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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation"> <div 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=City_workhouse_castle&params=39_5_16.6776_N_94_33_47.0298_W_type:city_region:US-MO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°5′16.6776″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°33′47.0298″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.087966000°N 94.563063833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.087966000; -94.563063833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic building in Kansas City, Missouri</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">City workhouse castle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Vine Street workhouse castle, Brant Castle</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KC_Workhouse_Castle_front_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front of a yellow limestone castle with castellated towers is covered in spraypainted graffiti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/KC_Workhouse_Castle_front_2020.jpg/250px-KC_Workhouse_Castle_front_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/KC_Workhouse_Castle_front_2020.jpg/375px-KC_Workhouse_Castle_front_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/KC_Workhouse_Castle_front_2020.jpg/500px-KC_Workhouse_Castle_front_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="2663" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Castle front in April 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=City_workhouse_castle&params=39_5_16.6776_N_94_33_47.0298_W_type:city_region:US-MO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°5′16.6776″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°33′47.0298″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.087966000°N 94.563063833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.087966000; -94.563063833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">857 ft<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">Major Alfred Brant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">December 20, 1897<span class="noprint">; 126 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1897-12-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a> <a href="/wiki/Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Jail">jail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data">City workhouse jail</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Current use</th><td class="infobox-data">Abandoned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data">A. Wallace Love and James Oliver Hogg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Architectural style(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Kansas City Business Center for Entrepreneurial Development<sup id="cite_ref-Developer_under_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Developer_under-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>City workhouse castle</b> (<b>Vine Street workhouse castle</b>, <b>Brant Castle</b><sup id="cite_ref-Local_Upstart_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_Upstart-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a city historical register site located at 2001 Vine Street in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>. The castle was constructed by contractors in 1897 for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$25,700</span> (equivalent to $941,000 in 2023) next to the natural deposit of yellow limestone which had been quarried by inmates of the preceding city <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a> jail across Vine Street. On December 20, 1897, the castle was inaugurated as the city's new workhouse with dedicated jail. Its <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival architecture</a> with <a href="/wiki/Castellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellated">castellated</a> towers were in vogue among the Kansas City upper class at the time. Its first Superintendent, Major Alfred Brant, proudly declared it "the best building Kansas City has". </p><p>It was conceived as a model of humanitarian housing and rehabilitation. Its function in corrections ended in 1924, succeeded by the Leeds Farm to the remote east of the city where inmates also grew crops. The castle is two blocks south of the historic <a href="/wiki/18th_and_Vine" title="18th and Vine">18th and Vine</a>, which has been referred to as America's third most recognized street after Broadway and Hollywood Boulevard due to the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City jazz</a> music. Across the next five decades, the castle and surrounding field were periodically repurposed more than one dozen times including as a city storage facility, a Marine training camp, and a dog euthanasia center—abandoned in 1972. Across the decades of infamous blight of the whole Vine Street District, the dilapidated wood interior collapsed down to only the open limestone walls. The structure steadily accumulated trash, trees, graffiti, and a cascade of unproductive owners and investors including <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> and a convicted <a href="/wiki/Con_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Con artist">con artist</a>. The castle has been only a token feature among many broken promises by developers for lucrative areawide rehabilitation, at least one of whom proposed the structure's demolition. In 2014, it was bought conditionally cash-free by its current owner, Vewiser Dixon. </p><p>In 2014, Daniel and Ebony Edwards led a huge nonprofit project to successfully remove 62 tons of trash, and then hosted their own wedding and various community events there, with the ultimately unrealized goal of buying and developing it into a permanent community center. The <i>Kansas City Star</i> nicknamed the project "Daniel and Ebony's Modern Fairy Tale", as the castle's first functionality in 42 years. The site has resumed vacancy and attracting graffiti since 2016. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_workhouse_postcard_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Castle_workhouse_postcard_1907.jpg/220px-Castle_workhouse_postcard_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Castle_workhouse_postcard_1907.jpg/330px-Castle_workhouse_postcard_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Castle_workhouse_postcard_1907.jpg/440px-Castle_workhouse_postcard_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4476" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>This postcard of the castle is <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1907</span>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1800s and early 1900s, Kansas City experienced an explosion in population and in petty crime. The population was 700 in 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-Federal_Writers'_Project_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Writers'_Project-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 32,260 in 1870,<sup id="cite_ref-census1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 132,716 in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1910_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibition of alcohol was enacted in Kansas in 1881 and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">nationwide</a> in 1919, so drinkers simply went to Kansas City, Missouri's hundreds of saloons and taverns<sup id="cite_ref-Mrs._Nation_Fired_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mrs._Nation_Fired-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the <a href="/wiki/James_Pendergast" title="James Pendergast">Pendergast</a> political machine maintained alcohol supply. </p><p>Vagrancy was a class of petty crimes usually arising from a chronically degenerate lifestyle, resistance to employment and existing social programs, or just hard luck. Such crimes included homelessness, unemployment, alcoholism and other drug addiction, gambling addiction, domestic violence, public drunkenness or fighting, petty theft, scams, <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimping</a> or "vampires",<sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_KC_castle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty_KC_castle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">unpaid debt</a>. By early 1906, the north side (what now includes <a href="/wiki/River_Market,_Kansas_City" title="River Market, Kansas City">River Market</a>) reportedly harbored an epidemic cycle of vagrancy due to "disreputable" saloon owners giving food, clothing, alcohol, and shelter under their porch awnings, knowing that what little money the vagrants would ever earn would soon be spent in the favored saloons. The vagrants were inclined to crime for their sporadic leisure money, and the saloon owners would often <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">snitch</a> on vagrants when questioned by police. Citing a robbery at Edward Abbott's saloon at 117 Holmes St, the <i>Kansas City Star</i> reported, "The North end is recognized by the police to be the home of crooks. There is no other place in the city for them to stay."<sup id="cite_ref-North_End_Bums_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_End_Bums-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the <i>Kansas City Star</i> reported the city government's open commitment against homelessness and unemployment for citizens deemed "deserving" by their willingness to work, including a homeless shelter and a basic job placement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For offenders who were too problematic for that help and who disobeyed police orders to vacate Kansas City, the legal system's last resorts were its main jail or a special court sentence into its workhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-North_End_Bums_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_End_Bums-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Superintendent of the old workhouse was Captain Thomas Phelon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, it had 70 prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and city staff reportedly found it to overall be a fire hazard capable of "almost inevitably a shocking loss of life".<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Jan_15,_1895_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Jan_15,_1895-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1896, inmates did various works such as breaking rocks, to repay their sentenced fines at a rate of $0.50 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Loose_Methods_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loose_Methods-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1897, it had almost 200 inmates, some having lodged there for most of the past ten years, and was "fairly alive with vermin". The <i>Kansas City Star</i> outspokenly deplored the rotten frame shack with heavy boards nailed on the outside "to keep the prisoners from kicking holes through". The cell room—"reeking with a thousand of different odors, with no sort of proper ventilation, and inhabited by millions of vermin of all sorts—was a place to turn the stomach of a sewer rat". The facility was condemned as "a disgrace to any city in a civilized country".<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_City_workhouse_castle_postcard,_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kansas_City_workhouse_castle_postcard%2C_1911.jpg/220px-Kansas_City_workhouse_castle_postcard%2C_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kansas_City_workhouse_castle_postcard%2C_1911.jpg/330px-Kansas_City_workhouse_castle_postcard%2C_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kansas_City_workhouse_castle_postcard%2C_1911.jpg/440px-Kansas_City_workhouse_castle_postcard%2C_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>This postcard of the castle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1911</span>, has "workhouse" spelled in landscaping.</figcaption></figure> <p>A new facility was needed with greater capacity and scope: a high-security combined jail and workhouse, a decent standard of living, and a hard-core productivity program for serious offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Jan_15,_1895_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Jan_15,_1895-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kansas City Star</i> equated the humanitarian need for building a new city workhouse with that of expanding the city hospital: "Humanity demands it, and the exercise of humanity is always good economy."<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Jan_15,_1895_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Jan_15,_1895-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alderman Morgan was a longstanding champion of this initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a January 14, 1895, meeting, the Lower Council required the Superintendent of Buildings to plan a new workhouse with a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$15,000</span> budget.<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Jan_15,_1895_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Jan_15,_1895-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facility was designed by two prominent Kansas City architects—James Oliver Hogg and A. Wallace Love,<sup id="cite_ref-Jail_KCUR_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jail_KCUR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was also Kansas City's Superintendent of Buildings<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—with suggestions from Major Brant.<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The base building cost proposal was <span style="white-space: nowrap">$15,000</span> for the building and <span style="white-space: nowrap">$7,000</span> for steel cells, totaling <span style="white-space: nowrap">$22,000</span>. The location is in questionable proximity to the city's population center,<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it was coincidentally chosen for its generous natural deposit of yellow limestone. It would be quarried by inmates, and constructed by contract labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jail_KCUR_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jail_KCUR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building design and land use plans were complete by March 1895, anticipating funding at the beginning of the city's fiscal year on April 15.<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design was presented as "a commodious and imposing structure" for "a model prison of the kind", emphasizing ventilation and sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its unusual architecture is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">16th century Europe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival style</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jail_KCUR_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jail_KCUR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with "the impression of an ancient taronial castle". Its solid limestone walls are two feet thick and mortared with concrete. Its towers extend 20 feet above the two story roof, <a href="/wiki/Castellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellated">castellated</a> with regularly spaced battlements on top. The building has parapet walls, Scotch coping, and windows narrow and barred.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Workhouse_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Workhouse-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its appearance was considered "pleasing"<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the castle style was in vogue among the Kansas City upper class at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jail_KCUR_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jail_KCUR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual final construction cost was reportedly <span style="white-space: nowrap">$25,700</span> (equivalent to $941,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main building has two stories, with a front 39.10×42.9 feet and a wing 54.4×24.3 feet. The first floor has many rooms: the superintendent's office; the bookkeeper's office; a big guard room in view of the whole cell room; a large dining room for inmates and doubling as a chapel; an employee dining room with an open fireplace, tile mantle, and "comforts of home"; a kitchen suitable for "a most aesthetic chef" with a new 9-foot stove range, a large <a href="/wiki/Icebox" title="Icebox">icebox</a> built into the wall, and several hot and cold water faucets;<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and boys' cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Musicians' Union held concerts in the dining hall. The dining hall and kitchen where the women work, had a spiral staircase. The second floor held eight women's cells with mattresses, plus a bathroom with a porcelain bathtub and "all the modern conveniences". Brant's "especial pride" was the boys' reformatory school room, with blackboards, where he said he was willing to teach if necessary. The rear part has one story, 122.8×35 feet with 30 steel cells for up to 120 adult male prisoners "so as to separate the young prisoners from those old and hardened in crime"<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because "mixed up with the men, they can learn nothing but wickedness".<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer walls are very thick, potentially expandable upward to add a second story of men's cells and a permanent chapel,<sup id="cite_ref-Plans_for_a_Workhouse_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plans_for_a_Workhouse-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though that never materialized. The castle was heated with steam, expected to eventually have its own electricity plant. The basement is called a "dungeon" for punishment, completely darkened by solid steel sheets, and completed after the facility. The laundry building was behind the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inmate room has 28 cells "of the most modern construction", each with a bench and a cot that must be hooked up against the wall at night, except for one empty cell with "a shower bath of the most business-like sort" especially for new arrivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cell floors deter any tunneling escape, adding three layers above the ground: a layer of concrete, a layer of 1/8" steel, and an interior floor of concrete. Cells originally had a spittoon until plumbing was laboriously retrofit in 1909.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Kansas City Star</i> reported that the castle facility was expected to be less of a "terror" to inmates and more "thoroughly appreciated by the average hobo and that Major Alf Brant's boarders will at once begin to increase rapidly in numbers". Superintendent Brant envisioned the castle's future beyond a workhouse jail, possibly eventually converted into "a reformatory of some kind"<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a hospital<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Workhouse_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Workhouse-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by replacing the upstairs cells with rooms. He proudly declared it "the best building Kansas City has".<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ready_for_its_Hobo_Guests_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ready_for_its_Hobo_Guests_cartoon.jpg/220px-Ready_for_its_Hobo_Guests_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ready_for_its_Hobo_Guests_cartoon.jpg/330px-Ready_for_its_Hobo_Guests_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ready_for_its_Hobo_Guests_cartoon.jpg/440px-Ready_for_its_Hobo_Guests_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4949" data-file-height="3418" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Kansas City Times</i> put a huge inaugural cartoon in the December 20, 1897 article "Ready for Its Hobo Guests".<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KC_Workhouse_Castle_landscape_sunset_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KC_Workhouse_Castle_landscape_sunset_2020.jpg/600px-KC_Workhouse_Castle_landscape_sunset_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KC_Workhouse_Castle_landscape_sunset_2020.jpg/900px-KC_Workhouse_Castle_landscape_sunset_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KC_Workhouse_Castle_landscape_sunset_2020.jpg/1200px-KC_Workhouse_Castle_landscape_sunset_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>The castle in April 2020, with abandoned city offices across Vine St, overlooks <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Kansas_City" title="Downtown Kansas City">downtown</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 20, 1897, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kansas City Times">The Kansas City Times</a></i> published an uncommonly huge cartoon and article declaring the new castle "Ready for Its Hobo Guests". All 100-150 men and 20-30 women abandoned the squalor of the old empty workhouse in "a grand cleaning up of hoboes and hoboesses, the like of which was never known in Kansas City before". Upon arrival, Superintendent Alfred Brant admonished the filthy residents to a rigorous hygiene regimen, immediately giving them new clean clothes, thorough baths, and a new outlook. He expected them to maintain dignity as if it was "a new <a href="/wiki/Brownstone" title="Brownstone">brown stone</a> house to live in".<sup id="cite_ref-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ready_for_Its_Hobo_Guests-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judges would attach a fine to a workhouse sentence, intending for the prisoner to work it off at a daily rate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a part of their sentences, the women sewed prison uniforms and the men labored for the city's public works department. After a few years, life was uniformly hard in the workhouse, reportedly including an "overcrowded, vermin-ridden dungeon". Some prisoners had social connections to drugs,<sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_KC_castle_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty_KC_castle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> women, and the jail keys.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, anyone stealing bread in the dining hall would get chained, standing, to a dungeon wall. One prisoner called breakfast "bad, very bad": a rusty pan of gravy, a rusty cup of coffee, half a brick of moldy bread, and a small piece of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_KC_castle_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty_KC_castle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1901, infamous <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> crusader <a href="/wiki/Carrie_A._Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie A. Nation">Carrie A. Nation</a> invaded M. A. Flynn's saloon at 117 East 12th Street,<sup id="cite_ref-Mrs._Nation_Fired_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mrs._Nation_Fired-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nation_Barred_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation_Barred-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KC_Bars_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KC_Bars-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chopping liquor bottles with her hatchet and standing tabletop to lecture patrons on their moral depravity. She was arrested, given a suspended fine of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$500</span> (equivalent to $18,300 in 2023), and ordered out of the city within the hour or else suffer the workhouse castle.<sup id="cite_ref-KC_Bars_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KC_Bars-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 21, 1903, the <i>Kansas City Star</i> openly implored the city leaders to quit ignoring repeated reports of rampant corruption at the city workhouse castle. This reportedly included the confessed torture of prisoners to unconsciousness, and a governmental peanut <a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">graft</a> system of recruiting inmate <a href="/wiki/Con_artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Con artists">con artists</a> and gamblers who were suitable to a political crony's business needs and granting them parole either by the superintendent's lawless fiat or by "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jackleg" class="extiw" title="wikt:jackleg">jackleg</a>" lawyers working the system. This produced individually unnoticed small jobs or "peanuts", but on a mass scale.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Workhouse_Situation_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Workhouse_Situation-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1906, at the city's historical peak of crime to date, when most of the solved robberies and thefts anywhere in Kansas City were attributed to "North end crooks", the exasperated Police Chief Hayes conducted three campaigns to clear the North end of Kansas City of vagrants, sometimes catching dozens per week. Chief Hayes and Judge Brady had a deal that vagrants who defied police orders to leave town would spend one year at the workhouse. Many were juggled by police holding cells or the courts due to serious overcrowding at the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-North_End_Bums_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_End_Bums-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Mayor Thomas T. Crittenden, Jr. responded to the state of workhouse corruption by assigning the newly formed Board of Pardons and Paroles a broad authority of investigation and of conducting individualized paroles.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report was compiled on the workhouse's terrible living conditions and criminal corruption, so most of the staff resigned or were fired.<sup id="cite_ref-253A108754_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253A108754-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 23, 1909, Superintendent Patrick O'Hearn was put on trial and fired for corruption and for having flogged a Black girl who'd insulted his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_KC_castle_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty_KC_castle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kansas City park planner <a href="/wiki/George_Kessler" title="George Kessler">George Kessler</a> consulted the warden of the Leavenworth federal prison, who recommended the <span style="white-space: nowrap">$39,000</span> (equivalent to $1,323,000 in 2023) purchase of a 115-acre tract southeast of Leeds with running water, two gas wells, and four oil wells. Kessler helped design a workhouse and farm for vocational rehabilitation in horticulture, vegetable gardening, quarrying, and stonecutting.<sup id="cite_ref-253A108754_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253A108754-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next Superintendent installed electricity, refrigerated water, fresh straw mattresses, showers, and toilet plumbing.<sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_KC_castle_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty_KC_castle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 25, 1910, the <i>Kansas City Star</i> reported that the "recalcitrant" Superintendent Herman E Weisflog stubbornly refused to vacate his office even after having been displaced from the city payroll in favor of a duly elected and hired successor, I. L. Dayhoff. The new man had reportedly been "peering in with a yearning and pie-eating appeal" after having quit his two jobs at a book publisher and at a maintainer of Yellowstone Park pleasure camps. Weisflog responded to a visitor who supposed him already gone, "Foolish question 6,713. Sure I'm here, and still—and yet. Your supposer played you bad. [Dayhoff] was here Saturday. Comes often but doesn't stay long. Rather warm out here." Weisflog's tenure had been reportedly "excellent" and he admitted that Dayhoff had legitimately won the job by virtue of the civil service competitive examination, but he slammed the table and said "Here I am and here I stay until my year is up or the court comes out with Battery B and tells me to vacate. I'm a stayer—not a quitter until the last ditch. Is that plain?" Dayhoff said the two had no quarrel, had toured the facility as colleagues, and that he was content to wait.<sup id="cite_ref-Won't_Slip_Keys_to_Dayhoff_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Won't_Slip_Keys_to_Dayhoff-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later on July 27, the two friends happily resolved at the mayor's office to a handoff on September 1, because time was needed for Weisflog to find a new house and for Dayhoff to make a business trip to Cuba. Weisflog mused that life is too short and the weather too hot "to distress one's self about such a little thing as a job ... I bow to the insurgents."<sup id="cite_ref-Weisflog_Lowers_the_Flag_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisflog_Lowers_the_Flag-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, 1911, the male inmates moved permanently to the new workhouse farm at Leeds, leaving only the women in the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-253A108754_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253A108754-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Early_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicknamed "Farm of Hope",<sup id="cite_ref-The_Farm_of_Hope_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Farm_of_Hope-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Farm_of_Hope_Mendocino_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Farm_of_Hope_Mendocino-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the workhouse farm was led by Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Billikopf" title="Jacob Billikopf">Jacob Billikopf</a>, who would soon become an internationally respected authority in social services, and who busted loan sharks by starting the Municipal Loan Bureau of Kansas City. He held the theory that "the best way to reform a man is to do it in the open, at some useful and healthful work, instead of cooping him up in a close prison, where he is forced to idleness".<sup id="cite_ref-Billikopf_Comes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billikopf_Comes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, the site's original function as workhouse jail was vacated. Across the following five decades, the castle and surrounding field would be periodically repurposed more than one dozen times, including as a city storage facility, a Marine training camp, and a dog euthanasia center.<sup id="cite_ref-Jail_KCUR_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jail_KCUR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, the remodeled castle served as sewer department offices, with the basement dungeon becoming a neatly painted supply storage area.<sup id="cite_ref-253A108754_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253A108754-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was abandoned in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Jail_KCUR_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jail_KCUR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Workhouse_Castle_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/City_Workhouse_Castle_2014.jpg/220px-City_Workhouse_Castle_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/City_Workhouse_Castle_2014.jpg/330px-City_Workhouse_Castle_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/City_Workhouse_Castle_2014.jpg/440px-City_Workhouse_Castle_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Castle in 2014, filled with weeds and trees</figcaption></figure> <p>The castle became ruinous while suffering a succession of lackadaisical or corrupt owners. Vacant for another five decades of widespread Vine Street District blight,<sup id="cite_ref-Developer_under_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Developer_under-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its roof collapsed and the interior floors followed. This let it fill with weeds, trees, and garbage, while vandals covered it in spraypainted graffiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Jail_KCUR_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jail_KCUR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castle_KSHB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castle_KSHB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This millennium made the castle a small token among colossal visions and broken promises of erasing Kansas City's epidemic blight. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> pre-announced $46 million to redevelop 96 acres of blight across the Vine Street District but canceled in 2005 ahead of the global crash of 2008, selling much of it to KC native millionaire Ephren W. Taylor II who likened his invisible investments to the comic book antihero <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom" title="The Phantom">The Phantom</a>. Actually a con artist, Taylor promised in 2006 to develop his large Jazz District property into 42 homes plus a community center of museum in the castle, but was instead convicted of a Ponzi scheme defrauding Black churchgoers of millions of dollars and federally imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Jazz_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle entered the Kansas City Register of Historic Places on November 29, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-KCMO_HR_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCMO_HR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prevented its demolishment by its owner, an estimated $300,000 project.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2011, the Black Economic Union (BEU) sued to force a sale and rescue areawide abandoned land. In early 2014, BEU's advisor, Vewiser Dixon, bought 165 parcels cash-free on contract to pay $5 million when the land is developed in either 15 or 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Jazz_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He bought it via his Kansas City Business Center for Entrepreneurial Development, a one-man <a href="/wiki/501(c)_organization#501.28c.29.283.29" title="501(c) organization">501(c)(3) non-profit</a><sup id="cite_ref-ProPublica_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProPublica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JC_tax_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC_tax-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he calls a business incubator for minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambitious_vision_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambitious_vision-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, community developers Daniel and Ebony Edwards chose the ruinously abandoned castle as the beneficiary target of their mission to host their own wedding while simultaneously rehabilitating a lost cause property into a modern community center. Dixon enthusiastically allowed the intensive cleanup project, which was powered by the Edwards's nonprofit organization 2orMore plus hundreds of volunteer laborers and funded by $12,500 from a Community Capital Fund grant and <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TLC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kansas City Star</i> nicknamed the optimistic crowdsourced effort "Daniel and Ebony's Modern Fairy Tale",<sup id="cite_ref-Fairy_Tale_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairy_Tale-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which across the months successfully removed all 62 total tons of trees and trash,<sup id="cite_ref-2orMore_Workhouse_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2orMore_Workhouse-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted concerts with food trucks,<sup id="cite_ref-TLC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hosted their wedding on June 8, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Developer_under_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Developer_under-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2orMore_Workhouse_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2orMore_Workhouse-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fairy_Tale_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairy_Tale-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 2orMore had rehabilitated the property for free, Dixon offered a $1.5 million sale price to Edwards, who had been expecting one tenth of that price. Edwards then lost his potential investors and abandoned the property entirely in favor of developing other nearby land in the neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Neighborhood_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neighborhood-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2orMore_Workhouse_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2orMore_Workhouse-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had been the castle's first functionality in 42 years. </p><p>In 2016, the city debated many plans which would affect the castle, all focused on areawide rehabilitation of historic blight of the <a href="/wiki/18th_and_Vine" title="18th and Vine">18th and Vine</a> neighborhood, which U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Cleaver" title="Emanuel Cleaver">Emanuel Cleaver</a> claimed is America's third most recognized street after Broadway and Hollywood Boulevard due to the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City jazz</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolster_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolster-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the city has conditionally approved $1.2 million in tax money toward Dixon's proposal for the castle's restoration as an event space, and the land's repurposing into a $150 million housing development called Enterprise Village Ecosystem (EVE). This is presumptively backed by UrbanAmerica,<sup id="cite_ref-Jazz_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Developer_under_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Developer_under-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a company which in turn qualifies for up to 25 years worth of tax breaks by association with Eighteenth and Vine Redevelopment Corp., of which Dixon is the President.<sup id="cite_ref-Jazz_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city then discovered that Dixon had already been simultaneously under FBI investigation 2019 for allegedly committing financial fraud and death threats<sup id="cite_ref-Jazz_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while spending at least $20,000 of the Black Economic Union's money to pre-launch EVE. This controversy also prompted the proposal of an upgrade to the city's Ethics Code to introduce background checks of applicants, and the resignation of a tax board member under concern of potential future conflict of interest due to his employment by UrbanAmerica.<sup id="cite_ref-BEU_KSHB_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEU_KSHB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Developer_under_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Developer_under-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jazz_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheatley-Provident_Hospital" title="Wheatley-Provident Hospital">Wheatley-Provident Hospital</a>, fellow historical limestone building in 1903 in <a href="/wiki/18th_and_Vine" title="18th and Vine">18th and Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Castle" title="Tiffany Castle">Tiffany Castle</a>, Kansas City's other castle, built 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="History of the Kansas City metropolitan area">History of the Kansas City metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_points_of_interest_in_Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="List of points of interest in Kansas City, Missouri">List of points of interest in Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">English Poor Laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en-us.topographic-map.com/maps/478/Kansas-City/">"Kansas City topographic map, elevation, relief"</a>. <i>topographic-map.com</i>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Developer+under+federal+investigation+conditionally+approved+for+%241.2+million+in+KC+tax+money&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshb.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Finvestigations%2Fdeveloper-under-federal-investigation-conditionally-approved-for-1-2-million-in-kc-tax-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Local_Upstart-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Local_Upstart_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kchistory.org/islandora/object/kchistory%3A60130?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=67777952006142cdef2a&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=1">"Local Upstart Non-Profit Looks to Renovate Historic Brant Castle"</a>. <i>Kansas City Call</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Property+Account+%28PARCEL%29+Number+Search&rft.pub=Jackson+County%2C+MO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascendweb.jacksongov.org%2Fascend%2F%28ui1cu5mq5l0skw55fbuv5d45%29%2Fresult.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambitious_vision-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ambitious_vision_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrads2016" class="citation news cs1">Conrads, David (February 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/2016/0218/Vewiser-Dixon-s-ambitious-vision-make-inner-city-Kansas-City-a-black-Silicon-Valley">"Vewiser Dixon's ambitious vision: make inner-city Kansas City a 'black Silicon Valley'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Kansas City, MO: Christian Science Monitor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vewiser+Dixon%27s+ambitious+vision%3A+make+inner-city+Kansas+City+a+%27black+Silicon+Valley%27&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Conrads&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMaking-a-difference%2F2016%2F0218%2FVewiser-Dixon-s-ambitious-vision-make-inner-city-Kansas-City-a-black-Silicon-Valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TLC_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLC_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellman2014" class="citation news cs1">Hellman, Rick (May 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/654711701/?terms=workhouse">"Kansas City Vine District castle gets long-needed TLC from young couple with big dreams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a></i>. p. SO6,SO7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Kansas+City+Vine+District+castle+gets+long-needed+TLC+from+young+couple+with+big+dreams&rft.pages=SO6%2CSO7&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F654711701%2F%3Fterms%3Dworkhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairy_Tale-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairy_Tale_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairy_Tale_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/656076866/?terms=workhouse%2Bcastle">"Daniel and Ebony's Modern Fairy Tale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a></i>. July 23, 2014. p. YR16,YR17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Daniel+and+Ebony%27s+Modern+Fairy+Tale&rft.pages=YR16%2CYR17&rft.date=2014-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F656076866%2F%3Fterms%3Dworkhouse%252Bcastle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2orMore_Workhouse-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2orMore_Workhouse_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2orMore_Workhouse_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2orMore_Workhouse_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124195144/http://www.2ormore.org/castle">"Workhouse Castle Restoration Project: Stepping Outside The Status Quo Wedding"</a>. 2orMore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2ormore.org/castle">the original</a> on January 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Workhouse+Castle+Restoration+Project%3A+Stepping+Outside+The+Status+Quo+Wedding&rft.pub=2orMore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2ormore.org%2Fcastle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neighborhood-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neighborhood_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/656512960/">"Neighborhood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Star">Kansas City Star</a></i>. June 11, 2017. p. A13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Neighborhood&rft.pages=A13&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F656512960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolster-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolster_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley2016" class="citation news cs1">Horsley, Lynn (January 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article53392740.html">"KC Council will consider pitch for $18 million to bolster 18th and Vine district"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=KC+Council+will+consider+pitch+for+%2418+million+to+bolster+18th+and+Vine+district&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-government%2Farticle53392740.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEU_KSHB-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BEU_KSHB_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock2019" class="citation news cs1">Alcock, Andy (September 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/investigations/black-economic-union-of-greater-kc-under-federal-investigation">"Black Economic Union of Greater KC under federal investigation"</a>. KSHB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black+Economic+Union+of+Greater+KC+under+federal+investigation&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshb.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Finvestigations%2Fblack-economic-union-of-greater-kc-under-federal-investigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+workhouse+castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_workhouse_castle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansascityworkhouse.wordpress.com/">An archive of old newspaper articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://thirteenghosts.wordpress.com/tag/kansas-city-workhouse/">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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