meyer" title="Jan Meyer">Johannes Meyer</a>, the first government official in the area is another possibility.<a href="#cite_note-Jo01-21">[20]</a> Precise records for the choice of name were lost. Johannes Rissik and Johannes Joubert were members of a delegation sent to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to obtain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him, and Rissik has his name for one of the main streets in the city where the historically important albeit dilapidated <a href="/wiki/Rissik_Street_Post_Office" title="Rissik Street Post Office">Rissik Street Post Office</a> is located.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_City_Hall" title="Johannesburg City Hall">City Hall</a> is also located on Rissik Street. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Johannesburg" title="History of Johannesburg">History of Johannesburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Johannesburg" title="Timeline of Johannesburg">Timeline of Johannesburg</a></div> The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> hunter-gatherers who used stone tools. There is evidence that they lived there up to ten centuries ago.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Stone-walled ruins of Sotho–Tswana towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a> in which Johannesburg is situated.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> By the mid-18th century, the broader region was largely settled by various <a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho–Tswana">Sotho–Tswana</a> communities (one linguistic branch of Bantu-speakers), whose villages, towns, chiefdoms and kingdoms stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> (what is now <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) in the west,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> to present day <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> in the south,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> to the present day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Pedi</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo Province</a>. More specifically, the stone-walled ruins of <a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho–Tswana">Sotho–Tswana</a> towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former Transvaal province in which Johannesburg is situated. Many Sotho–Tswana towns and villages in the areas around Johannesburg were destroyed and their people driven away during the wars emanating from <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">mfecane</a> or difaqane wars),<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and as a result, an offshoot of the Zulu kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</a> (often referred to as the Matabele, the name given them by the local Sotho–Tswana), set up a kingdom to the northwest of Johannesburg around modern-day Rustenburg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_rush_and_naming_of_the_city">Gold rush and naming of the city</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gold rush and naming of the city" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langlaagte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Langlaagte.jpg/220px-Langlaagte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="682"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Langlaagte.jpg/220px-Langlaagte.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Langlaagte.jpg/330px-Langlaagte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Langlaagte.jpg/440px-Langlaagte.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Langlaagte farm near <a href="/wiki/Paarlshoop" title="Paarlshoop">Paarlshoop</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> – site of the first discovery of gold in 1886.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg/220px-Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 119px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg/220px-Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="119" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg/330px-Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg/440px-Ferreira%27s_Gold_Mine_in_1886.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferreirasdorp" title="Ferreirasdorp">Ferreirasdorp</a> gold mine in 1886, the oldest part of Johannesburg<a href="#cite_note-Yap1996-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> and where the first gold diggers initially settled.<a href="#cite_note-westgate-31">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> The main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gerritse_Bantjes_(son)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gerritse Bantjes (son) (page does not exist)">Jan Gerritse Bantjes</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Bantjes" title="Jan Bantjes">Jan Bantjes</a>. This triggered the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> and the founding of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name and governmental organisation for the area. Jan, Johan and Johannes were common male names among the Dutch of that time; two men involved in surveying the area for the best location of the city, Christian Johannes Joubert and Johann Rissik, are considered the source of the name by some. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility. Precise records for the choice of name were lost.<a href="#cite_note-Joburg-32">[31]</a> Within ten years, the city of Johannesburg included 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-ReidLane2004-33">[32]</a> In September 1884, the Struben brothers discovered the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_Reef" title="Confidence Reef">Confidence Reef</a> on the farm Wilgespruit near present-day Roodepoort, which further boosted excitement over gold prospects.<a href="#cite_note-DGJ01-34">[33]</a>: 254 The first gold to be crushed on the Witwatersrand was the gold-bearing rock from the Bantjes mine crushed using the Struben brothers stamp machine. News of the discovery soon reached Kimberley and directors Cecil Rhodes and Sir Joseph Robinson rode up to investigate the rumours for themselves. They were guided to the Bantjes camp with its tents strung out over several kilometres and stayed with Bantjes for two nights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1884, they purchased the first pure refined gold from Bantjes for £3,000. Incidentally, Bantjes had from 1881 been operating the Kromdraai Gold Mine in the Cradle of Humankind together with his partner Johannes Stephanus Minnaar where they first discovered gold in 1881, and which also offered another kind of discovery—the early ancestors of all mankind.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some report Australian George Harrison as the first to make a claim for gold in the area that became Johannesburg, as he found gold on a farm in July 1886. He did not remain in the area.<a href="#cite_note-George_Harrison-35">[34]</a> On 3 October 1886 the name Johannesburg was first used. Surveyor <a href="/wiki/Jos_de_Villiers" title="Jos de Villiers">Jos de Villiers</a> surveyed Johannesburg's first neighborhood, Randjeslaagte, between 19 October and 3 November that year.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Gold was earlier discovered some 400 kilometres (249 miles) to the east of present-day Johannesburg in <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_South_Africa" title="Barberton, South Africa">Barberton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospecting" title="Prospecting">Gold prospectors</a> soon discovered the richer gold reefs of the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> offered by Bantjes. The original miners' camp, under the informal leadership of Col <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Ferreira" title="Ignatius Ferreira">Ignatius Ferreira</a>, was located in the Fordsburg dip, possibly because water was available there, and because of the site's proximity to the diggings. Following the establishment of Johannesburg, the area was taken over by the Transvaal government who had it surveyed and named it Ferreira's Township, today the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Ferreirasdorp" title="Ferreirasdorp">Ferreirasdorp</a>. The first settlement at Ferreira's Camp was established as a tented camp and which soon reached a population of 3,000 by 1887.<a href="#cite_note-ReidLane2004-33">[32]</a> The government took over the camp, surveyed it and named it Ferreira's Township.<a href="#cite_note-Leyds1964-38">[37]</a> By 1896, Johannesburg was established as a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, one of the fastest growing cities ever.<a href="#cite_note-ReidLane2004-33">[32]</a> Mines near Johannesburg are among the deepest in the world, with some as deep as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_growth,_Jameson_Raid_and_the_Second_Boer_War">Rapid growth, Jameson Raid and the Second Boer War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rapid growth, Jameson Raid and the Second Boer War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg/220px-SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1385"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg/220px-SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg/330px-SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg/440px-SA1899_pg038_Johannesburg_in_1889.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Johannesburg in 1889</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street,_Johannesburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg/220px-SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg/220px-SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg/330px-SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg/440px-SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street%2C_Johannesburg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Street_(Johannesburg)" title="Commissioner Street (Johannesburg)">Commissioner Street</a> in 1895</figcaption></figure> Like many late 19th-century mining towns, Johannesburg was a rough and disorganised place, populated by white miners from all continents, African tribesmen were recruited to perform unskilled mine work, African women beer brewers cooked for and sold beer to the black migrant workers, a very large number of European prostitutes, gangsters, impoverished Afrikaners, tradesmen, and the "<a href="/wiki/Laundry#South_Africa" title="Laundry">AmaWasha</a>", Zulu men who surprisingly dominated laundry work.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> As the value of control of the land increased, tensions developed between the <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a>–dominated Transvaal government in Pretoria and the British, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a> that ended in fiasco at <a href="/wiki/Doornkop" title="Doornkop">Doornkop</a> in January 1896. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902) saw British forces under Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, occupy the city on 30 May 1900 after a series of battles to the south-west of its then-limits, near present-day Krugersdorp.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Fighting took place at the Gatsrand Pass (near Zakariyya Park) on 27 May, north of Vanwyksrust—today's Nancefield, <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Park,_Gauteng" title="Eldorado Park, Gauteng">Eldorado Park</a> and Naturena—the next day, culminating in a mass infantry attack on what is now the waterworks ridge in Chiawelo and Senaoane on 29 May.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> During the Boer war, many African mineworkers left Johannesburg creating a labour shortage, which the mines ameliorated by bringing in labourers from China, especially southern China. After the war, they were replaced by black workers, but many Chinese stayed on, creating Johannesburg's Chinese community, which during the apartheid era, was not legally classified as "Asian", but as "Coloured". The population in 1904 was 155,642, of whom 83,363 were <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">whites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Union_history">Post-Union history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Union history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg-c1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Johannesburg-c1910.jpg/220px-Johannesburg-c1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="390"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Johannesburg-c1910.jpg/220px-Johannesburg-c1910.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Johannesburg-c1910.jpg/330px-Johannesburg-c1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Johannesburg-c1910.jpg/440px-Johannesburg-c1910.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pritchard Street c. 1910</figcaption></figure> In 1917, Johannesburg became the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo-American Corporation</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Oppenheimer" title="Ernest Oppenheimer">Ernest Oppenheimer</a> which ultimately became one of the world's largest corporations, dominating both gold-mining and diamond-mining in South Africa. Major building developments took place in the 1930s, after South Africa went off the gold standard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In the late 1940s and early 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Hillbrow" title="Hillbrow">Hillbrow</a> went high-rise. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the apartheid government constructed the massive agglomeration of townships that became known as <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>. New freeways encouraged massive sub<a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> to the north of the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, tower blocks (including the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Centre" title="Carlton Centre">Carlton Centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Life_Centre" title="Southern Life Centre">Southern Life Centre</a>) filled the skyline of the central business district. The system of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, a comprehensive system of racial separation was imposed upon South Africa starting in 1948. For its growth, the economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands of skilled white workers imported from Europe and semi- and un-skilled black workers imported from other parts of Southern Africa. Though they worked together they were forced by the government to live separately. Work was considered to be an exception to apartheid in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_86-45">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg/170px-Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 233px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg/170px-Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="233" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg/255px-Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg/340px-Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stuttafords" title="Stuttafords">Stuttafords</a> department stores in Johannesburg in 1957</figcaption></figure> In the 1950s, the government began a policy of building townships for black families (prior to this unskilled workers were asked to work on "single status" in male-only hostels at the mines and had to commute to see their families in whatever province they originated) outside of Johannesburg to provide workers for Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_86-45">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, a township founded for black workers coming to work in the gold mines of Johannesburg, was intended to house 50,000 people, but soon was the home of ten times that number as thousands of unemployed rural blacks came to Johannesburg for employment and an income to send back to their villages.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_92-46">[45]</a> It was estimated that in 1989, the population of Soweto was equal to that of Johannesburg, if not greater.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_92-46">[45]</a> In March 1960, Johannesburg witnessed widespread demonstrations against apartheid in response to the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_80-47">[46]</a> On 11 July 1963, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">South African Police</a> raided a house in the Johannesburg suburb of <a href="/wiki/Rivonia" title="Rivonia">Rivonia</a> where nine members of the banned <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) were arrested on charges of planning sabotage. Their arrest led to the famous <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_92-46">[45]</a> The nine arrested included one Indo-South African, one coloured, two whites and five blacks, one of whom was the future president <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_91-48">[47]</a> At their trial, the accused freely admitted that they were guilty of what they were charged with, namely of planning to blow up the hydro-electric system of Johannesburg to shut down the gold mines, but Mandela argued to the court that the ANC had tried non-violent resistance to apartheid and failed, leaving him with no other choice.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_91-48">[47]</a> The trial made Mandela into a national figure and a symbol of resistance to apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_91-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatbeeld_in_Johannesburg_TMnr_10004282.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Street scene in Johannesburg in 1970</figcaption></figure> On 16 June 1976, demonstrations broke out in Soweto over a government decree that black school-children be educated in Afrikaans instead of English, and after the police fired on the demonstrations, rioting against apartheid began in Soweto and spread into the greater Johannesburg area.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> About 575 people, the majority of whom were black, were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a> of 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Brogan,_Patrick_page_80-47">[46]</a> Between 1984 and 1986, South Africa was in turmoil as a series of nationwide protests, strikes and riots took place against apartheid, and the black townships around Johannesburg were scenes of some of the fiercest struggles between the police and anti-apartheid demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The central area of the city underwent something of a decline in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the high crime rate and when property speculators directed large amounts of capital into suburban shopping malls, decentralised office parks, and entertainment centres. <a href="/wiki/Sandton_City" title="Sandton City">Sandton City</a> was opened in 1973, followed by Rosebank Mall in 1976, and <a href="/wiki/Eastgate_Shopping_Centre,_Johannesburg" title="Eastgate Shopping Centre, Johannesburg">Eastgate</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> During the 1990s, the city faced rapid growth of crime throughout large parts of the city. Some areas of skyscrapers were abandoned, many residents left their homes, and businesses moved out. Some historical buildings in central areas were destroyed by fires that spread relentlessly.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg/220px-Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg/220px-Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg/330px-Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg/440px-Watching_South_Africa_%26_Mexico_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-11_in_Soweto_7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fans of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team" title="South Africa national soccer team">South Africa national soccer team</a> watching the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">vuvuzelas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">township</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_of_Johannesburg" title="Suburbs of Johannesburg">suburb of Johannesburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> Like many cities around the world, there is an increasing focus on the rejuvenation of the inner city of Johannesburg. One of these initiatives is the Maboneng District located on the south-eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_CBD" title="Johannesburg CBD">CBD</a>. Originally a hub for art, it has expanded to include restaurants, entertainment venues and retail stores as well as accommodation and hotels. Maboneng calls itself "a place of inspiration—a creative hub, a place to do business, a destination for visitors and a safe, integrated community for residents. A beacon of strength in Africa's most economically prosperous city".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> After being destroyed in 2008 to make way for a motor showroom by Imperial Holdings, the iconic Rand Steam Laundries are now being redeveloped as an exact replica, by the order of the Johannesburg Heritage Council. Apart from one filtration shed, there is nothing left on the site after being destroyed. The site will consist of a 5,000 m2 (54,000 sq ft) precinct.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] On 12 May 2008, a series of riots started in the township of <a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_South_Africa" title="Alexandra, South Africa">Alexandra</a>, in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg, when locals attacked migrants from <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, Malawi and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, killing two people and injuring 40 others. These riots sparked the <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> attacks of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-56">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a> were similar in nature and origin to the <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa#May_2008_riots" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">2008 xenophobic riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> A completely refurbished <a href="/wiki/Soccer_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer City">Soccer City</a> stadium in Johannesburg hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Cup Final">final</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> From 22 to 24 August 2023, Johannesburg hosted <a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">15th BRICS summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> On 31 August 2023, at least 76 people died when a <a href="/wiki/2023_Johannesburg_building_fire" title="2023 Johannesburg building fire">building caught fire</a> in Johannesburg. The building had been taken over by a gang who were illegally renting it out.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Topography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soccer_City_Stadium,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(4690804881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg/220px-Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg/220px-Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg/330px-Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg/440px-Soccer_City_Stadium%2C_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%284690804881%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">Satellite image</a> of Johannesburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg/220px-JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg/220px-JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg/330px-JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg/440px-JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>January 2008 Johannesburg aerial view looking towards the south-east</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg is located in the eastern plateau area of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a>, at an elevation of 1,753 metres (5,751 ft). The former <a href="/wiki/Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Business District">Central Business District</a> is located on the southern side of the prominent ridge called the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> (English: White Water's Ridge) and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">Vaal</a> rivers as the northern part of the city is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Jukskei_River" title="Jukskei River">Jukskei River</a> while the southern part of the city, including most of the Central Business District, is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Klip_River" title="Klip River">Klip River</a>. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter. Johannesburg may not be built on a river or harbour, but its streams contribute to two of southern Africa's mightiest rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange</a>. Most of the springs from which many of these streams emanate are now covered in concrete and canalised, accounting for the fact that the names of early farms in the area often end with "fontein", meaning "spring" in Afrikaans. Braamfontein, Rietfontein, Zevenfontein, Doornfontein, Zandfontein and Randjesfontein are some examples. When the first white settlers reached the area that is now Johannesburg, they noticed the glistening rocks on the ridges, running with trickles of water, fed by the streams—giving the area its name, the Witwatersrand, "the ridge of white waters". Another explanation is that the whiteness comes from the quartzite rock, which has a particular sheen to it after rain.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The site was not chosen for its streams, however. The main reasons the city was founded where it stands today was because of the gold. Indeed, the city once sat near massive amounts of gold, given that at one point the Witwatersrand gold industry produced forty per cent of the planet's gold.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_City_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg City Parks">Johannesburg City Parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1694"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-South-Africa_Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden-002_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden" title="Johannesburg Botanical Garden">Johannesburg Botanical Garden</a></figcaption></figure> Parks and gardens in Johannesburg are maintained by <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_City_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg City Parks">Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cityparks-whoweare-63">[62]</a> City Parks is also responsible for planting the city's many green trees, making Johannesburg one of the 'greenest' cities in the world. It has been estimated that there are six million trees in the city with the number growing every year—1.2 million on pavements and sidewalks, and a further 4.8 million in private gardens.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> City Parks continues to invest in planting trees, particularly those previously disadvantaged areas of Johannesburg which were not positive beneficiaries of apartheid Johannesburg's urban planning. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden" title="Johannesburg Botanical Garden">Johannesburg Botanical Garden</a>, located in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Emmarentia,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmarentia, Gauteng">Emmarentia</a>, is a popular recreational park. Johannesburg and environs also offer various options to visitors wishing to view <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Zoo" title="Johannesburg Zoo">Johannesburg Zoo</a>, one of the largest in South Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Lion_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Park">Lion Park</a> nature reserve, next to <a href="/wiki/Lesedi_Cultural_Village" title="Lesedi Cultural Village">Lesedi Cultural Village</a>, is home to over 80 lions and various other game, while the <a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Krugersdorp Nature Reserve">Krugersdorp Nature Reserve</a>, a 1500 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">game reserve</a>, is a forty-minute drive from the city centre. The De Wildt Cheetah Centre<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Magaliesberg" title="Magaliesberg">Magaliesberg</a> runs a successful breeding program for <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">wild dog</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>. The Rhino & Lion Nature Reserve,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> situated in the "Cradle of Humankind" on 1200 ha of "the typical <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">highveld</a> of Gauteng" also runs a breeding programme for endangered species including Bengal tigers, Siberian tigers and the extremely rare <a href="/wiki/White_lion" title="White lion">white lion</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To the south, 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) from the city centre, is the <a href="/wiki/Klipriviersberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve">Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve</a> home to large mammals and hiking trails. Separating Lenasia and the Soweto suburbs is the <a href="/wiki/Olifantsvlei_Nature_Reserve" title="Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve">Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve</a> protected area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg/220px-A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg/220px-A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg/330px-A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg/440px-A_Johannesburg_Summers_Day.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An aerial photograph of summer rain clouds over Johannesburg. The city's climate experiences regular daily thunderstorms from November to March in the afternoons.</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg is situated on the highveld plateau, and has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">subtropical highland climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cwb). The city enjoys a sunny climate, with the summer months (October to April) characterised by hot days followed by afternoon thundershowers and cool evenings, and the winter months (May to September) by dry, sunny days followed by cold nights.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Temperatures in Johannesburg are usually fairly mild due to the city's high elevation, with an average maximum daytime temperature in January of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F), dropping to an average maximum of around 16 °C (61 °F) in June. The <a href="/wiki/UV_index" class="mw-redirect" title="UV index">UV index</a> for Johannesburg in summers is extreme, often reaching 14–16 due to the high elevation and its location in the subtropics.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with mild days and cool nights, dropping to 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in June and July. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>. Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in the twentieth century during May 1956, August 1962, June 1964 and September 1981. In the 21st century, there was light sleet in 2006, as well as snow proper on 27 June 2007 (accumulating up to 10 centimetres or 4 inches in the southern suburbs),<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> 7 August 2012,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> and 10 July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is 713 millimetres (28.1 in), which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months. The lowest nighttime minimum temperature ever recorded in Johannesburg is −8.2 °C (17.2 °F), on 13 June 1979. The lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded is 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), on 19 June 1964.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Johannesburg (<a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O. R. Tambo International Airport</a>), elevation 1,695 m (5,561 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.4 (106.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.4 (106.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.6 (72.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2 (17.2) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.2 (17.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #3AFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.7 (5.19) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.0 (4.02) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.8 (3.73) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1 (1.66) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (0.79) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (0.26) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (0.07) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (0.21) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (0.64) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 (2.69) </td> <td style="background: #63FF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.1 (3.98) </td> <td style="background: #3DFF3D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">130.0 (5.12) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">720 (28.36) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.8 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">236.9 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.9 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">283.9 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">284.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">280.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.5 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,124.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #F7F721; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Joburg-73">[72]</a>Starlings Roost Weather<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: South African Weather Service<a href="#cite_note-WeatherREF1-75">[74]</a> Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Johannesburg population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1886 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1904 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">99,052</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1908 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">180,687</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1985 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,783,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,898,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,745,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,326,055</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,272,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.40%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,474,829</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.35%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2022 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,803,262<a href="#cite_note-provinces-7">[7]</a></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.65%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-JoziPop1880s-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-unhabitat2014-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-statssaPop-79">[78]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_South_Africa" title="Statistics South Africa">South African National Census</a>, the population of Johannesburg is 4,434,827 people,<a href="#cite_note-statssaPop-79">[78]</a> making it the most populous city in South Africa (it has been the most populous city in South Africa since at least the 1950s).<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> From the 2001 census, the people live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_toilet" title="Chemical toilet">chemical toilet</a>, and 91% have <a href="/wiki/Refuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuse">refuse</a> removed by the municipality at least once a week. 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. 29% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> 66% of households are headed by one person. Johannesburg's <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> spreads well beyond the administrative boundary of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality">municipality</a>. The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",.<a href="#cite_note-citypop-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_of_Johannesburg" title="Suburbs of Johannesburg">Johannesburg's suburbs</a> are the product of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Greater Johannesburg consists of more than five hundred suburbs in an area covering more than two hundred square miles (520 square kilometres).<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> Although black Africans can be found throughout Johannesburg and its surrounding area, greater Johannesburg remains highly racially segregated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in 1886 and given city status in 1928, has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit">[update]</a>, this main place had a population of 957,441 and an area of 334.81 km2.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Some authors consider the metropolitan area to include most of Gauteng province.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>'s Population Division in 2016 estimated the metropolitan area population to be 9,616,000.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WUP_2016-88">[87]</a> Blacks account for 73% of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">whites</a> at 18%, <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">coloureds</a> at 6% and <a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asians</a> at 4%. 42% of the population is under the age of 24, while 6% of the population is over 60 years of age. 37% of city residents are unemployed. 91% of the unemployed are Black African. Women comprise 43% of the working population. 19% of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18% in financial, real estate and business services, 17% in the community, social and personal services and 12% are in manufacturing. Only 0.7% work in mining. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG/220px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG/220px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG/330px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG/440px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_Jeppestown.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dutch Reformed Church in <a href="/wiki/Jeppestown" title="Jeppestown">Jeppestown</a></figcaption></figure> 53% belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24% are not affiliated with any organised religion, 14% are members of <a href="/wiki/African_Initiated_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="African Initiated Church">African Independent Churches</a>, 3% are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 1% are <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> and 1% are <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temples, a Sikh Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) in Sandton and a large number of synagogues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">Places of worship</a> in Johannesburg are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Mission_of_South_Africa" title="Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa">Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Southern_Africa" title="Baptist Union of Southern Africa">Baptist Union of Southern Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa_(NGK)" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)">Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Methodist Church of Southern Africa">Methodist Church of Southern Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Anglican Church of Southern Africa">Anglican Church of Southern Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Africa" title="Presbyterian Church of Africa">Presbyterian Church of Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Johannesburg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_South_Africa_Temple" title="Johannesburg South Africa Temple">Johannesburg South Africa Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judaism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most of Johannesburg's estimated 50,000 Jews live in the North Eastern suburbs; <a href="/wiki/Glenhazel" title="Glenhazel">Glenhazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raedene_Estate" title="Raedene Estate">Raedene Estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kew,_Gauteng" title="Kew, Gauteng">Kew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Gauteng" title="Norwood, Gauteng">Norwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highlands_North,_Gauteng" title="Highlands North, Gauteng">Highlands North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandringham,_Gauteng" title="Sandringham, Gauteng">Sandringham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Estate" title="Savoy Estate">Savoy Estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waverley,_Johannesburg" title="Waverley, Johannesburg">Waverley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchards,_Johannesburg" title="Orchards, Johannesburg">Orchards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaklands,_Gauteng" title="Oaklands, Gauteng">Oaklands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairmount,_Gauteng" title="Fairmount, Gauteng">Fairmount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> synagogues in the city including; <a href="/wiki/Great_Park_Synagogue_(Johannesburg)" title="Great Park Synagogue (Johannesburg)">Great Park Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Shul" title="Oxford Shul">Oxford Shul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doornfontein_Synagogue" title="Doornfontein Synagogue">Doornfontein Synagogue</a>. There is a smaller number of synagogues serving the city's <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Jews</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Johannesburg)" title="Temple Israel (Johannesburg)">Temple Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beit_Emanuel,_Johannesburg" title="Beit Emanuel, Johannesburg">Beit Emanuel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/220px-Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/220px-Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/330px-Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/440px-Johannesburg_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of home languages in Johannesburg <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> No language dominant</div></div></figcaption></figure> 32% of Johannesburg residents speak <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a> at home, 24% speak <a href="/wiki/Sotho_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho languages">Sotho languages</a>, 18% speak English, 7% speak <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and 6% speak <a href="/wiki/Tshivenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshivenda">Tshivenda</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gender </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Female </td> <td>473,148 </td> <td>49.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Male </td> <td>484,293 </td> <td>50.58 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Race </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black African</a> </td> <td>614,793 </td> <td>64.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a> </td> <td>133,379 </td> <td>13.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a> </td> <td>133,029 </td> <td>13.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asian</a> </td> <td>63,918 </td> <td>6.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>12,320 </td> <td>1.29 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">First language</a> </th> <th>Population<a href="#cite_note-census2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-census2011_gov.za-91">[90]</a> </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> </td> <td>1,022,747 </td> <td>23.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sotho</a> </td> <td>420,117 </td> <td>9.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> </td> <td>298,523 </td> <td>6.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> </td> <td>318,063 </td> <td>7.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a> </td> <td>335,713 </td> <td>7.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sepedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepedi">Sepedi</a> </td> <td>317,277 </td> <td>7.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a> </td> <td>878,230 </td> <td>20.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a> </td> <td>287,625 </td> <td>6.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a> </td> <td>35,926 </td> <td>0.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a> </td> <td>141,435 </td> <td>3.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a> </td> <td>126,587 </td> <td>2.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Other</a> </td> <td>168,566 </td> <td>3.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">Sign language</a> </td> <td>18,793 </td> <td>0.43 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg/220px-Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg/220px-Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg/330px-Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg/440px-Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a></figcaption></figure> Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public universities</a>. Johannesburg is served by the public universities <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">University of Johannesburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">University of Johannesburg</a> was formed on 1 January 2005, when three separate universities and campuses—<a href="/wiki/Rand_Afrikaans_University" title="Rand Afrikaans University">Rand Afrikaans University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technikon_Witwatersrand" title="Technikon Witwatersrand">Technikon Witwatersrand</a>, and the Johannesburg campuses of <a href="/wiki/Vista_University" title="Vista University">Vista University</a>—were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> is one of the leading universities in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> and is famous as a centre of resistance to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. It is attached to one of the world's largest hospitals, the <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani_Baragwanath_Hospital" title="Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital">Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>'s business school the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Institute_of_Business_Science" title="Gordon Institute of Business Science">Gordon Institute of Business Science</a> is located in Illovo, Johannesburg. Many private colleges are also situated in Johannesburg, such as <a href="/wiki/Damelin" title="Damelin">Damelin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Damelin-93">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/CTI_Education_Group" title="CTI Education Group">CTI</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CTI-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_College" title="Lyceum College">Lyceum College</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyceum-95">[94]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monash_University,_South_Africa_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monash University, South Africa campus">South African campus</a><a href="#cite_note-Monash-96">[95]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a> (six of the other campuses are in Australia, while the eighth is in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Midrand_Graduate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrand Graduate Institute">Midrand Graduate Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-MGI-97">[96]</a> which is located in <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a>. Johannesburg also has one of several <a href="/wiki/Film_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Film schools">film schools</a> in the country, one of which has won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Student Film in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The South African School of Motion Picture and Live Performance, or <a href="/wiki/AFDA" class="mw-redirect" title="AFDA">AFDA</a> for short, is situated in Auckland Park. Johannesburg also has three teacher-training colleges and a technical college. There are numerous kindergartens, primary schools and high schools in the region. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="2168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 334px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="334" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg/330px-Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg/440px-Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg Stock Exchange">Johannesburg Stock Exchange</a></figcaption></figure> Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a 2008 survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a>, Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Mining was the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>'s economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. While gold mining no longer takes place within the <a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">city limits</a>, most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, the <a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">JSE</a> although it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions. The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, the biggest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Highlands_Water_Project" title="Lesotho Highlands Water Project">Lesotho Highlands Water Project</a>, but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century. The container terminal at <a href="/wiki/City_Deep,_Gauteng" title="City Deep, Gauteng">City Deep</a> is known to be the largest "<a href="/wiki/Dry_port" title="Dry port">dry port</a>" in the world,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> with some 50% of cargo that arrives through the ports of <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> arriving in Johannesburg. The City Deep area has been declared an IDZ (industrial development zone) by the Gauteng government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Retail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_centres_in_Johannesburg" title="Category:Shopping centres in Johannesburg">Category: Shopping centres in Johannesburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sandton.jpg/220px-Sandton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sandton.jpg/220px-Sandton.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sandton.jpg/330px-Sandton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sandton.jpg/440px-Sandton.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sandton_City" title="Sandton City">Sandton City</a> shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a>, Johannesburg.</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg's largest shopping centres, measured by gross leasable area (GLA, the uniform measure of centre size as determined by the International Council of Shopping Centers) are Sandton City, Eastgate, Mall of Africa, Westgate and Cresta. <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Melrose Arch">Melrose Arch</a> is one of its most prestigious.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other centres include <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_(shopping_centre)" title="Hyde Park Corner (shopping centre)">Hyde Park Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosebank,_Gauteng" title="Rosebank, Gauteng">Rosebank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southgate_Shopping_Centre" title="Southgate Shopping Centre">Southgate</a>, The Glen Shopping Centre, Johannesburg South, and Clearwater Mall. There were also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, in <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a>, but these have been indefinitely delayed due to the opening of <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_Africa" title="Mall of Africa">Mall of Africa</a>. "Zonk'Izizwe" means "All Nations" in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu language</a>, indicating that the centre will cater to the city's diverse mix of peoples and races. Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Cradlestone Mall is a new mall named for its location which is close to the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a>, a World Heritage Site. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Law and government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality">City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG/220px-Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="831"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG/220px-Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG/330px-Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG/440px-Johannesburg_2006_regions_with_legend.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The seven regions of the city</figcaption></figure> Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Municipality in 2000 the city was subdivided into eleven regions, simply named Region 1 to Region 11. These were reorganised in 2006 into the current seven regions named alphabetically Region A to Region G, as shown on the nearby map.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit">[update]</a> the seven regions are: <ul><li>Region A: Diepsloot, Kya Sand;</li> <li>Region B: Randburg, Rosebank, Emmarentia, Greenside, Melville, Northcliff, Rosebank, Parktown, Parktown North;</li> <li>Region C: Roodepoort, Constantia Kloof, Northgate;</li> <li>Region D: Doornkop, <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, Dobsonville, Protea Glen;</li> <li>Region E: Alexandra, Wynberg, <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a>;</li> <li>Region F: Inner City;</li> <li>Region G: Orange Farm, Ennerdale, Lenasia.</li></ul> In the 2016 municipal elections, the ruling party, the ANC, lost their majority in Johannesburg for the first time since taking power in 1994, claiming only 44.12% of the vote. The Economic Freedom Fighters and Democratic Alliance both agreed to vote for the DA mayoral candidate, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Mashaba" title="Herman Mashaba">Herman Mashaba</a>, who was sworn into power as the first Democratic Alliance mayor of Johannesburg on 22 August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The ANC returned to the city's executive on 4 December 2019 following the election of its regional chair, <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Makhubo" title="Geoff Makhubo">Geoff Makhubo</a>, to the mayoralty.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Makhubo died on 9 July 2021 and <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Mgcina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunice Mgcina">Eunice Mgcina</a> was appointed acting mayor.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> A new mayor, Jolidee Matongo, was elected unopposed on 10 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Matongo died in a car accident in September 2021 and <a href="/wiki/Mpho_Moerane" title="Mpho Moerane">Mpho Moerane</a> was elected to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_african_police_may_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_african_police_may_2010.jpg/220px-South_african_police_may_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1347"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_african_police_may_2010.jpg/220px-South_african_police_may_2010.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_african_police_may_2010.jpg/330px-South_african_police_may_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_african_police_may_2010.jpg/440px-South_african_police_may_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Officers of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> with <a href="/wiki/R4_assault_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="R4 assault rifle">Vektor R5</a> rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soweto_township.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Soweto_township.jpg/220px-Soweto_township.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Soweto_township.jpg/220px-Soweto_township.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Soweto_township.jpg/330px-Soweto_township.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Soweto_township.jpg/440px-Soweto_township.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">shanty town</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">township</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Group_Areas_Act" title="Group Areas Act">Group Areas Act</a> was scrapped in 1991, Johannesburg was affected by <a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">urban blight</a>. Thousands of poor black people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships like <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> and many immigrants from economically beleaguered and wartorn African nations flooded into South Africa. Many buildings were abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlords</a>, especially in high-density areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Hillbrow" title="Hillbrow">Hillbrow</a>. Many corporations and institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/JSE_Securities_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="JSE Securities Exchange">stock exchange</a>, moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs like <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Reviving the city centre is one of the main aims of the municipal government of Johannesburg. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city. These measures include <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> on street corners. As of 11 December 2008, every street corner in Johannesburg central is under high-tech <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CCTV</a> surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-iol.co.za-110">[109]</a> The CCTV system, operated by the Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD), is also able to detect stolen or hijacked vehicles by scanning the number plates of every vehicle travelling through the central business district (CBD), then comparing them to the eNaTIS database. The JMPD claims that the average response time by police for crimes committed in the CBD is 60 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-iol.co.za-110">[109]</a> Crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Between 2001 and 2006, R9-billion (US$1.2 billion) has been invested in the city centre. Further investment of around R10-billion (US$1.5 billion) is expected in the city centre alone by 2010. This excludes development directly associated with the 2010 FIFA World Cup.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In an effort to prepare Johannesburg for the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>, local government enlisted the help of <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>, to help bring down the crime rate, as the opening and closing matches of the tournament were played in the city.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Murders">Murders</a> in the Johannesburg municipality amounted to 1,697 in 2007 according to the South African Medical Research Council, a rate of 43 per 100,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In 2016 that number had sharply declined to 29.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, placing the murder rate at more than half of that of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and even below the national average.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Johannesburg is a cultural hub in South Africa<a href="#cite_note-JoburgCulture1-116">[115]</a> and has a wide variety of cultural venues, making it a prominent area for many creative and cultural industries.<a href="#cite_note-JoburgCulture1-116">[115]</a> Johannesburg is home to the National School of Arts, The University of Witwatersrand's School of the Arts and the South African Ballet Theatre,<a href="#cite_note-JoburgCulture1-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSA-117">[116]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Art_Gallery" title="Johannesburg Art Gallery">Johannesburg Art Gallery</a><a href="#cite_note-JoziArtGallery-118">[117]</a> and other prominent cultural landmarks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fitzgerald_Square" title="Mary Fitzgerald Square">Mary Fitzgerald Square</a><a href="#cite_note-JoburgCulture1-116">[115]</a> and numerous other museums, theatres, galleries and libraries.<a href="#cite_note-JoburgCulture1-116">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_City_Library" title="Johannesburg City Library">Johannesburg City Library</a> is located in the Central Business District of Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_(square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg/220px-9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg/220px-9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg/330px-9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg/440px-9_2_228_0069-Art_Gallery-Johannesburg-s_%28square%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Art_Gallery" title="Johannesburg Art Gallery">Johannesburg Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG/220px-Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG/220px-Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG/330px-Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG/440px-Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_Museum" title="Apartheid Museum">Apartheid Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Specialist museums cover subjects such as Africana, costume, design, <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a>, geology, <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>, medical, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a>, photography and transportation networks such as railways. <a href="/wiki/Gold_Reef_City" title="Gold Reef City">Gold Reef City</a>, a living museum, was originally part of the Crown Mines Complex, where gold was mined to a depth of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Market_Theatre_(Johannesburg)" title="Market Theatre (Johannesburg)">Market Theatre</a> stages plays, comedy shows, and musical performances. The following is a list of some of the museums and galleries that can be found in Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <ul><li>AECI Dynamite Factory Museum</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The AECI Dynamite Factory Museum, housed in the 1895 residence of a mining official, records the history of explosives, with particular emphasis on their use in the mining industry.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Adler Museum of Medicine</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>History of Medicine, brainchild of Dr Cyril Adler, was formally inaugurated 1962. The museum's role was to collect and preserve for posterity all material that would illustrate the history of medicine in general and of South Africa in particular.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Afronova Art Gallery</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_Museum" title="Apartheid Museum">Apartheid Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hill,_Johannesburg" title="Constitution Hill, Johannesburg">Constitution Hill, Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vusamazulu_Credo_Mutwa" title="Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa">Credo Mutwa</a> Cultural Village</li> <li>David Krut Projects</li> <li>Everard Read Gallery</li> <li>Gallery MOMO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodman_Gallery" title="Goodman Gallery">Goodman Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Pieterson_Museum" title="Hector Pieterson Museum">Hector Pieterson Museum</a> (Khaya le Ndaba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_Transport_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hall Transport Museum">James Hall Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Art_Gallery" title="Johannesburg Art Gallery">Johannesburg Art Gallery</a></li> <li>Kalshnikov Gallery</li> <li>Madiba Freedom Museum</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Named after the former President Mandela's clan, the museum's theme is Mzabalazo and charts South Africa's journey to democracy.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MuseuMAfricA" title="MuseuMAfricA">MuseuMAfricA</a>.</li> <li>Origins Centre Museum</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Located on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Braamfontein" title="Braamfontein">Braamfontein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> this museum contains some excellent examples of southern African rock art and the origins of humankind.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Bernberg Fashion Museum</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Bernberg Fashion Museum is primarily a museum collection, consisting of objects, and explains why and how clothing has changed and how the fashions of the past influence those of today.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Museum_of_Military_History" title="South African National Museum of Military History">South African National Museum of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Bank_Art_Gallery" title="Standard Bank Art Gallery">Standard Bank Art Gallery</a></li> <li>The Melrose Gallery</li> <li>The UJ Art Gallery</li> <li>WITS Art Museum</li> <li>Zoology Museum</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The Zoology Museum is the only natural history museum in Johannesburg which is unusual because all the other major cities in South Africa have large public natural history museums. It has retained a unique character as the display specimens are exhibited in finely crafted teak cabinets which allow the viewer to engage directly with scores of objects at close range.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_performing_arts">Entertainment and performing arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Entertainment and performing arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg,_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="459"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Rise_Against_at_RAMFest_2013_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rise_Against" title="Rise Against">Rise Against</a> performing live in Johannesburg, South Africa, as part of <a href="/wiki/RAMFest" title="RAMFest">RAMFest</a> 2013</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg hosts many of South Africa's premier music events, such as <a href="/wiki/RAMFest" title="RAMFest">RAMFest</a>'s Johannesburg leg,<a href="#cite_note-RAM10-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-RAM11JOZI-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-RAM12JOZI-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-RAM13-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/In_the_City_(South_African_festival)" title="In the City (South African festival)">In The City</a><a href="#cite_note-VITC2012-126">[125]</a> and many international tours from bands and artists around the world.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Several critically acclaimed musical acts come from Johannesburg, such as <a href="/wiki/Kongos_(band)" title="Kongos (band)">Kongos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Clegg" title="Johnny Clegg">Johnny Clegg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Rabin" title="Trevor Rabin">Trevor Rabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra_%26_Giraffe" title="Zebra & Giraffe">Zebra & Giraffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_As_Machine" title="Man As Machine">Man As Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Parlotones" title="The Parlotones">The Parlotones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shortstraw" title="Shortstraw">ShortStraw</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Joburg_Theatre" title="Joburg Theatre">Joburg Theatre</a> complex hosts drama, opera and ballet. The Market Theatre Foundation houses the historic <a href="/wiki/Market_Theatre_(Johannesburg)" title="Market Theatre (Johannesburg)">Market Theatre</a> in Newtown with various sized stages holding performances from theatre to music and dance. The foundation also oversees the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketlab.co.za">Market Theatre Laboratory</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketphotoworkshop.co.za">The Market Photo Workshop</a> – run training programmes for young creatives and presenting work to the public. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art">Public art</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Public art ranges from sculptures to murals to pieces by artists like <a href="/wiki/William_Kentridge" title="William Kentridge">William Kentridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Marx" title="Gerhard Marx">Gerhard Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fire_Walker" title="Fire Walker">Fire Walker</a>. Many pieces are developed through community workshops, such as the Vilakazi Street sculptures. Others are functional, such as street furniture found in <a href="/wiki/Hillbrow" title="Hillbrow">Hillbrow</a> and the city centre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As part of the Johannesburg Development Agency's (JDA) policy to make city areas desirable to potential investors, the organisation has identified public art as a way to improve the urban experience of the city.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The JDA spends 1 percent of all projects of over R10-million on public art.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_urbanism">Architecture and urbanism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Architecture and urbanism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Johannesburg" title="Architecture of Johannesburg">Architecture of Johannesburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_of_Johannesburg" title="Suburbs of Johannesburg">Suburbs of Johannesburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trust_Bank_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Trust_Bank_Building.jpg/220px-Trust_Bank_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="2147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Trust_Bank_Building.jpg/220px-Trust_Bank_Building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Trust_Bank_Building.jpg/330px-Trust_Bank_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Trust_Bank_Building.jpg/440px-Trust_Bank_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trust_Bank_Building" title="Trust Bank Building">Trust Bank Building</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joburg_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Joburg_skyline.jpg/220px-Joburg_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="573"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Joburg_skyline.jpg/220px-Joburg_skyline.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Joburg_skyline.jpg/330px-Joburg_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Joburg_skyline.jpg/440px-Joburg_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Johannesburg Central Business District</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg is home to some of Africa's tallest structures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sentech_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentech Tower">Sentech Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillbrow_Tower" title="Hillbrow Tower">Hillbrow Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Centre" title="Carlton Centre">Carlton Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponte_City_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte City Apartments">Ponte City Apartments</a>. The Johannesburg city skyline has most of the tallest buildings on the continent and contains most international organisations such as <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absa_Group" title="Absa Group">Absa</a>, <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Group" title="Willis Group">Willis Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_(South_Africa)" title="First National Bank (South Africa)">First National Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedbank" title="Nedbank">Nedbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Bank" title="Standard Bank">Standard Bank</a>. Many of the city's older buildings have been demolished and more modern ones built in their place. North of the CBD is <a href="/wiki/Hillbrow" title="Hillbrow">Hillbrow</a>, the most densely populated residential area in southern Africa. Northwest of the CBD is <a href="/wiki/Braamfontein" title="Braamfontein">Braamfontein</a>, a secondary CBD housing many offices and business premises. The CBD is predominated by four styles of architecture, being <a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Victorian Colonial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian Baroque">Edwardian Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>. The city is often described as Africa's economic powerhouse, and contentiously as a modern and prosperous African city.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-137">[136]</a> Johannesburg, like many metropolises, has more than one central business district (CBD), including, but not limited to, Sandton, Rosebank and Roodepoort in addition to the original CBD. Some tend to include Benoni and Germiston as well. Due to its many different central districts, Johannesburg would fall under the <a href="/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model" title="Multiple nuclei model">multiple nuclei model</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a> terms. It is the hub of South Africa's commercial, financial, industrial, and mining undertakings. Johannesburg is part of a larger urban region. It is closely linked with several other satellite towns. <a href="/wiki/Randburg" title="Randburg">Randburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a> form part of the northern area. The east and west ridges spread out from central Johannesburg. The Central Business District covers an area of 6 square kilometres (2 sq mi). It consists of closely packed skyscrapers such as the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Centre" title="Carlton Centre">Carlton Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble_Towers" title="Marble Towers">Marble Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_Bank_Building" title="Trust Bank Building">Trust Bank Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponte_City_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte City Apartments">Ponte City Apartments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Life_Centre" title="Southern Life Centre">Southern Life Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/11_Diagonal_Street" title="11 Diagonal Street">11 Diagonal Street</a>. Johannesburg's city centre retains its elements of a rectangular grid pattern that was first officially recorded in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> Streets are narrow and filled with high rises built in the mid- to late 1900s. Old Victorian–era buildings first built in the late 1800s have been torn down long ago.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> The 1900s brought along with it the introduction of many different architectural styles and structures. The Johannesburg Art Gallery and Supreme Court Building being two examples. These were important Beaux-Arts structures, with the style put in place by (at the time) colonial parent, the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> South Africa didn't borrow architectural techniques exclusively from Britain, however. They were also inspired by American models and styles, having built several structures like the ESKOM Building and the Corner House to emulate the prowess of New York City, located in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[61]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1110px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_Joburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Johannesburg Central Business District"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Panoramic_Joburg.jpg/1100px-Panoramic_Joburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5580" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1100px;height: 197px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Panoramic_Joburg.jpg/1100px-Panoramic_Joburg.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1100" data-height="197" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Panoramic_Joburg.jpg/1650px-Panoramic_Joburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Panoramic_Joburg.jpg/2200px-Panoramic_Joburg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_Joburg.jpg" title="File:Panoramic Joburg.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_CBD" title="Johannesburg CBD">Johannesburg Central Business District</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg/220px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg/220px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg/330px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg/440px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Uruguay_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team" title="Uruguay national football team">Uruguay</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team" title="Ghana national football team">Ghana</a> at the <a href="/wiki/FNB_Stadium" title="FNB Stadium">FNB Stadium</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> Johannesburg's most popular sports by participation are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>. Early each Sunday morning, tens of thousands of runners gather to take part in informal runs organised by several athletic clubs. The city has several football clubs in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Premiership" title="South African Premiership">Premiership</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_First_Division" title="National First Division">National First Division</a>. In the Premiership, the top Johannesburg teams are all fierce rivals and include <a href="/wiki/Kaizer_Chiefs_F.C." title="Kaizer Chiefs F.C.">Kaizer Chiefs</a> (nicknamed Amakhosi) and <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Pirates_F.C." title="Orlando Pirates F.C.">Orlando Pirates</a> (nicknamed the Buccaneers). They are based at the city's <a href="/wiki/FNB_Stadium" title="FNB Stadium">FNB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Stadium" title="Orlando Stadium">Orlando</a> stadiums. Several large-scale league and cup games are played at <a href="/wiki/Soccer_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer City">Soccer City</a> the venue of the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> final. First Division teams are <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Cosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Jomo Cosmos">Jomo Cosmos</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_AK" title="FC AK">FC AK</a>. Katlehong City and Alexandra United, play at <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Stadium">Alexandra</a> and Reiger Park stadium respectively. Cricket is one of the more popular sports. In cricket, the <a href="/wiki/Highveld_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Highveld Lions">Highveld Lions</a> represent Johannesburg, the rest of Gauteng as well as the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Province">North West</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wanderers_Stadium" title="Wanderers Stadium">Wanderers Stadium</a> which was the venue for the <a href="/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2003 Cricket World Cup">2003 Cricket World Cup</a> Final in which <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team" title="Australia national cricket team">Australia</a> successfully defended their title against <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">India</a>. Wanderers Stadium hosted what many cricket fans consider the greatest ever <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="One Day International cricket">ODI</a> match in which South Africa successfully chased down 434 runs. They take part in the <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first class</a> <a href="/wiki/SuperSport_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperSport Series">SuperSport Series</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Limited_overs_cricket" title="Limited overs cricket">one-day</a> <a href="/wiki/MTN_Domestic_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="MTN Domestic Championship">MTN Domestic Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Twenty20</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Slam_T20_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Slam T20 Challenge">Ram Slam T20 Challenge</a>. Johannesburg also hosted matches from and the final of the <a href="/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 ICC World Twenty20">2007 ICC World Twenty20</a>, in which India beat <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team" title="Pakistan national cricket team">Pakistan</a> in the final. The <a href="/wiki/Lions_(United_Rugby_Championship)" title="Lions (United Rugby Championship)">Lions</a>, formerly the Cats, represent Johannesburg, <a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a> competition, which includes teams from South Africa, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lions" title="Golden Lions">Golden Lions</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Currie_Cup" title="Currie Cup">Currie Cup</a>, which they have won on ten occasions. They are housed at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium" title="Ellis Park Stadium">Ellis Park Stadium</a>, which also hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">IRB</a> <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Rugby World Cup Final">1995 Rugby World Cup Final</a>, in which the South African <a href="/wiki/Springboks" class="mw-redirect" title="Springboks">Springboks</a> defeated the New Zealand <a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">All Blacks</a>. The city's <a href="/wiki/Ticketpro_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticketpro Dome">Ticketpro Dome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Park_Arena" title="Ellis Park Arena">Ellis Park Arena</a> hosted two of the three <a href="/wiki/NBA_Africa_Game_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA Africa Game (disambiguation)">NBA Africa Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Johannesburg is a young and sprawling city, with its public transportation built in its infancy, geared towards private motorists, and lacks a convenient public transportation system. The City though has invested a large percentage of its budget[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] toward an effective integrated public transportation system. A significant number of the city's residents are dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Roads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Freeways" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg Freeways">Johannesburg Freeways</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa_(2417711025).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg/220px-Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="671"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 328px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg/220px-Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="328" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg/330px-Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg/440px-Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa_%282417711025%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M1_(Johannesburg)" title="M1 (Johannesburg)">M1</a> is a major freeway in Johannesburg</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg shares a network of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Routes_in_Johannesburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Routes in Johannesburg">metropolitan routes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekurhuleni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekurhuleni">Ekurhuleni</a>. The fact that Johannesburg is not near a large navigable body of water has meant that ground transportation has been the most important method of transporting people and goods in and out of the city. One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Ring_Road" title="Johannesburg Ring Road">Johannesburg Ring Road</a>. The road is composed of three freeways that converge on the city, forming an 80-kilometre (50 mi) loop around it: the <a href="/wiki/N3_Eastern_Bypass_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N3 Eastern Bypass (South Africa)">N3 Eastern Bypass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/N1_Western_Bypass_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N1 Western Bypass (South Africa)">N1 Western Bypass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/N12_Southern_Bypass_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N12 Southern Bypass (South Africa)">N12 Southern Bypass</a>. The <a href="/wiki/N3_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N3 road (South Africa)">N3</a> was built exclusively with <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/N12_(South_Africa)" title="N12 (South Africa)">N12</a> and <a href="/wiki/N1_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N1 road (South Africa)">N1</a> sections were made with concrete, hence the nickname given to the N1 Western Bypass, "The Concrete Highway". In spite of being up to 12 lanes wide in some areas, the Johannesburg Ring Road is frequently clogged with traffic. The Gillooly's Interchange (renamed George Bizos Interchange in 2021<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a>), built on an old farm and the point at which the N3 Eastern Bypass and the <a href="/wiki/R24_(Gauteng)" class="mw-redirect" title="R24 (Gauteng)">R24 Airport Freeway</a> intersect, is the busiest interchange in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-sanral-140">[139]</a> It is claimed<a href="#cite_note-sanral-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> that the N1 is the busiest road in South Africa. Johannesburg has a lot of freeways connected to it.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/N1_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N1 road (South Africa)">N1</a> connects northwards to <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Polokwane</a> and southwards to <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/N3_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N3 road (South Africa)">N3</a> connects south-east to <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/N12_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N12 road (South Africa)">N12</a> connects westwards to <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> and eastwards to <a href="/wiki/Witbank" title="Witbank">eMalahleni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/N14_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N14 road (South Africa)">N14</a> passes at the north-western corner of the Johannesburg Municipality, connecting <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/N17_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N17 road (South Africa)">N17</a> connects eastwards to <a href="/wiki/Ermelo,_South_Africa" title="Ermelo, South Africa">Ermelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R21_(Gauteng)" class="mw-redirect" title="R21 (Gauteng)">R21</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/East_Rand" title="East Rand">East Rand</a> and <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O. R. Tambo International Airport</a> with Pretoria.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R24_(Gauteng)" class="mw-redirect" title="R24 (Gauteng)">R24</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_CBD" title="Johannesburg CBD">Johannesburg CBD</a> with the airport.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R59_(Free_State)" class="mw-redirect" title="R59 (Free State)">R59</a> connects southwards to <a href="/wiki/Vereeniging" title="Vereeniging">Vereeniging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasolburg" title="Sasolburg">Sasolburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M1_(Johannesburg)" title="M1 (Johannesburg)">M1</a> connects the Johannesburg CBD with the northern suburbs and the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_South" title="Johannesburg South">southern suburbs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M2_road_(Johannesburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 road (Johannesburg)">M2</a> connects the Johannesburg CBD with the <a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston CBD</a> to the east. The M1 and M2 freeways are congested due to mass urbanisation. Johannesburg also has a lot of non-freeway routes that connect to other towns and cities. The <a href="/wiki/R24_(South_Africa)" title="R24 (South Africa)">R24</a> connects the Johannesburg city centre with <a href="/wiki/Roodepoort" title="Roodepoort">Roodepoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rustenburg" title="Rustenburg">Rustenburg</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R25_(South_Africa)" title="R25 (South Africa)">R25</a> connects Johannesburg's northern suburbs with <a href="/wiki/Modderfontein_(East_Rand)" title="Modderfontein (East Rand)">Modderfontein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park,_South_Africa" title="Kempton Park, South Africa">Kempton Park</a> to the north-east.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R29_(South_Africa)" title="R29 (South Africa)">R29</a> connects the city centre with <a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benoni,_South_Africa" title="Benoni, South Africa">Benoni</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R41_(South_Africa)" title="R41 (South Africa)">R41</a> connects the city centre with Roodepoort and <a href="/wiki/Randfontein" title="Randfontein">Randfontein</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R55_(South_Africa)" title="R55 (South Africa)">R55</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_West" title="Pretoria West">Pretoria West</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R82_(South_Africa)" title="R82 (South Africa)">R82</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_South" title="Johannesburg South">Johannesburg South</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vereeniging" title="Vereeniging">Vereeniging</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R101_(South_Africa)" title="R101 (South Africa)">R101</a> connects Sandton with <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_South_Africa" title="Centurion, South Africa">Centurion</a> and Pretoria to the north.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R511_(South_Africa)" title="R511 (South Africa)">R511</a> connects Sandton with <a href="/wiki/Diepsloot" title="Diepsloot">Diepsloot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartbeespoort" title="Hartbeespoort">Hartbeespoort</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R512_(South_Africa)" title="R512 (South Africa)">R512</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Randburg" title="Randburg">Randburg</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lanseria_International_Airport" title="Lanseria International Airport">Lanseria International Airport</a> and Hartbeespoort to the north.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus_and_taxi_transit">Bus and taxi transit</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bus and taxi transit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG/220px-Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG/220px-Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG/330px-Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG/440px-Rea_Vaya_stop_in_CBD.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rea_Vaya" title="Rea Vaya">Rea Vaya</a> bus stop in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_CBD" title="Johannesburg CBD">Johannesburg CBD</a> in Commissioner Street at Ntemi Piliso Street</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg is served by a bus fleet operated by MetroBus, a corporate unit of the City of Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> It has a fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. This total includes 200 modern buses (150 double-deckers and 50 single-deckers), made by <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania AB</a> and Marcopolo/Brasa in 2002. Metrobus' fleet carries approximately 20 million passengers per annum. In addition, there are a number of private bus operators, though most focus on the inter-city routes, or on bus charters for touring groups. The city's main bus terminus is situated in <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Square" title="Gandhi Square">Gandhi Square</a>, where passengers can also obtain information regarding the Metrobus service from the walk-in customer information desk. In 2010, in order to create an efficient public transport system, the <a href="/wiki/Rea_Vaya" title="Rea Vaya">Rea Vaya</a> bus rapid system was developed/built. The buses run on their own dedicated bus lanes on the main trunk and complementary routes. The buses also have large feeder routes that run on ordinary roads. The Rea Vaya works on a smartcard payment system. Upon entering the station or bus, the passenger taps his/her smartcard onto the validator/scanner and taps out at the next station with the calculated amount. The routes cover both the southern and northern suburbs with the main trunk route running from Soweto to Sandton and Rosebank, and the feeder and complementary routes covering most of Johannesburg, with the notable exceptions of Midrand and Centurion. A subsequent expansion (phase 1-C;1-D) will cover these areas. In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Rea_Vaya" title="Rea Vaya">Rea Vaya</a> bus rapid transit was recorded to be making huge losses recovering only about 40 per cent of the operating costs and relying heavily on government subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis, <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">metered taxis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minibus_taxi#Minibus_taxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Minibus taxi">minibus taxis</a>. Unlike many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The Gauteng Provincial Government has launched a new metered taxi programme in an attempt to increase the use of metered taxis in the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The minibus "taxis" are the de facto standard and essential form of transport for the majority of the population. Since the 1980s, the minibus taxi industry has been severely affected by <a href="/wiki/Taxi_wars_in_South_Africa" title="Taxi wars in South Africa">turf wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Airports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg/220px-Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="871"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg/220px-Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg/330px-Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg/440px-Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O. R. Tambo International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Johannesburg is served principally by <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O. R. Tambo International Airport</a> (formerly Johannesburg International Airport and before that Jan Smuts Airport) for both domestic and international flights. <a href="/wiki/Lanseria_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanseria Airport">Lanseria Airport</a>, located to the north-west of the city and closer to the business hub of <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a>, is used for commercial flights to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>, Botswana, and <a href="/wiki/Sun_City,_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun City, North West">Sun City</a>. Other airports include <a href="/wiki/Rand_Airport" title="Rand Airport">Rand Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Airport" title="Grand Central Airport">Grand Central Airport</a>. Rand Airport, located in <a href="/wiki/Germiston,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Germiston, Gauteng">Germiston</a>, is a small airfield used mostly for private aircraft and the home of <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a>' first Boeing 747–200 ZS-SAN and also 747SP ZS-SPC and now serves as an aviation museum. Grand Central is located in Midrand and also caters to small, private aircraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg/220px-South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg/220px-South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg/330px-South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg/440px-South_Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metrorail_Gauteng" title="Metrorail Gauteng">Metrorail Gauteng</a> at <a href="/wiki/Braamfontein" title="Braamfontein">Braamfontein</a>, Johannesburg</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_Gauteng" title="Metrorail Gauteng">Metrorail Gauteng</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> system connects central Johannesburg to <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, and most of the satellite towns along the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a>. The railways transport huge numbers of commuters every day. However, the Metrorail infrastructure was built in Johannesburg's infancy and covers only the older areas in the city's south. The northern areas, including the business districts of <a href="/wiki/Sandton,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandton, Gauteng">Sandton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrand,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrand, Gauteng">Midrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randburg,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Randburg, Gauteng">Randburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosebank,_Gauteng" title="Rosebank, Gauteng">Rosebank</a>, are served by the rapid <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">rail</a> link <a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautrain...,_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> station at OR Tambo Airport</figcaption></figure> A part of the Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ Project, <a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> has made provision for a rapid <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">rail</a> link, running north to south, between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and west to east between Sandton and the <a href="/wiki/OR_Tambo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="OR Tambo International Airport">OR Tambo International Airport</a>. Construction of the Gautrain Rapid Rail started in October 2006 and was completed in June 2012. It consists of a number of underground stations, as well as above-ground stations. Stations on the north–south line include Johannesburg's <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Park_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg Park Station">Park Station</a> (underground), <a href="/wiki/Rosebank_(Gautrain_station)" title="Rosebank (Gautrain station)">Rosebank</a> (underground), <a href="/wiki/Sandton_(Gautrain_station)" title="Sandton (Gautrain station)">Sandton</a> (underground), <a href="/wiki/Marlboro_(Gautrain_station)" title="Marlboro (Gautrain station)">Marlboro</a> (above-ground and raised), <a href="/wiki/Midrand_(Gautrain_station)" title="Midrand (Gautrain station)">Midrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_railway_station" title="Pretoria railway station">Pretoria</a> Station and <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_(Gautrain_station)" title="Hatfield (Gautrain station)">Hatfield</a>. There is also a line from the O.R. Tambo International Airport (above-ground and raised) travelling to Sandton via <a href="/wiki/Rhodesfield_(Gautrain_station)" title="Rhodesfield (Gautrain station)">Rhodesfield</a> (raised) and Marlboro. A 200-kilometre expansion is underway and will consist of 3 new lines and 18 new stations, and is expected to cost R18 billion and one-lines (Soweto Mamalodi) could take 4 years to build, most of the new stations will be in Johannesburg. The east–west line from the airport to Sandton opened in June 2010 in time for the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>, while the north–south line opened on 2 August 2011, except for Park Station, which opened in 2012. The rail system was designed to alleviate traffic on the <a href="/wiki/N1_(South_Africa)" title="N1 (South Africa)">N1</a> freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, which records vehicle loads of up to 300,000 per week day.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> An extensive bus feeder system has also been implemented, which allows access to the main stations from the outer suburbs, but is limited to a five-kilometre radius, which neglects the rest of the suburbs. This is the first new major railway system that has been laid in South Africa since 1977.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In 2010, a <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg-Durban_High_Speed_Rail" title="Johannesburg-Durban High Speed Rail">high-speed rail link</a> was proposed between Johannesburg and <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In 2020 the government announced plans for high-speed rail from Johannesburg to <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freight">Freight</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Freight" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> City Deep Terminal is the name of Africa's largest <a href="/wiki/Dry_port" title="Dry port">dry port</a> and was officially opened by the South African Railways Services (SARS) in 1977. The container terminal is connected to the Port of Durban, Port of Ngqurha, Port of Cape Town, as well as Southern Africa by road and rail. At least forty percent of container export/imports run on the Natal Corridor (Natcor) which is directly linked by rail to City Deep. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Telecommunication" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Johannesburg has 4 major cellular telecommunications operators: <a href="/wiki/Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_C" title="Cell C">Cell C</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telkom_Mobile" title="Telkom Mobile">Telkom Mobile</a>. Vodacom's global headquarters is located in <a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a>. It was formed in 1994, just after the South African elections of 1994.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg/220px-SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg/220px-SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg/330px-SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg/440px-SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Broadcasting Corporation">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a> headquarters in Uitsaaisentrum, Johannesburg</figcaption></figure> Johannesburg has a number of regional radio stations such as <a href="/wiki/94.7_Highveld_Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="94.7 Highveld Stereo">94.7 Highveld Stereo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiokansel_/_Radio_Pulpit" title="Radiokansel / Radio Pulpit">Radiokansel / Radio Pulpit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaya_FM" title="Kaya FM">Kaya FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_2000" title="Radio 2000">Radio 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/YFM" title="YFM">YFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_FM" title="Metro FM">Metro FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/5FM" title="5FM">5FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_FM" title="Jacaranda FM">Jacaranda FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAfm" title="SAfm">SAfm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phalaphala_FM" title="Phalaphala FM">Phalaphala FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_702" title="Radio 702">Radio 702</a> and <a href="/wiki/UJFM" title="UJFM">UJFM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Johannesburg is also the headquarters of state-owned broadcaster <a href="/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Broadcasting Corporation">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> and pay-broadcast network Multichoice<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> which distributes <a href="/wiki/M-Net" title="M-Net">M-Net</a> and <a href="/wiki/DStv" title="DStv">DStv</a> a digital satellite service, while <a href="/wiki/Etv_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Etv (South Africa)">eTV</a> also has a presence in the city. The city has two television towers, the <a href="/wiki/Hillbrow_Tower" title="Hillbrow Tower">Hillbrow Tower</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sentech_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentech Tower">Sentech Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Johannesburg is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-twins-158">[157]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><noscript><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" data-alt="Ethiopia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><noscript><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Canada" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><noscript><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" data-alt="Palestine" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><noscript><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="Brazil" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><noscript><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" data-alt="Namibia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, Namibia</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Partner cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Johannesburg is cooperating with:<a href="#cite_note-twins-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><noscript><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" data-alt="Ghana" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><noscript><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" data-alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, DR Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><noscript><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" data-alt="Mozambique" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Matola" title="Matola">Matola</a>, Mozambique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a>, France</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231007071041/https://humanities.uct.ac.za/apc/place-names-pre-colonial-origin-and-their-use-today">"Place Names of Pre-colonial Origin and their Use Today"</a>. 2 August 2012. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/chinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2013. <q>The oldest part of Johannesburg was first known as Ferreira's Camp and later Ferreiradorp.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinatown+Precinct+Plan&rft.pub=City+of+Johannesburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joburg-archive.co.za%2F2011%2Finner_city%2Fchinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannesburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-westgate-31"><a href="#cite_ref-westgate_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185711/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/westgate/sdf_plan_analysis_heritage_assets.pdf">"Westgate Station Precinct Spatial Development Framework and Implementation Plan"</a> (PDF). City of Johannesburg (Archive). 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Environment and Urbanization. 12 (1): 107–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000EnUrb..12..107B">2000EnUrb..12..107B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F095624780001200108">10.1177/095624780001200108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16645676">16645676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Urbanization&rft.atitle=Local+government%2C+poverty+reduction+and+inequality+in+Johannesburg&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16645676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F095624780001200108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000EnUrb..12..107B&rft.au=Beall%2C+Jo&rft.au=Crankshaw%2C+Owen&rft.au=Parnell%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F095624780001200108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannesburg" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723224506/http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107">Archived</a> 23 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/">"Apartheid legacy of urban sprawl is the challenge our cities face"</a>. Daily Maverick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183006/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=Apartheid+legacy+of+urban+sprawl+is+the+challenge+our+cities+face&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannesburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrica2011" class="citation web cs1">Africa, Statistics South (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306">"Main Place"</a>. www.statssa.gov.za. Statistics South Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033221/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521536851" title="Special:BookSources/9780521536851"><bdi>9780521536851</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010217/https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. 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Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techcentral.co.za&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+Sentech%27s+iconic+tower+%E2%80%93+TechCentral&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcentral.co.za%2Fthe-story-behind-sentechs-iconic-tower%2F18447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannesburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twins_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joburg.org.za/departments_/Documents/GSPCR/CoJ_IR%20Strategy_Sep2021.pdf">"Twinning agreements"</a> (PDF). joburg.org.za. City of Johannesburg. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joburg.org.za&rft.atitle=Twinning+agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joburg.org.za%2Fdepartments_%2FDocuments%2FGSPCR%2FCoJ_IR%2520Strategy_Sep2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannesburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/">"Международные и межрегиональные связи"</a>. gov.spb.ru (in Russian). Federal city of Saint Petersburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.spb.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.spb.ru%2Fhelper%2Fnew_stat%2Finter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannesburg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> This figure represents the urban population for the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Johannesburg">City of Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ekurhuleni" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Ekurhuleni">City of Ekurhuleni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogale_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogale City">Mogale City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rand_West_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Rand West City">Rand West City</a> municipalities combined. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Felix Urban: Acoustic Competence. Investigating sonic empowerment in urban cultures. Johannesburg and Berlin. 1. Edition. Tectum, Baden-Baden 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8288-3683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8288-3683-9">978-3-8288-3683-9</a>.</li> <li>Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Sarah Nuttall. Duke University Press. 9 January 2005. 210 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-6610-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-6610-X">0-8223-6610-X</a>.</li> <li>Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People. Hannes Meiring, Human & Rousseau. 1986. 143 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7981-1456-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7981-1456-8">0-7981-1456-8</a></li> <li>Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush. Eric Rosenthal, AD. Donker, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949937-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-949937-64-9">0-949937-64-9</a></li> <li>The Corner House: The Early History of Johannesburg. Alan Patrick Cartwright. MacDonald. 1965. 295 pages.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&oldid=1275789921">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&oldid=1275789921</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 02:53 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ጆሃንስበርግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆሃንስበርግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="جوهانسبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوهانسبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburgo" title="Johannesburgo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Johannesburgo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Ճոհանեսպուրկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճոհանեսպուրկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7ohanesb%C3%B4rg" title="J·ohanesbôrg – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="J·ohanesbôrg" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburgu" title="Johannesburgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Johannesburgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburgo" title="Johannesburgo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Johannesburgo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannesburq" title="Yohannesburq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yohannesburq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ژوهانسبورق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژوهانسبورق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="জোহানেসবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোহানেসবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Яганэсбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яганэсбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Яганэсбург – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яганэсбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханесбург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоханесбург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Johannesburg (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Johannesburg (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ola_Haag%C3%A9%C3%A9d_(Naakaii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah)" title="Óola Haagééd (Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Óola Haagééd (Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Γιοχάνεσμπουργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιοχάνεσμπουργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburgo" title="Johannesburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Johannesburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanesburgo" title="Johanesburgo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johanesburgo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ژوهانسبورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوهانسبورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesbourg" title="Johannesbourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Johannesbourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehannesburch_(S%C3%BAd-Afrika)" title="Jehannesburch (Súd-Afrika) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jehannesburch (Súd-Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xohanesburgo" title="Xohanesburgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xohanesburgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="요하네스버그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요하네스버그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Յոհաննեսբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոհաննեսբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="जोहान्सबर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोहान्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGoli" title="EGoli – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="EGoli" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGoli_(idolobha)" title="IGoli (idolobha) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGoli (idolobha)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3hannesarborg" title="Jóhannesarborg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jóhannesarborg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="יוהנסבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוהנסבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yowan%C9%9Bs%C9%A9buuri" title="Yowanɛsɩbuuri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yowanɛsɩbuuri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೊಹ್ಯಾನಿಸ್ಬರ್ಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೊಹ್ಯಾನಿಸ್ಬರ್ಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="იოჰანესბურგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოჰანესბურგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannesburgum" title="Ioannesburgum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannesburgum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburga" title="Johannesburga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Johannesburga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesbuerg" title="Johannesbuerg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Johannesbuerg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йогьаннесбург – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Йогьаннесбург" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanesburgas" title="Johanesburgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Johanesburgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Јоханесбург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јоханесбург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ജൊഹാനസ്‌ബർഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൊഹാനസ്‌ബർഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoanip%C4%81ka" title="Hoanipāka – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hoanipāka" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="जोहान्सबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जोहान्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="იოჰანესბურგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოჰანესბურგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="جوهانسبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوهانسبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جهانسبورگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جهانسبورگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоганнэсбург – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Йоганнэсбург" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဂျိုဟန္နက်စဗတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိုဟန္နက်စဗတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="जोहन्नेस्बर्ग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जोहन्नेस्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0" title="ヨハネスブルグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネスブルグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoxannesburg" title="Yoxannesburg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoxannesburg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਜੋਹਾਨਿਸਬਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੋਹਾਨਿਸਬਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جوہانسبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوہانسبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanesburgo" title="Joanesburgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joanesburgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоханнесбург – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Йоханнесбург" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱᱥᱵᱟᱨᱜᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱᱥᱵᱟᱨᱜᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جوهانسبرگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جوهانسبرگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJohannesburg" title="IJohannesburg – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJohannesburg" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جۆھانسبێرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆھانسبێرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Јоханезбург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јоханезбург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburgo" title="Johannesburgo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Johannesburgo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜோகானஸ்பேர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜோகானஸ்பேர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannesburg" title="Yohannesburg – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yohannesburg" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="โจฮันเนสเบิร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจฮันเนสเบิร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоҳаннесбург – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Йоҳаннесбург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Йоганнесбург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоганнесбург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="جوہانسبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہانسبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohann%C3%A9sburg" title="Yohannésburg – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Yohannésburg" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="约翰内斯堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰内斯堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni" title="Joni – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Joni" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="יאהאנעסבורג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאהאנעסבורג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="約翰尼斯堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約翰尼斯堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanesburgo" title="Johanesburgo – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Johanesburgo" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="约翰内斯堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰内斯堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Johannesburg" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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