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id="toc-CIE_illuminants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illuminant_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminant_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Illuminant A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminant_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminants_B_and_C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminants_B_and_C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Illuminants B and C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminants_B_and_C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminant_series_D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminant_series_D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Illuminant series D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminant_series_D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Computation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D65_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D65_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>D65 values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D65_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daylight_simulator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daylight_simulator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Daylight simulator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daylight_simulator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminant_E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminant_E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Illuminant E</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminant_E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminant_series_FL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminant_series_FL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Illuminant series FL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminant_series_FL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminant_series_HP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminant_series_HP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Illuminant series HP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminant_series_HP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminant_series_LED" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminant_series_LED"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Illuminant series LED</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminant_series_LED-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminant_series_ID" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminant_series_ID"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Illuminant series ID</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminant_series_ID-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>White point</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-White_point-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle White point subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-White_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_points_of_standard_illuminants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_points_of_standard_illuminants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>White points of standard illuminants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_points_of_standard_illuminants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C2%B7luminant" title="Il·luminant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Il·luminant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normlicht" title="Normlicht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Normlicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminant" title="Illuminant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Illuminant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerang_baku" title="Penerang baku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerang baku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminante_standard" title="Illuminante standard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Illuminante standard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E3%81%AE%E5%85%89" title="標準の光 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="標準の光" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminant" title="Iluminant – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iluminant" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Стандартный источник света – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стандартный источник света" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_standardivalaisin" title="CIE standardivalaisin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CIE standardivalaisin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about ISO 7589 standard illuminants, found with references in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/colour-science/colour/blob/af96b164e6fee9fcbe4831631eee76e3d6134d1d/colour/colorimetry/datasets/illuminants/sds.py#L4581">sds.py</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Standard_illuminant" title="Talk:Standard illuminant">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE_illuminants_A,B,C.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CIE_illuminants_A%2CB%2CC.svg/300px-CIE_illuminants_A%2CB%2CC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CIE_illuminants_A%2CB%2CC.svg/450px-CIE_illuminants_A%2CB%2CC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CIE_illuminants_A%2CB%2CC.svg/600px-CIE_illuminants_A%2CB%2CC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Relative <a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distributions</a> (SPDs) of CIE illuminants A, B, and C from <span class="nowrap">380 nm</span> to <span class="nowrap">780 nm</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>standard illuminant</b> is a theoretical source of <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distribution</a> that is published. Standard illuminants provide a basis for comparing images or colors recorded under different lighting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CIE_illuminants">CIE illuminants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: CIE illuminants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (usually abbreviated <b>CIE</b> for its French name) is the body responsible for publishing all of the well-known standard illuminants. Each of these is known by a letter or by a letter-number combination. </p><p>Illuminants A, B, and C were introduced in 1931, with the intention of respectively representing average incandescent light, direct sunlight, and average daylight. Illuminants D (1967) represent variations of daylight, illuminant E is the equal-energy illuminant, while illuminants F (2004) represent fluorescent lamps of various composition. </p><p>There are instructions on how to experimentally produce light sources ("standard sources") corresponding to the older illuminants. For the relatively newer ones (such as series D), experimenters are left to measure to profiles of their sources and compare them to the published spectra:<sup id="cite_ref-schanda_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schanda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At present no artificial source is recommended to realize CIE standard illuminant D65 or any other illuminant D of different CCT. It is hoped that new developments in light sources and filters will eventually offer sufficient basis for a CIE recommendation.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>CIE, Technical Report (2004) Colorimetry, 3rd ed., Publication 15:2004, CIE Central Bureau, Vienna</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Nevertheless, they do provide a measure, called the <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamerism index">metamerism index</a>, to assess the quality of daylight simulators.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a> Index tests how well five sets of metameric samples match under the test and reference illuminant. In a manner similar to the <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a>, the average difference between the metamers is calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminant_A">Illuminant A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Illuminant A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CIE defines illuminant A in these terms: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>CIE standard illuminant A is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. Its relative spectral power distribution is that of a Planckian radiator at a temperature of approximately 2856 K. CIE standard illuminant A should be used in all applications of colorimetry involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>CIE, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115107/http://www.cie.co.at:80/publ/abst/s005.html">CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spectral_radiant_exitance" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral radiant exitance">spectral radiant exitance</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> follows <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's law</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{e,\lambda }(\lambda ,T)={\frac {c_{1}\lambda ^{-5}}{\exp \left({\frac {c_{2}}{\lambda T}}\right)-1}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{e,\lambda }(\lambda ,T)={\frac {c_{1}\lambda ^{-5}}{\exp \left({\frac {c_{2}}{\lambda T}}\right)-1}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dca96784bb549b949317d56a43ecb6d05f5f9e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:28.367ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{e,\lambda }(\lambda ,T)={\frac {c_{1}\lambda ^{-5}}{\exp \left({\frac {c_{2}}{\lambda T}}\right)-1}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>At the time of standardizing illuminant A, both <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{1}=2\pi \cdot h\cdot c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{1}=2\pi \cdot h\cdot c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f311af2f0bec1f6f15943c1e47b337f4a69c52b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.412ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{1}=2\pi \cdot h\cdot c^{2}}"></span> (which does not affect the relative SPD) and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{2}=h\cdot c/k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c_{2}=h\cdot c/k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62f6ffaa059c9c3e05cbbf8626ab8e8fb92f93c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.558ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{2}=h\cdot c/k}"></span> were different. In 1968, the estimate of c<sub>2</sub> was revised from 0.01438 m·K to 0.014388 m·K (and before that, it was 0.01435 m·K when illuminant A was standardized). This difference shifted the <a href="/wiki/Planckian_locus" title="Planckian locus">Planckian locus</a>, changing the color temperature of the illuminant from its nominal 2848 K to 2856 K: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{new}=T_{old}\times {\frac {1.4388}{1.435}}=2848\ {\text{K}}\times 1.002648=2855.54\ {\text{K}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1.4388</mn> <mn>1.435</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2848</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>K</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1.002648</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2855.54</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>K</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{new}=T_{old}\times {\frac {1.4388}{1.435}}=2848\ {\text{K}}\times 1.002648=2855.54\ {\text{K}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2a8634556c6a06d62f1dccda5f210a798846dfce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:57.007ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{new}=T_{old}\times {\frac {1.4388}{1.435}}=2848\ {\text{K}}\times 1.002648=2855.54\ {\text{K}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>In order to avoid further possible changes in the color temperature, the CIE now specifies the SPD directly, based on the original (1931) value of c<sub>2</sub>:<sup id="cite_ref-schanda_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schanda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{A}(\lambda )=100\left({\frac {560}{\lambda }}\right)^{5}{\frac {\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\times 560}}-1}{\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\lambda }}-1}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>100</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>560</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.435</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2848</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>560</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.435</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2848</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{A}(\lambda )=100\left({\frac {560}{\lambda }}\right)^{5}{\frac {\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\times 560}}-1}{\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\lambda }}-1}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86cfad7c2de9fb88e52ef19b39de16ee25e7ba90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:39.2ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{A}(\lambda )=100\left({\frac {560}{\lambda }}\right)^{5}{\frac {\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\times 560}}-1}{\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\lambda }}-1}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The coefficients have been selected to achieve a normalized SPD of <span class="nowrap">100</span> at <span class="nowrap">560 nm</span>. The tristimulus values are <span class="nowrap">(<i>X</i>, <i>Y</i>, <i>Z</i>) = (109.85, 100.00, 35.58)</span>, and the chromaticity coordinates using the standard observer are <span class="nowrap">(<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>) = (0.44758, 0.40745)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminants_B_and_C">Illuminants B and C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Illuminants B and C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Illuminant_B"></span><span class="anchor" id="Illuminant_C"></span> Illuminants B and C are easily achieved daylight simulations. They modify illuminant A by using liquid filters. B served as a representative of noon sunlight, with a <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">correlated color temperature</a> (CCT) of 4874 K, while C represented average day light with a CCT of 6774 K. Unfortunately, they are poor approximations of any phase of natural daylight, particularly in the short-wave visible and in the ultraviolet spectral ranges. Once more realistic simulations were achievable, illuminants B and C were deprecated in favor of the D series.<sup id="cite_ref-schanda_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schanda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Illuminant C does not have the status of CIE standard illuminants but its relative spectral power distribution, tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates are given in Table T.1 and Table T.3, as many practical measurement instruments and calculations still use this illuminant.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>CIE, Publication 15:2004<sup id="cite_ref-cie2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cie2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> Illuminant B was not so honored in 2004. </p><p>The liquid filters, designed by Raymond Davis and Kasson S. Gibson in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have a relatively high absorbance at the red end of the spectrum, effectively increasing the CCT of the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamp</a> to daylight levels. This is similar in function to a CTB <a href="/wiki/Color_gel" title="Color gel">color gel</a> that photographers and cinematographers use today, albeit much less convenient. </p><p>Each filter uses a pair of solutions, comprising specific amounts of distilled water, <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfate" title="Copper sulfate">copper sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannite">mannite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">ammonium sulfate</a>. The solutions are separated by a sheet of uncolored glass. The amounts of the ingredients are carefully chosen so that their combination yields a color temperature conversion filter; that is, the filtered light is still white. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminant_series_D">Illuminant series D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Illuminant series D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Illuminant_D"></span></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE_illuminants_D_and_blackbody_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/CIE_illuminants_D_and_blackbody_small.gif" decoding="async" width="237" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Relative spectral power distribution of illuminant D and a black body of the same correlated color temperature (in red), normalized about <span class="nowrap">560 nm</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>D</b> series of illuminants are designed to represent natural daylight and lie along the daylight locus. They are difficult to produce artificially, but are easy to characterize mathematically. </p><p>By 1964, several spectral power distributions (SPDs) of daylight had been measured independently by H. W. Budde of the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council of Canada">National Research Council of Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, H. R. Condit and F. Grum of the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak Company">Eastman Kodak Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Condit1964_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Condit1964-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and S. T. Henderson and D. Hodgkiss of <a href="/wiki/Thorn_Electrical_Industries" title="Thorn Electrical Industries">Thorn Electrical Industries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Enfield_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfield Town">Enfield (north London)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> totaling among them 622 samples. <a href="/wiki/Deane_B._Judd" title="Deane B. Judd">Deane B. Judd</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_MacAdam" title="David MacAdam">David MacAdam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wyszecki" title="Günter Wyszecki">Günter Wyszecki</a> analyzed these samples and found that the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">(<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>) chromaticity coordinates</a> followed a simple, <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_function" title="Quadratic function">quadratic</a> relation, later known as the daylight locus:<sup id="cite_ref-jmw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=2.870x-3.000x^{2}-0.275.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.870</mn> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3.000</mn> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.275.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=2.870x-3.000x^{2}-0.275.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa96b15f5d580ac3d1177609b2d7e8a0da533f6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.185ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=2.870x-3.000x^{2}-0.275.}"></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Characteristic_vector_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Characteristic vector analysis">Characteristic vector analysis</a> revealed that the SPDs could be satisfactorily approximated by using the mean (S<sub>0</sub>) and first two characteristic vectors (S<sub>1</sub> and S<sub>2</sub>):<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/844c1813424471477b9b02e898bb49be347b182f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.156ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ).}"></span></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE_illuminants_D_components.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CIE_illuminants_D_components.svg/250px-CIE_illuminants_D_components.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CIE_illuminants_D_components.svg/375px-CIE_illuminants_D_components.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CIE_illuminants_D_components.svg/500px-CIE_illuminants_D_components.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Characteristic vectors of illuminant D; component SPDs S<sub>0</sub> (blue), S<sub>1</sub> (green), S<sub>2</sub> (red).</figcaption></figure> <p>In simpler terms, the SPD of the studied daylight samples can be expressed as the <a href="/wiki/Linear_combination" title="Linear combination">linear combination</a> of three, fixed SPDs. The first vector (S<sub>0</sub>) is the mean of all the SPD samples, which is the best reconstituted SPD that can be formed with only a fixed vector. The second vector (S<sub>1</sub>) corresponds to yellow–blue variation (along the locus), accounting for changes in the <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">correlated color temperature</a> due to proportion of indirect to direct sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-jmw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third vector (S<sub>2</sub>) corresponds to pink–green variation (across the locus) caused by the presence of water in the form of vapor and haze.<sup id="cite_ref-jmw_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planckian-locus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Planckian-locus.png/250px-Planckian-locus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Planckian-locus.png/375px-Planckian-locus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Planckian-locus.png/500px-Planckian-locus.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Planckian_locus" title="Planckian locus">Planckian locus</a> is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1960_color_space" title="CIE 1960 color space">CIE 1960 UCS</a>, along with isotherms (lines of constant <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">correlated color temperature</a>) and representative illuminant coordinates</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time the D-series was formalized by the CIE,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a computation of the chromaticity <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41cf50e4a314ca8e2c30964baa8d26e5be7a9386" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.328ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,y)}"></span> for a particular isotherm was included.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judd <i>et al.</i> then extended the reconstituted SPDs to <span class="nowrap">300 nm</span>–<span class="nowrap">330 nm</span> and <span class="nowrap">700 nm</span>–<span class="nowrap">830 nm</span> by using Moon's spectral absorbance data of the Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tabulated SPDs presented by the CIE today are derived by <a href="/wiki/Linear_interpolation" title="Linear interpolation">linear interpolation</a> of the <span class="nowrap">10 nm</span> data set down to <span class="nowrap">5 nm</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a proposal to use <a href="/wiki/Spline_interpolation" title="Spline interpolation">spline interpolation</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar studies have been undertaken in other parts of the world, or repeating Judd <i>et al.'</i>s analysis with modern computational methods. In several of these studies, the daylight locus is notably closer to the Planckian locus than in Judd <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CIE positions D65 as the standard daylight illuminant: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[D65] is intended to represent average daylight and has a correlated colour temperature of approximately 6500 K. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998, CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daylight-locus-in-CIE-1960-UCS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daylight-locus-in-CIE-1960-UCS.png/250px-Daylight-locus-in-CIE-1960-UCS.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daylight-locus-in-CIE-1960-UCS.png/375px-Daylight-locus-in-CIE-1960-UCS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daylight-locus-in-CIE-1960-UCS.png/500px-Daylight-locus-in-CIE-1960-UCS.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Daylight locus in the CIE 1960 UCS. The isotherms are perpendicular to the Planckian locus. The two sections of the daylight locus, from 4000–7000 K and 7000–25000 K, are color-coded. Note that the two loci are separated by a fairly even distance, of around <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{uv}=0.003}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.003</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{uv}=0.003}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/774683b4a7b9a89a0c6ab4f05108b0cccab2df3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.301ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{uv}=0.003}"></span>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computation">Computation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relative <a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distribution</a> (SPD) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a884d837b4498778905fd31ad6450ca6720004b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.182ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )}"></span> of a D series illuminant can be derived from its <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity_coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromaticity coordinate">chromaticity coordinates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 color space</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{D},y_{D})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{D},y_{D})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68959781f49bd0fd06bd4807e4923b27bb6eba26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.498ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{D},y_{D})}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bruce_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruce-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the chromaticity coordinates must be determined: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{D}={\begin{cases}0.244063+0.09911{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+2.9678{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-4.6070{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&4000\ \mathrm {K} \leq T\leq 7000\ \ \mathrm {K} \\0.237040+0.24748{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+1.9018{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-2.0064{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&7000\ \mathrm {K} <T\leq 25000\ \mathrm {K} \end{cases}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.244063</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.09911</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2.9678</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>4.6070</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4000</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>7000</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.237040</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.24748</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1.9018</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.0064</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>7000</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>25000</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{D}={\begin{cases}0.244063+0.09911{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+2.9678{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-4.6070{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&4000\ \mathrm {K} \leq T\leq 7000\ \ \mathrm {K} \\0.237040+0.24748{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+1.9018{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-2.0064{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&7000\ \mathrm {K} <T\leq 25000\ \mathrm {K} \end{cases}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54e25ff57ac63bb79a9ab419f8390eda1214b5f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:82.014ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{D}={\begin{cases}0.244063+0.09911{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+2.9678{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-4.6070{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&4000\ \mathrm {K} \leq T\leq 7000\ \ \mathrm {K} \\0.237040+0.24748{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+1.9018{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-2.0064{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&7000\ \mathrm {K} <T\leq 25000\ \mathrm {K} \end{cases}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{D}=-3.000x_{D}^{2}+2.870x_{D}-0.275}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3.000</mn> <msubsup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2.870</mn> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.275</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{D}=-3.000x_{D}^{2}+2.870x_{D}-0.275}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5825c63dee22f3169d4297423309a4b28c76ace" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.055ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{D}=-3.000x_{D}^{2}+2.870x_{D}-0.275}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>T</i> is the illuminant's CCT. Note that the CCTs of the canonical illuminants, D<sub>50</sub>, D<sub>55</sub>, D<sub>65</sub>, and D<sub>75</sub>, differ slightly from what their names suggest. For example, D50 has a CCT of 5003 K ("horizon" light), while <a href="/wiki/CIE_Standard_Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE Standard Illuminant D65">D65</a> has a CCT of 6504 K (noon light). This is because the value of the constants in Planck's law have been slightly changed since the definition of these canonical illuminants, whose SPDs are based on the original values in Planck's law.<sup id="cite_ref-schanda_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schanda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same discrepancy applies to all illuminants in the D series—D<sub>50</sub>, D<sub>55</sub>, D<sub>65</sub>, D<sub>75</sub>—and can be "rectified" by multiplying the nominal color temperature by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {c_{2}}{1.4380}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mn>1.4380</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {c_{2}}{1.4380}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd86d59ee5af33ebb810da715c610eb27f06e2b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.295ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {c_{2}}{1.4380}}}"></span>; for example <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6500\ {\text{K}}\times {\frac {1.438776877\dots }{1.4380}}=6503.51\ {\text{K}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6500</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>K</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.438776877</mn> <mo>…</mo> </mrow> <mn>1.4380</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6503.51</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>K</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6500\ {\text{K}}\times {\frac {1.438776877\dots }{1.4380}}=6503.51\ {\text{K}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6424f452bbe04555f7eaf05aba3b3d7583ca5661" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:39.206ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6500\ {\text{K}}\times {\frac {1.438776877\dots }{1.4380}}=6503.51\ {\text{K}}}"></span> for D<sub>65</sub>. </p><p>To determine the D-series SPD (S<sub>D</sub>) that corresponds to those coordinates, the coefficients M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>2</sub> of the characteristic vectors S<sub>1</sub> and S<sub>2</sub> are determined: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32a238bf328d691eee93936600b63bb50af6c3ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.156ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ),}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{1}=(-1.3515-1.7703x_{D}+5.9114y_{D})/M,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.3515</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.7703</mn> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5.9114</mn> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{1}=(-1.3515-1.7703x_{D}+5.9114y_{D})/M,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/370a113de1a0f8a37a5fe4422b966f6e2997492b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.989ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{1}=(-1.3515-1.7703x_{D}+5.9114y_{D})/M,}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{2}=(0.0300-31.4424x_{D}+30.0717y_{D})/M,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0.0300</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>31.4424</mn> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>30.0717</mn> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{2}=(0.0300-31.4424x_{D}+30.0717y_{D})/M,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f6ccfcd97c0991086a40f04057bda4578963059" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.505ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{2}=(0.0300-31.4424x_{D}+30.0717y_{D})/M,}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=0.0241+0.2562x_{D}-0.7341y_{D}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0241</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.2562</mn> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.7341</mn> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=0.0241+0.2562x_{D}-0.7341y_{D}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e139a947a95a63a6734dc3dd88c2cfbd3b7a3006" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:36.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=0.0241+0.2562x_{D}-0.7341y_{D}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{0}(\lambda ),S_{1}(\lambda ),S_{2}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{0}(\lambda ),S_{1}(\lambda ),S_{2}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5a09518889423ff505c1113be38842887df0c1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.999ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{0}(\lambda ),S_{1}(\lambda ),S_{2}(\lambda )}"></span> are the mean and first two <a href="/wiki/Eigenvector" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvector">eigenvector</a> SPDs, depicted in figure.<sup id="cite_ref-bruce_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruce-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characteristic vectors both have a zero at <span class="nowrap">560 nm</span>, since all the relative SPDs have been normalized about this point. In order to match all significant digits of the published data of the canonical illuminants the values of M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>2</sub> have to be rounded to three decimal places before calculation of <i>S<sub>D</sub>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-schanda_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schanda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D65_values">D65 values</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: D65 values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_standard_observer" title="CIE 1931 color space">standard 2° observer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 color space</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity_coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromaticity coordinate">chromaticity coordinates</a> of D65 are<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31272\\y&=0.32903\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>x</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.31272</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>y</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.32903</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31272\\y&=0.32903\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec85d58e1fd76e834c64c86e1e21826d67023e74" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.801ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31272\\y&=0.32903\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>and the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">XYZ tristimulus values</a> (normalized to <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i> = 100</span>), are </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&95.047\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&108.883\end{alignedat}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>X</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>95.047</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Y</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mphantom> <mn>.000</mn> </mphantom> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Z</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>108.883</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&95.047\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&108.883\end{alignedat}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c303b490f2382af6d30881212a95c1134c678296" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:13.452ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&95.047\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&108.883\end{alignedat}}}"></span> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_standard_observer" title="CIE 1931 color space">supplementary 10° observer</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31382\\y&=0.33100\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>x</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.31382</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>y</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.33100</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31382\\y&=0.33100\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ef978e74dc00a92d00511116bf7283eb1fff721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.801ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31382\\y&=0.33100\end{aligned}}}"></span> and the corresponding XYZ tristimulus values are </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&94.811\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&107.304\end{alignedat}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>X</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>94.811</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Y</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>100</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mphantom> <mn>.000</mn> </mphantom> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Z</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>107.304</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&94.811\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&107.304\end{alignedat}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c49a11e93c98c3ed7b05e3cd35816b116d2271c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:13.452ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&94.811\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&107.304\end{alignedat}}}"></span> </p><p>Since D65 represents <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> light, its coordinates are also a <a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">white point</a>, corresponding to a <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">correlated color temperature</a> of 6504 K. <a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> systems, truncates the CIE 1931 coordinates to x=0.3127, y=0.329. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daylight_simulator">Daylight simulator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Daylight simulator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no actual daylight light sources, only simulators. Constructing a practical light source that emulates a D-series illuminant is a difficult problem. The chromaticity can be replicated simply by taking a well known light source and applying filters, such as the Spectralight III, that used filtered incandescent lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyszecki_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyszecki-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the SPDs of these sources deviate from the D-series SPD, leading to bad performance on the CIE <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamerism index">metamerism index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lam2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lam2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Better sources were achieved in the 2010s with <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#White_LEDs_and_the_illumination_breakthrough" title="Light-emitting diode">phosphor-coated white LEDs</a> that can easily emulate the A, D, and E illuminants with high CRI.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminant_E">Illuminant E</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Illuminant E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planckian-locus-whitepoints-crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Planckian-locus-whitepoints-crop.png/220px-Planckian-locus-whitepoints-crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Planckian-locus-whitepoints-crop.png 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Illuminant E is beneath the <a href="/wiki/Planckian_locus" title="Planckian locus">Planckian locus</a>, and roughly at the <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">CCT</a> of D<sub>55</sub>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Illuminant E is an equal-energy radiator; it has a constant SPD inside the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. It is useful as a theoretical reference; an illuminant that gives equal weight to all wavelengths. It also has equal <a href="/wiki/CIE_XYZ" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE XYZ">CIE XYZ</a> tristimulus values, thus its chromaticity coordinates are (x,y)=(1/3,1/3). This is by design; the XYZ color matching functions are normalized such that their integrals over the visible spectrum are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-schanda_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schanda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illuminant E is not a black body, so it does not have a color temperature, but it can be approximated by a D series illuminant with a CCT of 5455 K. (Of the canonical illuminants, D<sub>55</sub> is the closest.) Manufacturers sometimes compare light sources against illuminant E to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Excitation_purity" title="Colorfulness">excitation purity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminant_series_FL">Illuminant series FL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Illuminant series FL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CIE Publication 15.2 introduced twelve new illuminants representing several <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a> and comprising <i>series F</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later renamed to <i>series FL</i> from CIE Publication 15:2004 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-cie2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cie2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original 12 standards are distributed to 3 groups: </p> <ul><li>Standards FL1–FL6 represent "standard" fluorescent lamps consisting of two semi-broadband emissions of <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> activations in calcium halophosphate <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a>. FL4 is of particular interest since it was used for calibrating the CIE <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a> (the CRI formula was chosen such that FL4 would have a CRI of 51).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Standards FL7–FL9 represent "broadband" (<a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_light" title="Full-spectrum light">full-spectrum light</a>) fluorescent lamps with multiple phosphors, and higher CRIs.</li> <li>Standards FL10–FL12 represent narrow triband illuminants consisting of three "narrowband" emissions (caused by ternary compositions of rare-earth phosphors) in the R,G,B regions of the visible spectrum, which leads to poor CRI.</li></ul> <p>The members within a group represent different CCTs, such that the phosphor weights can be tuned to achieve the desired CCT. In each of these three groups, CIE states that FL2, FL7, and FL11 "take priority" to be representative of their respective groups.<sup id="cite_ref-cie2004_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cie2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE_illuminants_F_1_to_6_corrected.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="FL1–6: Standard"><img alt="FL1–6: Standard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CIE_illuminants_F_1_to_6_corrected.svg/200px-CIE_illuminants_F_1_to_6_corrected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CIE_illuminants_F_1_to_6_corrected.svg/300px-CIE_illuminants_F_1_to_6_corrected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/CIE_illuminants_F_1_to_6_corrected.svg/400px-CIE_illuminants_F_1_to_6_corrected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL1–6</b>: Standard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE_illuminants_F_7-9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="FL7–9: Broadband"><img alt="FL7–9: Broadband" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CIE_illuminants_F_7-9.svg/200px-CIE_illuminants_F_7-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CIE_illuminants_F_7-9.svg/300px-CIE_illuminants_F_7-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CIE_illuminants_F_7-9.svg/400px-CIE_illuminants_F_7-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL7–9</b>: Broadband</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE_illuminants_F_10-12.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="FL10–12: Narrowband"><img alt="FL10–12: Narrowband" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CIE_illuminants_F_10-12.svg/200px-CIE_illuminants_F_10-12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CIE_illuminants_F_10-12.svg/300px-CIE_illuminants_F_10-12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CIE_illuminants_F_10-12.svg/400px-CIE_illuminants_F_10-12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL10–12</b>: Narrowband</div> </li> </ul> <p>CIE 15:2004 also introduced fifteen new fluorescent illuminants representing different kinds of fluorescent lamps and comprising <i>subseries FL3</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cie2004_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cie2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 15 standards are distributed in 5 groups: </p> <ul><li>Standards FL3.1-FL3.3 represent standard halophosphate lamps (similar to FL1-6)</li> <li>Standards FL3.4-FL3.6 represent DeLuxe type lamps (similar to FL7-9)</li> <li>Standards FL3.7-FL3.11 represent three-band lamps (similar to FL10-12)</li> <li>Standards FL3.12-FL3.14 represent multi-band lamps</li> <li>Standard FL3.15 represents a D65 simulating fluorescent lamp</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FL3.1_to_FL3.3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="FL3.1-3.3 : standard"><img alt="FL3.1-3.3 : standard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FL3.1_to_FL3.3.png/200px-FL3.1_to_FL3.3.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FL3.1_to_FL3.3.png/300px-FL3.1_to_FL3.3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FL3.1_to_FL3.3.png/400px-FL3.1_to_FL3.3.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL3.1-3.3</b> : standard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FL3.4_to_FL3.6.png" class="mw-file-description" title="FL3.4-3.6 : DeLuxe"><img alt="FL3.4-3.6 : DeLuxe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/FL3.4_to_FL3.6.png/200px-FL3.4_to_FL3.6.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/FL3.4_to_FL3.6.png/300px-FL3.4_to_FL3.6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/FL3.4_to_FL3.6.png/400px-FL3.4_to_FL3.6.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL3.4-3.6</b> : DeLuxe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FL3.7_to_FL3.11.png" class="mw-file-description" title="FL3.7-3.11 : three-band"><img alt="FL3.7-3.11 : three-band" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FL3.7_to_FL3.11.png/200px-FL3.7_to_FL3.11.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FL3.7_to_FL3.11.png/300px-FL3.7_to_FL3.11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FL3.7_to_FL3.11.png/400px-FL3.7_to_FL3.11.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL3.7-3.11</b> : three-band</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FL3.12_to_FL3.14.png" class="mw-file-description" title="FL3.12-3.14 : multi-band"><img alt="FL3.12-3.14 : multi-band" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FL3.12_to_FL3.14.png/200px-FL3.12_to_FL3.14.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FL3.12_to_FL3.14.png/300px-FL3.12_to_FL3.14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FL3.12_to_FL3.14.png/400px-FL3.12_to_FL3.14.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL3.12-3.14</b> : multi-band</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FL3.15.png" class="mw-file-description" title="FL3.15 : D65 simulator"><img alt="FL3.15 : D65 simulator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FL3.15.png/200px-FL3.15.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FL3.15.png/300px-FL3.15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FL3.15.png/400px-FL3.15.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>FL3.15</b> : D65 simulator</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminant_series_HP">Illuminant series HP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Illuminant series HP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CIE 15:2004 introduced five new illuminants representing different kinds of high pressure discharge lamps and comprising <i>series HP</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cie2004_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cie2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>Standard HP1 for standard high-pressure sodium lamps</li> <li>Standard HP2 for color-enhanced high-pressure sodium lamps</li> <li>Standards HP3-HP5 for metal halide lamps.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HP1_et_HP2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="HP1 and HP2"><img alt="HP1 and HP2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/HP1_et_HP2.png/200px-HP1_et_HP2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/HP1_et_HP2.png/300px-HP1_et_HP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/HP1_et_HP2.png/400px-HP1_et_HP2.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>HP1 and HP2</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HP3_to_HP5.png" class="mw-file-description" title="HP3 to HP5"><img alt="HP3 to HP5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/HP3_to_HP5.png/200px-HP3_to_HP5.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/HP3_to_HP5.png/300px-HP3_to_HP5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/HP3_to_HP5.png/400px-HP3_to_HP5.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>HP3 to HP5</b></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminant_series_LED">Illuminant series LED</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Illuminant series LED"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CIE Publication 15:2018 introduces nine new illuminants representing several <a href="/wiki/White_LED" class="mw-redirect" title="White LED">white LEDs</a> with CCTs ranging from 2700~6600 K.<sup id="cite_ref-CIE15:2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIE15:2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LED-B1 through B5 define standard LED illuminants with <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Phosphor-based_LEDs" title="Light-emitting diode">phosphor-converted blue light</a>. LED-BH1 defines a blend of phosphor-converted blue and a red LED. LED-RGB1 defines the white light produced by a <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#RGB_systems" title="Light-emitting diode">tricolor LED mix</a>. LED-V1 and V2 define LEDs with phosphor-converted violet light. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LED-B1_to_B5.png" class="mw-file-description" title="LED-B1 to B5"><img alt="LED-B1 to B5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/LED-B1_to_B5.png/200px-LED-B1_to_B5.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/LED-B1_to_B5.png/300px-LED-B1_to_B5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/LED-B1_to_B5.png/400px-LED-B1_to_B5.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>LED-B1 to B5</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LED-BH1_et_RGB1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="LED-BH1 and RGB1"><img alt="LED-BH1 and RGB1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LED-BH1_et_RGB1.png/200px-LED-BH1_et_RGB1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LED-BH1_et_RGB1.png/300px-LED-BH1_et_RGB1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LED-BH1_et_RGB1.png/400px-LED-BH1_et_RGB1.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>LED-BH1 and RGB1</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LED-V1_et_V2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="LED-V1 and V2"><img alt="LED-V1 and V2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LED-V1_et_V2.png/200px-LED-V1_et_V2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LED-V1_et_V2.png/300px-LED-V1_et_V2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LED-V1_et_V2.png/400px-LED-V1_et_V2.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>LED-V1 and V2</b></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminant_series_ID">Illuminant series ID</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Illuminant series ID"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CIE publication 184:2009 introduced two new illuminants representing natural <i>indoor</i> light,<sup id="cite_ref-CIE184_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIE184-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were later included as <i>series ID</i> in CIE 15:2018.<sup id="cite_ref-CIE15:2018_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIE15:2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ID50 and ID65 are equivalent to their outdoor counterparts, D50 and D65, filtered through window glass, thereby removing the ultraviolet contents.<sup id="cite_ref-CIE184_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIE184-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indoor CCTs are about 100K higher (cooler) relative to their outdoor counterparts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="White_point">White point</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: White point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">White point</a></div> <p>The spectrum of a standard illuminant, like any other profile of light, can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Tristimulus_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristimulus value">tristimulus values</a>. The set of three tristimulus coordinates of an illuminant is called a <i>white point</i>. If the profile is <a href="/wiki/Normalizing_constant" title="Normalizing constant">normalized</a>, then the white point can equivalently be expressed as a pair of <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity_coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromaticity coordinate">chromaticity coordinates</a>. </p><p>If an image is recorded in tristimulus coordinates (or in values which can be converted to and from them), then the white point of the illuminant used gives the maximum value of the tristimulus coordinates that will be recorded at any point in the image, in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>. It is called the white point of the image. </p><p>The process of calculating the white point discards a great deal of information about the profile of the illuminant, and so although it is true that for every illuminant the exact white point can be calculated, it is not the case that knowing the white point of an image alone tells you a great deal about the illuminant that was used to record it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_points_of_standard_illuminants">White points of standard illuminants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: White points of standard illuminants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>A list of standardized illuminants, their CIE chromaticity coordinates (x,y) of a perfectly reflecting (or transmitting) diffuser, and their <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">correlated color temperatures</a> (CCTs) are given below. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are given for both the 2 degree field of view (1931) and the 10 degree field of view (1964).</i><sup id="cite_ref-babel1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babel1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The color swatches represent the color of each white point, automatically calculated by Wikipedia using the <a href="/wiki/Template:Color_temperature" title="Template:Color temperature">Color temperature template</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="min-width:60em"> <caption>White points of standard illuminants<sup id="cite_ref-babel2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babel2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Name </th> <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup">CIE 1931 2° </th> <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup"><a href="/wiki/CIE_1964_color_space" title="CIE 1964 color space">CIE 1964</a> 10° </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">CCT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:25em; text-align:left; padding-left:1em;" class="unsortable">Note </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><i>x</i><sub>2°</sub></th> <th scope="col"><i>y</i><sub>2°</sub> </th> <th scope="col"><i>x</i><sub>10°</sub></th> <th scope="col"><i>y</i><sub>10°</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th>A </th> <td>0.44758</td> <td>0.40745 </td> <td>0.45117</td> <td>0.40594 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFAE5F">2856 </td> <td>incandescent / tungsten </td></tr> <tr> <th>B </th> <td>0.34842</td> <td>0.35161 </td> <td>0.34980</td> <td>0.35270 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE2C7">4874 </td> <td>obsolete, direct sunlight at noon </td></tr> <tr> <th>C </th> <td>0.31006</td> <td>0.31616 </td> <td>0.31039</td> <td>0.31905 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#F8F5FF">6774 </td> <td>obsolete, average / North sky daylight<br /><a href="/wiki/NTSC#Colorimetry" title="NTSC">NTSC 1953</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-display_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-display-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>D50 </th> <td>0.34567</td> <td>0.35850 </td> <td>0.34773</td> <td>0.35952 </td> <td title="D50 was not redefined when Planck's constant was redefined, so its CCT changed" style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE4CD">5003 </td> <td>horizon light, <a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profile</a> <a href="/wiki/Color_management#Profile_connection_space" title="Color management">PCS</a><sup id="cite_ref-display_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-display-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>D55 </th> <td>0.33242</td> <td>0.34743 </td> <td>0.33411</td> <td>0.34877 </td> <td title="D55 was not redefined when Planck's constant was redefined, so its CCT changed" style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFECDF">5503 </td> <td>mid-morning / mid-afternoon daylight </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminant D65">D65</a> </th> <td>0.31272</td> <td>0.32903 </td> <td>0.31382</td> <td>0.33100 </td> <td title="D65 was not redefined when Planck's constant was redefined, so its CCT changed" style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFF9FF">6504 </td> <td>noon daylight: <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/SRGB_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="SRGB color space">sRGB color space</a><sup id="cite_ref-display_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-display-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>D75 </th> <td>0.29902</td> <td>0.31485 </td> <td>0.29968</td> <td>0.31740 </td> <td title="D75 was not redefined when Planck's constant was redefined, so its CCT changed" style="color:inherit;background-color:#E8ECFF">7504 </td> <td>North sky daylight </td></tr> <tr> <th>D93 </th> <td>0.28315</td> <td>0.29711 </td> <td>0.28327</td> <td>0.30043 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#CEDCFF">9305 </td> <td>high-efficiency blue phosphor monitors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BT.2035&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BT.2035 (page does not exist)">BT.2035</a><sup id="cite_ref-display_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-display-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>E </th> <td>0.33333</td> <td>0.33333 </td> <td>0.33333</td> <td>0.33333 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFEBDD">5454 </td> <td>equal energy </td></tr> <tr> <th>F1 </th> <td>0.31310</td> <td>0.33727 </td> <td>0.31811</td> <td>0.33559 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFF8FD">6430 </td> <td>daylight fluorescent </td></tr> <tr> <th>F2 </th> <td>0.37208</td> <td>0.37529 </td> <td>0.37925</td> <td>0.36733 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD5AB">4230 </td> <td>cool white fluorescent </td></tr> <tr> <th>F3 </th> <td>0.40910</td> <td>0.39430 </td> <td>0.41761</td> <td>0.38324 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFC283">3450 </td> <td>white fluorescent </td></tr> <tr> <th>F4 </th> <td>0.44018</td> <td>0.40329 </td> <td>0.44920</td> <td>0.39074 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB165">2940 </td> <td>warm white fluorescent </td></tr> <tr> <th>F5 </th> <td>0.31379</td> <td>0.34531 </td> <td>0.31975</td> <td>0.34246 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFF7FA">6350 </td> <td>daylight fluorescent </td></tr> <tr> <th>F6 </th> <td>0.37790</td> <td>0.38835 </td> <td>0.38660</td> <td>0.37847 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD4A8">4150 </td> <td>light white fluorescent </td></tr> <tr> <th>F7 </th> <td>0.31292</td> <td>0.32933 </td> <td>0.31569</td> <td>0.32960 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFF9FF">6500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CIE_Standard_Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE Standard Illuminant D65">D65</a> simulator, daylight simulator </td></tr> <tr> <th>F8 </th> <td>0.34588</td> <td>0.35875 </td> <td>0.34902</td> <td>0.35939 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE4CC">5000 </td> <td>D50 simulator, Sylvania F40 Design 50 </td></tr> <tr> <th>F9 </th> <td>0.37417</td> <td>0.37281 </td> <td>0.37829</td> <td>0.37045 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD4A8">4150 </td> <td>cool white deluxe fluorescent </td></tr> <tr> <th>F10 </th> <td>0.34609</td> <td>0.35986 </td> <td>0.35090</td> <td>0.35444 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE4CC">5000 </td> <td>Philips TL85, Ultralume 50 </td></tr> <tr> <th>F11 </th> <td>0.38052</td> <td>0.37713 </td> <td>0.38541</td> <td>0.37123 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD0A0">4000 </td> <td>Philips TL84, Ultralume 40 </td></tr> <tr> <th>F12 </th> <td>0.43695</td> <td>0.40441 </td> <td>0.44256</td> <td>0.39717 </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB369">3000 </td> <td>Philips TL83, Ultralume 30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.1 </th> <td>0.4407</td> <td>0.4033 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB164">2932 </td> <td>standard halophosphate </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.2 </th> <td>0.3808</td> <td>0.3734 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFC891">3965 </td> <td>standard halophosphate </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.3 </th> <td>0.3153</td> <td>0.3439 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFF6F8">6280 </td> <td>standard halophosphate </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.4 </th> <td>0.4429</td> <td>0.4043 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB062">2904 </td> <td>DeLuxe type </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.5 </th> <td>0.3749</td> <td>0.3672 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD2A5">4086 </td> <td>DeLuxe type </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.6 </th> <td>0.3488</td> <td>0.3600 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE2C8">4894 </td> <td>DeLuxe type </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.7 </th> <td>0.4384</td> <td>0.4045 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB367">2979 </td> <td>Three-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.8 </th> <td>0.3820</td> <td>0.3832 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD0A1">4006 </td> <td>Three-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.9 </th> <td>0.3499</td> <td>0.3591 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE2C7">4853 </td> <td>Three-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.10 </th> <td>0.3455</td> <td>0.3560 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE4CC">5000 </td> <td>Three-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.11 </th> <td>0.3245</td> <td>0.3434 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFF1EB">5854 </td> <td>Three-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.12 </th> <td>0.4377</td> <td>0.4037 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB368">2984 </td> <td>Multi-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.13 </th> <td>0.3830</td> <td>0.3724 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFCE9B">3896 </td> <td>Multi-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.14 </th> <td>0.3447</td> <td>0.3609 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE5CE">5045 </td> <td>Multi-band </td></tr> <tr> <th>FL3.15 </th> <td>0.3127</td> <td>0.3288 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFF9FF">6509 </td> <td>D65 Simulator </td></tr> <tr> <th>HP1 </th> <td>0.533</td> <td>0.415 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FF8700">1959 </td> <td>Standard high pressure sodium lamp </td></tr> <tr> <th>HP2 </th> <td>0.4778</td> <td>0.4158 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFA046">2506 </td> <td>Color-enhanced high-pressure sodium lamp </td></tr> <tr> <th>HP3 </th> <td>0.4302</td> <td>0.4075 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB872">3144 </td> <td>High pressure metal halide lamp </td></tr> <tr> <th>HP4 </th> <td>0.3812</td> <td>0.3797 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD0A1">4002 </td> <td>High pressure metal halide lamp </td></tr> <tr> <th>HP5 </th> <td>0.3776</td> <td>0.3713 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD1A2">4039 </td> <td>High pressure metal halide lamp </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-B1 </th> <td>0.4560</td> <td>0.4078 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFA957">2733 </td> <td>phosphor-converted blue </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-B2 </th> <td>0.4357</td> <td>0.4012 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFB368">2998 </td> <td>phosphor-converted blue </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-B3 </th> <td>0.3756</td> <td>0.3723 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD3A5">4103 </td> <td>phosphor-converted blue </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-B4 </th> <td>0.3422</td> <td>0.3502 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE6D1">5109 </td> <td>phosphor-converted blue </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-B5 </th> <td>0.3118</td> <td>0.3236 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FDF8FF">6598 </td> <td>phosphor-converted blue </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-BH1 </th> <td>0.4474</td> <td>0.4066 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFAE5F">2851 </td> <td>mixing of phosphor-converted blue LED and red LED (blue-hybrid) </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-RGB1 </th> <td>0.4557</td> <td>0.4211 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFAE5E">2840 </td> <td>mixing of red, green, and blue LEDs </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-V1 </th> <td>0.4548</td> <td>0.4044 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFA956">2724 </td> <td>phosphor-converted violet </td></tr> <tr> <th>LED-V2 </th> <td>0.3781</td> <td>0.3775 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD2A4">4070 </td> <td>phosphor-converted violet </td></tr> <tr> <th>ID50 </th> <td>0.3432</td> <td>0.3602 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFE6D0">5098 </td> <td>natural indoor daylight </td></tr> <tr> <th>ID65 </th> <td>0.3107</td> <td>0.3307 </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FDF8FF">6603 </td> <td>natural indoor daylight </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-display-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-display_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-display_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-display_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-display_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Displays simply use the white point of this standard illuminant; they do not emit the required spectrum.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-schanda-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schanda_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schanda_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schanda_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schanda_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schanda_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schanda_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchanda2007" class="citation book cs1">Schanda, János (2007). "3: CIE Colorimetry". <i>Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Interscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Interscience">Wiley Interscience</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04904-4"><bdi>978-0-470-04904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+CIE+Colorimetry&rft.btitle=Colorimetry%3A+Understanding+the+CIE+System&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Wiley+Interscience&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04904-4&rft.aulast=Schanda&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIE_Technical_Report1999" class="citation book cs1">CIE Technical Report (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416151749/http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/51-2-99.html"><i>A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry</i></a>. 51.2-1999 (including Supplement 1-1999). Paris: Bureau central de la CIE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9034-051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9034-051-5"><bdi>978-92-9034-051-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/51-2-99.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-16. <q>A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants, spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent samples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Method+for+Assessing+the+Quality+of+Daylight+Simulators+for+Colorimetry&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=51.2-1999+%28including+Supplement+1-1999%29&rft.pub=Bureau+central+de+la+CIE&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-92-9034-051-5&rft.au=CIE+Technical+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cie.co.at%2Fpubl%2Fabst%2F51-2-99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIE_Standard2004" class="citation book cs1">CIE Standard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/s012.html"><i>Standard Method of Assessing the Spectral Quality of Daylight Simulators for Visual Appraisal and Measurement of Colour</i></a>. S012/E:2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Method+of+Assessing+the+Spectral+Quality+of+Daylight+Simulators+for+Visual+Appraisal+and+Measurement+of+Colour&rft.series=S012%2FE%3A2004&rft.date=2004&rft.au=CIE+Standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cie.co.at%2Fpubl%2Fabst%2Fs012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span> Prepared by TC 1-53 "A Standard Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=41694">ISO Standard 23603:2005(E)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamXin,_John_H.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lam, Yuk-Ming; Xin, John H. (August 2002). "Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment". <i>Color Research & Application</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcol.10061">10.1002/col.10061</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F26550">10397/26550</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+%26+Application&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+quality+of+different+D65+simulators+for+visual+assessment&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F26550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcol.10061&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Yuk-Ming&rft.au=Xin%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cie2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cie2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cie2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cie2004_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cie2004_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cie2004_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIE_Technical_Report2004" class="citation book cs1">CIE Technical Report (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cie.co.at/publications/colorimetry-3rd-edition"><i>Colorimetry</i></a>. Publication 15:2004 (3rd ed.). CIE Central Bureau, Vienna. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-901906-33-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-901906-33-6"><bdi>978-3-901906-33-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorimetry&rft.series=Publication+15%3A2004&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CIE+Central+Bureau%2C+Vienna&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-901906-33-6&rft.au=CIE+Technical+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcie.co.at%2Fpublications%2Fcolorimetry-3rd-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisGibson,_Kasson_S.1931" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Raymond; Gibson, Kasson S. (January 21, 1931). "Filters for the reproduction of sunlight and daylight and the determination of color temperature". <i>Precision Measurement and Calibration</i>. <b>10</b>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a>: <span class="nowrap">641–</span>805.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Precision+Measurement+and+Calibration&rft.atitle=Filters+for+the+reproduction+of+sunlight+and+daylight+and+the+determination+of+color+temperature&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E641-%3C%2Fspan%3E805&rft.date=1931-01-21&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Kasson+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Condit1964-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Condit1964_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondit,_Harold_R.Grum,_Frank1964" class="citation journal cs1">Condit, Harold R.; Grum, Frank (July 1964). "Spectral energy distribution of daylight". <i>JOSA</i>. <b>54</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">937–</span>944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.54.000937">10.1364/JOSA.54.000937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Spectral+energy+distribution+of+daylight&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E937-%3C%2Fspan%3E944&rft.date=1964-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.54.000937&rft.au=Condit%2C+Harold+R.&rft.au=Grum%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson,_Stanley_ThomasHodgkiss,_D.1963" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Hodgkiss, D. (1963). "The spectral energy distribution of daylight". <i>British Journal of Applied Physics</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963BJAP...14..125H">1963BJAP...14..125H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F14%2F3%2F307">10.1088/0508-3443/14/3/307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=The+spectral+energy+distribution+of+daylight&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F14%2F3%2F307&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963BJAP...14..125H&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Stanley+Thomas&rft.au=Hodgkiss%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson,_Stanley_ThomasHodgkiss,_D.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Hodgkiss, D. (1964). "The spectral energy distribution of daylight". <i>British Journal of Applied Physics</i>. <b>15</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">947–</span>952. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964BJAP...15..947H">1964BJAP...15..947H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F15%2F8%2F310">10.1088/0508-3443/15/8/310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=The+spectral+energy+distribution+of+daylight&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E947-%3C%2Fspan%3E952&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0508-3443%2F15%2F8%2F310&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964BJAP...15..947H&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Stanley+Thomas&rft.au=Hodgkiss%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jmw_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmw_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmw_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuddMacAdam,_David_L.Wyszecki,_Günter1964" class="citation journal cs1">Judd, Deane B.; MacAdam, David L.; Wyszecki, Günter (August 1964). "Spectral Distribution of Typical Daylight as a Function of Correlated Color Temperature". <i><a href="/wiki/JOSA" class="mw-redirect" title="JOSA">JOSA</a></i>. <b>54</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1031–</span>1040. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.54.001031">10.1364/JOSA.54.001031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Spectral+Distribution+of+Typical+Daylight+as+a+Function+of+Correlated+Color+Temperature&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1031-%3C%2Fspan%3E1040&rft.date=1964-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.54.001031&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Deane+B.&rft.au=MacAdam%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Wyszecki%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonds1963" class="citation journal cs1">Simonds, John L. (August 1963). "Application of Characteristic Vector Analysis to Photographic and Optical Response Data". <i><a href="/wiki/JOSA" class="mw-redirect" title="JOSA">JOSA</a></i>. <b>53</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">968–</span>974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.53.000968">10.1364/JOSA.53.000968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Application+of+Characteristic+Vector+Analysis+to+Photographic+and+Optical+Response+Data&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E968-%3C%2Fspan%3E974&rft.date=1963-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.53.000968&rft.aulast=Simonds&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzengBerns,_Roy_S.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tzeng, Di-Yuan; Berns, Roy S. (April 2005). "A review of principal component analysis and its applications to color technology". <i>Color Research & Application</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcol.20086">10.1002/col.20086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+%26+Application&rft.atitle=A+review+of+principal+component+analysis+and+its+applications+to+color+technology&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcol.20086&rft.aulast=Tzeng&rft.aufirst=Di-Yuan&rft.au=Berns%2C+Roy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_Internationale_de_l'Eclairage1964" class="citation conference cs1">Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (1964). <i>Proceedings of the 15th Session, Vienna</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+15th+Session%2C+Vienna&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Commission+Internationale+de+l%27Eclairage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kelly_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1963" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Kenneth L. (August 1963). "Lines of Constant Correlated Color Temperature Based on MacAdam's (u,v) Uniform Chromaticity Transformation of the CIE Diagram". <i>JOSA</i>. <b>53</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">999–</span>1002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.53.000999">10.1364/JOSA.53.000999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Lines+of+Constant+Correlated+Color+Temperature+Based+on+MacAdam%27s+%28u%2Cv%29+Uniform+Chromaticity+Transformation+of+the+CIE+Diagram&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E999-%3C%2Fspan%3E1002&rft.date=1963-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.53.000999&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon1940" class="citation journal cs1">Moon, Parry (November 1940). "Proposed standard solar-radiation curves for engineering use". <i>Journal of the Franklin Institute</i>. <b>230</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">583–</span>617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-0032%2840%2990364-7">10.1016/S0016-0032(40)90364-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=Proposed+standard+solar-radiation+curves+for+engineering+use&rft.volume=230&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E583-%3C%2Fspan%3E617&rft.date=1940-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-0032%2840%2990364-7&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Parry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.cie.co.at/204.xls">CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observers</a> from <span class="nowrap">380 nm</span> to <span class="nowrap">780 nm</span> in increments of <span class="nowrap">5 nm</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrániczSchanda,_János2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kránicz, Balázs; Schanda, János (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/282652.html">"Re-evaluation of daylight spectral distributions"</a>. <i>Color Research & Application</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">250–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.42.521">10.1.1.42.521</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6378%28200008%2925%3A4%3C250%3A%3AAID-COL5%3E3.0.CO%3B2-D">10.1002/1520-6378(200008)25:4<250::AID-COL5>3.0.CO;2-D</a>. <q>Later the <i>S</i><sub>0</sub>(<i>λ</i>), <i>S</i><sub>1</sub>(<i>λ</i>) and <i>S</i><sub>2</sub>(<i>λ</i>) functions have been linearly interpolated at 5 nm steps and for even finer step-size also a linear interpolation has been recommended</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+%26+Application&rft.atitle=Re-evaluation+of+daylight+spectral+distributions&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.42.521%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1520-6378%28200008%2925%3A4%3C250%3A%3AAID-COL5%3E3.0.CO%3B2-D&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A1nicz&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Schanda%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseer.ist.psu.edu%2F282652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Studies from the 1960s and 1970s include: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._T._WinchM._C._BoshoffC._J._KokA._G._du_Toit1966" class="citation journal cs1">G. T. Winch; M. C. Boshoff; C. J. Kok & A. G. du Toit (April 1966). "Spectroradiometric and Colorimetric Characteristics of Daylight in the Southern Hemisphere: Pretoria, South Africa". <i><a href="/wiki/JOSA" class="mw-redirect" title="JOSA">JOSA</a></i>. <b>56</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">456–</span>464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.56.000456">10.1364/JOSA.56.000456</a>. <q>The derived chromaticities were found to be much closer to the full radiator locus than those previously published, which had been obtained in the northern hemisphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Spectroradiometric+and+Colorimetric+Characteristics+of+Daylight+in+the+Southern+Hemisphere%3A+Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E456-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.56.000456&rft.au=G.+T.+Winch&rft.au=M.+C.+Boshoff&rft.au=C.+J.+Kok&rft.au=A.+G.+du+Toit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasSastri,_V.D.P.1965" class="citation journal cs1">Das, S.R.; Sastri, V.D.P. (March 1965). "Spectral Distribution and Color of Tropical Daylight". <i><a href="/wiki/JOSA" class="mw-redirect" title="JOSA">JOSA</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.55.000319">10.1364/JOSA.55.000319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Spectral+Distribution+and+Color+of+Tropical+Daylight&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=1965-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.55.000319&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft.au=Sastri%2C+V.D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastriDas,_S.R.1968" class="citation journal cs1">Sastri, V.D.P.; Das, S.R. (March 1968). "Typical Spectral Distributions and Color for Tropical Daylight". <i><a href="/wiki/JOSA" class="mw-redirect" title="JOSA">JOSA</a></i>. <b>58</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.58.000391">10.1364/JOSA.58.000391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Typical+Spectral+Distributions+and+Color+for+Tropical+Daylight&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E398&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.58.000391&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=V.D.P.&rft.au=Das%2C+S.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1976" class="citation journal cs1">Sastri, V.D.P. (January 11, 1976). "Locus of daylight chromaticities in relation to atmospheric conditions". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics_D:_Applied_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics">Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">L1 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L3</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JPhD....9L...1S">1976JPhD....9L...1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F9%2F1%2F001">10.1088/0022-3727/9/1/001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250832186">250832186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+D%3A+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=Locus+of+daylight+chromaticities+in+relation+to+atmospheric+conditions&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL3%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1976-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250832186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F9%2F1%2F001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976JPhD....9L...1S&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=V.D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1978" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon, E.R. (April 1978). "Spectral distribution of Australian daylight". <i><a href="/wiki/JOSA" class="mw-redirect" title="JOSA">JOSA</a></i>. <b>68</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.68.000437">10.1364/JOSA.68.000437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA&rft.atitle=Spectral+distribution+of+Australian+daylight&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=1978-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.68.000437&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Analyses using the faster computation of the 1990s and 2000s include: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández-AndrésJavier_RomeroAntonio_García-BeltránJuan_L._Nieves1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hernández-Andrés, Javier; Javier Romero; Antonio García-Beltrán; Juan L. Nieves (February 20, 1998). "Testing Linear Models on Spectral Daylight Measurements". <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>37</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">971–</span>977. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApOpt..37..971H">1998ApOpt..37..971H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.37.000971">10.1364/AO.37.000971</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18268673">18268673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Testing+Linear+Models+on+Spectral+Daylight+Measurements&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E971-%3C%2Fspan%3E977&rft.date=1998-02-20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18268673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.37.000971&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApOpt..37..971H&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Andr%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Javier+Romero&rft.au=Antonio+Garc%C3%ADa-Beltr%C3%A1n&rft.au=Juan+L.+Nieves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández-AndrésJavier_RomeroJuan_L._NievesRaymond_L._Lee_Jr2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hernández-Andrés, Javier; Javier Romero; Juan L. Nieves; Raymond L. Lee Jr (June 2001). "Color and spectral analysis of daylight in southern Europe". <i><a href="/wiki/JOSA_A" class="mw-redirect" title="JOSA A">JOSA A</a></i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1325–</span>1335. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JOSAA..18.1325H">2001JOSAA..18.1325H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.384.70">10.1.1.384.70</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.18.001325">10.1364/JOSAA.18.001325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11393625">11393625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA+A&rft.atitle=Color+and+spectral+analysis+of+daylight+in+southern+Europe&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1325-%3C%2Fspan%3E1335&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.384.70%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11393625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSAA.18.001325&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JOSAA..18.1325H&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Andr%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Javier+Romero&rft.au=Juan+L.+Nieves&rft.au=Raymond+L.+Lee+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThanh_Hai_BuiReiner_LenzTomas_Landelius2004" class="citation conference cs1">Thanh Hai Bui; Reiner Lenz; Tomas Landelius (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staffwww.itn.liu.se/~reile/csp-pages/publications/reprints/cgiv04-grouptheory.pdf"><i>Group theoretical investigations of daylight spectra</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CGIV (European Conference on Colour Graphics, Imaging and Vision). pp. <span class="nowrap">437–</span>442<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Group+theoretical+investigations+of+daylight+spectra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Thanh+Hai+Bui&rft.au=Reiner+Lenz&rft.au=Tomas+Landelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaffwww.itn.liu.se%2F~reile%2Fcsp-pages%2Fpublications%2Freprints%2Fcgiv04-grouptheory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204115107/http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/s005.html">"CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry"</a>. <i>www.cie.co.at</i>. CIE. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/s005.html">the original</a> on 2017-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cie.co.at&rft.atitle=CIE+Standard+Illuminants+for+Colorimetry&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cie.co.at%2Fpubl%2Fabst%2Fs005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruce-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruce_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruce_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The coefficients differ from those in the original paper due to the change in the constants in <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's law</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?Eqn_DIlluminant.html">Lindbloom</a> for the current version, and <a href="/wiki/Planckian_locus" title="Planckian locus">Planckian locus</a> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchanda2007" class="citation book cs1">Schanda, János (2007). "3. CIE Colorimetry". In Schanda, János (ed.). <i>Colorimetry: understanding the CIE system</i>. John Wiley & Sons. Appendix A, p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+CIE+Colorimetry&rft.btitle=Colorimetry%3A+understanding+the+CIE+system&rft.pages=Appendix+A%2C+p.+74&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schanda&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyszecki-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wyszecki_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyszecki1970" class="citation journal cs1">Wyszecki, Gunter (1970). "Development of New CIE Sources for Colorimetry". <i>Die Farbe</i>. <b>19</b>: 43–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Farbe&rft.atitle=Development+of+New+CIE+Sources+for+Colorimetry&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=43-&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wyszecki&rft.aufirst=Gunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIE_Technical_Report1999" class="citation book cs1">CIE Technical Report (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085424/http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/51-2-99.html"><i>A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry</i></a>. Paris: Bureau central de la CIE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9034-051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9034-051-5"><bdi>978-92-9034-051-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/51-2-99.html">the original</a> on 2017-08-21. <q>A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants, spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent samples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Method+for+Assessing+the+Quality+of+Daylight+Simulators+for+Colorimetry&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Bureau+central+de+la+CIE&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-92-9034-051-5&rft.au=CIE+Technical+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cie.co.at%2Fpubl%2Fabst%2F51-2-99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lam2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lam2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLam,_Yuk-MingXin,_John_H.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lam, Yuk-Ming; Xin, John H. (August 2002). "Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment". <i>Color Research & Application</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcol.10061">10.1002/col.10061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+%26+Application&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+quality+of+different+D65+simulators+for+visual+assessment&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcol.10061&rft.au=Lam%2C+Yuk-Ming&rft.au=Xin%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yujiintl.com/cie-illuminant-technology/">"CIE Illuminant Technology - Yujileds"</a>. <i>Yujileds - High CRI LED Leader</i>. 5 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yujileds+-+High+CRI+LED+Leader&rft.atitle=CIE+Illuminant+Technology+-+Yujileds&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yujiintl.com%2Fcie-illuminant-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips" class="citation web cs1">Philips. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philipslumileds.com/pdfs/AB08.pdf">"Optical Testing for SuperFlux, SnapLED and LUXEON Emitters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>CIE has defined the color coordinates of several different white Illuminants, but within Lumileds, CIE illuminant E is used for all color calculations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Optical+Testing+for+SuperFlux%2C+SnapLED+and+LUXEON+Emitters&rft.au=Philips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philipslumileds.com%2Fpdfs%2FAB08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cie.co.at/datatable/relative-spectral-power-distributions-illuminants-representing-typical-fluorescent-lamps-0">Spectral power distribution of Illuminants Series FL</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.cie.co.at/CIE_illum_FLs_1nm.csv">CSV</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.cie.co.at/CIE_illum_FLs_1nm.csv_metadata.json">metadata</a>), in <span class="nowrap">5 nm</span> increments from <span class="nowrap">380 nm</span> to <span class="nowrap">780 nm</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIE15:2018-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIE15:2018_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIE15:2018_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Colorimetry</i> (4th ed.). Vienna: Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902842-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902842-13-8"><bdi>978-3-902842-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorimetry&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Commission+Internationale+de+l%27Eclairage&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-902842-13-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIE184-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIE184_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIE184_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indoor daylight illuminants</i>. Vienna: CIE Central Bureau. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783901906749" title="Special:BookSources/9783901906749"><bdi>9783901906749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indoor+daylight+illuminants&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=CIE+Central+Bureau&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783901906749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babel1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-babel1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell_Charity" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell Charity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/blackbody/UnstableURLs/bbr_color.html">"Blackbody color datafile"</a>. vendian.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackbody+color+datafile&rft.pub=vendian.org&rft.au=Mitchell+Charity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vendian.org%2Fmncharity%2Fdir3%2Fblackbody%2FUnstableURLs%2Fbbr_color.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babel2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-babel2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanny_Pascale" class="citation web cs1">Danny Pascale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babelcolor.com/download/A%20review%20of%20RGB%20color%20spaces.pdf">"A Review of RGB color spaces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Babel Color.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+RGB+color+spaces&rft.pub=Babel+Color&rft.au=Danny+Pascale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babelcolor.com%2Fdownload%2FA%2520review%2520of%2520RGB%2520color%2520spaces.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050523033826/http://www.hunterlab.com:80/appnotes/an05_05.pdf"><i>Equivalent White Light Sources, and CIE Illuminants</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">the original</a> on 2005-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equivalent+White+Light+Sources%2C+and+CIE+Illuminants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikipedia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725185449/http://www.colour.org/tc8-04/Data/F.txt"><i>CIE F-series Spectral Data, CIE 15.2:1986</i></a>, archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">the original</a> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIE+F-series+Spectral+Data%2C+CIE+15.2%3A1986&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikipedia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>Colorimetry, 4th Edition</i>, vol. CIE 015:2018, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25039%2FTR.015.2018">10.25039/TR.015.2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902842-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902842-13-8"><bdi>978-3-902842-13-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorimetry%2C+4th+Edition&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25039%2FTR.015.2018&rft.isbn=978-3-902842-13-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">47 CFR § 73.682 (20) (iv)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf#page=16">"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.470-6 - CONVENTIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS, p.16"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RECOMMENDATION+ITU-R+BT.470-6+-+CONVENTIONAL+TELEVISION+SYSTEMS%2C+p.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbt%2FR-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S%21%21PDF-E.pdf%23page%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2003" class="citation book cs1">Poynton, Charles (2003). <i>Digital video and HDTV : algorithms and interfaces</i>. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. p. 643. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558607927" title="Special:BookSources/9781558607927"><bdi>9781558607927</bdi></a>. <q>...it is standard for reference white to correspond to light having the spectral and/or colorimetric properties of CIE Illuminant D65 (except in Japan, where the standard white reference is 9300 K).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+video+and+HDTV+%3A+algorithms+and+interfaces&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=643&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781558607927&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf">"Recommendation BT.470-6: Conventional Television Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Telecommunication Union</i>. ITU. 30 November 1998. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2016</span>. <q>In Japan, the chromaticity of studio monitors is adjusted to a D-white at 9 300 K.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.atitle=Recommendation+BT.470-6%3A+Conventional+Television+Systems&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1998-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbt%2FR-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413094712/http://arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/doc/4-TR-B09v1_0.pdf">"Guideline for Colorimetry for 1125/60 HDTV Production System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Association of Radio Industries and Businesses</i> (in Japanese). 21 July 1998. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/doc/4-TR-B09v1_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"D93: D93は9,305 K色温度であり、日本におけるモニタの基準白色として使用されている。" [D93 represents a color temperature of 9,305 K, and it is the white reference used for monitors in Japan.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Radio+Industries+and+Businesses&rft.atitle=Guideline+for+Colorimetry+for+1125%2F60+HDTV+Production+System&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1998-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arib.or.jp%2Fenglish%2Fhtml%2Foverview%2Fdoc%2F4-TR-B09v1_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+illuminant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_illuminant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731074748/http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/datatables15_2004/CIE_sel_colorimetric_tables.xls">Selected colorimetric tables in Excel</a>, as published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213035758/http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/15-2004.html">CIE 15:2004</a></li> <li>Konica Minolta Sensing: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www5.konicaminolta.eu/en/measuring-instruments/learning-centre/light-measurement/the-language-of-light.html">Light sources & Illuminants</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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model">CAM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM_(color_appearance_model)" title="ICAM (color appearance model)">iCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM16" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM16">CAM16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">XYZ (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_RGB_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">RGB (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1960_color_space" title="CIE 1960 color space">YUV (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1964_color_space" title="CIE 1964 color space">UVW (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELAB_color_space" title="CIELAB color space">CIELAB (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELUV" title="CIELUV">CIELUV (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_spaces" title="RGB color spaces">RGB color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rg_chromaticity" title="Rg chromaticity">rg chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-gamut_RGB_color_space" title="Wide-gamut RGB color space">Wide-gamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScRGB" title="ScRGB">scRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCI-P3" title="DCI-P3">DCI-P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC#SMPTE_C" title="NTSC">SMPTE 240M/"C"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">Y′UV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">YUV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YDbDr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICtCp" title="ICtCp">ICtCp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XvYCC" title="XvYCC">xvYCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCoCg" title="YCoCg">YCoCg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorADD" title="ColorADD">ColorADD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloroid" title="Coloroid">Coloroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Hexachrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL, HSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_color_space" title="HCL color space">HCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Imaginary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklab_color_space" title="Oklab color space">Oklab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSA-UCS" title="OSA-UCS">OSA-UCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Color_Coordinate_System" title="Practical Color Coordinate System">PCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG_color_models" title="RG color models">RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HWB_color_model" title="HWB color model">HWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YJK" title="YJK">YJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSL_color_space" title="TSL color space">TSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems<br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Color_Encoding_System" title="Academy Color Encoding System">ACES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">ANPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">CI list of dyes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Corporation" title="DIC Corporation">DIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_595" title="Federal Standard 595">Federal Standard 595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_color_system" title="Ostwald color system">Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JIS_Z8102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JIS Z8102 (page does not exist)">JIS Z8102</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS%E6%85%A3%E7%94%A8%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:JIS慣用色名">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_physiology" title="Template:Eye physiology">Color vision</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" 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