CINXE.COM
Council on African Studies
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<style>.block-main-menu[aria-hidden=false]{display:block}.block-main-menu[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}</style> <style>.main-menu-toggle{display:var(--main-menu-toggle--display);height:21px;max-width:26px;min-width:26px}.main-menu-toggle span{color:var(--main-menu-toggle--color,#222);display:block;position:relative;width:75%}.main-menu-toggle span,.main-menu-toggle span:after,.main-menu-toggle span:before{background-color:currentColor;border-radius:100vw/100vw;height:2px;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.main-menu-toggle span:after,.main-menu-toggle span:before{content:"";position:absolute;right:-25%;width:100%}.main-menu-toggle span:before{top:-8.5px}.main-menu-toggle span:after{bottom:-8.5px}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] span{background:transparent;width:100%}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] span:before{rotate:45deg;top:0}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] 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span{text-wrap:nowrap}.group-archive-banner__text{margin-top:.5em}</style> <style>.animation-banner{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50% - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)/2*-1);margin-right:calc(-50vw + 50% - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)/2*-1)}.animation-banner__content{margin:0 auto;max-width:1440px;padding-left:var(--safe-area-inline);padding-right:var(--safe-area-inline)}.animation-banner__cta-toggle{--_toggle-weight:1px;--_toggle-size:1rem;display:inline-block;margin-left:calc(var(--_toggle-size)*.5);position:relative;translate:0 -.125rem;width:calc(var(--_toggle-size)*.5)}.animation-banner__cta-toggle:after,.animation-banner__cta-toggle:before{background-color:var(--toggle-color,currentColor);border-bottom:var(--_toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color,currentColor);border-top:var(--_toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color,currentColor);content:"";display:block;height:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:var(--toggle-top,calc(50% - var(--_toggle-weight)));transition:all .2s ease-in-out,transform 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</div> </div> <div class="banner__content"> <div class="banner__text"> <h1 class="banner__heading"> Welcome to the Council on African Studies</h1> <div class="banner__body"> <div class="ck-content"><p>Where students and faculty seek novel approaches to emerging issues in African Studies through joint endeavors across Yale, regionally, and in partnership with colleagues on the continent</p> </div> </div> <div class="banner__link"> <div id="paragraph-cta-link-25155" class="cta-link cta-link--primary" data-js="cta-link"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="group__content"> <div class="group__sections"> <div class="layout--margin-bottom-sm layout--60-40 layout--mobile-order-1-2 layout--align-start layout--published layout layout--two-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-view-block-26205" class="view-block" data-js="view-block"> <div class="view view--block-latest view--grid view--content-stories js-view-dom-id-a139751efb87d0e4fa70f0596a51c3c3a53a462dbcdf251ce77ad46fbc642cbf view--2-columns view--hide-groups"> <div class="view__content"> <div class="view__rows"> <div class="view__row view__row--0"> <article id="node-story-3004743" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Council on African Studies </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/03/tiny-nigerian-museum-marking-a-forgotten-british-invasion-pushes-for-recognition"><span>Tiny Nigerian museum marking a forgotten British invasion pushes for recognition</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__source"> The Guardian </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2025-02-03T07:00:00-05:00">Feb 3, 2025</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.webp?h=f4ff1843&itok=azMoXrCT 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.webp?h=f4ff1843&itok=ClPv3xJ8 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.webp?h=f4ff1843&itok=m60Wovg9 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.webp?h=f4ff1843&itok=Ju2RP5as 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/png" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.png?h=f4ff1843&itok=azMoXrCT 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.png?h=f4ff1843&itok=ClPv3xJ8 2x"/> <source type="image/png" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.png?h=f4ff1843&itok=m60Wovg9 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.png?h=f4ff1843&itok=Ju2RP5as 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="Nanna Olomu" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Nanna%20Olomu.png?h=f4ff1843&itok=m60Wovg9" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--1"> <article id="node-story-3004742" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Council on African Studies </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2025/01/30/available-light-documenting-struggle-dignity-during-apartheid?utm_source=YaleToday&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=YT_YaleToday-Faculty_2-3-2025"><span>Available light: Documenting the struggle for dignity during apartheid</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__source"> Yale News </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2025-01-30T07:00:00-05:00">Jan 30, 2025</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.webp?h=9b34e821&itok=et1g0Gcy 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.webp?h=9b34e821&itok=gZXC7Fhn 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.webp?h=9b34e821&itok=CBxBHpJx 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.webp?h=9b34e821&itok=NxNpBeai 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/png" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.png?h=9b34e821&itok=et1g0Gcy 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.png?h=9b34e821&itok=gZXC7Fhn 2x"/> <source type="image/png" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.png?h=9b34e821&itok=CBxBHpJx 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.png?h=9b34e821&itok=NxNpBeai 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="Available Light by Daniel Magaziner.png" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Available%20Light%20by%20Daniel%20Magaziner.png?h=9b34e821&itok=CBxBHpJx" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--0"> <article id="node-story-3004744" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Council on African Studies </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2024/12/18/getting-know-gana-ndiaye"><span>Getting to know… Gana Ndiaye</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__source"> Yale News </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2024-12-18T07:00:00-05:00">Dec 18, 2024</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.webp?h=68256770&itok=r9VlNXXG 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.webp?h=68256770&itok=5jHhoi0q 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.webp?h=68256770&itok=fXSKdBD4 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.webp?h=68256770&itok=iLy1wled 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/png" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.png?h=68256770&itok=r9VlNXXG 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.png?h=68256770&itok=5jHhoi0q 2x"/> <source type="image/png" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.png?h=68256770&itok=fXSKdBD4 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.png?h=68256770&itok=iLy1wled 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="Gana Ndiaye" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2025-02/Gana%20Ndiaye%20for%20Office%20Hours.png?h=68256770&itok=fXSKdBD4" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--1"> <article id="node-story-3004502" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> MacMillan Center </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/stories/forum-promotes-leadership-and-good-governance-africa"><span>Forum Promotes Leadership and Good Governance in Africa</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2024-12-11T07:00:00-05:00">Dec 11, 2024</time> </div> <div class="node-teaser__summary"> <div class="ck-content"><p>The daylong forum drew inspiration from Nigerian writer and moral philosopher Chinua Achebe.</p> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2024-12/African-Students-20241115_Yale-MacMillan_059.webp?h=b9fe253e&itok=fxN50zit 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-12/African-Students-20241115_Yale-MacMillan_059.webp?h=b9fe253e&itok=kxBfD2Y5 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-12/African-Students-20241115_Yale-MacMillan_059.webp?h=b9fe253e&itok=rAqIh8Wt 1x, 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data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-12/African-Students-20241115_Yale-MacMillan_059.jpg?h=b9fe253e&itok=rAqIh8Wt" /> </picture> <cite class="media__credit"> <span>Photo By Joe Faraoni</span></cite> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-cta-link-30763" class="cta-link cta-link--primary" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="/node/3002485/news" hreflang="en">More news</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <section id="paragraph-view-block-30765" class="view-block" data-js="view-block"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-view_block-30765" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Upcoming Events </h2> </header> <div class="view view--block-all-upcoming view--unformatted view--content-events 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</div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-cta-link-30766" class="cta-link cta-link--primary" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="/node/3002486/events" hreflang="en">Events</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout--margin-bottom-sm layout--edge-to-edge layout--published layout layout--one-column" data-theme="brunswick-dark"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div class="layout--margin-bottom-sm layout--50-50 layout--mobile-order-1-2 layout--align-start layout--published layout layout--two-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <section id="paragraph-html-content-32148" class="html-content" data-js="html-content"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-html_content-32148" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Lindsay Fellowship Spotlight </h2> </header> <div class="html-content__body"> <div class="ck-content"><p>The <a href="https://macmillan.yale.edu/africa/lindsay-fellowship-research-africa-awardees"><strong>Lindsay Fellowship for Research in Africa</strong></a> provides grants to graduate and professional students for summer research in order to increase understanding of Africa among Yale students and faculty. During the summer of 2024, 15 Lindsay Fellows from diverse disciplines conducted research in countries across Africa. In this video, you'll hear directly from some of these Lindsay Fellows on the ground at their field sites about their experiences.</p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-video-32087"> <figure class="media media--remote-video" data-js="media-remote-video"> <div class="media__video-wrapper"> <iframe src="https://macmillan.yale.edu/media/oembed?url=https%3A//youtu.be/azPkE89LavE&max_width=0&max_height=0&hash=Tq7QSaqNvCJ6jsLVqWBE79seXzThyXD-_H3ZVht8WIE" width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" loading="lazy" title="Lindsay Fellowship for Research in Africa | Highlights From Awardees"></iframe> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <section id="paragraph-html-content-31064" class="html-content" data-js="html-content"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-html_content-31064" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Faculty Spotlight </h2> </header> <div class="html-content__body"> <div class="ck-content"><h3>While teaching at Yale, paleoanthropologist <a href="/node/70161/veronica-waweru" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="49f92b64-bb89-4fa9-a53b-cd62abef2e4e" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Veronica Waweru">Veronica Waweru</a> discovered the power of partnering with local amateurs in Kenya's highlands. Her "knowledge co-production" model of conducting research in the field has yielded amazing results.</h3> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-video-31062"> <figure class="media media--remote-video" data-js="media-remote-video"> <div class="media__video-wrapper"> <iframe src="https://macmillan.yale.edu/media/oembed?url=https%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DJRFQQ8hLnWM&max_width=0&max_height=0&hash=FK90vv0JzhBxyqlW3iUofwuV2LCESkPCsUvp1doLODM" width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" loading="lazy" title="Discovering Prehistoric Human Ancestors Using a Knowledge Co-Production Model"></iframe> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout--margin-bottom-lg layout--arch-bottom-left layout--published layout layout--one-column" data-theme="fiesta"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region 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