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id="toc-Development_of_the_prohibition_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_prohibition_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Development of the prohibition movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_prohibition_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Start_of_national_prohibition_(January_1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_national_prohibition_(January_1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Start of national prohibition (January 1920) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_national_prohibition_(January_1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootlegging_and_hoarding_old_supplies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootlegging_and_hoarding_old_supplies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Bootlegging and hoarding old supplies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootlegging_and_hoarding_old_supplies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_liquor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_liquor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Medical liquor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_liquor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Repeal </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repeal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Repeal subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Repeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-repeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-repeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Post-repeal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-repeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Christian views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcohol_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Alcohol consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Powers of the state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Negative assessments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Positive assessments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Other effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcohol_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Alcohol production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Prohibition in the United States</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حظر الكحوليات في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حظر الكحوليات في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E-d%C9%99_spirtli_i%C3%A7ki_qada%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="ABŞ-də spirtli içki qadağası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ-də spirtli içki qadağası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Сух режим в САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сух режим в САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_Seca_als_Estats_Units" title="Llei Seca als Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei Seca als Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibice_ve_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1tech_americk%C3%BDch" title="Prohibice ve Spojených státech amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prohibice ve Spojených státech amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritusforbuddet_i_USA" title="Spiritusforbuddet i USA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spiritusforbuddet i USA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Prohibition in den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prohibition in den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ποτοαπαγόρευση στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποτοαπαγόρευση στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_seca_en_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Ley seca en los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley seca en los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibicio_en_Usono" title="Prohibicio en Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prohibicio en Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lege_lehorra_Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetan" title="Lege lehorra Ameriketako Estatu Batuetan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lege lehorra Ameriketako Estatu Batuetan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ممنوعیت الکل در ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ممنوعیت الکل در ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Prohibition aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prohibition aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%BBchlizzing_(Feriene_Steaten)" title="Drûchlizzing (Feriene Steaten) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Drûchlizzing (Feriene Steaten)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosc_ar_Alc%C3%B3l_sna_St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe" title="Cosc ar Alcól sna Stáit Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cosc ar Alcól sna Stáit Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%A3%BC%EB%B2%95_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="금주법 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금주법 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84_%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ոգելից խմիչքներն արգելող օրենք ԱՄՆ-ում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոգելից խմիչքներն արգելող օրենք ԱՄՆ-ում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelarangan_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Pelarangan di Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelarangan di Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proibizionismo" title="Proibizionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proibizionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A9" title="תקופת היובש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת היובש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelarangan_arak_di_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Pelarangan arak di Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelarangan arak di Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drooglegging_in_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Drooglegging in de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drooglegging in de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E7%A6%81%E9%85%92%E6%B3%95" title="アメリカ合衆国における禁酒法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国における禁酒法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbudstiden_i_USA" title="Forbudstiden i USA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forbudstiden i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibicja_w_Stanach_Zjednoczonych" title="Prohibicja w Stanach Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prohibicja w Stanach Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Seca_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Lei Seca nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei Seca nos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibi%C8%9Bia_%C3%AEn_Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Prohibiția în Statele Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prohibiția în Statele Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Сухой закон в США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сухой закон в США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndalimi_n%C3%AB_Shtetet_e_Bashkuara" title="Ndalimi në Shtetet e Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndalimi në Shtetet e Bashkuara" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the prohibition of slavery, see <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_police_inspecting_equipment_found_in_a_clandestine_underground_brewery_during_the_prohibition_era_-_NARA_-_541928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Detroit_police_inspecting_equipment_found_in_a_clandestine_underground_brewery_during_the_prohibition_era_-_NARA_-_541928.jpg/290px-Detroit_police_inspecting_equipment_found_in_a_clandestine_underground_brewery_during_the_prohibition_era_-_NARA_-_541928.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Detroit_police_inspecting_equipment_found_in_a_clandestine_underground_brewery_during_the_prohibition_era_-_NARA_-_541928.jpg/435px-Detroit_police_inspecting_equipment_found_in_a_clandestine_underground_brewery_during_the_prohibition_era_-_NARA_-_541928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Detroit_police_inspecting_equipment_found_in_a_clandestine_underground_brewery_during_the_prohibition_era_-_NARA_-_541928.jpg/580px-Detroit_police_inspecting_equipment_found_in_a_clandestine_underground_brewery_during_the_prohibition_era_-_NARA_-_541928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Police_Department" title="Detroit Police Department">Detroit</a> policemen inspect the equipment used in a clandestine <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a> during the Prohibition era.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_sheet_music_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_sheet_music_1918.jpg/220px-Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_sheet_music_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_sheet_music_1918.jpg/330px-Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_sheet_music_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_sheet_music_1918.jpg/440px-Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_sheet_music_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="197" data-mwtitle="Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_-_Edward_Meeker_(1919).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_-_Edward_Meeker_%281919%29.ogg/Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_-_Edward_Meeker_%281919%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Every_Day_Will_Be_Sunday_When_the_Town_Goes_Dry_-_Edward_Meeker_%281919%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">"Every Day Will Be Sunday When The Town Goes Dry" (1919)</div></div></div></div> The Prohibition era was the period from 1920 to 1933 when the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The alcohol industry was curtailed by a succession of state legislatures, and Prohibition was formally introduced nationwide under the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, ratified on January 16, 1919. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment</a>, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. Led by <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a>, prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic drinks during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">family violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saloon_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saloon bar">saloon</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>. Many communities introduced alcohol bans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and enforcement of these new prohibition laws became a topic of debate. Prohibition supporters, called "drys", presented it as a battle for <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public morals</a> and health. The movement was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> parties, and gained a national grassroots base through the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a>. After 1900, it was coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a>. Opposition from the beer industry mobilized "wet" supporters from the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> communities, but the influence of these groups receded from 1917 following the entry of the U.S. into the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> against Germany. The Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919 "with a 68 percent <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate" and was <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a> by 46 out of 48 states.<a href="#cite_note-Schrad2020-2">[2]</a> Enabling legislation, known as the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a>, set down the rules for enforcing the federal ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. But not all alcohol was banned; for example, <a href="/wiki/Communion_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion wine">religious use of wine</a> was permitted. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, but local laws were stricter in many areas, some states banning possession outright. By the late 1920s, a new opposition to Prohibition emerged nationwide. The opposition attacked the policy, claiming that it lowered tax revenue at a critical time before and during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and imposed "rural" Protestant religious values on "urban" America.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Twenty-first Amendment ended Prohibition, though it continued in some states. To date, this is the only time in American history in which a constitutional amendment was passed for the purpose of repealing another. The overall effects of Prohibition on society are disputed and hard to pin down. Some research indicates that alcohol consumption declined substantially due to Prohibition,<a href="#cite_note-Moore1989-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> while other research indicates that Prohibition did not reduce alcohol consumption in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-:4-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miron-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> Americans who wanted to continue drinking alcohol found loopholes in Prohibition laws or used illegal methods to obtain alcohol, resulting in the emergence of black markets and crime syndicates dedicated to distributing alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> By contrast, rates of <a href="/wiki/Liver_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver cirrhosis">liver cirrhosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_psychoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic psychoses">alcoholic psychosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> declined during Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Moore1989-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacCounReuter2001-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Because of the lack of uniform national statistics gathered about crime prior to 1930, it is difficult to draw conclusions about Prohibition's effect on crime at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> Prohibition had a negative effect on the economy by eliminating jobs dedicated to the then-fifth largest industry in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> Support for Prohibition diminished steadily throughout its duration, including among former supporters of Prohibition. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womans-Holy-War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Womans-Holy-War.jpg/170px-Womans-Holy-War.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Womans-Holy-War.jpg/255px-Womans-Holy-War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Womans-Holy-War.jpg/340px-Womans-Holy-War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pro-prohibition <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a>, from 1874</figcaption></figure> On November 18, 1918, prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 1.28%.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This act, which had been intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed ten days after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> ending <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was signed, on November 21, 1918.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, with July 1 becoming known as the "Thirsty First".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a> on December 18, 1917. Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, on January 17, 1920.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> On October 28, 1919, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a>, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">veto</a>. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them.<a href="#cite_note-nih2006-19">[19]</a> Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it. Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, cirrhosis death rates, admissions to state mental hospitals for alcoholic psychosis, arrests for public drunkenness, and rates of absenteeism.<a href="#cite_note-MacCounReuter2001-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blocker2006-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyons2018-21">[21]</a> While many state that Prohibition stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, and widespread <a href="/wiki/The_Mafia_during_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mafia during Prohibition">criminal activity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-t100524-22">[22]</a> Kenneth D. Rose and Georges-Franck Pinard make the opposite claim that there was no increase in crime during the Prohibition era and that such claims are "rooted in the impressionistic rather than the factual."<a href="#cite_note-Rose1997-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-PinardPagani2000-24">[24]</a> The highest homicide rate in the United States in the first half of the 20th century occurred during the years of prohibition, decreasing immediately after prohibition ended.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> By 1925, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasy</a> clubs in New York City alone.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On March 22, 1933, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a>, legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2% (by weight) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content. On December 5, ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment</a> repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled spirits</a> without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal use.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">Temperance movement in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg/280px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg/420px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg/560px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>The Drunkard's Progress – moderate drinking leads to drunkenness and disaster: A lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Currier" title="Nathaniel Currier">Nathaniel Currier</a> supporting the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>, 1846</figcaption></figure> Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a contentious topic in America since the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial period</a>. On March 26, 1636, the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">New Somersetshire</a> met at what is now <a href="/wiki/Saco,_Maine" title="Saco, Maine">Saco, Maine</a>, and adopted a law limiting the sale of "strong liquor or wyne", although carving out exceptions for "lodger[s]" and allowing serving to "laborers on working days for one hower at dinner."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In May 1657, the <a href="/wiki/General_Court_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="General Court of Massachusetts">General Court of Massachusetts</a> made the sale of strong liquor "whether known by the name of rum, whisky, wine, brandy, etc." to the Native Americans illegal.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Prohibition_in_the_United_States#Looks_like_folklore" title="Talk:Prohibition in the United States">discuss</a>] In general, informal social controls in the home and community helped maintain the expectation that the abuse of alcohol was unacceptable: "Drunkenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame for the sin of <a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">gluttony</a>. Excess was a personal indiscretion."<a href="#cite_note-AaronMusto1981-31">[31]</a> When informal controls failed, there were legal options. Shortly after the United States obtained independence, the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">western Pennsylvania</a> in protest of government-imposed taxes on <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>. Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a>, it also received support from some social reformers, who hoped a "<a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">sin tax</a>" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The whiskey tax was repealed after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, which opposed the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, came to power in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a>, one of the foremost physicians of the late 18th century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, "The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind" (1784), Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to physical and psychological health, labeling drunkenness as a disease.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Apparently influenced by Rush's widely discussed belief, about 200 farmers in a <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> community formed a <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> association in 1789. Similar associations were formed in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in 1800 and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in 1808.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker_1989_16-35">[35]</a> Within a decade, other <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> groups had formed in eight states, some of them being statewide organizations. The words of Rush and other early temperance reformers served to dichotomize the use of alcohol for men and women. While men enjoyed drinking and often considered it vital to their health, women who began to embrace the ideology of "true motherhood" refrained from the consumption of alcohol. Middle-class women, who were considered the moral authorities of their households, consequently rejected the drinking of alcohol, which they believed to be a threat to the home.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker_1989_16-35">[35]</a> In 1830, on average, Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of <a href="/wiki/Hard_liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard liquor">hard liquor</a> per week, three times the amount consumed in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-t100524-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_prohibition_movement">Development of the prohibition movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of the prohibition movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeinWeibUGesang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WeinWeibUGesang.jpg/170px-WeinWeibUGesang.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WeinWeibUGesang.jpg/255px-WeinWeibUGesang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WeinWeibUGesang.jpg/340px-WeinWeibUGesang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>"Who does not love wine, wife and song, will be a fool his whole life long!" (Wer nicht liebt Wein, Weib & Gesang / Bleibt ein Narr sein Leben lang.)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/American_Temperance_Society" title="American Temperance Society">American Temperance Society</a> (ATS), formed in 1826, helped initiate the first temperance movement and served as a foundation for many later groups. By 1835 the ATS had reached 1.5 million members, with <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Prohibition_movement" title="Women in the United States Prohibition movement">women</a> constituting 35% to 60% of its chapters.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Prohibition movement, also known as the dry crusade, continued in the 1840s, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietistic</a> religious denominations, especially the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>. The late 19th century saw the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> broaden its focus from abstinence to include all behavior and institutions related to alcohol consumption. Preachers such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Matthews" title="Mark A. Matthews">Reverend Mark A. Matthews</a> linked liquor-dispensing saloons with political corruption.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Some successes for the movement were achieved in the 1850s, including the <a href="/wiki/Maine_law" title="Maine law">Maine law</a>, adopted in 1851, which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor. Before its repeal in 1856, 12 states followed the example set by Maine in total prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The temperance movement lost strength and was marginalized during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865). Following the war, social moralists turned to other issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Mormon_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon polygamy">Mormon polygamy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The dry crusade was revived by the national <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a>, founded in 1869, and the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a> (WCTU), founded in 1874. The WCTU advocated the prohibition of alcohol as a method for preventing, through education, abuse from alcoholic husbands.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> WCTU members believed that if their organization could reach children with its message, it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_(suffragist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Willard (suffragist)">Frances Willard</a>, the second president of the WCTU, held that the aims of the organization were to create a "union of women from all denominations, for the purpose of educating the young, forming a better public sentiment, reforming the drinking classes, transforming by the power of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol, and removing the <a href="/wiki/Dram_shop" title="Dram shop">dram-shop</a> from our streets by law".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> While still denied universal voting privileges, women in the WCTU followed Frances Willard's "Do Everything" doctrine and used temperance as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues such as prison reform and <a href="/wiki/Labor_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor laws">labor laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg/200px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg/300px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg/400px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>This 1902 illustration from the Hawaiian Gazette newspaper humorously shows the <a href="/wiki/Water_cure_(torture)" title="Water cure (torture)">water cure torture</a> used by Anti-Saloon League and WCTU on the brewers of beer.</figcaption></figure> In 1881 <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Constitution">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Arrested over 30 times and fined and jailed on multiple occasions, prohibition activist <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Nation" title="Carrie Nation">Carrie Nation</a> attempted to enforce the state's ban on alcohol consumption.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> She walked into saloons, scolding customers, and used her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor. Nation recruited ladies into the Carrie Nation Prohibition Group, which she also led. While Nation's vigilante techniques were rare, other activists enforced the dry cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">dry states</a>, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, enacted prohibition legislation, as did individual counties within a state. Court cases also debated the subject of prohibition. While some cases ruled in opposition, the general tendency was toward support. In <a href="/wiki/Mugler_v._Kansas" title="Mugler v. Kansas">Mugler v. Kansas</a> (1887), Justice Harlan commented: "We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowledge of all, that the public health, the public morals, and the public safety, may be endangered by the general use of intoxicating drinks; nor the fact established by statistics accessible to every one, that the idleness, disorder, pauperism and crime existing in the country, are, in some degree...traceable to this evil."<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins,_Richard_J_1925-48">[48]</a> In support of prohibition, Crowley v. Christensen (1890), remarked: "The statistics of every state show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source."<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins,_Richard_J_1925-48">[48]</a> The proliferation of neighborhood saloons in the post-Civil War era became a phenomenon of an increasingly industrialized, urban workforce. Workingmen's bars were popular social gathering places from the workplace and home life. The brewing industry was actively involved in establishing saloons as a lucrative consumer base in their business chain. Saloons were more often than not linked to a specific brewery, where the saloonkeeper's operation was financed by a brewer and contractually obligated to sell the brewer's product to the exclusion of competing brands. A saloon's business model often included the offer of a <a href="/wiki/Free_lunch" title="Free lunch">free lunch</a>, where the bill of fare commonly consisted of heavily salted food meant to induce thirst and the purchase of drink.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> (1890–1920), hostility toward saloons and their political influence became widespread, with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a> superseding the Prohibition Party and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as the most influential advocate of prohibition, after these latter two groups expanded their efforts to support other social reform issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, onto their prohibition platform.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Save_a_Little_Dram_for_Me.ogg" title="File:Save a Little Dram for Me.ogg">"Save A Little Dram For Me" (1922)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="209" data-mwtitle="Save_a_Little_Dram_for_Me.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Save_a_Little_Dram_for_Me.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Save_a_Little_Dram_for_Me.ogg/Save_a_Little_Dram_for_Me.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">*A <a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">dram</a> is a small unit of measurement.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s through the 1930s. Numerous historical studies demonstrated that the political forces involved were ethnoreligious.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Prohibition was supported by the dries, primarily <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietistic</a> Protestant denominations that included <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Baptist_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Baptist Convention">Northern Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_School_Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="New School Presbyterians">New School Presbyterians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, and Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, but also included the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Total_Abstinence_Union_of_America" title="Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America">Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America</a> and, to a certain extent, the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a>. These religious groups identified saloons as politically corrupt and drinking as a personal sin. Other active organizations included the Women's Church Federation, the Women's Temperance Crusade, and the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction. They were opposed by the wets, primarily liturgical <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a> and German Lutherans) and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, who denounced the idea that the government should define morality.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Even in the wet stronghold of New York City there was an active prohibition movement, led by Norwegian church groups and <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> labor activists who believed that prohibition would benefit workers, especially African Americans. Tea merchants and soda fountain manufacturers generally supported prohibition, believing a ban on alcohol would increase sales of their products.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A particularly effective operator on the political front was <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Wheeler" title="Wayne Wheeler">Wayne Wheeler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> who made Prohibition a <a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">wedge issue</a> and succeeded in getting many pro-prohibition candidates elected. Coming from Ohio, his deep resentment for alcohol started at a young age. He was injured on a farm by a worker who had been drunk. This event transformed Wheeler. Starting low in the ranks, he quickly moved up due to his deep-rooted hatred of alcohol. He later realized to further the movement he would need more public approval, and fast. This was the start of his policy called 'Wheelerism' where he used the media to make it seem like the general public was "in on" on a specific issue. Wheeler became known as the "dry boss" because of his influence and power.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiana_Goes_Dry_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Indiana_Goes_Dry_1917.jpg/220px-Indiana_Goes_Dry_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Indiana_Goes_Dry_1917.jpg/330px-Indiana_Goes_Dry_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Indiana_Goes_Dry_1917.jpg/440px-Indiana_Goes_Dry_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/James_P._Goodrich" title="James P. Goodrich">James P. Goodrich</a> signs the Indiana Prohibition Act, 1917.</figcaption></figure> Prohibition represented a conflict between urban and rural values emerging in the United States. Given the mass influx of migrants to the urban centers of the United States, many individuals within the prohibition movement associated the crime and morally corrupt behavior of American cities with their large, immigrant populations. Saloons frequented by immigrants in these cities were often frequented by politicians who wanted to obtain the immigrants' votes in exchange for favors such as job offers, legal assistance, and food baskets. Thus, saloons were seen as a breeding ground for <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">political corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Most economists during the early 20th century were in favor of the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition).<a href="#cite_note-Coats-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon Patten</a>, one of the leading advocates for prohibition, predicted that prohibition would eventually happen in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> economics professor <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a>, who was a dry, wrote extensively about prohibition, including a paper that made an economic case for prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-58">[58]</a> Fisher is credited with supplying the criteria against which future prohibitions, such as against <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, could be measured, in terms of crime, health, and productivity. For example, "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Monday_(term)" title="Blue Monday (term)">Blue Monday</a>" referred to the <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a> workers experienced after a weekend of <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a>, resulting in Mondays being a wasted productive day.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-59">[59]</a> But new research has discredited Fisher's research, which was based on uncontrolled experiments; regardless, his $6 billion figure for the annual gains of Prohibition to the United States continues to be cited.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In a backlash to the emerging reality of a changing American demographic, many prohibitionists subscribed to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>, in which they endorsed the notion that the success of America was a result of its white Anglo-Saxon ancestry. This belief fostered distrust of immigrant communities that fostered saloons and incorporated drinking in their popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gennii_of_Intolerance_-_A_Dangerous_Ally.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Gennii_of_Intolerance_-_A_Dangerous_Ally.tif/lossy-page1-200px-The_Gennii_of_Intolerance_-_A_Dangerous_Ally.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Gennii_of_Intolerance_-_A_Dangerous_Ally.tif/lossy-page1-300px-The_Gennii_of_Intolerance_-_A_Dangerous_Ally.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Gennii_of_Intolerance_-_A_Dangerous_Ally.tif/lossy-page1-400px-The_Gennii_of_Intolerance_-_A_Dangerous_Ally.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>1915 political cartoon criticizing the alliance between the prohibitionists and women's suffrage movements, showing the Genii of Intolerance, labelled "Prohibition", emerging from its bottle</figcaption></figure> Two other amendments to the Constitution were championed by dry crusaders to help their cause. One was granted in the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixteenth Amendment</a> (1913), which replaced alcohol taxes that funded the federal government with a federal income tax.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Call-62">[62]</a> The other was women's suffrage, which was granted after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a> in 1920; since women tended to support prohibition, temperance organizations tended to support women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Call-62">[62]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1916</a>, the Democratic incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, and the Republican candidate, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, ignored the prohibition issue, as did both parties' political platforms. Democrats and Republicans had strong wet and dry factions, and the election was expected to be close, with neither candidate wanting to alienate any part of his political base. When the 65th Congress convened in March 1917, the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> With America's declaration of war against Germany in April, <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German Americans</a>, a major force against prohibition, were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored. In addition, a new justification for prohibition arose: prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources—especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol—to be devoted to the war effort. While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted. A resolution calling for a <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Constitutional amendment</a> to accomplish nationwide Prohibition was introduced in Congress and passed by both houses in December 1917. By January 16, 1919, the Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states, making it law. Eventually, only two states—<a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>—opted out of ratifying it.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On October 28, 1919, Congress passed enabling legislation, known as the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a>, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Start_of_national_prohibition_(January_1920)">Start of national prohibition (January 1920)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Start of national prohibition (January 1920)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19190117_Prohibition_-_Eighteenth_Amendment_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/19190117_Prohibition_-_Eighteenth_Amendment_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/220px-19190117_Prohibition_-_Eighteenth_Amendment_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/19190117_Prohibition_-_Eighteenth_Amendment_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/330px-19190117_Prohibition_-_Eighteenth_Amendment_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/19190117_Prohibition_-_Eighteenth_Amendment_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/440px-19190117_Prohibition_-_Eighteenth_Amendment_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>After the 36th state adopted the amendment on January 16, 1919, the U.S. Secretary of State had to issue a formal proclamation declaring its ratification.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_19190117-67">[67]</a> Implementing and enforcement bills had to be presented to Congress and state legislatures, to be enacted before the amendment's effective date one year later.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_19190117-67">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_Budweiser_ad_for_alcohol_free_beer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1919_Budweiser_ad_for_alcohol_free_beer.png/200px-1919_Budweiser_ad_for_alcohol_free_beer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1919_Budweiser_ad_for_alcohol_free_beer.png/300px-1919_Budweiser_ad_for_alcohol_free_beer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1919_Budweiser_ad_for_alcohol_free_beer.png/400px-1919_Budweiser_ad_for_alcohol_free_beer.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Budweiser" title="Budweiser">Budweiser</a> ad from 1919, announcing the reformulation its flagship beer as required under the Act, ready for sale by 1920</figcaption></figure> Prohibition began on January 17, 1920, when the Volstead Act went into effect.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A total of 1,520 Federal Prohibition agents (police) were tasked with enforcement. Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed. One of its creators, Senator <a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Morris Sheppard</a>, joked that "there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming-bird to fly to the planet Mars with the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> tied to its tail."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> At the same time, songs emerged decrying the act. After <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, returned to the United Kingdom following his tour of Canada in 1919, he recounted to his father, King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, a ditty he had heard at a border town: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> Four and twenty Yankees, feeling very dry, Went across the border to get a drink of rye. When the rye was opened, the Yanks began to sing, "God bless America, but God save the King!"<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </div></blockquote> Prohibition became highly controversial among medical professionals because alcohol was widely prescribed by the era's physicians for therapeutic purposes. Congress held hearings on the medicinal value of beer in 1921. Subsequently, physicians across the country lobbied for the repeal of Prohibition as it applied to medicinal liquors.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> From 1921 to 1930, doctors earned about $40 million for whiskey prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prescriptions_for_Medicinal_Spirits_-_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Prescriptions_for_Medicinal_Spirits_-_1922.jpg/220px-Prescriptions_for_Medicinal_Spirits_-_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Prescriptions_for_Medicinal_Spirits_-_1922.jpg/330px-Prescriptions_for_Medicinal_Spirits_-_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Prescriptions_for_Medicinal_Spirits_-_1922.jpg/440px-Prescriptions_for_Medicinal_Spirits_-_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Prescription for medicinal alcohol during prohibition</figcaption></figure> While the manufacture, importation, sale, and transport of alcohol was illegal in the United States, Section 29 of the Volstead Act allowed wine and cider to be made from fruit at home, but not beer. Up to 200 <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallons</a> of wine and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> per year could be made, and some <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> grew grapes for home use. The Act did not prohibit the consumption of alcohol. Many people stockpiled wines and liquors for their personal use in the latter part of 1919 before sales of alcoholic beverages became illegal in January 1920. Since alcohol was legal in neighboring countries, distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean flourished as their products were either consumed by visiting Americans or smuggled into the United States illegally. The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a>, which forms part of the U.S. border with Canada, was notoriously difficult to control, especially <a href="/wiki/Rum-running_in_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum-running in Windsor">rum-running in Windsor</a>, Canada. When the U.S. government complained to the British that American law was being undermined by officials in <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">British Colonial Office</a> refused to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> believed that Prohibition was "an affront to the whole history of mankind".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Three federal agencies were assigned the task of enforcing the Volstead Act: the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> Office of Law Enforcement,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a>'s IRS Bureau of Prohibition,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> Bureau of Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootlegging_and_hoarding_old_supplies">Bootlegging and hoarding old supplies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bootlegging and hoarding old supplies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Policeman_and_wrecked_car_and_cases_of_moonshine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Policeman_and_wrecked_car_and_cases_of_moonshine.jpg/220px-Policeman_and_wrecked_car_and_cases_of_moonshine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Policeman_and_wrecked_car_and_cases_of_moonshine.jpg/330px-Policeman_and_wrecked_car_and_cases_of_moonshine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Policeman_and_wrecked_car_and_cases_of_moonshine.jpg/440px-Policeman_and_wrecked_car_and_cases_of_moonshine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>A policeman with wrecked automobile and confiscated <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a>, 1922</figcaption></figure> As early as 1925, journalist <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> believed that Prohibition was not working.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Oshinsky" title="David Oshinsky">David Oshinsky</a>, summarizing the work of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Daniel Okrent</a>, wrote that "Prohibition worked best when directed at its primary target: the working-class poor."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Lizabeth_Cohen" title="Lizabeth Cohen">Lizabeth Cohen</a> writes: "A rich family could have a cellar-full of liquor and get by, it seemed, but if a poor family had one bottle of home-brew, there would be trouble."<a href="#cite_note-Cohen,_Lizabeth-83">[83]</a> Working-class people were inflamed by the fact that their employers could dip into a private cache while they, the employees, could not.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Within a week after Prohibition went into effect, small portable stills were on sale throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Before the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect in January 1920, many of the upper classes stockpiled alcohol for legal home consumption after Prohibition began. They bought the inventories of liquor retailers and wholesalers, emptying out their warehouses, saloons, and club storerooms. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> moved his own supply of alcoholic beverages to his Washington residence after his term of office ended. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, relocated his own large supply into the White House.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Prohibition_Disposal(9)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/5_Prohibition_Disposal%289%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-5_Prohibition_Disposal%289%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/5_Prohibition_Disposal%289%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-5_Prohibition_Disposal%289%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/5_Prohibition_Disposal%289%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-5_Prohibition_Disposal%289%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4069" data-file-height="3155" /></a><figcaption>Disposal of liquor during Prohibition</figcaption></figure> After the Eighteenth Amendment became law, <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegging</a> became widespread. In the first six months of 1920, the federal government opened 7,291 cases for Volstead Act violations.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In the first complete fiscal year of 1921, the number of cases violating the Volstead Act jumped to 29,114 violations and would rise dramatically over the next thirteen years.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Grape juice was not restricted by Prohibition, even though if it was allowed to sit for sixty days it would ferment and turn to wine with a twelve percent alcohol content. Many people took advantage of this as grape juice output quadrupled during the Prohibition era.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> To prevent bootleggers from using industrial <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl alcohol">ethyl alcohol</a> to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered the <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denaturation of industrial alcohols</a>, meaning they must include additives to make them unpalatable or poisonous. In response, bootleggers hired chemists who successfully removed the additives from the alcohol to make it drinkable. As a response, the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons, including the particularly deadly combination referred to (incorrectly) as "methyl alcohol": 4 parts <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, 2.25 parts <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a> base, and 0.5 parts <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> per 100 parts ethyl alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life. As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol before Prohibition ended.<a href="#cite_note-Blum-92">[92]</a> New York City medical examiner <a href="/wiki/Charles_Norris_(medical_examiner)" title="Charles Norris (medical examiner)">Charles Norris</a> believed the government took responsibility for murder when they knew the poison was not deterring consumption and they continued to poison industrial alcohol (which would be used in drinking alcohol) anyway. Norris remarked: "The government knows it is not stopping drinking by putting poison in alcohol ... [Y]et it continues its poisoning processes, heedless of the fact that people determined to drink are daily absorbing that poison. Knowing this to be true, the United States government must be charged with the moral responsibility for the deaths that poisoned liquor causes, although it cannot be held legally responsible."<a href="#cite_note-Blum-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv/220px--1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv/1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1933-11_Industry_Booms_After_Repeal_of_Prohibition.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A 1933 newsreel about the end of Prohibition</figcaption></figure> Another lethal substance that was often substituted for alcohol was for the <a href="/wiki/Sterno" title="Sterno">Sterno</a>, a denatured form of ethyl alcohol adulterated with methanol and a jelling agent, commonly known as "canned heat". Forcing the substance through a makeshift filter, such as a handkerchief, created a rough liquor substitute; however, the result was poisonous, though not often lethal.<a href="#cite_note-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_County_Sheriff%27s_deputies_dumping_illegal_booze,_Santa_Ana,_3-31-1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orange_County_Sheriff%27s_deputies_dumping_illegal_booze%2C_Santa_Ana%2C_3-31-1932.jpg/220px-Orange_County_Sheriff%27s_deputies_dumping_illegal_booze%2C_Santa_Ana%2C_3-31-1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orange_County_Sheriff%27s_deputies_dumping_illegal_booze%2C_Santa_Ana%2C_3-31-1932.jpg/330px-Orange_County_Sheriff%27s_deputies_dumping_illegal_booze%2C_Santa_Ana%2C_3-31-1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orange_County_Sheriff%27s_deputies_dumping_illegal_booze%2C_Santa_Ana%2C_3-31-1932.jpg/440px-Orange_County_Sheriff%27s_deputies_dumping_illegal_booze%2C_Santa_Ana%2C_3-31-1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County, California</a>, sheriff's deputies dumping illegal alcohol, 1932</figcaption></figure> Making alcohol at home was common among some families with wet sympathies during Prohibition. Stores sold grape concentrate with warning labels that listed the steps that should be avoided to prevent the juice from fermenting into wine. Some drugstores sold "medical wine" with around a 22% alcohol content. In order to justify the sale, the wine was given a medicinal taste.<a href="#cite_note-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932-93">[93]</a> Home-distilled hard liquor was called <a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">bathtub gin</a> in northern cities, and <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> in rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. Making drinkable hard liquor was easier than <a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">homebrewing</a> good beer.<a href="#cite_note-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932-93">[93]</a> Since selling privately distilled alcohol was illegal and bypassed government taxation, law enforcement officers relentlessly pursued manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-Communications,_Aug_1998-94">[94]</a> In response, bootleggers modified their cars and trucks by enhancing the engines and suspensions to make faster vehicles that would improve their chances of outrunning and escaping agents of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Bureau of Prohibition</a>, commonly called "revenue agents" or "revenuers". These cars became known as "moonshine runners" or "'shine runners".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Shops with wet sympathies were also known to participate in the underground liquor market, by loading their stocks with ingredients for liquors, including <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">vermouth</a>, scotch mash, and even <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl alcohol">ethyl alcohol</a>; anyone could purchase these ingredients legally.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In October 1930, just two weeks before the congressional midterm elections, bootlegger <a href="/wiki/George_Cassiday" title="George Cassiday">George Cassiday</a>—"the man in the green hat"—came forward and told members of Congress how he had bootlegged for ten years. One of the few bootleggers ever to tell his story, Cassiday wrote five front-page articles for <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, in which he estimated that 80% of congressmen and senators drank. The Democrats in the North were mostly wets, and in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 election</a>, they made major gains. The wets argued that Prohibition was not stopping crime, and was actually causing the creation of large-scale, well-funded, and well-armed criminal syndicates. As Prohibition became increasingly unpopular, especially in urban areas, its repeal was eagerly anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Wets had the organization and the initiative. They pushed the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. President Herbert Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars and satisfied neither side. Franklin Roosevelt's Democratic platform promised repeal of the 18th Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> When Prohibition was repealed in 1933, many bootleggers and suppliers with wet sympathies simply moved into the legitimate liquor business. Some crime syndicates moved their efforts into expanding their protection rackets to cover legal liquor sales and other business areas.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_liquor">Medical liquor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medical liquor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prohibition_prescription_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Prohibition_prescription_front.jpg/220px-Prohibition_prescription_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Prohibition_prescription_front.jpg/330px-Prohibition_prescription_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Prohibition_prescription_front.jpg/440px-Prohibition_prescription_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a>-era prescription used by U.S. physicians to prescribe <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> as medicine</figcaption></figure> Doctors were able to prescribe medicinal alcohol for their patients. After just six months of prohibition, over 15,000 doctors and 57,000 pharmacists received licenses to prescribe or sell medicinal alcohol. According to Gastro Obscura, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Physicians wrote an estimated 11 million prescriptions a year throughout the 1920s, and Prohibition Commissioner John F. Kramer even cited one doctor who wrote 475 prescriptions for whiskey in one day. It wasn't tough for people to write—and fill—counterfeit subscriptions at pharmacies, either. Naturally, bootleggers bought prescription forms from crooked doctors and mounted widespread scams. In 1931, 400 pharmacists and 1,000 doctors were caught in a scam where doctors sold signed prescription forms to bootleggers. Just 12 doctors and 13 pharmacists were indicted, and the ones charged faced a one-time $50 fine. Selling alcohol through drugstores became so much of a lucrative open secret that it is name-checked in works such as The Great Gatsby. Historians speculate that <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Walgreen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Walgreen">Charles R. Walgreen</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Walgreens" title="Walgreens">Walgreens</a> fame, expanded from 20 stores to a staggering 525 during the 1920s thanks to medicinal alcohol sales." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paula Mejia, "The Lucrative Business of Prescribing Booze During Prohibition"; Gastro Obscura, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defender18thkkk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Defender18thkkk.jpg/200px-Defender18thkkk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Defender18thkkk.jpg/300px-Defender18thkkk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Defender18thkkk.jpg/400px-Defender18thkkk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1783" /></a><figcaption>The Defender Of The 18th Amendment, from <a href="/wiki/Klansmen:_Guardians_of_Liberty" title="Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty">Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Fire_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Fire Church">Pillar of Fire Church</a></figcaption></figure> Once Prohibition came into effect, the majority of U.S. citizens obeyed it.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker2006-20">[20]</a> Some states like Maryland and New York refused Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Enforcement of the law under the Eighteenth Amendment lacked a centralized authority. Clergymen were sometimes called upon to form vigilante groups to assist in the enforcement of Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Furthermore, American geography contributed to the difficulties in enforcing Prohibition. The varied terrain of valleys, mountains, lakes and swamps, as well as the extensive seaways, ports and borders that the United States shared with <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> made it exceedingly difficult for Prohibition agents to stop bootleggers given their lack of resources. Ultimately it was recognized with its repeal that the means by which the law was to be enforced were not pragmatic, and in many cases, the legislature did not match the general public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cicero,_Illinois" title="Cicero, Illinois">Cicero</a>, Illinois, (a suburb of Chicago) the prevalence of ethnic communities who had wet sympathies allowed prominent gang leader <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> to operate despite the presence of police.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> talked a great deal about denouncing bootleggers and threatened private vigilante action against known offenders. Despite its large membership in the mid-1920s, it was poorly organized and seldom had an effect. Indeed, the KKK after 1925 helped disparage any enforcement of Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Prohibition was a major blow to the alcoholic beverage industry and its repeal was a step toward the amelioration of one sector of the economy. An example of this is the case of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, one of the most important alcohol producers before prohibition started, which was ready to resume its position in the industry as soon as possible. Its major brewery had "50,000 barrels" of beer ready for distribution from March 22, 1933, and was the first alcohol producer to resupply the market; others soon followed. After repeal, stores obtained liquor licenses and restocked for business. After beer production resumed, thousands of workers found jobs in the industry again.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Prohibition created a <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> that competed with the formal economy, which came under pressure when the Great Depression struck in 1929. <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State governments</a> urgently needed the tax revenue alcohol sales had generated. Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932 based in part on his promise to end prohibition, which influenced his support for ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment</a> to repeal Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repeal">Repeal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Repeal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Repeal of Prohibition in the United States">Repeal of Prohibition in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_End_of_Prohibition_New_York_Times_1933_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/After_End_of_Prohibition_New_York_Times_1933_3.jpg/220px-After_End_of_Prohibition_New_York_Times_1933_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/After_End_of_Prohibition_New_York_Times_1933_3.jpg/330px-After_End_of_Prohibition_New_York_Times_1933_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/After_End_of_Prohibition_New_York_Times_1933_3.jpg/440px-After_End_of_Prohibition_New_York_Times_1933_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Americans celebrating the end of Prohibition in 1933</figcaption></figure> Naval Captain <a href="/wiki/William_H._Stayton" title="William H. Stayton">William H. Stayton</a> was a prominent figure in the anti-prohibition fight, founding the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment in 1918. The AAPA was the largest of the nearly forty organizations that fought to end Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Economic urgency played a large part in accelerating the advocacy for repeal.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The number of conservatives who pushed for prohibition in the beginning decreased. Many farmers who fought for prohibition now fought for repeal because of the negative effects it had on the agriculture business.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin,_Marty_2011-111">[111]</a> Prior to the 1920 implementation of the Volstead Act, approximately 14% of federal, state, and local tax revenues were derived from alcohol commerce. When the Great Depression hit and tax revenues plunged, the governments needed this revenue stream.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Millions could be made by taxing beer. There was controversy on whether the repeal should be a state or nationwide decision.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin,_Marty_2011-111">[111]</a> On March 22, 1933, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> signed an amendment to the Volstead Act, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a>, allowing the manufacture and sale of 3.2% beer (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines. The Volstead Act previously defined an intoxicating beverage as one with greater than 0.5% alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-nih2006-19">[19]</a> Upon signing the Cullen–Harrison Act, Roosevelt remarked: "I think this would be a good time for a beer."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> According to a 2017 study in the journal <a href="/wiki/Public_Choice_(journal)" title="Public Choice (journal)">Public Choice</a>, representatives from traditional beer-producing states, as well as Democratic politicians, were most in favor of the bill, but politicians from many Southern states were most strongly opposed to the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed on December 5, 1933, with the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>. Despite the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">Heber J. Grant</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, the 21 <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> members of the constitutional convention voted unanimously on that day to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment, making Utah the 36th state to do so, and putting the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment over the top in needed voting.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In the late 1930s, after its repeal, two fifths of Americans wished to reinstate national Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker,_Jr._2006_233–243-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-repeal">Post-repeal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-repeal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_control_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alcohol_control_in_the_United_States.svg/330px-Alcohol_control_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alcohol_control_in_the_United_States.svg/495px-Alcohol_control_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alcohol_control_in_the_United_States.svg/660px-Alcohol_control_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Map showing dry (red), wet (blue), and <a href="/wiki/Moist_county_(Kentucky,_US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moist county (Kentucky, US)">mixed</a> (yellow) counties in the United States as of March 2012. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a>.)</figcaption></figure> The Twenty-first Amendment does not prevent states from restricting or banning alcohol; instead, it prohibits the "transportation or importation" of alcohol "into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States" "in violation of the laws thereof", thus allowing state and local control of alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> There are still numerous <a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">dry counties</a> and municipalities in the United States that restrict or prohibit liquor sales.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Additionally, many tribal governments prohibit alcohol on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a>. Federal law also prohibits alcohol on Indian reservations,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> although this law is currently only enforced when there is a concomitant violation of local tribal liquor laws.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> After its repeal, some former supporters openly admitted failure. For example, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a>, explained his view in a 1932 letter:<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened, and crime has increased to a level never seen before.</blockquote> Some historians claim that alcohol consumption in the United States did not exceed pre-Prohibition levels until the 1960s;<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> others claim that alcohol consumption reached the pre-Prohibition levels several years after its enactment, and has continued to rise.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> of the liver, a symptom of alcoholism, declined nearly two-thirds during Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the decades after Prohibition, any stigma that had been associated with alcohol consumption was erased; according to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> survey conducted almost every year since 1939, two-thirds of American adults age 18 and older drink alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Shortly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a national opinion survey found that "About one-third of the people of the United States favor national prohibition." Upon repeal of national prohibition, 18 states continued prohibition at the state level. The last state, Mississippi, finally ended it in 1966. Almost two-thirds of all states adopted some form of <a href="/wiki/Local_option" title="Local option">local option</a> which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition. Therefore, despite the repeal of prohibition at the national level, 38% of the nation's population lived in areas with state or local prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-childs-128">[128]</a>: 221  In 2014, a <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> nationwide poll found that 81% of Americans thought that "the use of alcohol should be legal" while 18% did not.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_views">Christian views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christian views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a></div> Prohibition in the early to mid-20th century was mostly fueled by the Protestant denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, a region dominated by socially conservative <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">evangelical Protestantism</a> with a very high Christian church attendance.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Generally, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">evangelical Protestant</a> denominations encouraged prohibition, while the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> denominations disapproved of its introduction. However, there were exceptions to this, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> (German Confessional Lutherans), which is typically considered to be in scope of evangelical Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietistic</a> churches in the United States (especially Baptist churches, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and others in the evangelical tradition) sought to end drinking and the saloon culture during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgical</a> ("high") churches (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and others in the mainline tradition) opposed prohibition laws because they did not want the government to reduce the definition of morality to a narrow standard or to criminalize the common liturgical practice of using wine.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a> in the mid-to-late 19th century set the stage for the bond between Pietistic Protestantism and prohibition in the United States: "The greater prevalence of revival religion within a population, the greater support for the Prohibition parties within that population."<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Historian Nancy Koester argued that Prohibition was a "victory for progressives and social gospel activists battling poverty".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Prohibition also united progressives and revivalists.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> had popularized the belief that alcohol was the major cause of most personal and social problems and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> was seen as the solution to the nation's poverty, crime, violence, and other ills.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Upon ratification of the amendment, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a> said that "The slums will soon be only a memory. We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and corncribs." Since alcohol was to be banned and since it was seen as the cause of most, if not all, crimes, some communities sold their <a href="/wiki/Jails" class="mw-redirect" title="Jails">jails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rehoboth_WCTU_Fountain_(Sussex_County,_Delaware).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rehoboth_WCTU_Fountain_%28Sussex_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg/170px-Rehoboth_WCTU_Fountain_%28Sussex_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rehoboth_WCTU_Fountain_%28Sussex_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg/255px-Rehoboth_WCTU_Fountain_%28Sussex_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rehoboth_WCTU_Fountain_%28Sussex_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg/340px-Rehoboth_WCTU_Fountain_%28Sussex_County%2C_Delaware%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Fountain_(Rehoboth_Beach,_Delaware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain (Rehoboth Beach, Delaware)">temperance fountain</a> erected by the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a> during the Prohibition era in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol_consumption">Alcohol consumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alcohol consumption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg/220px-Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg/330px-Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg/440px-Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>Prohibition-era prescription for whiskey</figcaption></figure> According to a 2010 review of the academic research on Prohibition, "On balance, Prohibition probably reduced per capita alcohol use and alcohol-related harm, but these benefits eroded over time as an organized black market developed and public support for [national prohibition] declined."<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> One study reviewing city-level drunkenness arrests concluded that prohibition had an immediate effect, but no long-term effect.<a href="#cite_note-:4-8">[8]</a> And, yet another study examining "mortality, mental health and crime statistics" found that alcohol consumption fell, at first, to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level; but, over the next several years, increased to about 60–70 percent of its pre-prohibition level.<a href="#cite_note-Miron-9">[9]</a> The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating beverages, however, it did not outlaw the possession or consumption of alcohol in the United States, which would allow legal loopholes for consumers possessing alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> Research indicates that rates of cirrhosis of the liver declined significantly during Prohibition and increased after Prohibition's repeal.<a href="#cite_note-Moore1989-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacCounReuter2001-11">[11]</a> According to the historian Jack S. Blocker Jr., "death rates from cirrhosis and alcoholism, alcoholic psychosis hospital admissions, and drunkenness arrests all declined steeply during the latter years of the 1910s, when both the cultural and the legal climate were increasingly inhospitable to drink, and in the early years after National Prohibition went into effect."<a href="#cite_note-Blocker2006-20">[20]</a> Studies examining the rates of <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> deaths as a proxy for alcohol consumption estimated a decrease in consumption of 10–20%.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism" title="National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism">National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</a> studies show clear epidemiological evidence that "overall cirrhosis mortality rates declined precipitously with the introduction of Prohibition," despite widespread flouting of the law.<a href="#cite_note-INational_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism-142">[142]</a> A 2024 study, which used variations in state legality of alcohol, found that individuals born in the 1930s in wet states had higher later-life mortality than those in dry states, suggesting adverse effects from in utero exposure to alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> It is difficult to draw conclusions about Prohibition's effect on crime at the national level, as there were no uniform national statistics gathered about crime prior to 1930.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> It has been argued that <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> received a major boost from Prohibition. For example, one study found that organized crime in Chicago tripled during Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Mafia</a> groups and other criminal organizations and <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a> had mostly limited their activities to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal gambling">gambling</a>, and theft until 1920, when organized <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">"rum-running" or bootlegging</a> emerged in response to Prohibition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A profitable, often violent, <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> for alcohol flourished.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In one study of more than 30 major U.S. cities during the Prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicides by 13%, assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 45%, and police department costs rose by 11.4%. This was largely the result of "black-market violence" and the diversion of law enforcement resources elsewhere. Despite the Prohibition movement's hope that outlawing alcohol would reduce crime, the reality was that the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a> led to higher crime rates than were experienced prior to Prohibition and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A 2016 NBER paper showed that South Carolina counties that enacted and enforced prohibition had homicide rates increase by about 30 to 60 percent relative to counties that did not enforce prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-:2-148">[148]</a> A 2009 study found an increase in homicides in Chicago during Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-:3-149">[149]</a> However, some scholars have attributed the crime during the Prohibition era to increased <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, rather than to the criminalization of alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-CookMachin2013-150">[150]</a> In some cities, such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, crime rates decreased during the Prohibition era.<a href="#cite_note-PinardPagani2000-24">[24]</a> Crime rates overall declined from the period of 1849 to 1951, making crime during the Prohibition period less likely to be attributed to the criminalization of alcohol alone.<a href="#cite_note-PinardPagani2000-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Mark_H._Moore" title="Mark H. Moore">Mark H. Moore</a> claims that contrary to popular opinion, "violent crime did not increase dramatically during Prohibition" and that organized crime "existed before and after" Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Moore1989-6">[6]</a> The historian Kenneth D. Rose corroborates historian John Burnham's assertion that during the 1920s "there is no firm evidence of this supposed upsurge in lawlessness" as "no statistics from this period dealing with crime are of any value whatsoever".<a href="#cite_note-Rose1997-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Chico" title="California State University, Chico">California State University, Chico</a> historian Kenneth D. Rose writes:<a href="#cite_note-Rose1997-23">[23]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Opponents of prohibition were fond of claiming that the Great Experiment had created a gangster element that had unleashed a "crime wave" on a hapless America. The WONPR's Mrs. Coffin Van Rensselaer, for instance, insisted in 1932 that "the alarming crime wave, which had been piling up to unprecedented height" was a legacy of prohibition. But prohibition can hardly be held responsible for inventing crime, and while supplying illegal liquor proved to be lucrative, it was only an additional source of income to the more traditional criminal activities of gambling, loan sharking, racketeering, and prostitution. The notion of the prohibition-induced crime wave, despite its popularity during the 1920s, cannot be substantiated with any accuracy, because of the inadequacy of records kept by local police departments.</blockquote>Along with other economic effects, the enactment and enforcement of Prohibition caused an increase in resource costs. During the 1920s the annual budget of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Bureau of Prohibition</a> went from $4.4 million to $13.4 million. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> spent an average of $13 million annually on enforcement of prohibition laws.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> These numbers do not take into account the costs to local and state governments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_of_the_state">Powers of the state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Powers of the state">edit</a>]</div> According to Harvard University historian Lisa McGirr, Prohibition led to an expansion in the powers of the federal state, as well as helped shape the penal state.<a href="#cite_note-:0-152">[152]</a> According to academic Colin Agur, Prohibition specifically increased the usage of telephone wiretapping by federal agents for evidence collection.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discrimination">edit</a>]</div> According to Harvard University historian Lisa McGirr, Prohibition had a disproportionately adverse effect on African-Americans, immigrants, and poor whites, as law enforcement used alcohol prohibition against these communities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Different metrics have led to different assessments of Prohibition's impact on the U.S. economy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_assessments">Negative assessments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Negative assessments">edit</a>]</div> Sources describe negative fiscal effects, with loss of tax revenue and increased enforcement costs, as well as economic impact on regulated and adjacent industries. Prohibition caused the loss of at least $226 million per annum in tax revenues on liquors alone; supporters of the prohibition expected an increase in the sales of non-alcoholic beverages to replace the money made from alcohol sales, but this did not happen. Furthermore, "Prohibition caused the shutdown of over 200 distilleries, a thousand breweries, and over 170,000 liquor stores". Finally, it is worth noting that "the amount of money used to enforce prohibition started at $6.3 million in 1921 and rose to $13.4 million in 1930, almost double the original amount".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A 2015 study estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of Prohibition">repeal of Prohibition</a> had a net social benefit of "$432 million per annum in 1934–1937, about 0.33% of gross domestic product. Total benefits of $3.25 billion consist primarily of increased consumer and producer surplus, tax revenues, and reduced criminal violence costs."<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> When 3.2 percent alcohol beer was legalized in 1933, it created 81,000 jobs within a three-month span.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_assessments">Positive assessments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Positive assessments">edit</a>]</div> A 2021 study in the Journal of Economic History found that counties that adopted Prohibition early subsequently had greater population growth and an increase in farm real estate values.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> During the Prohibition era, rates of <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a> decreased from 10% to 3%.<a href="#cite_note-Behr2011-158">[158]</a> In Michigan, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> documented "a decrease in absenteeism from 2,620 in April 1918 to 1,628 in May 1918."<a href="#cite_note-Lyons2018-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raceland_Louisiana_Beer_Drinkers_Russell_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Raceland_Louisiana_Beer_Drinkers_Russell_Lee.jpg/220px-Raceland_Louisiana_Beer_Drinkers_Russell_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Raceland_Louisiana_Beer_Drinkers_Russell_Lee.jpg/330px-Raceland_Louisiana_Beer_Drinkers_Russell_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Raceland_Louisiana_Beer_Drinkers_Russell_Lee.jpg/440px-Raceland_Louisiana_Beer_Drinkers_Russell_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4163" data-file-height="2745" /></a><figcaption>Men and women drinking beer at a bar in <a href="/wiki/Raceland,_Louisiana" title="Raceland, Louisiana">Raceland, Louisiana</a>, September 1938. Pre-Prohibition saloons were mostly male establishments; post-Prohibition bars catered to both males and females.</figcaption></figure> As <a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">saloons</a> died out, public drinking lost much of its macho connotation, resulting in increased social acceptance of women drinking in the semi-public environment of the <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasies</a>. This new norm established women as a notable new target demographic for alcohol marketeers, who sought to expand their clientele.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker,_Jr._2006_233–243-117">[117]</a> Women thus found their way into the bootlegging business, with some discovering that they could make a living by selling alcohol with a minimal likelihood of suspicion by law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Before prohibition, women who drank publicly in saloons or taverns, especially outside of urban centers like Chicago or New York, were seen as immoral or were likely to be prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Heavy drinkers and alcoholics were among the most affected groups during Prohibition. Those who were determined to find liquor could still do so, but those who saw their drinking habits as destructive typically had difficulty in finding the help they sought. Self-help societies had withered away along with the alcohol industry. In 1935 a new self-help group called <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker,_Jr._2006_233–243-117">[117]</a> Prohibition also had an effect on the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">music industry in the United States</a>, specifically with <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasies</a> became very popular, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression's</a> migratory effects led to the dispersal of jazz music, from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a> going north through <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a> and to New York. This led to the development of different styles in different cities. Due to its popularity in speakeasies and the emergence of advanced recording technology, jazz's popularity skyrocketed. It was also at the forefront of the minimal integration efforts going on at the time, as it united mostly black musicians with mostly white audiences.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcohol_production">Alcohol production</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alcohol production">edit</a>]</div> Making <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> was an industry in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> before and after Prohibition. In the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle cars">muscle cars</a> became popular and various roads became known as "Thunder Road" for their use by moonshiners. A popular song was created and the legendary drivers, cars, and routes were depicted on film in <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Road_(1958_film)" title="Thunder Road (1958 film)">Thunder Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> As a result of Prohibition, the advancements of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> within the alcoholic beverage industry were essentially reversed. Large-scale alcohol producers were shut down, for the most part, and some individual citizens took it upon themselves to produce alcohol illegally, essentially reversing the efficiency of mass-producing and retailing alcoholic beverages. Closing the country's manufacturing plants and taverns also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry. While the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a> did not have this effect on the industry due to its failure to define an "intoxicating" beverage, the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a>'s definition of 0.5% or more alcohol by volume shut down the brewers, who expected to continue to produce beer of moderate strength.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker,_Jr._2006_233–243-117">[117]</a> In 1930 the Prohibition Commissioner estimated that in 1919, the year before the Volstead Act became law, the average drinking American spent $17 per year on alcoholic beverages. By 1930, because enforcement diminished the supply, spending had increased to $35 per year (there was no inflation in this period). The result was an illegal alcohol beverage industry that made an average of $3 billion per year in illegal untaxed income.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines "on the <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a> that it was a non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption",<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> This demand led <a href="/wiki/California_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (wine)">California</a> grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a "warning": "After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it will turn into wine".<a href="#cite_note-AaronMusto1981-31">[31]</a> The Volstead Act allowed the sale of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">sacramental wine</a> to priests and ministers and allowed <a href="/wiki/Rabbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbis">rabbis</a> to approve sales of <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">kosher wine</a> to individuals for <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> and holiday use at home. Among <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, four rabbinical groups were approved, which led to some competition for membership, since the supervision of sacramental licenses could be used to secure donations to support a religious institution. There were known abuses in this system, with impostors or unauthorized agents using loopholes to purchase wine.<a href="#cite_note-Last_Call-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sprecher-169">[169]</a> Prohibition had a notable effect on the alcohol brewing industry in the United States. Wine historians note that Prohibition destroyed what was a fledgling wine industry in the United States. Productive, wine-quality grapevines were replaced by lower-quality vines that grew thicker-skinned grapes, which could be more easily transported. Much of the institutional knowledge was also lost as winemakers either emigrated to other wine-producing countries or left the business altogether.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Distilled spirits became more popular during Prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932-93">[93]</a> Because their alcohol content was higher than that of fermented wine and beer, spirits were often diluted with non-alcoholic drinks.<a href="#cite_note-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Cultural and religious foundation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleggers_and_Baptists" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Controlled substances <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_States" title="Beer in the United States">Beer in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Legal foundation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition" title="Drug prohibition">Drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb-Kenyon_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Webb-Kenyon Act">Webb-Kenyon Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">Prohibition in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of Prohibition">Repeal of Prohibition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lawbreakers and illegal practices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_gangsters_during_the_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="American gangsters during the 1920s">American gangsters during the 1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Outfit" title="Chicago Outfit">Chicago Outfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Gang" title="The Purple Gang">The Purple Gang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Places involved in smuggling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Galveston" title="Free State of Galveston">Free State of Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govenlock,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Govenlock, Saskatchewan">Govenlock, Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Gap,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey Gap, Alberta">Whiskey Gap, Alberta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Law-enforcement organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izzy_Einstein_and_Moe_Smith" title="Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith">Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchables_(law_enforcement)" title="Untouchables (law enforcement)">The Untouchables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Bureau of Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_and_Border_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Customs and Border Protection">United States Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE)</li></ul></li> <li>Similar policies and institutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Narcotics_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Narcotics Act">Harrison Narcotics Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONDCP" class="mw-redirect" title="ONDCP">ONDCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCDETF" class="mw-redirect" title="OCDETF">OCDETF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Prohibition-United-States-history-1920-1933">"Prohibition | Definition, History, Eighteenth Amendment, & Repeal"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195553/https://www.britannica.com/event/Prohibition-United-States-history-1920-1933">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Prohibition+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Eighteenth+Amendment%2C+%26+Repeal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FProhibition-United-States-history-1920-1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrad2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Schrad2020_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrad2020" class="citation web cs1">Schrad, Mark Lawrence (January 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/17/opinion/prohibition-anniversary-100.html">"Why Americans Supported Prohibition 100 Years Ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117101154/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/17/opinion/prohibition-anniversary-100.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Americans+Supported+Prohibition+100+Years+Ago&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft.aulast=Schrad&rft.aufirst=Mark+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F17%2Fopinion%2Fprohibition-anniversary-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/question/What-were-the-effects-of-Prohibition">"What were the effects of Prohibition?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved July 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=What+were+the+effects+of+Prohibition%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fquestion%2FWhat-were-the-effects-of-Prohibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Wayne (2010). "What are the policy lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920–1933?". <a href="/wiki/Addiction_(journal)" title="Addiction (journal)">Addiction</a>. 105 (7): 1164–1173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2010.02926.x">10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02926.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20331549">20331549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=What+are+the+policy+lessons+of+National+Alcohol+Prohibition+in+the+United+States%2C+1920%E2%80%931933%3F&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1164-1173&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2010.02926.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20331549&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchowski2015" class="citation book cs1">Orchowski, Margaret Sands (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">The Law that Changed the Face of America: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5137-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-5137-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195554/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+that+Changed+the+Face+of+America%3A+The+Immigration+and+Nationality+Act+of+1965&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5137-3&rft.aulast=Orchowski&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Sands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0hKCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1989-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1989_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1989_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1989_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore1989_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_H._Moore" title="Mark H. Moore">Moore, Mark H.</a> (October 16, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/16/opinion/actually-prohibition-was-a-success.html">"Actually, Prohibition Was a Success"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216135435/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/16/opinion/actually-prohibition-was-a-success.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Actually%2C+Prohibition+Was+a+Success&rft.date=1989-10-16&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F10%2F16%2Fopinion%2Factually-prohibition-was-a-success.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocker2003" class="citation book cs1">Blocker, Jack S.; et al., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA23">Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-833-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195555/https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Temperance+in+Modern+History%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-833-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBuzNzm-x0l8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillsJacobsonMiron2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dills, Angela K.; Jacobson, Mireille; Miron, Jeffrey A. (February 2005). "The effect of alcohol prohibition on alcohol consumption: evidence from drunkenness arrests". Economics Letters. 86 (2): 279–284. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.147.7000">10.1.1.147.7000</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2004.07.017">10.1016/j.econlet.2004.07.017</a>. <q>These results suggest that Prohibition had a substantial short-term effect but roughly a zero long-term effect on drunkenness arrests. Perhaps most strikingly, the implied behavior of alcohol consumption is similar to that implied by cirrhosis. Dills and Miron (2004) find that Prohibition reduced cirrhosis by roughly 10–20%...The fact that different proxies tell the same story, however, is at least suggestive of a limited effect of national Prohibition on alcohol consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+Letters&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+alcohol+prohibition+on+alcohol+consumption%3A+evidence+from+drunkenness+arrests&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-284&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.147.7000%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.econlet.2004.07.017&rft.aulast=Dills&rft.aufirst=Angela+K.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Mireille&rft.au=Miron%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miron-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miron_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miron_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMironZwiebel1991" class="citation journal cs1">Miron, Jeffrey; Zwiebel, Jeffrey (1991). "Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition". <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a>. Papers and Proceedings. 81 (2): 242–247. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2006862">2006862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Alcohol+Consumption+During+Prohibition&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-247&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2006862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miron&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Zwiebel%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Wayne (2010). "What are the policy lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920–1933?". Addiction. 105 (7): 1164–1173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2010.02926.x">10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02926.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-0443">1360-0443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20331549">20331549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=What+are+the+policy+lessons+of+National+Alcohol+Prohibition+in+the+United+States%2C+1920%E2%80%931933%3F&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1164-1173&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1360-0443&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20331549&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2010.02926.x&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCounReuter2001-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacCounReuter2001_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCounReuter2001_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCounReuter2001_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCounReuter2001" class="citation book cs1">MacCoun, Robert J.; Reuter, Peter (August 17, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drugwarheresiesl00macc_0">Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices, Times, and Places</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drugwarheresiesl00macc_0/page/161">161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79997-3"><bdi>978-0-521-79997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+War+Heresies%3A+Learning+from+Other+Vices%2C+Times%2C+and+Places&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79997-3&rft.aulast=MacCoun&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Reuter%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrugwarheresiesl00macc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Blocker, Jack S. Jr (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470475">"Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation"</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 96 (2): 233–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.065409">10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470475">1470475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16380559">16380559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Did+Prohibition+Really+Work%3F+Alcohol+Prohibition+as+a+Public+Health+Innovation&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-243&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16380559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.065409&rft.aulast=Blocker&rft.aufirst=Jack+S.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._Miller2017" class="citation book cs1">William D. Miller (2017). Pretty Bubbles in the Air: America in 1919. University of Illinois Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01823-7"><bdi>978-0-252-01823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pretty+Bubbles+in+the+Air%3A+America+in+1919&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01823-7&rft.au=William+D.+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1926" class="citation book cs1">Colvin, D. Leigh (1926). Prohibition in the United States: A History of the Prohibition Party and of the Prohibition Movement. New York: George H. Doran Company. p. 446.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition+in+the+United+States%3A+A+History+of+the+Prohibition+Party+and+of+the+Prohibition+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=George+H.+Doran+Company&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=D.+Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burlingtonhistory.org/Newsletters/2010%20March%20newsletter-1.htm">Burlington Historical Society 2010 March newsletter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117151124/http://www.burlingtonhistory.org/Newsletters/2010%20March%20newsletter-1.htm">Archived</a> January 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Scott_Fitzgerald1920" class="citation book cs1">F. Scott Fitzgerald (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thissideofparadi00fitzuoft#page/223/mode/1up">This Side of Paradise</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Side+of+Paradise&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1920&rft.au=F.+Scott+Fitzgerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthissideofparadi00fitzuoft%23page%2F223%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> ("The advent of prohibition with the 'thirsty-first' put a sudden stop to [...]" [referring to July 1919]); and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Scott_Fitzgerald2008" class="citation book cs1">F. Scott Fitzgerald (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhP5Ez_rLWsC&pg=PA407">The Beautiful and the Damned</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 407, note 321.2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88366-5"><bdi>978-0-521-88366-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195603/https://books.google.com/books?id=zhP5Ez_rLWsC&pg=PA407">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beautiful+and+the+Damned&rft.pages=407%2C+note+321.2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88366-5&rft.au=F.+Scott+Fitzgerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhP5Ez_rLWsC%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> ("[W]hen prohibition came in July [...]"). </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/nc/nc2a.htm">"History of Alcohol Prohibition"</a>. National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421075132/https://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/nc/nc2a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Alcohol+Prohibition&rft.pub=National+Commission+on+Marijuana+and+Drug+Abuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2FLIBRARY%2Fstudies%2Fnc%2Fnc2a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwight_Vick2010" class="citation book cs1">Dwight Vick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwRF5tFand8C&pg=PA128">Drugs and Alcohol in the 21st Century: Theory, Behavior, and Policy</a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-7488-2"><bdi>978-0-7637-7488-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195603/https://books.google.com/books?id=fwRF5tFand8C&pg=PA128">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+and+Alcohol+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Theory%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Policy&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-7488-2&rft.au=Dwight+Vick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwRF5tFand8C%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nih2006-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nih2006_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nih2006_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Skilnik2006" class="citation book cs1">Bob Skilnik (2006). Beer: A History of Brewing in Chicago. Baracade Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-312-7"><bdi>978-1-56980-312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+A+History+of+Brewing+in+Chicago&rft.pub=Baracade+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56980-312-7&rft.au=Bob+Skilnik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blocker2006-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blocker2006_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blocker2006_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blocker2006_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Blocker, Jack S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470475">"Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>. 96 (2): 233–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.065409">10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036">0090-0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470475">1470475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16380559">16380559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Did+Prohibition+Really+Work%3F+Alcohol+Prohibition+as+a+Public+Health+Innovation&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-243&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0090-0036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16380559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.065409&rft.aulast=Blocker&rft.aufirst=Jack+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons2018-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyons2018_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyons2018_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2018" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Mickey (April 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hourdetroit.com/Hour-Detroit/May-2018/Dry-Times-Looking-Back-100-Years-After-Prohibition/%27">"Dry Times: Looking Back 100 Years After Prohibition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hour_Detroit" title="Hour Detroit">Hour Detroit</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200711/https://www.hourdetroit.com/community/dry-times-looking-back-100-years-after-prohibition/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dry+Times%3A+Looking+Back+100+Years+After+Prohibition&rft.pub=Hour+Detroit&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Mickey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hourdetroit.com%2FHour-Detroit%2FMay-2018%2FDry-Times-Looking-Back-100-Years-After-Prohibition%2F%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t100524-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t100524_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t100524_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Von_Drehle2010" class="citation magazine cs1">David Von Drehle (May 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515040622/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1989146,00.html">"The Demon Drink"</a>. Time. New York. p. 56. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1989146,00.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Demon+Drink&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft.au=David+Von+Drehle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1989146%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose1997-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1997_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1997_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose1997_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1997" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Kenneth D. (1997). American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition. NYU Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7466-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-7466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+and+the+Repeal+of+Prohibition&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7466-3&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PinardPagani2000-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PinardPagani2000_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PinardPagani2000_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PinardPagani2000_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinardPagani2000" class="citation book cs1">Pinard, Georges-Franck; Pagani, Linda (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqdKV7t-89EC&pg=PA199">Clinical Assessment of Dangerousness: Empirical Contributions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43325-9"><bdi>978-1-139-43325-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200737/https://books.google.com/books?id=JqdKV7t-89EC&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2018. <q>These declines in criminality extended from 1849 to 1951, however, so that it is doubtful that they should be attributed to Prohibition. Crime rates in New York City, too, decreased during the Prohibition period (Willback, 1938).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Assessment+of+Dangerousness%3A+Empirical+Contributions&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43325-9&rft.aulast=Pinard&rft.aufirst=Georges-Franck&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqdKV7t-89EC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_the_Census1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bureau of the Census, U.S. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/alcohol-prohibition-was-failure#prohibition-was-criminal">"Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957. Prepared by the Bureau of the Census with the Cooperation of the Social Science Research Council. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960. Pp. xi, 789. $6.00.)"</a>. American Political Science Review. 54 (4): 1018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003055400122488">10.1017/s0003055400122488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Historical+Statistics+of+the+United+States%3A+Colonial+Times+to+1957.+Prepared+by+the+Bureau+of+the+Census+with+the+Cooperation+of+the+Social+Science+Research+Council.+%28Washington%3A+Government+Printing+Office%2C+1960.+Pp.+xi%2C+789.+%246.00.%29&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1018&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003055400122488&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft.aulast=Bureau+of+the+Census&rft.aufirst=U.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Falcohol-prohibition-was-failure%23prohibition-was-criminal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act/">"Teaching With Documents: The Volstead Act and Related Prohibition Documents"</a>. United States National Archives. February 14, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626091106/https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teaching+With+Documents%3A+The+Volstead+Act+and+Related+Prohibition+Documents&rft.pub=United+States+National+Archives&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Feducation%2Flessons%2Fvolstead-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Kyvig2000" class="citation book cs1">David E. Kyvig (2000). Repealing National Prohibition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repealing+National+Prohibition&rft.date=2000&rft.au=David+E.+Kyvig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttb.gov/faqs/general-alcohol">"General Alcohol FAQs"</a>. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200113/https://www.ttb.gov/faqs/general-alcohol">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+and+Tobacco+Tax+and+Trade+Bureau+%28TTB%29&rft.atitle=General+Alcohol+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttb.gov%2Ffaqs%2Fgeneral-alcohol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolliday1916" class="citation news cs1">Holliday, Carl (April 15, 1916). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Town_Crier,_v.11,_no.16,_Apr._15,_1916_-_DPLA_-_b50c23aa8dcc416f896fd3075898129d_(page_12).jpg">"World's First Prohibition Law"</a>. The Town Crier. No. v.11, no. 16. Seattle. p. 12. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Town+Crier&rft.atitle=World%27s+First+Prohibition+Law&rft.issue=v.11%2C+no.+16&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1916-04-15&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AThe_Town_Crier%2C_v.11%2C_no.16%2C_Apr._15%2C_1916_-_DPLA_-_b50c23aa8dcc416f896fd3075898129d_%28page_12%29.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Dias_Blue2004" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Dias Blue (2004). The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment. HarperCollins. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-054218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-054218-4"><bdi>978-0-06-054218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Spirits%3A+A+Guide+to+Their+History%2C+Production%2C+and+Enjoyment&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-054218-4&rft.au=Anthony+Dias+Blue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AaronMusto1981-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AaronMusto1981_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AaronMusto1981_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Aaron_and_David_Musto1981" class="citation book cs1">Paul Aaron and David Musto (1981). "Temperance and Prohibition in America: An Historical Overview". In Moore, Mark H.; Gerstein, Dean R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alcoholpublicpol00moor">Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition</a>. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alcoholpublicpol00moor/page/127">127–128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-03149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-03149-3"><bdi>978-0-309-03149-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temperance+and+Prohibition+in+America%3A+An+Historical+Overview&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Public+Policy%3A+Beyond+the+Shadow+of+Prohibition&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-309-03149-3&rft.au=Paul+Aaron+and+David+Musto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falcoholpublicpol00moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Slaughter, 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Hogeland, 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_S._Blocker1989" class="citation book cs1">Jack S. Blocker (1989). American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Temperance+Movements%3A+Cycles+of+Reform&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Jack+S.+Blocker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blocker_1989_16-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blocker_1989_16_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blocker_1989_16_35-1">b</a> Blocker, American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Blocker, American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harrison_De_Puy1921" class="citation book cs1">William Harrison De Puy (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RcURAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA254">The Methodist Year-book: 1921</a>. p. 254. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200108/https://books.google.com/books?id=RcURAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA254">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+Year-book%3A+1921&rft.pages=254&rft.date=1921&rft.au=William+Harrison+De+Puy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcURAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1856" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Clubb (1856). The Maine Liquor Law. Maine: Maine Law Statistical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maine+Liquor+Law&rft.place=Maine&rft.pub=Maine+Law+Statistical+Society&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Clubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2002" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Gaines M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moralreconst_fost_2002_000_7102584/page/233">Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920</a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moralreconst_fost_2002_000_7102584/page/233">233–234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5366-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-5366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Reconstruction%3A+Christian+Lobbyists+and+the+Federal+Legislation+of+Morality%2C+1865%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=233-234&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5366-5&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Gaines+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoralreconst_fost_2002_000_7102584%2Fpage%2F233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Boyd Vincent, "Why the Episcopal Church Does Not Identify Herself Openly With Prohibition", The Church Messenger, December 1915, reprinted in The Mixer and Server, Volume 25, No. 2, pp. 25–27 (February 15, 1916). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> E.g., Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer, The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History, Oxford University Press, 2012; Volume 1, pp. 47–51, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Bordin1981" class="citation book cs1">Ruth Bordin (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womantemperanceq0000bord">Women and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900</a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womantemperanceq0000bord/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-157-9"><bdi>978-0-87722-157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Temperance%3A+The+Quest+for+Power+and+Liberty%2C+1873%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-157-9&rft.au=Ruth+Bordin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomantemperanceq0000bord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrances_E._Willard2007" class="citation book cs1">Frances E. Willard (2007). Let Something Good Be Said: Speeches and Writings of Frances E. Willard. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Something+Good+Be+Said%3A+Speeches+and+Writings+of+Frances+E.+Willard&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Frances+E.+Willard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Blocker, American Temperance Movement: Cycles of Reform, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/prohibition/14523">"Prohibition"</a>. Kansas Historical Society. November 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200109/https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/prohibition/14523">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Prohibition&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshs.org%2Fkansapedia%2Fprohibition%2F14523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2017" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (December 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/27/carrie-nation-smashes-a-kansas-bar-dec-27-1900-318615">"Carrie Nation smashes a Kansas bar, Dec. 27, 1900"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200118/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/27/carrie-nation-smashes-a-kansas-bar-dec-27-1900-318615">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Carrie+Nation+smashes+a+Kansas+bar%2C+Dec.+27%2C+1900&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2017%2F12%2F27%2Fcarrie-nation-smashes-a-kansas-bar-dec-27-1900-318615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kshs.org/exhibits/carry/carry1.htm">"Carry A. Nation: The Famous and Original Bar Room Smasher"</a>. Kansas Historical Society. November 1, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613105820/http://kshs.org/exhibits/carry/carry1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carry+A.+Nation%3A+The+Famous+and+Original+Bar+Room+Smasher&rft.pub=Kansas+Historical+Society&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshs.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcarry%2Fcarry1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins,_Richard_J_1925-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins,_Richard_J_1925_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins,_Richard_J_1925_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Hopkins1925" class="citation journal cs1">Richard J. Hopkins (September 1925). "The Prohibition and Crime". The North American Review. 222 (828): 40–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Prohibition+and+Crime&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=828&rft.pages=40-44&rft.date=1925-09&rft.au=Richard+J.+Hopkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarni_Davis2012" class="citation book cs1">Marni Davis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsboozebecomin0000davi/page/86">Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition</a>. New York University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsboozebecomin0000davi/page/86">86–87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2028-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2028-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-2028-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+And+Booze%3A+Becoming+American+In+The+Age+Of+Prohibition&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2028-8&rft.au=Marni+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsboozebecomin0000davi%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherrington1913" class="citation book cs1">Cherrington, Ernest (1913). History of the Anti-Saloon League. Harvard University: American Issue Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Anti-Saloon+League&rft.place=Harvard+University&rft.pub=American+Issue+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Cherrington&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Paul Kleppner, The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures. (1979) pp. 131–139; Paul Kleppner, Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics, 1893–1928. (1987); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard_Campbell1977" class="citation journal cs1">Ballard Campbell (1977). "Did Democracy Work? Prohibition in Late Nineteenth-century Iowa: A Test Case". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 8 (1): 87–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F202597">10.2307/202597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/202597">202597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Did+Democracy+Work%3F+Prohibition+in+Late+Nineteenth-century+Iowa%3A+A+Test+Case&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-116&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F202597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F202597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ballard+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988">; and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEileen_McDonagh1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_McDonagh" title="Eileen McDonagh">Eileen McDonagh</a> (1992). "Representative Democracy and State Building in the Progressive Era". American Political Science Review. 86 (4): 938–950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1964346">10.2307/1964346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1964346">1964346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143387818">143387818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Representative+Democracy+and+State+Building+in+the+Progressive+Era&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=938-950&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143387818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1964346%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1964346&rft.au=Eileen+McDonagh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Jensen (1971) ch 5.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Lerner2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Lerner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drymanhattanproh00lern">Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02432-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02432-8"><bdi>978-0-674-02432-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Manhattan%3A+Prohibition+in+New+York+City&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02432-8&rft.au=Michael+A.+Lerner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrymanhattanproh00lern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Hanson2015" class="citation web cs1">Prof. Hanson, David (December 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/anti-saloon-league-promoted-prohibition/">"Anti-Saloon League Leadership"</a>. Alcohol Problems and Solutions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200120/https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/anti-saloon-league-promoted-prohibition/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Problems+and+Solutions&rft.atitle=Anti-Saloon+League+Leadership&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft.aulast=Prof.+Hanson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org%2Fanti-saloon-league-promoted-prohibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Shaw, Elton Raymond and Wheeler, Wayne Bidwell. Prohibition: Coming or Going? Berwyn, Illinois: Shaw Publishing Co., 1924. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Sismondo2011" class="citation book cs1">Christine Sismondo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americawalksinto0000sism">America Walks into a Bar: A Spirited History of Taverns and Saloons, Speakeasies and Grog Shops</a>. Oxford UP. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americawalksinto0000sism/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975293-5"><bdi>978-0-19-975293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Walks+into+a+Bar%3A+A+Spirited+History+of+Taverns+and+Saloons%2C+Speakeasies+and+Grog+Shops&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975293-5&rft.au=Christine+Sismondo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericawalksinto0000sism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coats-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Coats_57-0">^</a> Coats, A. W. 1987. "Simon Newton Patten" in The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, 3: 818–819. London: Macmillan. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_58-0">^</a> Fisher, Irving, et al. 1927. "The Economics of Prohibition". American Economic Review: Supplement 17 (March): 5–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_59-0">^</a> Feldman, Herman. 1930. Prohibition: Its Economic and Industrial Aspects, pp. 240–241, New York: Appleton.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton1991" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Mark (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsofprohi00thor">The Economics of Prohibition</a>. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsofprohi00thor/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-379-2"><bdi>978-0-87480-379-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Prohibition&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-379-2&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsofprohi00thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Last_Call-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Last_Call_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Last_Call_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Last_Call_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Okrent2010" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Okrent (2010). Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. New York: Scribner. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7702-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7702-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-7702-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/419812305">419812305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Call%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Prohibition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F419812305&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7702-0&rft.au=Daniel+Okrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Elliott_Benbow2017" class="citation book cs1">Mark Elliott Benbow (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztg5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171">The Nation's Capital Brewmaster: Christian Heurich and His Brewery, 1842–1956</a>. McFarland. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6501-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6501-6"><bdi>978-1-4766-6501-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200128/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztg5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation%27s+Capital+Brewmaster%3A+Christian+Heurich+and+His+Brewery%2C+1842%E2%80%931956&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6501-6&rft.au=Mark+Elliott+Benbow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dztg5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> E.g., "The Economics of War Prohibition", pp. 143–144 in: Survey Associates, Inc., The Survey, Volume 38, April–September 1917. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60917F73B5D147A93C7A91789D85F4D8185F9&">"Connecticut Balks at Prohibition"</a>. New York Times. February 5, 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209185727/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60917F73B5D147A93C7A91789D85F4D8185F9&">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Connecticut+Balks+at+Prohibition&rft.date=1919-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF60917F73B5D147A93C7A91789D85F4D8185F9%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60915FC345C10738DDDAA0994DB405B888DF1D3&">"Rhode Island Defeats Prohibition"</a>. New York Times. March 13, 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209190928/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60915FC345C10738DDDAA0994DB405B888DF1D3&">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rhode+Island+Defeats+Prohibition&rft.date=1918-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF60915FC345C10738DDDAA0994DB405B888DF1D3%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_19190117-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_19190117_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_19190117_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-jan-17-1919-p-1/">"Nation Voted Dry, 38 States Adopt the Amendment / Prohibition Map of the United States"</a>. The New York Times. January 17, 1919. pp. 1, 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411042415/https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-jan-17-1919-p-1/">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nation+Voted+Dry%2C+38+States+Adopt+the+Amendment+%2F+Prohibition+Map+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=1%2C+4&rft.date=1919-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fnew-york-times-jan-17-1919-p-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge" class="citation web cs1">George, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xviii">"Common Interpretation: The Eighteenth Amendment"</a>. constitutioncenter.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119022347/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xviii">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constitutioncenter.org&rft.atitle=Common+Interpretation%3A+The+Eighteenth+Amendment&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Finteractive-constitution%2Famendments%2Famendment-xviii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Kyvig1976" class="citation journal cs1">David E. Kyvig (Autumn 1976). "Women Against Prohibition". American Quarterly. 28 (4): 465–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712541">10.2307/2712541</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712541">2712541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Women+Against+Prohibition&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=465-482&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2712541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2712541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=David+E.+Kyvig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_BousfieldGarry_Toffoli1991" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Bousfield & Garry Toffoli (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalobservation0000bous">Royal Observations</a>. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalobservation0000bous/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-076-2"><bdi>978-1-55002-076-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Observations&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-076-2&rft.au=Arthur+Bousfield&rft.au=Garry+Toffoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalobservation0000bous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_M._Appel2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jacob M. Appel (Summer 2008). "Physicians Are Not Bootleggers: The Short, Peculiar Life of the Medicinal Alcohol Movement". The Bulletin of the History of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Physicians+Are+Not+Bootleggers%3A+The+Short%2C+Peculiar+Life+of+the+Medicinal+Alcohol+Movement&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Jacob+M.+Appel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurkiewicz2008" class="citation book cs1">Jurkiewicz, Carole (2008). Social and Economic Control of Alcohol The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-5463-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-5463-7"><bdi>978-1-4200-5463-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Economic+Control+of+Alcohol+The+21st+Amendment+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-5463-7&rft.aulast=Jurkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/">Prohibition, Part II: A Nation of Scofflaws</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504033223/http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prohibition%2C+Part+II%3A+A+Nation+of+Scofflaws&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkenburns%2Fprohibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988">, a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> series by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick. See video excerpt: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2086033109">Rum Row</a> (video). PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330024644/http://video.pbs.org/video/2086033109">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rum+Row&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2F2086033109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_N._Howe2010" class="citation web cs1">Scott N. Howe (April 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drinkboston.com/2010/04/25/probing-prohibition/">"Probing Prohibition"</a>. DrinkBoston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010073750/http://drinkboston.com/2010/04/25/probing-prohibition/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrinkBoston&rft.atitle=Probing+Prohibition&rft.date=2010-04-25&rft.au=Scott+N.+Howe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrinkboston.com%2F2010%2F04%2F25%2Fprobing-prohibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odmp.org/agency/3947-united-states-coast-guard-office-of-law-enforcement-us-government#ixzz1eaFKZRuK">"United States Coast Guard Office of Law Enforcement"</a>. Odmp.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605051558/http://www.odmp.org/agency/3947-united-states-coast-guard-office-of-law-enforcement-us-government#ixzz1eaFKZRuK">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Coast+Guard+Office+of+Law+Enforcement&rft.pub=Odmp.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odmp.org%2Fagency%2F3947-united-states-coast-guard-office-of-law-enforcement-us-government%23ixzz1eaFKZRuK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Eleven U.S. Coast Guard men were killed between 1925 and 1927. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odmp.org/agency/5854-united-states-department-of-the-treasury-internal-revenue-service-prohibition-unit-us-government">"United States Department of the Treasury – Internal Revenue Service – Prohibition Unit, U.S. Government, Fallen Officers"</a>. Odmp.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527135758/http://www.odmp.org/agency/5854-united-states-department-of-the-treasury-internal-revenue-service-prohibition-unit-us-government">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Department+of+the+Treasury+%E2%80%93+Internal+Revenue+Service+%E2%80%93+Prohibition+Unit%2C+U.S.+Government%2C+Fallen+Officers&rft.pub=Odmp.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odmp.org%2Fagency%2F5854-united-states-department-of-the-treasury-internal-revenue-service-prohibition-unit-us-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Fifty-six agents were killed between 1920 and 1927. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odmp.org/agency/5856-united-states-department-of-justice-bureau-of-prohibition-us-government">"United States Department of Justice – Bureau of Prohibition, U.S. Government, Fallen Officers"</a>. Odmp.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927170344/http://www.odmp.org/agency/5856-united-states-department-of-justice-bureau-of-prohibition-us-government">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice+%E2%80%93+Bureau+of+Prohibition%2C+U.S.+Government%2C+Fallen+Officers&rft.pub=Odmp.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odmp.org%2Fagency%2F5856-united-states-department-of-justice-bureau-of-prohibition-us-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Thirty-four agents were killed between 1930 and 1934. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvia_Engdahl2009" class="citation book cs1">Sylvia Engdahl (2009). Amendments XVIII and XXI: Prohibition and Repeal. Greenhaven.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amendments+XVIII+and+XXI%3A+Prohibition+and+Repeal&rft.pub=Greenhaven&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Sylvia+Engdahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Oshinsky2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Oshinsky" title="David Oshinsky">David Oshinsky</a> (May 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/books/review/Oshinsky-t.html">"Temperance to Excess (review of Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition)"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126153021/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/books/review/Oshinsky-t.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Temperance+to+Excess+%28review+of+Last+Call%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Prohibition%29&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.au=David+Oshinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F23%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FOshinsky-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen,_Lizabeth-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen,_Lizabeth_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1991" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Lizabeth (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWGfrXesoqUC&pg=PA255">Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939</a>. Chicago: Cambridge University Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42838-5"><bdi>978-0-521-42838-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200133/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWGfrXesoqUC&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+a+New+Deal%3A+Industrial+Workers+in+Chicago%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42838-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Lizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWGfrXesoqUC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Davis, Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbury1968" class="citation book cs1">Asbury, Herbert (1968). The Great Illusion: An Informal History of Prohibition. New York: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Illusion%3A+An+Informal+History+of+Prohibition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Asbury&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett_Peck2011" class="citation book cs1">Garrett Peck (2011). Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren't. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 42–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-236-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-236-6"><bdi>978-1-60949-236-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition+in+Washington%2C+D.C.%3A+How+Dry+We+Weren%27t&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pages=42-45&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-236-6&rft.au=Garrett+Peck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Davis, Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Bryce T. Gentlemen Bootleggers. Chicago Review Press Incorporated. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentlemen+Bootleggers&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press+Incorporated&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Bryce+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Bryce T. Gentlemen Bootleggers. Chicago Review Press Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentlemen+Bootleggers&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press+Incorporated&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Bryce+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyvig1979" class="citation book cs1">Kyvig, David E. (1979). Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repealing+National+Prohibition&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Kyvig&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2012" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Deborah (2012). The Poisoners Handbook. New York, New York: Penguin Books. pp. Ch. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311882-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poisoners+Handbook&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=Ch.+2&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311882-4&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blum_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blum_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Blum2010" class="citation web cs1">Deborah Blum (February 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.1.html">"The Chemist's War: The Little-told Story of how the U.S. Government Poisoned Alcohol During Prohibition with Deadly Consequences"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029220240/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.1.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Chemist%27s+War%3A+The+Little-told+Story+of+how+the+U.S.+Government+Poisoned+Alcohol+During+Prohibition+with+Deadly+Consequences&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.au=Deborah+Blum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fhealth_and_science%2Fmedical_examiner%2F2010%2F02%2Fthe_chemists_war.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lusk,_Rufus_S_1932_93-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRufus_S._Lusk1932" class="citation journal cs1">Rufus S. Lusk (September 1932). "The Drinking Habit". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 163: 46–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271623216300106">10.1177/000271623216300106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144265638">144265638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Drinking+Habit&rft.volume=163&rft.pages=46-52&rft.date=1932-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271623216300106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144265638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Rufus+S.+Lusk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Communications,_Aug_1998-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Communications,_Aug_1998_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldham1998" class="citation journal cs1">Oldham, Scott (August 1998). "NASCAR Turns 50". Popular Mechanics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=NASCAR+Turns+50&rft.date=1998-08&rft.aulast=Oldham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> "NASCAR, an Overview – Part 1". Suite101.com. Google. Web. November 22, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_K._Willing1926" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph K. Willing (May 1926). "The Profession of Bootlegging". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 125: 40–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271622612500106">10.1177/000271622612500106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144956561">144956561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Profession+of+Bootlegging&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=40-48&rft.date=1926-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271622612500106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144956561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Joseph+K.+Willing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Peck, Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren't, pp. 125–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "Prohibition After the 1932 Elections" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1932081100">CQ Researcher</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125235219/http://library.cqpress.com/CQResearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1932081100">Archived</a> January 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Herbert Brucker, "How Long, O Prohibition?" The North American Review, 234#4 (1932), pp. 347–357. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25114102">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421205555/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25114102">Archived</a> April 21, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr1996" class="citation book cs1">Behr, Edward (1996). Prohibition Thirteen Years that Changed America. New York: Arcade Publishing. pp. 240–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-394-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-394-9"><bdi>978-1-55970-394-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition+Thirteen+Years+that+Changed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=240-242&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-394-9&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMejia2017" class="citation web cs1">Mejia, Paula (November 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/doctors-booze-notes-prohibition">"During Prohibition, Doctors Wrote Prescriptions for Booze"</a>. Atlas Obscura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411081604/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/doctors-booze-notes-prohibition">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=During+Prohibition%2C+Doctors+Wrote+Prescriptions+for+Booze&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Mejia&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fdoctors-booze-notes-prohibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLantzer1994" class="citation book cs1">Lantzer, Jason S. (1994). "Prohibition is Here to Stay": The Reverend Edward S. Shumaker and the Dry Crusade in America. Indiana, Pa: University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-268-03383-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-268-03383-8"><bdi>0-268-03383-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Prohibition+is+Here+to+Stay%22%3A+The+Reverend+Edward+S.+Shumaker+and+the+Dry+Crusade+in+America&rft.place=Indiana%2C+Pa&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-268-03383-8&rft.aulast=Lantzer&rft.aufirst=Jason+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> -------. "Roper Asks Clergy to Aid in Work of Dry Enforcement," The Evening Public Ledger (Philadelphia, PA), p. 1, Image 1, col. 1, January 17, 1920 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. Dated January 7, 1931 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/studies/wick/wick3.html">"III. Bad Features of the Present Situation and Difficulties in the Way of Enforcement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412193115/https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/wick/wick3.html">Archived</a> April 12, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGirr2016" class="citation book cs1">McGirr, Lisa (2016). The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and The Rise of the American State. New York: New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06695-1"><bdi>978-0-393-06695-1</bdi></a>. <q>Criminal gangs controlled the large working-class enclave of Cicero just west of Chicago proper as well; it was soon dubbed "Caponetown." Surrounded by factories, the enclave served as the base for the gangster's operation. Capone operated uninhibited by police, his illegal empire smoothed by his political connections, violence and wet sentiments of many of Chicago's ethnic political leaders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+on+Alcohol%3A+Prohibition+and+The+Rise+of+the+American+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=New+York%3A+W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06695-1&rft.aulast=McGirr&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegram2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pegram, Thomas R. (2008). "Hoodwinked: The Anti-Saloon League and the Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Prohibition Enforcement". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 7 (1): 89–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537781400001742">10.1017/S1537781400001742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154353466">154353466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.atitle=Hoodwinked%3A+The+Anti-Saloon+League+and+the+Ku+Klux+Klan+in+1920s+Prohibition+Enforcement&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-119&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537781400001742&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154353466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pegram&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"50,000 barrels ready in St Louis". New York Times. March 23, 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=50%2C000+barrels+ready+in+St+Louis&rft.date=1933-03-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Dwight B Heath, "Prohibition, Repeal, and Historical Cycles," Brown University Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyvig1979" class="citation book cs1">Kyvig, David E. (1979). Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repealing+National+Prohibition&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Kyvig&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Lisa McGirr, The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State (2015) pp. 231–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitlin,_Marty_2011-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin,_Marty_2011_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin,_Marty_2011_111-1">b</a> Gitlin, Marty. The Prohibition Era. Edina, MN: ABDO Publishing, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Davis, Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichGorey1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Friedrich, Otto; Gorey, Hays (February 1, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711191515/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954983-6,00.html">"F.D.R.'s Disputed Legacy"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954983-6,00.html">the original</a> on July 11, 2007. 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Paul Reeve">W. Paul Reeve</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023101952/http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/from_war_to_war/prohibitionfailedtostoptheliquorflowinutah.html">"Prohibition Failed to Stop the Liquor Flow in Utah"</a>. Utah History to Go. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/from_war_to_war/prohibitionfailedtostoptheliquorflowinutah.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utah+History+to+Go&rft.atitle=Prohibition+Failed+to+Stop+the+Liquor+Flow+in+Utah&rft.au=W.+Paul+Reeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorytogo.utah.gov%2Futah_chapters%2Ffrom_war_to_war%2Fprohibitionfailedtostoptheliquorflowinutah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> (First published in History Blazer, February 1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327233944/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/423840/UTAHS-1933-CONVENTION-SEALED-PROHIBITIONS-DOOM.html?pg=all">"Utah's 1933 Convention Sealed Prohibition's Doom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. 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Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Prohibition%3A+Unintended+Consequences+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkenburns%2Fprohibition%2Funintended-consequences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillsMiron2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dills, A.K.; Miron, J.A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w9681.pdf">"Alcohol prohibition and cirrhosis"</a> (PDF). American Law and Economics Review. 6 (2): 285–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faler%2Fahh003">10.1093/aler/ahh003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71511089">71511089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602145256/http://www.nber.org/papers/w9681.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Law+and+Economics+Review&rft.atitle=Alcohol+prohibition+and+cirrhosis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-318&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faler%2Fahh003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71511089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dills&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft.au=Miron%2C+J.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw9681.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreGerstein1981" class="citation book cs1">Moore, M.H.; Gerstein, D.R., eds. 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Washington, DC: National Academy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-11982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-11982-3"><bdi>978-0-585-11982-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Public+Policy%3A+Beyond+the+Shadow+of+Prohibition&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-585-11982-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falcoholpublicpol00moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsAndersonBaborCasswell1994" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, G.; Anderson, Peter; Babor, Thomas F.; Casswell, Sally; Ferrence, Roberta; Giesbrecht, Norman; Godfrey, Christine; Holder, Harold D.; Lemmens, Paul H.M.M. 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Journal of Public Economics. 238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2024.105192">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105192</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F278985">10419/278985</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2727">0047-2727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Later-life+mortality+and+the+repeal+of+federal+prohibition&rft.volume=238&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F278985&rft.issn=0047-2727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2024.105192&rft.aulast=Jacks&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Pendakur%2C+Krishna&rft.au=Shigeoka%2C+Hitoshi&rft.au=Wray%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0047272724001282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Chris M. (August 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122420948510">"Exogenous Shocks, the Criminal Elite, and Increasing Gender Inequality in Chicago Organized Crime"</a>. American Sociological Review. 85 (5): 895–923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122420948510">10.1177/0003122420948510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222003022">222003022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Exogenous+Shocks%2C+the+Criminal+Elite%2C+and+Increasing+Gender+Inequality+in+Chicago+Organized+Crime&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=895-923&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222003022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122420948510&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0003122420948510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/unintended-consequences">"Unintended Consequences"</a>. Prohibition | Ken Burns | PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017200712/http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/unintended-consequences/">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prohibition+%7C+Ken+Burns+%7C+PBS&rft.atitle=Unintended+Consequences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkenburns%2Fprohibition%2Funintended-consequences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. January 7, 1931 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Hanson_Towne1923" class="citation book cs1">Charles Hanson Towne (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofprohib00town">The Rise and Fall of Prohibition: The Human Side of What the Eighteenth Amendment Has Done to the United States</a>. New York: Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofprohib00town/page/159">159</a>–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Prohibition%3A+The+Human+Side+of+What+the+Eighteenth+Amendment+Has+Done+to+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159-162&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Charles+Hanson+Towne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofprohib00town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodenhorn2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bodenhorn, Howard (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22980">"Blind Tigers and Red-Tape Cocktails: Liquor Control and Homicide in Late-Nineteenth-Century South Carolina"</a>. NBER Working Paper No. 22980. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22980">10.3386/w22980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBER+Working+Paper+No.+22980&rft.atitle=Blind+Tigers+and+Red-Tape+Cocktails%3A+Liquor+Control+and+Homicide+in+Late-Nineteenth-Century+South+Carolina&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw22980&rft.aulast=Bodenhorn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3386%252Fw22980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-149"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbridgeWeerasinghe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Asbridge, Mark; Weerasinghe, Swarna (2009). "Homicide in Chicago from 1890 to 1930: prohibition and its impact on alcohol- and non-alcohol-related homicides". Addiction. 104 (3): 355–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2008.02466.x">10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02466.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-0443">1360-0443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19207343">19207343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Homicide+in+Chicago+from+1890+to+1930%3A+prohibition+and+its+impact+on+alcohol-+and+non-alcohol-related+homicides&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-364&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1360-0443&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19207343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2008.02466.x&rft.aulast=Asbridge&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Weerasinghe%2C+Swarna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CookMachin2013-150"><a href="#cite_ref-CookMachin2013_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookMachinMarieMastrobuoni2013" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Philip J.; Machin, Stephen; Marie, Olivier; Mastrobuoni, Giovanni (2013). Lessons from the Economics of Crime: What Reduces Offending?. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01961-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01961-3"><bdi>978-0-262-01961-3</bdi></a>. <q>Proponents of legalization often draw on anecdotal evidence from the prohibition era to argue that the increase in crime during prohibition occurred directly because of the criminalization of alcohol. Owens (2011), however, offers evidence to the contrary—exploiting state-level variation in prohibition policy, she finds that violent crime trends were better explained by urbanization and immigration, rather than criminalization/decriminalization of alcohol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+the+Economics+of+Crime%3A+What+Reduces+Offending%3F&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01961-3&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Machin%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Marie%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Mastrobuoni%2C+Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bureau of Prohibition, Statistics Concerning Intoxicating Liquors. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1930. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bureau+of+Prohibition%2C+Statistics+Concerning+Intoxicating+Liquors&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGirr2015" class="citation book cs1">McGirr, Lisa (2015). The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State. W.W. 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Information & Culture; Austin. 48 (4): 419–447. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1492199073">1492199073</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102220207/https://www.proquest.com/docview/1492199073">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2022. 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Journal of Economic History. 81 (3): 792–830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050721000346">10.1017/S0022050721000346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237393443">237393443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Closing+Time%3A+The+Local+Equilibrium+Effects+of+Prohibition&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=792-830&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237393443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050721000346&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Ornaghi%2C+Arianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F151179%2F1%2FWRAP-Closing-time-local-equilibrium-effects-prohibition-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behr2011-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Behr2011_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2011" class="citation book cs1">Behr, Edward (2011). Prohibition: Thirteen Years that Changed America. <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Publishing" title="Arcade Publishing">Arcade Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-009-5"><bdi>978-1-61145-009-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition%3A+Thirteen+Years+that+Changed+America&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61145-009-5&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> O'Donnell, Jack. "The Ladies of Rum Row". 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Retrieved May 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Prohibition%3A+Wine+Bricks&rft.date=1931-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C742105%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey_Burnham2010" class="citation news cs1">Kelsey Burnham (April 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napavalleyregister.com/lifestyles/real-napa/article_ed8bdf22-4a81-11df-bb7d-001cc4c002e0.html">"Prohibition in Wine Country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_Register" title="Napa Valley Register">Napa Valley Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420090247/http://www.napavalleyregister.com/lifestyles/real-napa/article_ed8bdf22-4a81-11df-bb7d-001cc4c002e0.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prohibition+in+Wine+Country&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.au=Kelsey+Burnham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napavalleyregister.com%2Flifestyles%2Freal-napa%2Farticle_ed8bdf22-4a81-11df-bb7d-001cc4c002e0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprecher-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Sprecher_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Sprecher" class="citation web cs1">Hannah Sprecher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1991_43_02_00_sprecher.pdf">""Let Them Drink and Forget Our Poverty": Orthodox Rabbis React to Prohibition"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved September 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Let+Them+Drink+and+Forget+Our+Poverty%22%3A+Orthodox+Rabbis+React+to+Prohibition&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Archives&rft.au=Hannah+Sprecher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.americanjewisharchives.org%2Fpublications%2Fjournal%2FPDF%2F1991_43_02_00_sprecher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_MacNeil" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_MacNeil" title="Karen MacNeil">Karen MacNeil</a>. The Wine Bible. pp. 630–631.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wine+Bible&rft.pages=630-631&rft.au=Karen+MacNeil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocker,_Jack_S.2003" class="citation book cs1">Blocker, Jack S., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA23">Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-833-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120195555/https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Temperance+in+Modern+History%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-833-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBuzNzm-x0l8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsNovick2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Burns, Ken</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Novick" title="Lynn Novick">Novick, Lynn</a> (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225165305/https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/watch-video/#id=15393956">Prohibition</a>. PBS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60883-430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60883-430-3"><bdi>978-1-60883-430-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/738476083">738476083</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/watch-video/#id=15393956">the original</a> on December 25, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prohibition&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F738476083&rft.isbn=978-1-60883-430-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Novick%2C+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkenburns%2Fprohibition%2Fwatch-video%2F%23id%3D15393956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Haygood, Atticus G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208073655/http://www.cimmay.com/photocopy/pc_a.haygood.pdf">Close the Saloons: A Plea for Prohibition</a>. 8th ed. Macon, GA: J.W. Burke, 1880.</li> <li>Hopkins, Richard J. "The Prohibition and Crime". The North American Review. Volume: 222. Number: 828. September 1925. 40–44.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_Richard_J.1971" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Richard J. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC">The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896</a>. U of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-39825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-39825-9"><bdi>978-0-226-39825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winning+of+the+Midwest%3A+Social+and+Political+Conflict%2C+1888%E2%80%931896&rft.pub=U+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-226-39825-9&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpCgCNZwpvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kingsdale, Jon M. "The 'Poor Man's Club': Social Functions of the Urban Working-Class Saloon," <a href="/wiki/American_Quarterly" title="American Quarterly">American Quarterly</a> vol. 25 (October 1973): 472–489. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711634">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214423/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711634">Archived</a> August 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kyvig, David E. Law, Alcohol, and Order: Perspectives on National Prohibition <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>, 1985.</li> <li>Kyvig, David E. Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.</li> <li>Lender, Mark, ed. Dictionary of American Temperance Biography Greenwood Press, 1984.</li> <li>Lusk, Rufus S. "The Drinking Habit". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Volume: 163. Prohibition: A National Experiment. September 1932. 46–52.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Miron" title="Jeffrey Miron">Miron, Jeffrey A.</a> and Zwiebel, Jeffrey. "Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition". <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a> 81, no. 2 (1991): 242–247.</li> <li>Miron, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/alcohol-prohibition/">"Alcohol Prohibition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525042421/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/alcohol-prohibition/">Archived</a> May 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. September 24, 2001.</li> <li>Moore, L.J. "Historical interpretation of the 1920s Klan: the traditional view and the popular revision" <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a>, 1990, 24 (2), 341–358. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3787502">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326190715/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3787502">Archived</a> March 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Sellman, James Clyde. "Social Movements and the Symbolism of Public Demonstrations: The 1874 Women's Crusade and German Resistance in Richmond, Indiana" Journal of Social History. Volume: 32. Issue: 3. 1999. pp 557+.</li> <li>Rumbarger, John J. Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Reform and the Industrializing of America, 1800–1930, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, 1989.</li> <li>Sinclair, Andrew. Prohibition: The Era of Excess 1962.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Timberlake, James. Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 Harvard University Press, 1963.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Tracy, Sarah W. and Acker, Caroline J. Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–2000. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2004</li> <li>Walsh, Victor A. "'Drowning the Shamrock': Drink, Teetotalism and the Irish Catholics of Gilded-Age Pittsburgh," <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_American_Ethnic_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of American Ethnic History (page does not exist)">Journal of American Ethnic History</a> vol. 10, no. 1–2 (Fall 1990–Winter 1991): 60–79.</li> <li>Welskopp, Thomas. "Bottom of the barrel: The US brewing industry and saloon culture before and during National Prohibition, 1900–1933". "Behemoth: A Journal on Civilisation". Volume: 6. Issue: 1. 2013. 27–54.</li> <li>Willing, Joseph K. "The Profession of Bootlegging". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Volume: 125. Modern Crime: Its Prevention and Punishment. May 1926. 40–48.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsop,_Kenneth1961" class="citation book cs1">Allsop, Kenneth (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlAsAQAAMAAJ&q=allsop+r+1961+the+bootleggers">The Bootleggers: The Story of Chicago's Prohibition Era</a>. Arlington House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-094-2"><bdi>978-0-87000-094-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200715/https://books.google.com/books?id=KlAsAQAAMAAJ&q=allsop+r+1961+the+bootleggers">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bootleggers%3A+The+Story+of+Chicago%27s+Prohibition+Era&rft.pub=Arlington+House&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-87000-094-2&rft.au=Allsop%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlAsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dallsop%2Br%2B1961%2Bthe%2Bbootleggers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowell,_Baier2022" class="citation book cs1">Lowell, Baier (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwVlEAAAQBAJ">Federalism, Preemption, and the Nationalization of American Wildlife Management The Dynamic Balance Between State and Federal Authority</a>. Lowell Baier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-6491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-6491-4"><bdi>978-1-5381-6491-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120200723/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Federalism_Preemption_and_the_Nationaliz/lwVlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Preemption%2C+and+the+Nationalization+of+American+Wildlife+Management+The+Dynamic+Balance+Between+State+and+Federal+Authority&rft.pub=Lowell+Baier&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-6491-4&rft.au=Lowell%2C+Baier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwVlEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Behr_(journalist)" title="Edward Behr (journalist)">Behr, Edward</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rzTEQhLOv4C">Prohibition: thirteen years that changed America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Publishing" title="Arcade Publishing">Arcade Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-356-7"><bdi>978-1-55970-356-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition%3A+thirteen+years+that+changed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-356-7&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rzTEQhLOv4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Blumenthal" title="Karen Blumenthal">Blumenthal, Karen</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAzkZvbpMNAC">Bootleg: murder, moonshine, and the lawless years of prohibition</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Brook_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Roaring Brook Press">Roaring Brook Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59643-449-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59643-449-3"><bdi>978-1-59643-449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bootleg%3A+murder%2C+moonshine%2C+and+the+lawless+years+of+prohibition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Roaring+Brook+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59643-449-3&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAzkZvbpMNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Burns" title="Eric Burns">Burns, Eric</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55ctM_Uy6KgC">The spirits of America: a social history of alcohol</a>. Philadelphia, Pa: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-214-0"><bdi>978-1-59213-214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spirits+of+America%3A+a+social+history+of+alcohol&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-214-0&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55ctM_Uy6KgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1976" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Norman H. (1976). Deliver us from evil: an interpretation of American prohibition. Norton essays in American history. New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05584-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05584-9"><bdi>978-0-393-05584-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deliver+us+from+evil%3A+an+interpretation+of+American+prohibition&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Norton+essays+in+American+history&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05584-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Norman+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2010" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, John M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1xmDwAAQBAJ">Prohibition</a>. American history. Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Lucent_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucent Books">Lucent Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4205-0134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4205-0134-6"><bdi>978-1-4205-0134-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317921932">317921932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition&rft.place=Detroit&rft.series=American+history&rft.pub=Lucent+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317921932&rft.isbn=978-1-4205-0134-6&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1xmDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolsom1981" class="citation journal cs1">Folsom, Burton W. (February 1981). "Tinkerers, Tipplers, and Traitors: Ethnicity and Democratic Reform in Nebraska during the Progressive Era". <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a>. 50 (1): 53–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3639338">10.2307/3639338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3639338">3639338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Tinkerers%2C+Tipplers%2C+and+Traitors%3A+Ethnicity+and+Democratic+Reform+in+Nebraska+during+the+Progressive+Era&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-75&rft.date=1981-02&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3639338%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3639338&rft.aulast=Folsom&rft.aufirst=Burton+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeldKahn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld, Al</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kahn" title="Gordon Kahn">Kahn, Gordon</a> (2003). The speakeasies of 1932. Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Hamill" title="Pete Hamill">Pete Hamill</a>. Milwaukee, WI: Glenn Young Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-518-5"><bdi>978-1-55783-518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+speakeasies+of+1932&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+WI&rft.pub=Glenn+Young+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55783-518-5&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=Al&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarson2012" class="citation conference cs1">Karson, Larry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britsoccrim.org/volume12/pbcc_2012_Karson.pdf">American Smuggling and British white-collar crime: A historical perspective</a> (PDF). Papers from the British Criminology Conference. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/British_Society_of_Criminology" title="British Society of Criminology">British Society of Criminology</a>. pp. 25–40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-0043">1759-0043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210060454/https://www.britsoccrim.org/volume12/pbcc_2012_Karson.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=American+Smuggling+and+British+white-collar+crime%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.pages=25-40&rft.pub=British+Society+of+Criminology&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1759-0043&rft.aulast=Karson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britsoccrim.org%2Fvolume12%2Fpbcc_2012_Karson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarson2014" class="citation book cs1">Karson, Lawrence (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDv_DwAAQBAJ">American smuggling as white collar crime</a>. Routledge advances in criminology. New York (N.Y.): <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-79207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-79207-4"><bdi>978-1-138-79207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+smuggling+as+white+collar+crime&rft.place=New+York+%28N.Y.%29&rft.series=Routledge+advances+in+criminology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-79207-4&rft.aulast=Karson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDv_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavieff2001" class="citation book cs1">Kavieff, Paul R. (2001). The violent years: prohibition and the Detroit mobs. Fort Lee, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Barricade_Books" title="Barricade Books">Barricade Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-210-6"><bdi>978-1-56980-210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+violent+years%3A+prohibition+and+the+Detroit+mobs&rft.place=Fort+Lee%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Barricade+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56980-210-6&rft.aulast=Kavieff&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobler1973" class="citation book cs1">Kobler, John (1973). Ardent spirits: the rise and fall of prohibition. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-11209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-11209-6"><bdi>978-0-399-11209-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ardent+spirits%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+prohibition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-399-11209-6&rft.aulast=Kobler&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kuhl, Jackson (2008). "Prohibition of Alcohol". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciudadanoaustral.org/biblioteca/The%20Encyclopedia%20Of%20Libertarianism%20-%20Ronald%20Hamowy.pdf">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a> (PDF). Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publishing" title="Sage Publishing">Sage Publishing</a>. pp. 400–401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prohibition+of+Alcohol&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=400-401&rft.pub=Sage+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciudadanoaustral.org%2Fbiblioteca%2FThe%2520Encyclopedia%2520Of%2520Libertarianism%2520-%2520Ronald%2520Hamowy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2013" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Ellen NicKenzie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eP-AAAAQBAJ">Smugglers, bootleggers, and scofflaws: prohibition and New York City</a>. Albany, New York: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4816-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4816-9"><bdi>978-1-4384-4816-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smugglers%2C+bootleggers%2C+and+scofflaws%3A+prohibition+and+New+York+City&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4816-9&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Ellen+NicKenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eP-AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Alan_Lerner" title="Michael Alan Lerner">Lerner, Michael A.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyQqk-hxaO4C">Dry Manhattan: prohibition in New York City</a>. Cambridge (Mass.) London: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02432-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02432-8"><bdi>978-0-674-02432-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Manhattan%3A+prohibition+in+New+York+City&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Mass.%29+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02432-8&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyQqk-hxaO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGirr2016" class="citation book cs1">McGirr, Lisa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ehwBgAAQBAJ">The war on alcohol: prohibition and the rise of the American state</a>. New York London: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06695-1"><bdi>978-0-393-06695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+on+alcohol%3A+prohibition+and+the+rise+of+the+American+state&rft.place=New+York+London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06695-1&rft.aulast=McGirr&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ehwBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGirr2019" class="citation news cs1">McGirr, Lisa (January 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/opinion/prohibition-immigration-klan.html">"How the Klan Fueled Prohibition. The 1920s weren't just gin joints and jazz. Anti-immigrant racism was all the rage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013356/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/opinion/prohibition-immigration-klan.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+Klan+Fueled+Prohibition.+The+1920s+weren%27t+just+gin+joints+and+jazz.+Anti-immigrant+racism+was+all+the+rage.&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=McGirr&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fprohibition-immigration-klan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2015" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Sabine N. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwXxCQAAQBAJ">We are what we drink: the temperance battle in Minnesota</a>. Urbana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03935-5"><bdi>978-0-252-03935-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+what+we+drink%3A+the+temperance+battle+in+Minnesota&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03935-5&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Sabine+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwXxCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdock1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gilbert_Murdock" title="Catherine Gilbert Murdock">Murdock, Catherine Gilbert</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bRsAEAAAQBAJ">Domesticating drink: women, men, and alcohol in America, 1870-1940</a>. Gender relations in the American experience. Baltimore, Md: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5940-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-5940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domesticating+drink%3A+women%2C+men%2C+and+alcohol+in+America%2C+1870-1940&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md&rft.series=Gender+relations+in+the+American+experience&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5940-3&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRsAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent, Daniel</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJbBqn3XWqAC">Last call: the rise and fall of Prohibition</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Scribner_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner (publisher)">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7702-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7702-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-7702-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/419812305">419812305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+call%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+Prohibition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F419812305&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7702-0&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJbBqn3XWqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2011" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Garrett (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3N0CQAAQBAJ">Prohibition in Washington, D.C: how dry we weren't</a>. Charleston, SC: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-236-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-236-6"><bdi>978-1-60949-236-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/700042293">700042293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prohibition+in+Washington%2C+D.C%3A+how+dry+we+weren%27t&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F700042293&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-236-6&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3N0CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2009" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Garrett (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcOcdrBWedEC">The prohibition hangover: alcohol in America from demon rum to cult cabernet</a>. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4592-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-4592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prohibition+hangover%3A+alcohol+in+America+from+demon+rum+to+cult+cabernet&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4592-9&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcOcdrBWedEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegram1998" class="citation book cs1">Pegram, Thomas R. (1998). Battling demon rum: the struggle for a dry America, 1800-1933. The American ways series. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_R._Dee" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan R. Dee">Ivan R. Dee</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-208-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-208-9"><bdi>978-1-56663-208-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battling+demon+rum%3A+the+struggle+for+a+dry+America%2C+1800-1933&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=The+American+ways+series&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-208-9&rft.aulast=Pegram&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1971" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Harold (1971). Smugglers of spirits: prohibition and the Coast Guard patrol. New York: Hastings House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8038-6705-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8038-6705-5"><bdi>978-0-8038-6705-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smugglers+of+spirits%3A+prohibition+and+the+Coast+Guard+patrol&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hastings+House+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8038-6705-5&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProhibition+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohibition_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alcohol_prohibition_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alcohol prohibition in the United States">Alcohol prohibition in the United States</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Prohibition <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Prohibition">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Prohibition&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304020510/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/miron/files/drunk_revised_for_el.pdf">The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption (PDF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060225000250/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=441">Hypertext History – U.S. Prohibition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyofalcoholanddrugs.typepad.com/alcohol_and_drugs_history/prohibition/index.html">Prohibition news page</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Drugs_History_Society" title="Alcohol and Drugs History Society">Alcohol and Drugs History Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/p/prohibition.htm">About.com: Prohibition (in the U.S.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807092510/http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/p/prohibition.htm">Archived</a> August 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/Prohibitionresults.htm">Did Prohibition Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Crime?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/e1920/senj1926/Default.htm">Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings on Alcohol Prohibition – 1926</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229232307/http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-157.html">Policy Analysis – Alcohol Prohibition Was A Failure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201174231/http://www.johnsonsdepot.com/chicago/chicago.htm">Prohibition in Appalachia: "Little Chicago" The Story of Johnson City, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harrybrowne.org/GLO/DrugWar.htm">Free from the Nightmare of Prohibition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060223020017/http://harrybrowne.org/GLO/DrugWar.htm">Archived</a> February 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-picture.com/prohibition-index-001.htm">Historic Images of US Prohibition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/topics/progressive-era/prohibition/">Collection of newspaper articles during the Prohibition </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119001023/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/37542/prohibition-how-dry-we-aint">Prohibition: How Dry We Ain't</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OigDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1930+plane+%22Popular&pg=PA19">"Interview With Dr. James M. Doran".</a> Popular Science Monthly, November 1930, pp. 19–21, 146–147, interview with the Prohibition Commissioner 1930.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/jukebox/recordings/detail/id/6991">"How Are You Going to Wet Your Whistle?" as recorded by Billy Murray</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/wick/index.html">Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition)</a></li> <li>See more images by selecting the "Alcohol" subject <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/browse-subject">at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Bangladesh" title="Alcohol in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition#Nordic_countries" title="Prohibition">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Russia / Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18th Amendment (U.S. Constitution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21st Amendment (U.S. Constitution)</a></li> <li>Australian prohibition referendums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum">Western Australian, 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_South_Wales_prohibition_referendum" title="1928 New South Wales prohibition referendum">New South Wales, 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1950 Western Australian prohibition referendum">Western Australian, 1950</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Temperance_Society" title="American Temperance Society">American Temperance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Against_the_Prohibition_Amendment" title="Association Against the Prohibition Amendment">Association Against the Prohibition Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Act" title="Blaine Act">Blaine Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Bureau of Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_option" title="Local option">Local option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Pitcher_Club" title="Molly Pitcher Club">Molly Pitcher Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Patrol" title="Rum Patrol">Rum Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_row" title="Rum row">Rum row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_prohibition_referendum,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922">Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(Scotland)_Act_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913">Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Alliance" title="United Kingdom Alliance">United Kingdom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Committee_of_Lawyers" title="Voluntary Committee of Lawyers">Voluntary Committee of Lawyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb%E2%80%93Kenyon_Act" title="Webb–Kenyon Act">Webb–Kenyon Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickersham_Commission" title="Wickersham Commission">Wickersham Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis%E2%80%93Campbell_Act" title="Willis–Campbell Act">Willis–Campbell Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Meir_Allen" title="Martha Meir Allen">Martha Meir Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Anslinger" title="Harry J. Anslinger">Harry J. Anslinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Barker" title="Thomas Holliday Barker">Thomas Holliday Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Duffy" title="Mickey Duffy">Mickey Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxey_Gordon" title="Waxey Gordon">Waxey Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Guinan" title="Texas Guinan">Texas Guinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamer" title="Frank Hamer">Frank Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_N._Howard" title="Clinton N. Howard">Clinton N. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_Johnson" title="Bumpy Johnson">Bumpy Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_L._Johnson" title="Enoch L. Johnson">Enoch L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Richard_Lees" title="Frederic Richard Lees">Frederic Richard Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Maceo" title="Sam Maceo">Sam Maceo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owney_Madden" title="Owney Madden">Owney Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Malins" title="Joseph Malins">Joseph Malins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCoy_(bootlegger)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McCoy (bootlegger)">William McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Moran" title="Bugs Moran">Bugs Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Nation" title="Carrie Nation">Carrie Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Olmstead" title="Roy Olmstead">Roy Olmstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_LaMontages_brothers" title="The LaMontages brothers">The LaMontages brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lanzetta_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lanzetta Brothers">Lanzetta Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Gang" title="The Purple Gang">The Purple Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Remus" title="George Remus">George Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein" title="Arnold Rothstein">Arnold Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hyde_Russell" title="Howard Hyde Russell">Howard Hyde Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Schultz" title="Dutch Schultz">Dutch Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bywater_Smithies" title="Thomas Bywater Smithies">Thomas Bywater Smithies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Thompson" title="Eliza Thompson">Eliza Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_Thompson" title="William Harvey Thompson">William Harvey Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Volstead" title="Andrew Volstead">Andrew Volstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Wheeler" title="Wayne Wheeler">Wayne Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzy_Einstein_and_Moe_Smith" title="Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith">Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Prohibition_Party_(UK)" title="National Prohibition Party (UK)">National Prohibition Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prohibition_Party" title="Scottish Prohibition Party">Scottish Prohibition Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(miniseries)" title="Prohibition (miniseries)">Prohibition (2011 documentary miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_wine" title="Template:American wine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_wine" title="Template talk:American wine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American wine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">American wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wine by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_wine" title="Alabama wine">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_wine" title="Alaska wine">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_wine" title="Arizona wine">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_wine" title="Arkansas wine">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_wine" title="Colorado wine">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_wine" title="Connecticut wine">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_wine" title="Delaware wine">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_wine" title="Florida wine">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)_wine" title="Georgia (U.S. state) wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_wine" title="Hawaii wine">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_wine" title="Idaho wine">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_wine" title="Illinois wine">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_wine" title="Indiana wine">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_wine" title="Iowa wine">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_wine" title="Kansas wine">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_wine" title="Kentucky wine">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_wine" title="Louisiana wine">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_wine" title="Maine wine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_wine" title="Maryland wine">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_wine" title="Massachusetts wine">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_wine" title="Minnesota wine">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_wine" title="Mississippi wine">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_wine" title="Missouri wine">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_wine" title="Montana wine">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_wine" title="Nebraska wine">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_wine" title="Nevada wine">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine" title="New Hampshire wine">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_wine" title="New Jersey wine">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_wine" title="North Carolina wine">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_wine" title="North Dakota wine">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_wine" title="Ohio wine">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_wine" title="Oklahoma wine">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine" title="Pennsylvania wine">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine" title="Rhode Island wine">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_wine" title="South Carolina wine">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_wine" title="South Dakota wine">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_wine" title="Tennessee wine">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_wine" title="Texas wine">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_wine" title="Utah wine">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_wine" title="Vermont wine">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_wine" title="West Virginia wine">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_wine" title="Wisconsin wine">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_wine" title="Wyoming wine">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grape cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(grape)" title="Alexander (grape)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agawam_(grape)" title="Agawam (grape)">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(grape)" title="Beta (grape)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanc_du_Bois" title="Blanc du Bois">Blanc du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spanish_(grape)" title="Black Spanish (grape)">Black Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_(grape)" title="Catawba (grape)">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_White" title="Cayuga White">Cayuga White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassady_(grape)" title="Cassady (grape)">Cassady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonel" title="Chardonel">Chardonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(grape)" title="Clinton (grape)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corot_noir" title="Corot noir">Corot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_(grape)" title="Delaware (grape)">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelweiss_(grape)" title="Edelweiss (grape)">Edelweiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_(grape)" title="Frontenac (grape)">Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay_Beaujolais" title="Gamay Beaujolais">Gamay Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himrod" title="Himrod">Himrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives_noir" title="Ives noir">Ives noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaeger_70" title="Jaeger 70">Jaeger 70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Gray" title="Kay Gray">Kay Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakemont_(grape)" title="Lakemont (grape)">Lakemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crescent_(grape)" title="La Crescent (grape)">La Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_(grape)" title="La Crosse (grape)">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette_(grape)" title="Marquette (grape)">Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_78" title="Minnesota 78">Minnesota 78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_(grape)" title="Niagara (grape)">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_(grape)" title="Norton (grape)">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noiret" title="Noiret">Noiret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmo_grapes" title="Olmo grapes">Olmo grapes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalty_(grape)" title="Royalty (grape)">Royalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onaka_(grape)" title="Onaka (grape)">Onaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers%27_Hybrids" title="Rogers' Hybrids">Rogers' Hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(grape)" title="Flora (grape)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_(grape)" title="Goethe (grape)">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_(grape)" title="Herbert (grape)">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massasoit_(grape)" title="Massasoit (grape)">Massasoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requa_(grape)" title="Requa (grape)">Requa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuppernong" title="Scuppernong">Scuppernong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_grape" title="St. Vincent grape">St. Vincent grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Pepin_(grape)" title="St. Pepin (grape)">St. Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traminette" title="Traminette">Traminette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomcord" title="Thomcord">Thomcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvin_muscat" title="Valvin muscat">Valvin muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignoles_(grape)" title="Vignoles (grape)">Vignoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_blanc" title="Vidal blanc">Vidal blanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_wine" title="History of American wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California_wine" title="History of California wine">California</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prohibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine-Glo" title="Vine-Glo">Vine-Glo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_and_Olive_Colony" title="Vine and Olive Colony">Vine and Olive Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wineries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_New_England" title="List of wineries in New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Idaho" title="List of wineries in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Illinois" title="List of wineries in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Kansas" title="List of wineries in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Missouri" title="List of wineries in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries,_breweries,_and_distilleries_in_New_Jersey" title="List of wineries, breweries, and distilleries in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_New_Mexico" title="List of wineries in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries_and_wineries_in_South_Dakota" title="List of breweries and wineries in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries,_wineries,_and_distilleries_in_Utah" title="List of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_Virginia" title="List of wineries in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Viticultural_Areas" title="List of American Viticultural Areas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vineyard_Foundation" title="American Vineyard Foundation">American Vineyard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q399999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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